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General

Italic page numbers refer to illustrations. Authors are listed in ical Index. Manuscripts, , and charts are usually listed by this index only when their ideas or works are discussed; full title and author; occasionally they are listed under the city and listings of works as cited in this volume are in the Bibliograph- institution in which they are held.

CAbbas I, Shah, 47, 63, 65, 67, 409 on South Asian world maps, 393 and Kacba, 191 "Jahangir Embracing Shah (Abbas" Abywn (Abiyun) al-Batriq (Apion the in Kitab-i balJriye, 232-33, 278-79 (painting), 408, 410, 515 Patriarch), 26 in Kitab ~urat ai-arc!, 169 cAbd ai-Karim al-Mi~ri, 54, 65 Accuracy in Nuzhat al-mushtaq, 169 cAbd al-Rabman Efendi, 68 of measurements of length of on Piri Re)is's world , 270, 271 cAbd al-Rabman ibn Burhan al-Maw~ili, 54 degree, 181 in 's , 169 cAbdolazlz ibn CAbdolgani el-Erzincani, 225 of Bharat Kala Bhavan , 397 al-Qazwlni's world maps, 144 Abdur Rahim, map by, 411, 412, 413 of al-BlrunI's calculation of Ghazna's on South Asian world maps, 393, 394, 400 Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 60 , 188 in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91 Abu, Mount, of al-BlrunI's celestial mapping, 37 in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23 on Jain triptych, 460 of in paintings, 409 n.36 Agapius (Mabbub) religious map of, 482-83 of al-Idrisi's sectional maps, 163 Kitab al- ~nwan, 17 Abo al-cAbbas Abmad ibn Abi cAbdallah of Islamic celestial globes, 46-47 Agnese, Battista, 279, 280, 282, 282-83 Mu\:lammad of Kitab-i ba/Jriye, 231, 233 Agnicayana, 308-9, 309 Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqft fi 11m of map of north-central , 421, 422 , 378 n.145, 403, 436, 448, 476-77 al-ra~d wa-al-mawaqft (Book of of maps in Gentil's of Mughal Agrawala, V. S., 321 pearls and sapphires on the of Empire, 428-29 Ahmad (king of Abdali dynasty), 379 and timekeeping), 39, 54 of Mecmu

547 548 General Index

Ajmer Alokakasa, 341 on Islamic celestial globes, 44 in Gentil's atlas of , 429 Alphabets, difficulties in translation, 99 n.38, on map, 199 oblique secular representation of, 480-81 99-100 zodiac sign in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403 Alps, 120 on rete, 21, 22, 30 sketch map of, 448 (), 52 in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78 on topographic maps of Rajasthan and Altars, Vedic, 308 n.65, 308-9, 310, 376, in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 , 414, 416 379, 381, 512 Arabia. See also Saudi Arabia Akademii Nauk SSR, Otdeleniya Instituta Altitude in kishvar system, 94 Vostokovedeniya, Leningrad, determining, 183-84, 184 maps of, 117-18, 118, 119 al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 measuring with , 24 from BalkhI school, 114, 122 Akbar I, 65, 324, 325 n.143, 361 n.99, 377, Alvan (Arran), 114 by , 118, 119 378 Amarkantak, 422 by Ibn al-WardI, 143 drawing of tomb of, 469, 471 Amarnath, religious map of, 482-83 by al-Muqaddasi, 122, 123, 124 Akhbar aI- wa-al-Hind (Traditions about Amar Singh, 436 n.117 by al-Qazwini, 144 and India), 90 Amber (Amer) South Asian, 390, 400 (Ala) aI-DIn Kayqubad, 233 on the Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 355, 396 pilgrimage routes, 117 Alaknanda River, 396 city plan of, 447, 448 on seven-kishvar earth, 80 CXlam aI-din (World of religion), 83, 85 on an eclectic world map, 395 in view of world landmass as bird, 91 CXlam al-ibda ((World of creation), 83, 85 oblique paintings on walls of palace at, in al-Sabi~ 98 CXlam al-inbi'ath al-thani (World of the 450 , 399, 409 n.37 second emanation), 83, 85 planimetric secular map of, 476-77 Arabic, early Islamic maritime charts in, 288 CXlam al-jism (World of matter), 83, 85 route map for irrigation project near, Arabic miles, 175, 177-78 , 233, 234 440-41 , 360 Ala Singh, 436 n.117 AmIr Khosrau, 377 ':Arabi Hint IJartisi, 257 Albategni. See al-BattanI Amir Sayyid Husayn Khingsawai, Taragarh, . See also Islamic society Albatenius. See al-BattanI pilgrimage map to tomb of, 461-62 , 175-88 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 256, 257 n.173 influence on Cantino map, 262 Alchemy Amirutzes, George, 210 metrology, 177-78 in cosmographical diagrams, 71 Amritsar portolan charts, 263-65 Jabirian, 81 Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum, atlas of star compared with Indian Aleppo (Halep) in, 413 cards, 495 in Mecmu ~-i menazil, 240, 243 religious map of, 482-83 , 122, 144 qibla of, 192 Anaphoric clock dials, 32 Aranea (spider), 18 , 182 n.39, 257, 270, Anasagar Lake, 417 Aratus of Soli, 59 271, 394,395, 396,pL29 Anatolian Peninsula, 120 Aratea, 15-18, 17 Alexandria, Ancona, 231 Aravalli Mountains, 403, 405, 415 in Kiulb-i balJriye, 232 Ancona, Cyriaco d', 238 Arbasthan. See Arabia; Saudi Arabia longitude of, 101-2 Andalusia, 94. See also Iberian Peninsula Archer, Mildred, 429 Alfonso el Sabio (Alfonso X of Castile), 29 Andaman-Nicobar Islands, 262 Architecture Libras del saber de astronomia, 28, 42, Andhra Pradesh State Archives, , , 329 n.170 45,60,202 map collections of, 302, 438 and city plan for , 90 Algeria, 232, 279 Andre, Noel, 69 cosmography in, 379-82 CAlI, shrine of at Najaf, 243 Andromeda, 51, 52 drawings, 466-72 CAlI <::elebi, 276 ':Ankabut, 18. See also Astrolabes; Retes , 322, 323 Alidade, 24, 198 Anotatta, Lake (Manasarowar), 389 in Kitab-i balJriye, 231 (All ibn Abrnad ibn Mubammad al-SharafI Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham H., 324-25, paintings, 303 n.46 al-SifaqsI, 285-87. See also al-SharafI 427 palm-leaf manuscript on, 320 al-SifaqsI family Antinoiis, 63, 66, 69 plans, 321, 389 qibla diagram by, pl.13 Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d', 429 Indian, 317-20 sacred geography, 194-95 Anwa), 53 Ottoman, 215-16, 217, 218, 219 world map by, 262, pl.24 Apastambiyasulvasutra, 329 n.175 Arcs (as climate boundaries), 138, 145 (Ali ibn Hasan al-CAjamI, 161 Apian, Peter Ardra, 338 (Ali ibn Hasan al-HufI al-QasimI, pl.l1 Astronomicum Caesareum, 62 Aries. See also Astrology; Astronomy; (Ali ibn clsa al-As!urlabI, 19, 26, 44, 57, 179 Horoscopion generale, 61-62, 62 Zodiac CAli ibn Khalaf, 28, 29, 31 Apous Indica (bird of ), 63 (Ali KashmIrI ibn Luqman, 48 Aqalim (climates), 7-8, 93-94, 95-96, 102, on al-BlrunI's flattened astrolabe, 36 CAli Macar Re)Is, atlas of, 279-82, 283 114, 15~ 390, 391, 392, 393,394, on al-BirunI's globular projection, 37 (All Mardan Khan, 438 409 n.36 on ceiling at Qu~ayr (Amrah, 16 n.12 CAli Mo~ammad Khan, 417 Aq~a mosque, 244 on Islamic celestial globes, 44 (All Shah, 239 . See also Astrology; Astronomy; on qibla map, 199 (All (cAla) al-Wada(I, 31 Zodiac zodiac sign (Prayaga), 372, 377, 378 n.145, constellation on astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30 396, 403, 461 n.172 on al-BIrunI's cylindrical projection, 35 combined with , 64 Almagia, Roberto, 271 and corresponding pre-Islamic asterisms, in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78 Almucantars, 21, 35 n.73, 41 51 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 General Index 549

CArifI (Fetl)ullah cArifI <::elebi) lunar mansions on, 54 path of planets, 344, 346, 347, 366 Futu~at-i cemile (Book of five conquests), and mechanical calendar, 33, 33-34 scientific instruments in, 360, 360 n.96, 246, 247, 254 melon-shaped (mubattakh), 35 n.73 365-66 Suleymanname (History of by Mubammad MahdI, 65-66, 66, 68, tables, 365, 367, 392 Suleyman), 229, 236, 254 68 n.194 , 365-66 Arin. See orthographic projection in, 38 n.79 temples as artifacts of, 360 , 74, 81 parts of, 20 As{urlab kuri. See Astrolabe, spherical Arkeoloji Muzesi Kitaphgt, Istanbul, Ibn qibla map on, 197, 201, 203 Ataturk, Kemal, 271, 271 n.17 tIawqal's manuscripts in, 132-33 on, 22 Atharva Veda, 333 Armas, Duarte de stereographic projections and, 30, 31, Atlantic Livro das fortalezas do reino, 246 n.64 38, 41, 70 on al-IdrlsI's map of northwest Africa, , 114, 190, 191 universal, 32 pl.12 Armillary spheres, 49-50, 51 uses of, 27 on PlrI Re)Is's world map, 268, 269-72 Arnaldus, Stephanus variants of, 28-31 Sadiq I~fahanI's prime in, 404 De sphaera solida, 45 star on, 52 in al-SharafI al-SifaqsI atlas, 285 Arran (Alvan), 114 zodiac on, 54 Arslanhane (menagerie), Istanbul, 237 zoomorphic, 52-53 Islamic maritime, 5 Arunachalam, B., 301, 494, 495, 496, 497, production of, 515 Ottoman, 279-84, 288-89 498,499 purpose of, 514 associated with CAli Macar Re)Is, Arul).avara Ocean, 375 , 202-3 279-82 Aryakhal).Qa, 369 Severus Sebokht's treatise on, 12 Atlas-i humayun (Imperial atlas), 282, South Asian, 332, 335 283 sacrificial rites, 308 in Sri Ram Charan Museum of map order in, 281 town planning, 319-20 Indology, Jaipur, 303 n.46 Walters Deniz atlas" 282-83 Vedic altars, 308-9 works on, 299 by al-SharafI al-SifaqsI family, 285-87 cA~at al-Tust (staff of al-Tust), 31 spherical Atlas-i humayun (Imperial atlas), 282, 283 Asher, Frederick M., 311 n.70 determining qibla with, 202 Attica, 279 . See also South Asia Islamic, 41, 41-42 , 408 on Bodleian world map, 145 Astrolabic mapping, 31-34 , 429, 436 on geographic globe in Mughal painting, Astrolabic quadrant, 31-32, 32 Aurangzlb, 50, 379, 408, 419, 466 409, 409 n.37 Astrology. See also ; Auriga, 52, 55, 58 on al-Idrlst's maps, 157 Horoscopes; Zodiac Austria, 395 on al-SharafI al-SifaqsI chart, 288 Islamic Avad (Oudh), 428, 428-29 on South Asian world maps, 392 astrolabes and, 24 Avala fortress, 211 in view of world landmass as bird, 91 al-BlrunI on, 38, 39 . See Ujjain Asia Minor, on seven-kishvar earth, 80 clockfaces as models for, 40, 40-41 Awal Island (Bahrain), 122 Asoka, 317, 328,376-77 in cosmographical diagrams, 71 Awasthi, A. B. L., 299, 313 Asop, 415 and lunar mansions, 53-54 Axes Assam, 326, 326 n.156, 396 Ptolemy's influence on, 4 axis mundi, 335, 343, 370, 377, 381, 516 Agamatrkas, 455 South Asian in H unername, 250 Astan-i Quds Ra~avt, Meshed, al-I~!akhrI's divination charts, 348-51 of Kacba, 190 n.7 manuscripts in, 132-33 Indian, 314-15, 316, 334, 337, 338-39, on qibla maps, 196 Asterisms, 39, 50-60, 60-63, 66, p1.27. See 347,359 al-CAynI (Abu Mul)ammad Mal)mud ibn also N ak~atras and Indo-Islamic cosmology, 378 Abmad al-CAynI), 68 Astrolabes Jahanglr and, 378 Ayodhya, 372, 382, 396, 461 n.172 anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures Jain, 374-75, 375 Ayvaltdere Waterway Map, 226-27 on, 65 mapping, 339 CAyyub compared with celestial globes, 44 in nautical charts, 498 Zfj Batfamiyus, 96 cylindrical ( Yantra), 362, 365 Astronomy Azarquiel. See al-Zarqello Islamic,S, 6 Islamic , 112, 114 Maldivian, 501 Arab pre-Islamic, 50-53 Azimuthal equidistant projections, 36, Mercury using, 64 and BalkhI school maps, 115 37-38, 38 n.78, 141-42, 271 planispheric clock dials, 32 , 21, 202, 203 basic plate design, 24 in cosmographical diagrams, 71 Azophi. See aI-SufI as celestial maps, 18-34 equatoria, 38-39 Azores, 272 constellations on plates of, 66 instruments, 28, 187 n.58 Azov, Sea of, 106, pl.5 construction, 18-24 lunar mansions, 53-54 defined, 18 meridians of reference, 175, 175 n.7 Babil,93 determining qibla with, 202-3, 203 , 27, 27-28 , 334 by I)iya) aI-DIn Mubammad, 20, 22 Ptolemy's influence on, 4 Bacon, Roger early history, 24-28 and Qur)an, 12 Opus Maius, 151 European influence on, 65-66 South Asian Badarlkedar, 399 Hindu interest in, 315, 315 n.94, 324, celestial mapping, 358-67 , 382, 452, 461 n.172 360, 379, 515 Indian, 314-16, 334-35 BadshahI mosque, , architectural by Khaflf, 19 observatories, 303, 315, 360-67, 379 drawing of, 470 n.199 550 General Index

Baffin, William, 409 Barbari, Jacopo de', 231, 238, 278 Berlin Baghdad Bardashir, 115, 123· Museum fur Islamische Kunst al-Blriinl's attempts to determine longitude Bar Hebraeus maps in, 145-46, 394 of, 177 Meniireth qudhshe (The candlestick of the Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz city plan for, 90 sanctuary), 147 n.53, 148 al-IgakhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31 of, 177, 187 Barik River, pl.32 al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35 in Mecmu 'a-i meniizil, 239-40, 241, 243 Baroda, 417, 448 Berlinghieri, Francesco, 210 and prime meridians, 103 Museum and Picture Gallery, topographic "Bernardo Arabico ouero Saracino," 45 on qibla indicator, 197 map of Rajasthan and Gujarat in, Bernoulli, Jean, 325 between Ghazna and, 186 416-17 Bertius, Petrus, 172, 517 Baghelkhand, 420, 422 Barros, Joao de, 256, 257, 259, 262 Bertran, Jaime, 289 n.l Baghor, map of fort in, 490-91 Bartolommeo dalli Sonetti, 276, 277-79, 279 Bhiigavata Purii1Ja, 348, 379 Bagrow, Leo, 146, 504 , 121 Bhairavas, 455 History of , 296 Ba§bakanhk Ar§ivi, Istanbul, 207 Bhakkar, 403 Bahadur Sah, 431, 436 Basham, Arthur Llewellyn, 314-15, 316-17 Bhaktapur, maps of, 455, 482-83 Bahdrasva, 337 Bha1Jq,aras, 367 Bahrain, 118, 122 on al-I~takhri's map of Arabia, 118 Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Ba~riye, 265 and prime meridians, 103 Pune, ink drawing at, 355 Babr Jurjan (), 389 qibla of, 193 Bharat~ 336,337,340, 36~ 372,pL2~ See al-Babr al-Mu~lim (World Ocean), 106 on South Asian world maps, 390 also India; South Asia al-BakrI (Abu CUbayd (Abdallah ibn (Abd Bas-reliefs, 367, 373 Samshodhaka Mandala, al-(Azi-z al-BakrI), 143 Bastian, Adolf, 298, 333, 346-47 Pune Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, pl.21 al-BatIbah, 90 maps of forts in, 465 n.175 Balhumal, 49, 70 Batlamiyus. See Ptolemy, Claudius Maratha topographic maps in, 424, 425 al-BalkhI (Abu Zayd Abmad ibn Sahl al-Battani (Abu (Abdallah Mubammad ibn Bharatavar~a, 336, 336 n.24, 341, 353, al-Balkhi), 91, 93, 96, 102, 106, Jabir al-BattanI al-Sabi(), 44, 93 n.16, 354-55,358,397,399 108-9, 129, 134, 511 100 n.39, 100 n.41, 101, 141 Bharat Kala Bhavan, difficulty in examining work of, 110 coordinate tables, 97-100 cosmographic globe in, 352, 354, 355-57, maps of, 112, 115 compared with those of Ptolemy, 389, 396-97,39~ pL40 Suwar al-aqiilim (Pictures of the climates), 98-100 scroll maps in, 436-38 109, 130 number of entries, 101 n.49 Bhardwaj, Surinder Mohan, 311 n.70 works, 111 and length of Mediterranean, 102 Bharuch, 41 7 Baikhi school, 108-36, 138, 517 and longitude of Alexandria, 102 Bhatant, 397 criticism of maps of, 512 and measurement of longitude using lunar Bhatt, Narmadashankar, 417 influence on l:Iafi~-i Abril, 170 eclipses, 103 n.67 Bhavabhiiti, 321-22 influence on al-IdrisI, 157, 167 method for calculating qibla, 204, 205 Bhavacakra (wheel of life), 313, 343 n.52 and Islamic culture, 514 prime meridian used by, 103 Bhavasagar, proposed dam at, 439 manuscript~ 124-28, 130-35 2ij al-$iibi ~ 98 Bhimashankar, 423 maps, 112-28 (see also Ibn l:Iawqal; Battle maps, 465-66 Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh, 304 al-I~takhri; al-Muqaddasi) Baudhiiyanasulvasutra, 329 n.175 Bhiwai, map of fort in, 490-91 Arabic-speaking provinces, 117-20 Baybora, Ibrahim Kemal, 211 Bhiwai fort, map of siege of, pl.38 climate boundaries on, 126-27, 128 Bayer, Johannes, 61 Bhojpur, plans for temple at, 466 compared with mappaemundi, 129, 129 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, Bhu Ali Qalander, mausoleum of, 438 n.83 pilgrimage map in, 462 n.174 Bhubaneswar, temple at, 466, 467 described, 114 Bayezid II, 211, 226, 230, 236, 265-66 Bhudargad, map of fort in, 490-91 enduring use of, 512 Beach, Milo, 409, 466 Bhugolam (Globe/Geography), 346, 359 orientation, 518 Beames, John, 328 Bhugolas. See Cosmographical globes, South possible stemma for, 113 Beas River, 437 Asian selection of material, 114-15 Bedouins Bhuvanakosa~312,339, 512 treatment of Persian provinces, 115-17 asterisms, 51-52 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, , world, 120-22 conception of stars, 60 planispheric map in, 38 n.78 printed editions and translations of works European renderings of asterisms, 66 Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna, by authors, 136 lunar mansions, 53-54 al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31 reference map of Islamic world at time of, Begley, Wayne E., 377, 378 Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, 109 Beijing (Khanbaligh), 198 Ibn J:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 113, 134-35 stemma of texts, 111 Belgrade, Ottoman siege plan of, 210, al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 132-33 works of, 108-11 211-12, pl. 14 al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35 Bamm, 115 Bellini, Gentile, 210 Bibliotheque Nationale, Banat Nacsh. See Ursa Minor Ibn J:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 113, 134-35 Banswara, 416 in Shahid-i $adiq, 405 al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 Bapudeva on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396 manuscripts of al-IdrisI's Nuzhat Miinamandira, 361 on South Asian world maps, 390 al-mushtaq in, 173 Bar (Ali, 147 n.53 surviving maps from, 505-6 map of central India in, 420-22 Baramula, 396 Bengal, Bay of, 165, 166, 258-59, 261, 262 , 429 Barbarah, 162 Bentinck, William, 450 , 429 General Index 551

Bijapur measurement of earth's radius, 182-84 Braun, Georg, 251 city plan of, 447, 448 measurement of height of mountains, 184 Civitates orbis terrarum, 240-41, 246 planimetric secular map of, 476-77 and orthographic projection, 35 n.72 , 270 Bilad aI-Sudan, 119 prime meridian used by, 404 Brice, William C., 264, 266, 278 Bir, 423 quadrant used by, 185 Bricks, Harappan, 307 Birds on spherical astrolabes, 42 Bridges altars in shape of, 308 n.65, 308-9, 310 Ta'ri-kh ai-Hind (Description of India), on maps in Tarikh-i qa/~h-i Kashmir, 414 Islamic view of world landmass as, 90-91 323 on South Asian pilgrimage maps, 441 Bird's-eye views. See also Oblique views theories not used practically, 154-55 on from Kashmir, 413 decline of Ottoman use of, 250 and , 176-77 Brindaban, 419 of Istanbul, 234, 237, 238, 239, 249-50, world map by, 390 Britain. See 251 al-Bisrami (CAbd al-Ra~man al-Bis!ami) British Library, London. See also India Office in Kitab-i ba~riye, 234, 235 n.27 Mifta~ al-jafr al- C wa mi~ba~ al-nitr Library and Records in Mecmu~-i menazil, 237, 238, 239 al-Iami C(A key to the comprehensive hybrid map in, 427 in Ottoman illustrated histories, 228, 249 jafr and a lamp of brilliant light), 221 al-Igakhri's manuscripts in, 132-33 on Ottoman siege plan of Belgrade, 211 n.34 topographic map of Kashmir in, 411 on pilgrimage scrolls, 244 Bitlis gorge, 240, 242 , London on South Asian scroll map, 436 Black (sawda») cubits, 177, 178, 178 n.23, cosmographic globes in, 352, 357-58, 358 in Tarib-i fet~-i ~a~/avun, 245, pl.19 179 n.89, 396 of Venice, 238 , map of regions north of, 226 volume of architectural drawings in, 470 al-Biruni (Abu al-Rayl)an Mul)ammad ibn Blaeu, Joan n.199 Al)mad al-Biruni), 26, 55, 77, 80, 103 , 218 Broach, 405 n.66, 137, 138, 145,161-62,235, Blaeu, , 63 Brohier, R. L., 426-27, 501 323-24, 336, 360 n.96 Blake, Stephen P., 326 n.155 Brooklyn Museum, Jain pilgrimage route angular and longitudinal differences Blanpied, William A., 360 n.96, 361, 361 map in, 441-42 between pairs of places, 188 n.99, 363-64, 365-66, 379 Brown, Lloyd A., 298 on celestial mapping, 34-38 Blochet, Edgar, 499 Brown, William Norman, 301, 302,441,442 and climatic (zone) maps, 147-48 Bodleian Library, Oxford Buda, plan of fortress of, 213, 215 and coordinate tables, 141-42 eighteenth-century Indian manuscript in, Buddha, 312 criticizes rectangular projection, 105 378 Buddhists, 332 and distribution of land and sea, 142 Ibn J:lawqal's manuscripts in, 113, cartography, 317-18 geodetic researches of, 176 134-35 conceptions of , 341, 342-43 influence on ijafi?:-i Abru, 170 al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 cosmography, 333-34, 342-43 Kitab al-athar al-baqiyah min al-qurun manuscripts of N uzhat al-mushtaq in, in architecture of, 380 al-khaliyah (The chronology of 174 in, 335-36 ancient nations), 34, 35, 36, 36 n.74, world map~, 145, 150, pLIO ethicization of cosmos, 334 54 Bogaz, 237 n.38 four-continent earth, 313, 336, 352, 353 Kitab al-durar fi sat~ al-ukar (Book of Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria, geography in, 340 pearls concerning the projection of al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31 trees in, 335 the spheres), 34 Bombay, 393, 399 cosmology, 333 Kitab fi tasti~ al-~uwar wa-tabti~ Prince of Wales Museum of Western importance of maps to, 328-29 al-kuwar (The book of the projection India monastery plans, 318, 466 of the constellations and the maps of forts in, 465 n.175 theology, 330 flattening of the sphere), 34 Maratha maps in, 423, 425, 425 n.81 Budhasvamin Kitab isti

Cadastral maps Cardinal directions on al-Muqaddasl's maps, 122 Nepalese, 430, 432 and Kacba, 193, 194 on al-QazwlnI's world maps, 144 of precolonial Indian states, 317 on map of NandISvaradvIpa, 373 on South Asian world maps, 391, pl.29 CaYerfyes, 270, 270 n.13 on qibla indicator, 198 Cassiopeia, 52 Caillat, Collette, 298, 345, 372, 373 on South Asian maps, 427, 446, 498, 508 Castagnari, Alessandro, 286 Cairo Cardinal points Cathay, 409 n.37 Dar al-Kutub on South Asian cosmographic globe, 352 Catur-dvfpa vasumatf. See Earth, al-Igakhrl's manuscripts in, 130-31 on topographic maps of Rajasthan and four-continent manuscript of al-IdrisI's Nuzhat Gujarat, 415 , 90-91 al-mushtaq in, 173 Carlleyle, Archibald, 304 Caurasi, temple in, 466 in Kitab-i balJrfye, 232, 233 Carre, Barthelemy, 324 Caverio, Nicolo de, 260 qibla of, 192 Carta Marina of Martin Waldseemuller, 260 Celestial bodies, personification of, 63-65 Cakras, 338, 351 Cartography. See also Chartmaking; Maps Celestial diagrams, Islamic, 75-76 Cakravala (world disk), 340, 343 n.53 comparative, 510-12 Celestial globes Ca1cutta, 355, 395, 396,400 development of, 510 Islamic, 42-48 National Archives of India, maps in, 302 European, al-IdrisI's lack of influence on, accuracy of, 46-47 Calendars 172 basic design of, 43, 44 astronomical observatories and, 366 Islamic, 5-7 compared with astrolabes, 44 on J:Iajj Abu al-J:Iasan chart, 267 beginnings of, 90-107 constellations on, 70 mechanical, 33, 33-34 European denigration of, 9 drawn from al-Suft's Suwar al-kawakib, on al-MursI chart, 264 European influence on, 3 56 scales, 24 foreign geographical influence on, 93 influence on planispheric maps, 60 in al-SharafI al-SifaqsI atlas, 285 Greek influence on, 4 Islamic influence seen on, 61 Calendrical tables, 44 historiography, 8-10 lunar mansions on, 54 Calipers, 28 by al-IdrIsI, 156-74 manufacture of, 48-49 Calligraphy, and Islamic mapmaking, 6 later developments, 137-55 types of, 46-47 Cambay, 403, 405 materials used in, 6 South Asian, 299, 315, 332, 335, 360, 379 Camere ottiche, 249 stemma of later maps, 138 Celestial mapping Campa, 442 terminology, 7-8 development of, 514 Campaign journals, Ottoman, 245 theory and practice, 7 European, influence on Islamic, 65-70 (Insulae Fortunatae), 391. See Ottoman Islamic, 12-70 also Prime meridians atlas of regional maps, 225 al-BIrunI on, 34-38 Cancer. See also Astrology; Astronomy; European influence on, 217-18, 221-22 early Syrian origins, 12-18 Zodiac guild for, 284 influences on, 12, 65-70 constellation introduction, 206-8 and planispheric astrolabes, 18-34 on al-Birunl's flattened astrolabe, 36 as private enterprise, 216-26 three-dimensional, 41-50 on al-BirunI's globular projection, 37 problems in study of, 207-8 South Asian, 358-67, 379 on qibla map, 199 regional maps, 222-26 Jain, 373-75 zodiac sign scope and organization, 206 , 75, 76 on astrolabe rete, 22, 30 in service of state, 209-16 Cellarius, Andreas, 68 combined with planets, 64 terminology, 206-7 CemaCat-i Nal.

in , 263-92 Ottoman urban topographical illustration, Jain pilgrimage map, 440 qibla (see Qibla, charts) 231-35 Maratha topographic maps, 423, 424, 425 South Asian divination, 348-51 planimetric secular maps of, 476-77 nautical charts, 498 Charwar, map of fort in, 492-93 planning, 321 Nepali scroll map, 433 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 26 secular plans of, 446-49 north-central India map, 422 Chaucer, Lewis, 26 South Asian, planning, 505 T arikh-i qal~h-i Kashmir, 414 Chaul, 405 views of, in Ottoman histories, 228-55 terrestrial globe, 399 "ChaurasI Krosh Parikrama" (Pilgrimage of City Palace Museum, Jaipur. See Maharaja topographic maps, 402, 410, 411, 414 eighty-four kos), 419 Sawai Man Singh II Museum world maps, 392 Cheen, Sea of (China Sea), 390 Climata, 78, 79, 80, 102 Noe ('s dove), 63, 66, 69 Cherchel, 232 Climate, and map preservation, 327, 506 Columbus, Christopher, 268, 270-71, 272, 275 China Climates, 111, 143, 159, 159 n.25, 259. See Colures on BalkhI school world map, 122 also Aqalim equinoctial, 13, 16, 21, 61, 65, 68, 69 compass cards compared with Indian on BalkhI school maps, 126-27, 128 solstitial, 13, 14, 16, 21, 28, 29, 30, 36, compass cards, 495 on Bodleian world map, 145 37,41,43,65-66 on geographic globe in Mughal painting, boundaries of, 138 , 63, 66, 69 409 n.37 on l:fafi~-i Abrii's world map, 170 Comorin, Cape, 260 on Ibn l:fawqal's world maps, 144 on Hamd Allah MustawfI's world map, Comparative , 510-12 on al-IdrlsI's maps, 157 150 Compass, magnetic, 198 and Kacba, 190, 191 in al-IdrisI's work, 157, 158, 160, 168, 169 Compass cards, from Indian roz nama, 495, in kishvar system, 94 northwest Africa, pl.12 498,499,500 maps of, 114 Rawej ai-tara;, 165, 166, 167 Compass roses nautical cartography, 503 world maps, 144, 161, 162 on Abu al-l:fasan chart, 267 navigational charts, 259-60 in Islamic geographical tables, 96 on Indian maps, 508 on al-QazwlnI's world maps, 144 on Islamic maps, 95-96 on al-KatibI chart, 265 on 'seven-kishvar earth, 80 on al-Khwarazmi's map of River, on Maratha map of Vijayadurg, 464 on South Asian world maps, 391, 392, pl.4 on Nepali topographic maps, 433 393, 396, 398, 400 in kishvar system, 94 on PIrI Re'Is's world map, 272 in view of world landmass as bird, as part of graticule, 148-49 on al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI world map, 287 90-91 in Ptolemy's , 175 in Walters Deniz atlast, 283 Chitr Gulshan, 435, 435-36 on qibla indicator, 198 Compasso da navigare, 279 Chittick, Neville, 503 in Suhrab's map construction, 104, 105 Concentric circles Chittorgarh, 415 Climatic (zone) maps, 146-48 in Islamic cosmographical diagrams, 74 Chrysologue de Gy, Father, 69 by al-IdrIsI, 146-47 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmology, 83 Circles byal-QazwInI, 147 Conch, cities conceived as, 452-53, 514 on astrolabes, 35 n.73 by Yaqut, 146 Constantinople, 199, 396. See also compass, 270 Clocks Byzantium; Istanbul concentric anaphoric, 32 Constellations, 512. See also Zodiac in Islamic cosmographical diagrams, 74 as astrological models, 40, 40-41 on astrolabe plate by Mubammad Mahdi in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmology, 83 Cohn, Bernard S., 383 of Yazd, 66 of constant invisibility, 42-43 Coins on al-BIriinI's flattened astrolabe, 36 of constant visibility, 18, 42-43 South Asian, 311 n.71, 378-79 illustrating Aratea, 16 latitude-measuring, 14-15 n.6, 16, with zodiacal motifs, 63 individual, mapping, 50-60 18, 29, 36, 37, 38 n.78, 43, 44, 46, Collection of land revenue, 316-17 on Islamic celestial globes, 42, 43, 46, 47, 4~49, 60-61,65, 68, 69 Cologne, 251 70 of equal , 41 Colom, Jacob Aertsz., 62-63, 67 Islamic , 54-60 equatorial polar, 65 Color on Latin parchment manuscript, 61 horizon, 48 on Islamic maps, 6-7, 518 on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric on Islamic celestial globes, 43, 46, 47, 48 al-BlrunI's flattened astrolabe, 36 map, 69, 70, pl.2 longitude-measuring, 29, 36 al-BlriinI's globular projection, 37 on planispheric maps, 62 meridian, 46 al-IdrIsI's map of northwest Africa, pl.12 pre-Islamic, 50-52 on al-MuqaddasI's maps, 122 al-IdrIsI's sectional maps, 163 Severus Sebokht's treatise on, 12 polar, 15, 18, 43, 44, 47, 49, 61, 68, 69 al-KashgharI's world map, 155 in vault of , Qu~ayr cAmrah, 13, on qibla maps, 197 al-KatibI's chart, 264 16, 16 n.12 on vault of the heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah, al-KhwarazmI's coordinate tables, 100, Construction 14-15, 18 100 n.45, 101 of globes vertical altitude, 41 al-MuqaddasI's maps, 122 brass, 352 Cities and towns. See also Settlements al-MursI's chart, 264-65, 266 Islamic, 48-49 on BalkhI school maps, 115 Ottoman bath plans, 217 millboard/hollow wood, 399 Harappan, 306-7 on South Asian maps, 436, 508 papier-mache, 355 Indo-, planning, 319-20 cosmographic globes, 352, 356 seamless metal, 48-49 Jaipur, architectural plan of, 321, 322, 323 cosmographic painting, 360 welded, 357 on al-MuqaddasI's map, 122 Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429 of maps oblique secular representations of, 449-52, Jagannath temple map, pl.36 Balkhi school, 115 480-81 Jain , 367-68, 370, 374 Suhrab's, 95, 101, 104-5, 137, 138 554 General Index

Construction (cont.) astrology in, 71 statistical summary, 384-85, 386-87 of Ottoman illustrated histories, 229 astronomy in, 71 in temple atrium, 371-72 of planispheric astrolabes, 18-24 concentric circles in, 74 Khagolam (celestial dome) (Minak~i of roads, maps related to, 441 geography in, 71 temple), 346 Continents. See also Earth; and names of geomancy in, 71 from Ma C,ifetname, pl.3 continents by Haydar AmulI, 87 n.33, 87-88 and mental maps, 382-83 in Hindu cosmography, 347-48, 348 by Jabir ibn I:fayyan, 80-82, 82 in, 335, 337, 340 in Indian cosmography, 335-36, 336 n.24, mysticism in, 71 Puranic, 335 n.22, 398, 399 337 philosophy in, 71 seven-continent earth, 337 in Jain cosmologies, 373, 374 theology in, 71 shapes in, 335 Puranic view of, 337 Cosmographical globes, South Asian, trees in, 335 on South Asian cosmographic globe, pl.26 352-58,389 views of absence of tradition, 298 Conventions. See also Signs, cartographic; abstract of Northern Hemisphere, 358 world as tortoise, 337-38, 338 Symbolism at Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasi, pl.40 Cosmology, Islamic, 71-73 artistic, 300, 356, 367-68 colors on, 352 Jabirian, 81, 82 on Balkhi school maps, 115 container in form of, pl.26 Ptolemy's influence on, 75 in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429 Hindu, pl.30 Cosmology, South Asian on al-Idrisi's maps, 163 partial transliteration of, 397 Buddhist, 333 Islamic, 7 projection for, 356 Hindu in isolarii, 277 Southern Hemisphere, 357 Brahmal}Qa (egg of Brahma), 333 in Kitab-i balJriye, 277 Cosmographies, South Asian, 504-5 Shaivite, 344 on Ottoman siege plan of Belgrade, ancient, 312-14 Indian, 333 211-12 compared with European cosmographies, underlying conceptions, 332-43 on South Asian scroll maps, 436 507 Cosmos, South Asian microcosmic analogues on South Asian topographic maps, 402 pa!a-chitras, 323 of, 379-82 of city plans, 448 Cosmography, Islamic, 332 Cowell, Edward, 313 in Kitab-i balJriye, 231 cosmographical diagrams, 71-89 Craftsmen, of Ottoman illustrated histories, on topographic maps, 508 general characteristics, 73-74 229,229 n.4 Coordinates gnostic, 80-83 Crawford, Charles, 430 in ~ja lib al-aqalim al-sab ~h, 168 mystic, 83-88 Crete, 119, 164, 287 Arabic lists of, 176 philosophical and scientific, 75-80 Crone, Gerald R., 298 ecliptic, 28, 54 scope, 71 Cubits, 8, 183 n.43 in Islamic , 14-15 n.6 religious, 88-89 black (sawda»), 177, 178, 178 n.23, on Islamic celestial globes, 48 Cosmography, South Asian, 306, 333-34, 179 Piri Re)Is and, 271 344,346,347 calculation of, 177 qibla maps based on, 196-200 in architecture, 379-82 canonical (shafe£), 177 tables of Bhugolam (Globe/Geography) (MInak~i rashashi, 160 adjusting latitude in, 176 temple), 346 Cupola of the Earth, 93, 103 adjusting longitude in, 176 Buddhist, 333-34, 335, 342-43 Cygnus, 61, 63 by al-BattanI, 97-100, 101 n.49 continents in, 335-36, 336 n.24 Cyprus, 119, 120, 287 al-BIrunI and, 141-42 distant realms in, 336 Cyril and Methodius National Library, Sofia, by al-FarghanI, 96 divination charts, 348-51 manuscript of al-IdrIsI's Nuzhat by al-Khwarazmi, 95, 97-100, 101 n.49, dVipa, 340 al-mushtaq in, 174 104 earth and converting to map form, 137 n.1 early conceptions of, 333-34 by Ibn Yfinus, 101 n.49 size of, 334 Dabhol, 405 Islamic, 8-9, 95, 96-97, 97-100 earth in, 335-36 Dafatir (deed records), 88 production of in Maghreb, 141 and ethicization, 334 Da)irah (circle), 74, 159 by Ptolemy, 94 n.20, 97-100, 101 n.49, exegesis, 298 Dak~il}atya (Dak~il}apatha), 340 259 geography in, 339-40 Dak~il}avrtti Yantra, 362 by Suhrab, 101 n.49 and , 334 Dal Lake, 409 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 366 Hindu, 333-34, 343-67 Dallapiccola, A. L., 444-45 Correia, Gaspar, 256 Brahmal}Qa (egg of Brahma), 344, 346 Dalorto, Angelino de, 264 Correlations, in Gnostic cosmographical celestial mapping, 358-67 Damascus, qibla of, 192 diagrams, 81-82 n.24 continents in, 347-48, 348 Damyat, 119 Correspondences, in Islamic cosmology, 76, nonastronomical painting and ink Daniel, E. Valentine, 382-83, 509 77,78 drawings, 343-51 River Corsica, 120 placement of deities in, 347, pl.25 on al-KatibI's chart, 264 Corvinus, Matthias, 246 reasons for scarcity of, 343 on al-MursI's chart, 266 Cos, 350 Vaishnavite, 343-44, 345 on Ottoman siege map of Belgrade, Cosmic man, 372, 380 world as egg/fetus, 343, 344, 345 211 Cosmogony, 305 Indo-Islamic, 376-79 in Taril}-i fetlJ-i ~a~lavun, pl.19 Cosmographical diagrams, Islamic. See also Jain, 76, 328, 333-34, 367-75 in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23 Qibla, diagrams Manu~yaloka (world of man), 340 Daqiqahs (degrees), 8 alchemy in, 71 materials used in, 367 Darajahs (minutes), 8 General Index 555

Dar al-Kutub, Cairo Dictionaries, 143 -i-Khass, 377 al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31 Digambara temple, , Rajasthan, Qiya' ai-DIn Mubammad ibn Qa'im manuscript of al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat 371-72 Mubammad As!urlabI HumayunI al-mushtaq in, 173 Digamsa Yantra, 362 Lahun, 20, 22,23,48,50,51 Dara Shikoh, 466 Digby, Simon, 301-2, 352, 355 Diyarbaklr (Amid), 240 Dargazin, 239 n.47 Digits, 177 Djerba, 279, 280 Darian, Steven G., 311 n.72 Dfk~a (initiation), 441 Dnieper River, 210 Das, Rajendra Prasad, 468 al-DimashqI (Shams ai-DIn Abu cAbdallah Dniester River, 210 Daulatabad, oblique secular representation Mubammad ibn IbrahIm Dobashfs, 431 of, 480-81 al-DimashqI), 143 Dome of a Talisman, 393 Davad (inspector of waterways), 226 biographical information, 152 n.66 Dome of the Rock, 244 Day, length of N ukhbat al-dahr {f

Ectipses Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 436 cosmographies, compared with South ascending and descending nodes, 334 Encircling Ocean. See Oceans, Encircling Asian cosmographies, 507 cycle of, 346, 347 Ocean denigration of Islamic cartography, 9 deities associated with, 358, 360 Encyclopaedia of , 10 on geographic globe in Mughal painting, and determination of longitude, 102, 103 Engineering works, route maps related to, 409 n.67, 176 438-42 al-IdrisI's lack of influence on cartography diagrams of, 39 England. See Great Britain in, 172 of, 21 , celestial on al-IdrIsI's maps, 157 prediction of, 315 on armillary spheres, 49 influence on geographic globe in Mughal Rahu, causer of, 360 on celestial globes, 43 painting, 409 solar, 365 on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 47 influence of Islamic asterism mapping on, Ecliptic latitude-measuring circles, 14, 14-15 on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric 60-63 n.6, 15, 16, 18, 29, 36, 38 n.78, 43, map, 68 influence on Islamic cartography, 3, 65-70, 44, 46, 48, 49, 60-61, 65, 68, 69 on planispheric astrolabes, 18, 21, 65 263 Ecliptics on planispheric map from influence on Ottoman cartography, 209, on cAli Macar Re)Is's world map, 282 SarvasiddhantatattvacueJama1Ji, 69, 210,213,215,217-18,221-22 on armillary spheres, 49 70 influence on Ottoman illustrated histories, on al-Bln1nI's flattened astrolabe, 36 and qibla determination, 201 228,245,250,251 in al-BInlnI's Ta~did, 184 n.53 on spherical astrolabes, 41, 202 influence on South Asian cartography, 295, and calculation of , 175 n.3 on vault of heavens, Qu~ayr

Gole, Susan (cont.) and copying of portolan charts, 258 Habsburgs, 228, 246 on irrigation route maps, 439-50 n.16 Haci Abmed, 221 n.36 on Jain scroll paintings, 460 ecliptic, 29 HaCi Mebmed, 266, 267 n.10, 270 on map by Abdur Rahim, 411 globular projections used as, 37 Ha\ova/Mezokeresztes, plan of battle of, on map of north-central India, 422 on qibla indicator, 198 213 n.20 on maps in Tarikh-i qal

Ibn tJawqal (cant.) ibrahIm J:Ia~~l (Erzurumlu ibrahIm J:Ia~~l), cartography printed editions and translations of, 136 85,87 cosmographic globes, 352-58 select list of manuscripts, 132-33 Ma'rifetname, 76 repositories for, 302-4 use of graticule, 149 levels of being in, 87 surviving, 295 works, 111 religious cosmos from, pl.3 celestial symbolism in, 65 Ibn Khaldiin, 286 n.66 topographic rendering of Day of conceptions of universes, 341-42 influences on, 170 Judgment from, 88, 89 cosmography, 333-34 Kitab al- ~bar, 170, 171 IbrahIm al-MursI, 264-65, 266 ancient, 312-14 world map, 170, 171 IbrahIm MOteferri~a, 218 continents in, 335-36, 336 n.24 Ibn Khallikan (Abmad ibn Mubammad ibn map of Ottoman Empire, 225, 225-26 distant realms in, 336 Khallikan), 25 IbrahIm Pa~a, 232, 236, 237, 272, 275 divination charts, 348-51 Ibn Khurradadhbih (Abu al-Qasim (Ubayd IbrahIm ibn Sald aI-SahlI al-Wazzan, 45 early conceptions of earth and universe, Allah ibn (Abdallah ibn Iceland, 393 333-34 Khurradadhbih), 99, 114, 116, 117, 118 al-IdrlsI (Aba (Abdallah Mubammad ibn Francis Wilford's drawing of, 300 biographical information on, 91 n.9 Mubammad aI-SharIf al-IdrIsI), 8, 102, geography in, 339-40 influence on BalkhI school maps, 128-29 102 n.60, 111, 114, 129, 138, 140, Mesolithic depiction of, 306 Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of 142, 143, 154, 513, 517 microcosmic analogues, 379-82 routes and provinces), 91-92, 169 biographical information, 156 size of earth and universe, 334 n.51, 190-91 Book of Roger, 156, 170 world as tortoise, 337-38, 338 scheme of sacred geography, 190 cartography, 156-74 cosmology, 332-43 as source for al-IdrIsI, 169 n.51 influence on later authors, 170-72 European influence, 295 Ibn Majid (Abmad ibn Majid), 8, 256, 257, influence on al-SifaqsI family, 285, 287 geography, ancient knowledge of, 309-12 260-61 instructions for making world map, gods, 334 Asra al-bahr, 394 158-59 Harappan achievements in, 306-8 Ibn al-NadIm (Mubammad ibn Isbaq ibn longitude and latitude on maps of, 259 influence on Islamic high culture, 72-73 al-NadIm), 25, 26 n.23 in kishvar system, 80, 94 Fihrist, 96, 168 n.47 manuscripts of works of, 173-74 lack of surviving artifacts, 295 Ibn Qutaybah (Abu Mubammad (Abdallah as mapmaker, 156-58 literacy in, 328-29 ibn Muslim ibn Qutaybah), 53 map of compared with Cantino map, 262 on maps, 114 Ibn Rablq, 191 n.11 northwest Africa from map of, pl.12 BalkhI school world map, 122 Ibn Rustah (Abu (All Abmad ibn (Umar ibn N uzhat al-mushtaq fi )khtiraq al-afaq (The geographic globe in Mughal painting, Rustah),93 book of pleasant journeys into 409 Ibn Saffar (Abu al-Qasim Abmad ibn faraway lands), 7, 8, 156, 157, Hindu cosmographic globe, pl.30 (Abdallah ibn Saffar), 26 158-63,164,165,166,169,170 n.58, al-IdrIsI's sectional map, 165 Ibn Sa(Id ((All ibn Musa ibn Sa(Id 172, 173-74 al-QazwInI's world maps, 144 al-MaghribI), 143, 145 index of sectional maps in, 162 Sadiq I~fahani's topographic maps, 400 influences on, 170 sources for, 167-70 South Asian cosmographic globe, 396 Kitab bas! ai-art} fi !aliha wa-al- ~rt} orientation of maps, 518 South Asian world maps, 391, 392, 394, (Exposition of the earth in length and Rawej al-fara; wa-nuzhat al-muha; 395 breadth), 102 n.60, 150-51, 170 (Gardens of pleasure and recreation topographic, 420-22, 427 method of dividing climates, 157 of the souls), 146-47, 157-58, 163, maps from Ibn al-Sarraj, 31, 32 165-67, 168, 170 n.58, 174, 518 British disparagement of, 303, 303 n.47 Ibn al-Shatir ((Ala) aI-DIn Abu al-tJasan (All sectional maps by, 162, 162-63, 164, 165, cave paintings, 304-5, 305, 306, 313 ibn IbrahIm ibn al-Sharir), 32 166, 171-72, 172 European accounts of, 324-27 Ibn Suraqah (Mubammad ibn Suraqah Uns al-muha; wa-rawt} al-fara; (Intimacy prehistoric and tribal, 304-5 al-CAmirI) of souls and gardens of pleasure), and , 382 instructions for finding qibla, 195 157-58 Mauryan Empire, of, 316-17 and sacred geography, 191 n.11, 191-92 world maps by, 144, 161, 162, 515, pl.l'1 nature of corpus, 304-31 Ibn al-WardI (Siraj aI-DIn Abu J:Iaf~ (Umar al-(Ijll,26 and prime meridians, 103 ibn al-WardI), 138, 143 n.35, 155 al-(IjlIyah, 26 rivers, 311-12 Kharrdat al- ~;a lib wa-faridat al-ghara lib Ilavrta, 343, 358 temples as astronomical artifacts, 360 (The unbored pearl of wonders and Iliryus (Leros), 277 types of materials produce~, 304-27 the precious gem of marvels), 127, Illustration, Ottoman. See Histories, Vedic altars, 308-9, 379 143, 194, 195, 196, 221 n.34 Ottoman illustrated in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91 and qibla charts, 192 Ilyas of Morea the Reconnoiterer, 210-11 Indian Ocean (Persian Sea) world maps, 113, 143, pl.8 Imago Mundi, 298 on BalkhI school maps, 114, 120, 122, Ottoman version of, 220 Imarat Kar~hana, 442 125, 126, 127 (Aba al-J:Iasan (Ali ibn (Abd Imber, Colin H., 266 on Cantino map, 260, 260-62 al-Rabman ibn Yanus), 96 India. See also Bharata; Man~urah; South J:Iafi~-i Abril's map of, 150 and length of degree, 178, 180-81 Asia on Ibn J:Iawqal's world maps, 144 and longitude of Alexandria, 102 ancient and medieval architectural plans, on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143 number of entries in coordinate tables, 317-20 on al-IdrIsI's maps, 160, 164 101 n.49 astrolabes in, 26 Islamic navigation charts for, 256-62 al-Zi; al-kabfr al-fJakimi (Hakimite astrology, 338-39 on al-KhwarazmI's world map, 157 tables), 141, 141 n.20, 179 astronomy, 314-16 in Kitab ~arat ai-art}, 106, 169 General Index 561

in N uzhat al-mushtaq, 169 European influence on, 3 printed editions and translations of, 136 in Walters Deniz atlast, 283 foreign geographical influence on, 93-95 select list of manuscripts by, 130-33 India Office Library and Records (British Greek influence on, 4 works, 111 Library), London. See also British historiography, 8-10 Istanbul. See also Byzantium; Constantinople Library later developments, 137-55 Arkeoloji Muzesi KitapItgI, Ibn Hawqal's indigenous maps in Hodgson Collection terminology, 7-8 manuscripts in, 132-33 at, 474-75 theory and practice, 7 bird's-eye views of, 234, 237, 238, 239, al-IgakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 celestial mapping, 12-70 249-50,251 manuscript of al-IdrisI's Nuzhat early Syrian origins, 12-18 chartmaking in, 263 al-mushtaq in, 173 influences on, 12 in Hunername, 249-50 map collections of, 302 constellation iconography, 54-60 in Kitab-i balJrfye, 234, 234 n.25, 234-35 Nepali maps in, 431 cosmography, 332 n.27 scroll maps in, 436 religious, 88-89 Koprulu KutOphanesi, manuscript of topographic map from Kashmir in, 411 cosmology, 71-73 al-IdrisI's Nuzhat al-mushtaq in, 174 Indo-Christians, 332 Ptolemy's influence on, 75 in Mecma

Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon, 29 Sfi 1',.~un Charan Museum of Indology, Jehuda ben Moses Cohen, 45 Jacob of Edessa, 180 map collections of, 303 n.46 Jerusalem, 190 Jafarabad, 417 terrestrial globe from, 397, 399 on pilgrimage scroll, 244 Jagannath Jaisalmer on qibla indicator, 197 on map of north-central India, 422 religious map of, 484-85 qibla of, 191, 192 map of temple, pl.36 on topographic maps of Rajasthan and Jey-pergas (Light of Jai). See Jai Prakasa on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396 Gujarat, 414, 416 Jhelum River, 409, 411, 413 on South Asian world maps, 400 Jai Singh, Raja, 468 Jibal, map of, 114 Jagannatha, 365 Jai Singh II, Sawai, 303, 315, 332, 361-67, Jiddah, 500 al-, 204, 205 37~440, 507, 511, 515 Jihahs, 190 Jahan, Shah, 325 n.143, 326 n.155, 377-78, and telescopes, 365-66 jiruft, 115 379, 393, 405, 409 n.36, 449 Zij-i MulJammad Shahi, 361-62, 365, 366 Jiianamati, Aryika, 370 n.127 Jahangir, 63, 65, 378, 378 n.145, 408, 409, Jalalabad, 408 jodhpur 469-70, 507 Jalore, 417 map of, pl.34 "Jahangir Embracing Shah cAbbas" Jam. See Zam planimetric secular map of, 476-77 (painting), 408, 410, 515 Jamagird. See Yamako!i in Shahid-i ~adiq, 403 Jaigarh Fort Museum, architectural drawings Jamal aI-Din, terrestrial globe by, 221-22, on survey map, 461 n.172 in, 468 221-22 n.38 on topographic map of Rajasthan and Jains, 296, 298, 332. See also Pilgrimages, Jambudvipa, 389 n.3 Gujarat, 417 South Asian and Bharatavar~a, 336 n.24 Johan Daspa, 45 cartography, 303 concept of, 335 johnston, Alexander, 501 materials used in, 302 on cosmographic globes, 352, 353, 354, jomard, Edme Fran~ois cosmography, 76, 328, 333-34, 341-42, 358, p~.26 Les monuments de la geographie, 287 342, 367-75 depictions of range, 370-71, jones, William, 317 n.108 anthropomorphic representation of 371 joshi, N. P., 311-12, 352 universe, pl.28 Hindu conception, 343, 344, 346, 347 j unagadh, 41 7 in architecture, 380 in Jain universe, 340, 341, 367, 368, 369, , 188. See also Planets continents in, 335-36 370-71,372,373, 374, 375,pL28 in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64 ethicization of cosmos, 334 Puranic conception, 337 in Islamic correspondences, 78 geography in, 340 statistical summary of Jain cosmographies in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 Jambudvipa, 340, 341 centered on, 384-85 personification of, 63 Manu~yaloka (world of man), 340, , 369 realm of, 84 367-69,368 Jambukeswaram, Shaivite temple in, 457 in South Asian celestial mapping, 358, 359 materials used in, 367 Jambu tree, 335, 358, 369 sphere of, 39, 75, 76 seven-continent earth, 337 James I of England, 67 jurjaniyah (Gurganj), 186, 186 n.54, 187 statistical summary, 384-85, 386-87 Jammu, maps of, 476-77, 482-83 jyoti~as, 373-74 in temple atrium, 371-72 Janjira, map of fort in, 492-93 mapmaking, 505, 506, 509 Janoji Bhonsle, 421-22 Kacba. See also ; Qibla maps , Delhi (astronomical axes of, 190 n.7 importance of, 328-29 observatory), 361 azimuth of, 514 for pilgrimages, 440, 441, 441-42 , 396, pl.29 al-Dimya!i'S diagram of directions of, 192 scrolls (vijnaptipatras), 460-61, 461 Jarmi (Aksum), 199 eight divisions of world about, 193 pata-chitras, 323 Jaswant Singh, 408 explained, 190 temple architecture, 468 Jaubert, Pierre Amedee Emilien Probe, 8, Ottoman map of, 217 theology, 330 158 on pilgrimage scroll, 244 triptych, 460 Jaunpur, astronomical observatory at, 379 qibla charts centered on, 189-96 Jai Prakasa, 362, 363-64, 364, 364-65, Jav~ 256, 262, 502 and sacred geography, 190-96 366 Jawzahr (dragon), 64-65 on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi qibla diagram, pl. 13 Jaipur, 355, 395 Jayasthiti Malla, 430 world centered on, 80 architectural plan, 322, 323 a'l-Jayhani (Abu cAbdallah MUQammad ibn astronomical observatory, 361-66 Al)mad al-Jayhani), 117, 132 in Chahar Gulshan, 436 instruments of, 362-64, 364, 365, Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of on South Asian maps, 400, 408, 436 366 routes and provinces), 92-93, 139-40, Kabul fort, pL32 plan of, 363 169 n.51 Kabul River, pl.32 city plan of, 321 maps attributed to, 125-26 Kadalivana, 396 divination chart centered on, 349, 350 as source for al-Idrisi, 169 n.51 Kadesia (QadIsiya), 118 Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum al-JazarI (Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari), 65 Kahle, Paul, 270, 271 architectural drawings in, 468 Kitab ti mal-itat al-lJiyal al-handasiyah Kailasa, Mount, 348 city plans in, 448 (Book of knowledge of ingenious Kale, D. V., 422, 425 irrigation maps at, 438-51 mechanical devices), 40 Kalinjar, 422 map collections of, 303 al-Jazirah (Upper Mesopotamia), 112, 114, Kaloda Ocean, 341, 374 road construction maps at, 441 190, 391 Kalodhadi (Black-Water Ocean), 368 topographic map in, 410-11 Jazirat al-Jawhar (Island of the jewel), 105. Kalpavrk?a (wish-granting tree), 369 map for constructing road at, 441 See also Yaql1t Kalyan Singh, 421 planimetric secular map of, 476-77 Jehat Singh, 421 Kamal, Youssouf, 9, 210 n.9 General Index 563

Kamalakara al-Khalili (Shams aI-DIn Abu cAbdallah al-KindI (Abu Yusuf YaCquh ibn Is1)aq Siddhantatattvaviveka, 316 Mu1)ammad ibn.Mu1)ammad al-KindI), 36, 36 n.74, 98, 100, 100 Kammerer, Albert, 499, 501 al-Khalili), 198, 200, 204 n.41, 168 n.47 Kanchipuram, 452 Khambhat, 417 King, David A., 189 KancI, 382 Khanakh ibn Khaqan al-Kimaki, 169 n.51 Kinnaravar~a, 396 , 378-79, 436 Kha~t!aka~372,pI.28 Kipchak Desert, 391 Kangra, 436, 480-81 Kha1Jt!as, 341, 351, 354,p1.26 Kiramam, 382-83 Kankroli, religious map of, 484-85 Kharak Island, 122 Kirfel, Willibald, 298, 333, 334 Kapali, 362 al-Kharaqi, 143 Klrk~e§me and Halkah water-supply system, Kapilasastra, 502 Kharitah, 7 Ottoman maps of, 216, 218, 219, Kara1Jas, 315 al-KharkhI, 110 226, pl.16 Karbala, 244-45, 245 n.58 Khayr Beg, 235 Kirkpatrick, William, 430 Kargil, 437 al-Khazar (North Caucasus), 90-91 Kirman, maps of, 112 Karnal, 438 ,94 BalkhI school, 114, 115-17, 116 Kars, 248, 250 al-Khazin (Abu Jacfar Mu1)ammad ibn modern, 117 Karta, 206 Mu1)ammad al-Khazin), 109 by al-MuqaddasI, 122-23 KaserukhaI)c;la, 355 al-Khazini (CAbd al-Ra1)man al-Khazini), 45, in Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek, al-Kashghari (Ma1)mud ibn aI-I:J:usayn 201-2 Hamburg, 124 al-KashgharI) Khios, 274 al-Kirmani (J:Iamid aI-Din A1)mad ibn Diwan lughat ai-Turk, 153 n.68, 155 Khiri, maps of, 442 cAbdallah al-Kirmani) world map by, 153, 155 Khoi, 243 cosmic orders according to, 84, 85 al-Kashi (Ghiyath aI-Din Jamshid Mascud Khorasan, 396 RalJat al- 'aql (Comfort of the intellect), 82-83 al-Kashi), 38-39, 64 Khosrau, Amir, 377 Kish, George, 296, 298 Kashmir Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Kishan Singh, 408 atlas of, 413, 414 , South Asian world map at, Kishvars (regions), 8, 77, 80, 93-94, 94, on cosmographic globe, 396 390 95-96, 114, 152, 157, 168 in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429 al-Khujandi (Abu Ma1)mud al-Khujandi), 181 Kitab ai-bad) wa-al-ta)rikh, 79, 145, 518, pl.l0 and Kacba, 190, 191 n.36 Kitab hay)at ashkal ai-art! wa-miqdaruha fi maps, 409-14 Khurasan Desert, BalkhI school map of, 114, ai-tal wa-al- 'art! al-ma'raf orientation, 518 115 bi-;ughrafiyah, 78 religious, 482-83, 484-85 Khushal-Khatak, 408 Kitab ;ughrafiya fi al-ma'mar wa-~ifat secular city and town plans, 446 Khusrau AnushIrvan, 235 n.32 ai-art!, 168 n.47 surviving, 505 Khuzistan, Balkhi school map of, 114 Kitab'khanah-i Majlis, Tehran, al-I~takhrI's tirthas, pl.37 Khwaja Mucin aI-Din Chishti tomb, manuscripts in, 134-35 world maps, 390 Ajmer, pilgrimage map of, 461-62 Kitab'khanah-i Malik, Tehran, al-I~takhri's KaSi, 382 n.173 manuscripts in, 134-35 Kasrawad, 466 al-KhwarazmI (Abu Jacfar Mu1)ammad ibn Kitab'khanah-i MarkazI-i Danishgah-i Katha, 391 Musa al-KhwarazmI), 96, 122, 138, Tihran, Tehran, al-I~!akhri's Kathmandu 144-45, 152, 180, 187 n.59 manuscripts in, 132-33 on Nepali topographic maps, 433, 434-35 coordinates of compared with those of Kitiib al-mallJamah (Book of the battle), 98, religious map of, 484-85 Ptolemy, 98-100 100, 103 Katib <::elebi, 218, 270 n.13 influence on Ibn Sa1d, 170 Kitiib al-masiilik wa-al-mamiilik (Book of Cihannuma (World ), 195, 195 n.13 Kitab ~arat ai-art! (Picture of the earth), routes and provinces), 91-93. See also al-Katibi (Ibra1)im ibn A1)mad al-Katibi), 264, 97, 157, 168 Ibn Khurradadhbih; al-I~takhrI; 265 and length of degree, 178 al-Jayhani; al-MarwazI; al-Sarakhsi Kaulacara, Ramacandra and length of Mediterranean, 102 Kitiib rasm ai-rub Cal-ma 'mur (Book of the Silpa Prakasa, 466 longitude and latitude tables, 95, 97-100, picture of the inhabited quarter [the Kaurilya 104 world]), 101, 168 n.47 Arthasastra, 312, 316 maps by, 105-6 Kioetzli, W. Randolph, 343 n.53 Kaveri River, 399 Nile River, 120, 225, pl.4 Knox, Robert, 427 , 328 n.168 , pl.5 Kolver, Bernhard, 301, 455, 456 Kaye, George Rushy, 361, 362 world map, 163 Kolzum, Sea of. See Kayqubad (CAla) ai-Din Kayqubad), 233 methods and purpose, 100-101 JS.ona~s, 223 Kazvin (Qazwin), city plan for, 152-53, 154 and nilometer renovation, 177 Konarak, survey of temple at, 467 , 382, 461 n.172 number of entries in coordinate tables, Konkan, 405 Kemal Re)is, 267, 267 n.l0, 270, 270 n.16, 101 n.49 Koprulu Kiitiiphanesi, Istanbul, manuscript of 285 prime meridian used by, 102-3 al-IdrIsi's Nuzhat al-mushtiiq in, 174 Kepler, Johannes, 183 n.48 and seven-climate system, 102 Koprulu Waterway, maps of, 226 Kerte, 207 Zi; al-Sindhind al-~aghir, 93 n.13, 97 Koran. See Qur)an Ketu, 358, 359, 360 n.31, 175 n.6 Korea, 163 Ketumala, 337 Khyber Pass, 408 Korone, 266 Keyser, Pietr Dirksz., 63, 66, 69 Kiev, Ottoman military map of, 210-11, 211, Kos, 406, 414, 425, 436, 444 n.134, 448 Khafif, 19 211 n.ll Kosi River, 433 Khagolam (celestial dome), Minak~i temple, Kifelonya (Cephalonia), 273 Kos Minar, 436 359, 359-60 Kirppuru~a, 358 Ko~thakas, 315 564 General Index

Kotah, painting of Diwali celebration at, Lannoy, Richard, 381-82 zodiac sign, 361 470,472 Lapland, 393 on astrolabe rete, 22, 30 Krachovskiy, Ignatiy Iulianovich, 9, 172 Latarameswar temple, 432 combined with planets, 64 Kramer, S. N., 308 Latitude. See also Grids in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78 Kramers,]. H., 112-14, 114-15, 124 and Arab navigational charts, 258 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 Kramrisch, Stella, 318-19, 379-80 astrolabes and, 20, 21, 24 Leo Minor, 69 Krantivrtti Yantra, 363 of Baghdad, 177 Lepanto (Naupaktos), 266 Krishn~ 344, 347-48,348,417, 456, pL25, and BalkhI school maps, 115 Levi, Sylvain, 300, 434-35 pl.31 on ·Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397 Lewicki, Tadeusz, 156, 159 n.33 Krishna River, 399, 423 al-BlfOni and, 186 Libra. See also Astrology; Astronomy; Krittika, pl.27 on flattened astrolabe, 36 Zodiac Kropp, Manfred, 145 on globular projection, 37 constellation Kr~1Jarajfs (black fields), 374, 376 in projections, 34 on al-BlrOnI's cylindrical projection, 35 K~emakarQa, 352 remeasurement of, 141 on al-BlrunI's flattened astrolabe, 36 K~etra (), 453-54 in TafJdid, 184 n.53 on ceiling at Qu~ayr (Amrah, 16 Kufa, qibla of, 193 values, 187 on qibla map, 199 Kumar, Ravi, 298, 345, 373 on Byzantine planispheric map, 13 zodiac sign, 360 KumarikakhaQQa, 354 celestial, 54 on astrolabe rete, 22, 30 Kumbhalgarh, oblique secular representation determining, 175 combined with planets, 64 of, 480-81 in early Arab geography, 94 n.20 in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78 KUQQagama,441 ecliptic and calculation of, 175 n.3 Islamic emblematic motif for, 63 Kunsthistorisches Museum, , and geodesy, 175 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 in, 25 and graticuJes, 148-51 Libros del saber de astronomia (Alfonso el al-Kurah (sphere), 201 in Ibn Sald's work, 170 Sabio), 28, 42, 45, 60, 202 Kurmacakra, 347-48, 348 on al-IdrlsI's maps, 163, 259 n.23 Lines of unequal hours, 21 Kurmanivesa (tortoise abode), 337-38, 338 in Islamic cartography, 8 Lingams, 457 Kurmavibhaga (world as tortoise), 337-38, on Islamic celestial globes, 48 Literacy, Indian, 328-29 338,347-48,348,349,351 and navigation, 497 Lohargarh, map for pilgrimage to, 442 Kuru, 336 Ptolemy's compared with al-KhwarazmI's, Lokakasa, 341 Kuruk~etra, 356 100 Lokaloka, 340, 343, 346 Kurus, 369 on qibla indicators, 198, 200 Lokapurusa, 372 Kuruvar~a, 358 on qibla maps, 196, 197, 200 , 344, 356 Ku~aQas, 358 in Shahid-i $adiq, 403 Lo~man (Seyyid Lo~man ibn l:Ioseyin ibn Kutch, paintings produced in, on South Asian maps, 391, 392, 405, 408, el-cA§urI el-UrnlevI), 229 444-45 416 H unername (Book of accomplishments), tables of 234,247,248,249-50,250-51,251, Labrador, 272 adjustment of, 176 252,255 Laccadive Islands, 262, 500 converting to map form, 137 n.1 Sahan§ahname (History of the king of Laft (Qishm Island), 122 Islamic, 95, 96-97, 97-100 kings), 27, 250, 254 Laghubhaskariyavivara1Ja, 360 in Zz) al-Sabi~ 98 Sahname-i Selfm ljan (History of Sultan Lagna, 360 Lavaguru, 396-97 SelIm), 251 n.77, 254 La Hire, Philippe de, 365 LavaQa Samudra (Salt Sea), 368, 369, 372, Suleymanname (History of the Sultan Lahore 374 Soleyman), 247-48, 249, 250-51 n.77, in Chahar Gulshan, 436 LavaQoda (Salt Ocean), 341 254 map of historical growth of, 450 n.146 LawfJ al-tarsim (drawing board), 159 Surname-i humayun (Book of festivals), on Mughal route map, pL32 Legends, explanatory, 433 250 n.77, 254 oblique painting of, 449-50, 451 Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit Zubdetu )t-tevaril] (Cream of histories), oblique secular representation of, 480-81 Ibn l:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 113, 134-35 220, 221 on South Asian scroll map, 436 al-Igakhrl's manuscripts in, 132-33 London Lahut, pL3 al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35 British Library Lakes Lelewel, ]oachim, 8, 9 hybrid map in, 427 on BalkhI school maps, 115 Leningrad al-IgakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429 Otdeleniya Instituta Vostokovedeniya topographic map of Kashmir in, 411 in Mecmu'a-i menazil, 237 Akademii Nauk SSR, al-IgakhrI's British Museum on South Asian topographic maps, 402, 411 manuscripts in, 132-33 cosmographic globes in, 3S2, 357-58, Lalah Balhomai LahorI, 45, 49 Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library, 358 n.89, 396 Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology, manuscript of al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat volume of architectural drawings in, 470 Ahmadabad, 302 al-mushtaq in, 173 n.199 Landscape paintings, South Asian, 444-46 Leo. See also Astrology; Astronomy; Zodiac India Office Library and Records (British Language, in eighteenth-century India, 394 constellation Library) , 340. See also Sri Lanka on al-BlronI's flattened astrolabe, 36 indigenous maps in Hodgson Collection, on prime meridian, 103 on al-BlrOnI's globular projection, 37 474-75 on South Asian cosmographic globes, 352, and corresponding pre-Islamic asterisms, al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 353, 35~ 358, 39~ 39~pL30 51 manuscript of al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat on South Asian world maps, 399 on qibla map, 199 al-mushtaq in, 173 General Index 565

map collections of, 302 McNaughton, W. H., 411 Malay Peninsula, 262 Nepali maps in, 431 Macrobius, 148 Maldive Islands, 262, 390, 501 scroll maps in, 436 , 265 Malemo Cana, 256 topographic map from Kashmir in, 411 Madurai Maloney, Clarence, 501 Royal Asiatic Society, painting of cosmography in MInak~I temple at, 346 Malta, map of Ottoman attack on, 212, JahangIr's mausoleum in, 469-70 religious map of, 484-85, 488-89 212-13 Victoria and Albert Museum Maghreb. See also North Africa Malwa, 429 architectural drawings in, 468-69 and Ka'ba, 190 al-Ma)miin, 4, 9, 19, 36, 94 n.20, 98, 101, cosmographic globe in, 352, 353, 396 maps of, 112 106, 114, 128, 156, 157, 168 n.47, Longitude. See also Grids BalkhI school, 114, 115, 118,124,125 176, 177, 270 n.13, 515 and Arab navigational charts, 258 portolan charts from, 263 and length of degree, 178-79, 183 on astrolabes, 21 production of geographic coordinate maps, 95-96, 100, 168 and BalkhI school maps, 115 tables in, 141 al-Zij al-mumtaJ;an (Proved tables), 100 on Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397 on South Asian world maps, 390 n.39 al-BIriinI and Maghreb chart, 263-64, 264 Manasaghati, 396 on flattened astrolabe, 36 MaghribI (Shams aI-DIn Mubammad Manasara, 329 n.175 on globular projection, 37 MaghribI), 85 Manazil, 53 in projections, 34 Magnesia Peninsula, 276 Mandalas, 381, 381 n.164, 418, 455, 514 remeasurement of, 141 Magnetic , 264 Mandalgarh, 415 celestial, 54, 56 Magnitude Man Mandir temple, repair plans for, 469 comparative, lunar eclipses used to celestial, 54, 55 Mansarowar, Lake, 439, 441 measure, 103 n.67 expression of, 175 n.4 Man Singh, 362 in coordinate tables Mahabaleshwar, 425 al-Man~iir, 4, 26, 90, 93, 515 adjustment of, 176 , 310-11, 347, pl.25 Mansura, 403 converting to map form, 137 n.1 Mahahimavat Mountains, 341 Man~iirah, 190, 191 Islamic, 95, 96-97, 97-100 Mahanadi River, 400 Mantran, Robert, 278-79 determining, 175 Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum, Amritsar, Manucci, Niccolo, 466 difference between pairs of places, 188 atlas of Kashmir in, 413 Manuel I of Portugal, 246 n.64, 256 in early Arab geography, 94 n.20 Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, Manuscripts and geodesy, 175 Jaipur of BalkhI school works, 124-28, 130-35 of Ghazna, 184-88 architectural drawings in, 468 eighteenth-century Indian, 378 and graticules, 148-51 city plans in, 448 furusfyah, 235 n.30 in Ibn Sa'Id's work, 170 irrigation maps in, 438-51 of Ibn J:lawqal's works, 113, 132-35 on al-IdrlsI's maps, 163, 259 n.23 map collections of, 303 of al-IdrIsI's works, 173-74 in Islamic cartography, 8, 93 road construction maps in, 441 Islamic maps' relation to, 4-5 lunar eclipses in determining, 176 topographic map in, 410-11 of al-IgakhrI's works, 107, 130-33 Ptolemy's compared with al-KhwarazmI's, Maharashtra, secular city and town plans of Kitab-i ba~riye, 290-92 100 from, 446 of al-MuqaddasI's works, 134-35 on qibla indicators, 198, 200 Mahavideha, 368, 369 palm-leaf on qibla maps, 196, 197, 200 , 373, 441, 442 architectural drawings on, 466-68 in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403 Mabbub (Agapius) on architecture, 320 on South Asian maps, 391, 392, 405, 408, Kitab al- 'unwan, 17 of Ptolemy's Geography, 210 n.8 416, 424 Mahi River, 418 relation to Ottoman illustrated histories, and triangulation, 176 Mahmoud Bey, 177 252-55 trigonometric construction to determine Mabmiid, 141, 184, 390 of al-SiifI's works, 60 difference of, 187 Mabmiid el-IjarIb er-RumI, 194, 221 n.34 of al-Tust's works, 125, 126, 134-35 in ZtJ al-Sabi~ 98 Mabmud ibn Sa'Id MaqdIsh Manu~ottara Mountains, 368, 370-71, 371, Longitude-measuring circles, 29 N uzhat al-an~ar ff'aja )ib al-tawarfkh 374 Lopes de Castanheda, Fernao, 256 wa-al-akhbar, 287 Manu~yaloka (world of man), 340, 367-69, Lorch, Richard P., 189 Mabmiid ibn Yabya ibn al-~asan al-KashI, 368, 370-71, 371, 373, 374, 375. See Lorichs, Melchior, 250 64, pl.1 also Earth, two-and-a-half-continent Lotus, 514 Mainkar, V. B., 307 Manzils (stages of a journey), 8, 160 Braj as, 417-18, 419,452,504,506 Major axis of Ka'ba, 190 n.7 Map construction Islamic resemblances to concept of, 94 Majras (day's sailing), 8, 160 and Balkhi school maps, 115 universe as, 257-58, 335, 352, 357 al-MajrI!I (Maslamah ibn Abmad al-MajrI!I), planispheric astrolabes, 18-24 Loxodromes, 259 25 n.23 Suhrab's, 95, 101, 104-5, 137, 138 Lucknow Majumder, N. K., 308 n.65 Mappaemundi, 6, 129, 129 n.83, 206, 512, on map of north-central India, 422 Makhrutf projection, 34 514 oblique secular representation of, 480-81 Makhsiidabad (Murshidabad), 400 Maps. See also Charts Lunar mansions, 53-54, 62, 65, 264, 265 Malabar Coast, 390, 500 astrolabic, 31-34 Lunar nodes, 64, 65 Malakut, pl.3 celestial (see Celestial mapping) Lyra, 52, 61, 62, 66 Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo, 209-10, climatic, 146-48 235 n.30 cosmographical (see Cosmographical MacDougall, Robert, 468 al-MalarI ('Abd al-Basit ibn Khalil al-MalatI), diagrams; Cosmographica\ globes) Mackenzie, Colin, 302, 302 n.43, 501 194, 198 hybrid, 427-29 566 General Index

Maps (cont.) prehistoric and tribal, 304-5 Mater (part of astrolabe), 21 Islamic production of, 303 n.45, 303-4 Mathas (monasteries), 452 of asterisms, 60-63 from Rajasthan and Gujarat, 414-17, , 382 audience of,S 418 astronomical observatory, 361 BalkhI school, 112-28 reasons for paucity of, 327-31 on map of Braj as lotus, 419 Cantino map, 260, 260-62 and reincarnation, 382 sketch map of, 448-49 in al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat al-mushtaq, of sacred places, 452-62, 482-91 Matrak\l Na~t1l), 233, 234, 248, 249 160-63 in secular texts, 321-23 Cami'u l-tevarfl:J (A collection of illustrating Aratea, 15-16 of Sri Lanka, 426-27 histories), 235 n.32, 254 individual constellations and asterisms, for taxation, 444, 444 n.134 Cemal el-kuttab (textbook on arithmetic), 50-60 for tourist trade, 303-4 235 from al-KhwarazmI's manuscript, 105-6 world maps, 389-400 FetIJname-i ~arabogdan (Book of the on late Persian qibla indicator, 201 topographic (see Topographic maps) conquest of ~arabugdan [Moldavia]), by al-Ma)mun, 95-96, 100 world (see World maps) 253 by Marino Sanudo, 172 zone, 146-48 Mecmu 'a-i menazil (The collection of order of in Ottoman portoIan atlases, al-MaqdisI (Abu Na~r al-Mutahhar ibn halts), 229, 230, 235-45, 250, 251, 281 al-Mutahhar al-MaqdisI), 515 253,514, pl.18 of Ottoman Empire, 225, 225-26 MarakafJ4eya PurafJa, 337, 338 Suleymanname (History of Sultan of Ottoman waterways, 215-16, 217, Maratha Confederacy, 421, 422 SOleyman), 253 218, 219 mapmaking, 506 Tarfl:J-i fetIJ-i Sa~lavun (~i~l(j~) ve of region of Palmyra and Sinjar, 180 maps, 422-26 Usturgun ve Ustunibelgrad (Conquest relation to manuscripts, 4-5 compared with Nepali maps, 444 of Sikl6s, Esztergom, and stemma of, 138 forts, 465, 492-93 Szekesfehervar), 245-46, 247, 253, Suhrab's construction of, 95, 101, rural areas, 444 p1.19,p1.20 104-5, 137, 138 surviving, 505 Tarfl:J-i Sultan Bayezfd (History of Sultan military, 90, 210-15, 229 Vijayadurg, 464 Bayezld), 253 planar, 38-41 world maps, 398, 399-400 Tarfl}-i Sultan Bayezza ve Sultan Selim planispheric (see Planispheric maps) Maratha History Museum, Deccan College, (History of Sultan Bayezld and Sultan purposes of, 515-16 Pune, topographic map in, 423 Sellm),253 qibla (see Qibla,.maps) MarlJalahs (day's journeys), 8, 102, 115, TuIJfetu)l-guzat, 235, 235 n.30 reference (see Reference maps) 160 Maulavl Ghulam Qadir, 436 regional, 222-26 al-MaridlnI Oamal aI-DIn al-MaridlnI), 32 Maurand, Jerome d'Antibes, 245 route (see Route maps) Marinus of Tyre, 34, 105, 137, 141, 157 Maurolico, Francesco, 183 n.48 rural, 442-48, 474-75 Geography, 95 Maurya, Candragupta, 316 scroll (see Scroll maps) Markham, Clements R., 303 n.47 Mauryan Empire, surveying in, 316-17 sectional (see Sectional maps) Marmara, Sea of, 235 n.27, 239 Mawalid, 82 South Asian al-MarrakushI (Abu CAli al-MarrakushI), 42 Maya, 381-82, 509 battle, 465-66 Mars. See also Planets Maymunah bint Mul)ammad ibn cAbdallah from Braj, 417-20 in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64 al ZardalI, pilgrimage scroll of, cadastral, 31 7 in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359 243-44 celestial, 358-67, 379 in Islamic correspondences, 78 Measurements of central India, 420-22 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 Arabic metrology, 177-78 of cities and towns, 476-77 personification of, 63 on BalkhI school world map, 121-22 climate and preservation of, 327, 506 realm of, 84 conversion between linear and angular drainage patterns, 410 sphere of, 39, 75, 76 distances, 176 European accounts of, 324-27 Martaban, Gulf of, 262 of degree length, 178-81 European influence on, 463-65, 503 Marwar, 396 of earth's radius, 182-84 of forts, 462-66,490-93 al-MarwarrudhI (Khalid ibn cAbd aI-Malik geodesy, 175-88 fragmentation of use of, 510 al-Marwarrudhl), 36, 36 n.74, 179 Harappan, 306-7 Harappan, 306-8 al-MarwazI (Abu al-cAbbas Jacfar ibn Al)mad al-IdrlsI's units for, 160 inclusiveness of, 508 al-MarwazI), 93 n.10, 117 Islamic terms for, 8 intentional destruction of, 328 Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of of "Thick Darkness ," 372 from Kashmir, 409-14 routes and provinces), 92 units of large-, rural areas, 474-75 Masa, 359 Arabic miles, 175, 177-78 large-scale, small localities, 442-66 Masafat, 258, 261, 262 cos, 350 late premodern, 409-27 Masha)allah cubits, 8, 160, 170, 178, 183 n.43 and literacy rates, 328-29 Kitab ~an 'at al-asturlabat wa-al- 'amal daqiqahs (degrees), 8 Maratha, 422-26 bi-ha, 25-26 darajahs '(minutes), 8 in Mauryan Empire, 317 Masjid Athar al-NabI (Shrine of the dirhams, 159 mental, 382-83, 383 n.173 Footsteps of the Prophet), 232, 233 farsakhs (parasangs, leagues), 8, 160, Mughal, 400-409 Maskat (Muscat), 400 175, 177, 178, 178 n.23, 186, 187 of Nepal, 429-35 Massaio, Pietro del, 238 n.59,198 of northeastern India, 427 Mascud I, 141, 390 Frank mils, 160 in paintings, 408-9 al-MascudI (Abu al-J:Iasan CAlI ibn al-J:Iusayn gouwas (Sinhalese miles), 426 political boundaries on, 508-9 al-MasCudr), 93, 93 n.12, 95, 157, 168 graus,262 General Index 567

i~ba's (digits), 258, 258 n.18, 262, 497, Mebmed Beg, 276 Mianeh (Miyane), 243 500 Mebmed Ibla~, 218 Middle East kha~4aka~372,pL28 Mebmed Pa~a (Sokollu Mebmed Pa~a), 247 l:Iamd Allah Mustawfi's map of, 152 ~ona~s, 223 Mebmed Re)is of Menemen, Aegean sea reference map of, 91 kos, 406, 414, 425, 436, 444 n.134, 448 chart by, 283-84, 284 on al-Sharafl al-Sifaqsi chart, 288 majras (day's sailing), 8, 160 Mehta, R. N., 416-17 Mihan Singh, 413 manzils (stages of journey), 8, 160 Meilink-Roelofsz, M. A. P., 502 Mi/Jrabs, 189, 194, pl.13 marlJalahs (day's journeys), 8, 102, 115, Melik Umml Miles, 8, 160, 245 160 Sahname (Book of kings), 228 n.3 Arabic, 175 masafat, 258, 261, 262 Melitene, qibla of, 193 calculation of, 177-78 mfls (miles), 8, 160, 245 Mental maps, 382-83 Military maps parasangs, 8, 102 Mercator, Gerardus, 63 Islamic, 90 parganas, 411,413,414,423,427,428, Atlas Major, 195 n.13 materials used in, 229 444 n.134, 508 Atlas Minor, 218 Ottoman, 210-15 polegadas, 262 , 259, 392, 495 Milky Way, 16, 69 rajjus, 342, 373 Mercier, Raymond P., 365 Miller, Konrad, 9, 114, 125, 158, 159 n.32, rashashf cubits, 160 Mercury. See also Planets 162, 172, 259, 517 rafls, 159 in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64 Mfls (miles), 8, 160, 245 Roman miles, 177 in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359 Minak~i temple, Madurai, 346, 359, 457 ru )sfyas, 160 in Islamic correspondences, 78 Minaraye Zarrin (Topra pillar), 377 sawda) cubits, 177, 178, 178 n.23, 179 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 Minor axis of Kacba, 190 n.7 shafT cubits, 177 personification of, 63 Miquel, Andre, 8, 9 stades, 176, 178-79 realm of, 84 Mir Ahmed taqwfrs, 160 sphere of, 39, 75, 76 Tarfkh-i qal~h-i Kashmir, 413-14, 414, wams (fathoms), 498 Meridian rings, 28, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 70, 508 yojanas, 335, 342, 353, 370, 373 201 Mlr Kalan Khan, 446 zams (watches), 8, 496, 497, 500 Meridians. See also Prime meridians Misra, V. N., 304 Vedic altars, 308, 309 in Arab astronomy, 175 Mithal (representation), 74 Mecca. See also Kacba; Qibla circles, 46 , 369 astrolabes and, 21, 24 on early graticules, 149-50 Moeller, J. H., 108 azimuth of, 514 on Islamic celestial globes, 43 Mohan Singh, 428 in al-Binlni's TalJdfd, 184 n.53 and Jai Singh's Zfj, 365 Mokha Aden, 393 on al-I~!akhri's maps, 118 on Maratha topographic maps, 424 Moldavia, Ottoman map of, 217 on al-Muqaddasi's maps, 122 in orthographic projection, 35 n.72 Molla ~asim, 276 Ottoman map of, 217 and planispheric astrolabes, 28, 29 Molla Tiflisl (Nigari), 276 on pilgrimage scroll, 244 and qibla determination with spheres, 201 Moluc (MaluccajMoluccas), 390 on qibla map, 199 on qibla indicators, 198, 200 Monasteries, Buddhist, plans for, 318, on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396 on qibla maps, 197 466 on South Asian world maps, 396, 400 on South Asian world maps, 391, 392 Monserrate, Antonio, 324, 507 Mechanical calendar, 33, 33-34 on spherical astrolabes, 202 Mookerjee, Ajit, 344 Medina in Suhrab's map construction, 105 n.69 Moon on al-Igakhri's maps, 118 of Tadmor and Raqqa, 180, 180 n.30 on armillary spheres, 49 Ottoman map of, 217 of Ujjain, 93 on astrolabe and mechanical calendar, on pilgrimage scroll, 244 used by al-Birunl, 184, 186 33 on qibla charts, 192 Meru, Mount. See also Sumeru computing position of, 38-39 Mediterranean Sea on cosmographic globes, 352, 353, 354, eclipses used to measure longitude, 103 Balkhi school maps of, 114, 115, 118-20, 355, 356, 357, 35~ 359 n.67 120 on Indian coins, 311 n.71 in Islamic correspondences, 78 al-Dimashqi's map of, 152, 154 in Jain cosmography, 367, 369, 370, 372, in Jain cosmologies, 374, 375 J:Iafi~-i Abru's map of, 150 373 in Jai Singh's Zi;, 365 on Ibn al-Wardi's world map, 143 kishvar system compared with, 94 lunar mansions, 53-54 on al-Idrisi's map of northwest Africa, as lotus, 344 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 pl.12 in Minak~l temple painting, 346 personification of, 63-65 Islamic navigation charts for, 263-92 in South Asian cosmography, 335, 336, in Qur'an, 71 length of, 101-2 33~34~34~378,381,507 realm of, 84 map of in Staats- und Meshed, Astan-i Quds Ra~avI, al-I~takhrI's in South Asian celestial mapping, 358, Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, 124 manuscripts in, 132-33 359, 360 on al-Qazwini's world maps, 144 Mesolithic burial ceremony, 305 sphere of, 39, 75, 76, 77 reference map of, 273 Mesopotamia. See also Iraq; al-Jazirah waxing and waning of, 38, 39 in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 285, 286, 287 celestial symbolism in, 65 Moon, Mountains of the, 122, 143, 162, on al-Tusi's map, 125 in Mecma~-i menazil, 240 224, pl.4 in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23 Meteoroscopes, 32, 62 Moresby, Captain Robert, 501 Megasthenes, 317 Methone, 266 , 391 Mebmed II, 209, 210, 228, 230, 238, 249 Metrology, Arabic, 177-78 Moscow, 409 n.37 Mebmed III, 229, 246, pl.17 Mewar, 396 Moses, 396 568 General Index

Mountains. See also Himachala Mountains; MUQammad ibn cAli ibn AQmad al-SharafI Museum of the , Jibal; Meru, Mount; Moon, al-SifaqsI, 287, 289. See also al-SharafI Oxford, cosmographic globe in, Mountains of the; Sumeru al-SifaqsI family 352-55,396 Ajanta Mountains, 343 n.52, 423 MUQammad ibn Jacfar ibn cUmar . See Islamic society Alps, 120 aI-As!urlabI, 46, 46-47 Mu~!afa cAlI Aravalli Mountains, 403, 405, 415 MUQammad ibn MaQmud ibn cAli aI-Tabar., CamiC i/l-bulJur der mecalis-i sur (The on BalkhI school maps, 115, 116, 127 56 gathering of the [meters] on the in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429 MUQammad ibn Mu)ayyad al-cUrQI, 44 scenes of the celebrations), 229, 229 Hemaku!a Mountains, 396, 399 MUQammad ibn MUQammad al-SharafI n.5 Himavat Mountains, 341 al-SifaqsI, 286-87. See also al-SharafI Na$ilJatiil-muluk, 249 n.72 on al-IdrIsI's maps, 163, 166-67 al-SifaqsI family NU$retname (Book of victories), 229, in Jain cosmologies, 373, 374 MUQammad MahdI al-KhadIm ibn 248-49,255 on al-KhwarazmI's coordinate tables, 100 MUQammad Amln aI-YazdI, 65-68, Mugafa Pa§a, 248, 250 C in Kitab $urat al- ~r4, 97 66, 67 n.191, 203 al-Mu tamid,29 on late premodern maps from Kashmir, MUQammed NUrii)I-CArabiyO'I-MelamI, 85, 87 Mutawakkil, 177 409 MUQammad Shah, 361 Muzah-i Iran-i Bastan, Tehran, al-IgakhrI's Mahahimavat Mountains, 341 MUQammad Tahmasp (MuQammad ibn manuscripts in, 134-35 Manu~ottara Mountains, 368, 370-71, MaQmud ibn cAli al-TabarI), 56 Mysticism, Islamic, 71, 73, 83-88 371, 374 Al-mul}it. See Oceans, Encircling Ocean Miik, Hans von, 8, 9, 106 on map of Kashmir by Abdur Rahim, 412 Muhurta, 359 on maps in Tan-kh-i qal

Nathdwara on Ottoman regional map, 223-24, 224 of Kacba diagrams, 194 painting from, 455-56 on al-Qazwlnr's world maps, 144 of al-KashgharI's world map, 155 religious map of, 484-85 on South Asian world maps, 396 of Kazvin city plan, 152 sketch map of, 448-49 Ni~adha Mountains, 341 of al-Khwarazmi's map of Nile River, p1.4 National Archives of India, Calcutta, maps Nishat gardens, 411 of late premodern maps from Kashmir, in, 302 Niwasi Lal, 428 409 National Archives of India, , Nizam Shah, 421-22 of map of Kirman, 112 maps in, 302, 405 Nordenskiold, Adolf Erik, 287 of Maratha topographic maps, 423, 424, National Museum, New Delhi North Africa. See also Africa; Maghreb 425 Chahar Gulshan in, 435 on Balkhi school maps, 114, 119, 120, in Mecma'a-i menazil, 237 roz nama in, 494, 494-95 n.5, 495, 496, 121 of al-Muqaddasi's maps of Arabia, 124 497 chartmaking centers in, 263 of Nepali cadastral maps, 432 Nau Nihal Singh, 68 development of, 285 n.63 of planispheric maps, 16, 62 Nautical Maps. See also Portolan charts on al-Idrisi's maps, 157 of reference map of Istanbul architectural Islamic on al-I~takhrr's map, pl.6 monuments, 239 for Indian Ocean, 256-62 on al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI chart, 289 of secular plans of cities and towns, in Kitab-i ba~riye, 233 Northern Hemisphere 446-47 materials used in, 229 abstract of on South Asian cosmographic of al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsr atlas, 287 for Mediterranean Sea, 263-92 globe, 358 of South Asian maps, 395, 399, 402, 518 South Asian, 494-509 constellations of on astrolabe plate, 66 of Suhrab's map construction, 105 of Red Sea and Aden, 498-501, pl.40 constellations of on planispheric star map, of topographic maps, 411, 413, 415, 427 N avagrahas, 358, 373 67 of vault of heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah, and Navarino (Pylos), 266 North Pole, 258 Byzantine planispheric map, 14 Navigation, Islamic North Star. See Pole Star of Vedic altars, 309 in Indian Ocean, 256-62 Novigrad, 274, 275 of view of Istanbul in Mecma'a-i menazil, in Mediterranean Sea, 263-92 Nuremberg Chronicle, 233, 246 238 Navsari, planimetric secular map of, 476-77 Nuzhatu-l Qulab, 391 of world map from Kitab ai-bad) al-Nayrizi (Abu al-cAbbas al-NayrizI), 41-42 wa-al-ta )rikh, pI. 10 Nebuchadnezzar II, 177 Oblique views, 449-52, 460, 463, 470 n.199, Origin , 305 Needham, Joseph, 298, 391, 517 480-81, 482-93. See also Bird's-eye Orion, 16, 51 Nepal views Orm~Rober~ 326-27 cosmography from, 347-48, 348 Oceans. See also ; Indian Orosius, Paulus, 169 n.51 maps Ocean Ortelius, Abraham, 251 central, 431 AruQavara Ocean, 375 Orthographic projection, 34-35, 35, 35 n.72, compared with Maratha maps, 444 Encircling Ocean, 121-22, 159 n.25, 160 37-38, 38 n.79 religious, 455, 456, 457 in Indian cosmography, 335, 337, 340 COsman II, 246 surviving, 505 in Jain cosmography, 368 Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, topographic, 429-35 in Jain cosmologies, 372, 373, 374 al- I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396 LavaQoda (Salt Ocean), 341 Ottoman Empire, 3. See also Islamic society , 390, 393, 396 Kaloda Ocean, 341, 374 architectural plans and waterway maps, Neumayer, Erwin, 305 Kalodhadi (Black-Water Ocean), 368 215-16,217,218,219 Neven, Armand, 344 ring, pl.26 campaign journals, 245 New Delhi on South Asian maps, 399, 402, 425, pl.26 cartography National Archives of India, maps in, 302, Oljeytii, pl.18 atlas of color maps, 225 405 Oman, 118 European influence on, 209, 210, 213, National Museum , 16 215,217-18,221-22 Chahar Gulshan in, 435 Organs, bodily, 86 introduction, 206-8 roz nama in, 494, 494-95 n.5, 495, 496, Orientation as private enterprise, 216-26 497 of Arabic maps, 394 problems in study of, 207-8 , 272 of astrolabes, 66 regional maps, 222-26 Nice, 245, pl.20 of Balkhi school maps, 115, 118, 119, scope and organization, 206 Nidha Mal, 469 120, 121 in service of state, 209-16 NIlakaQtha of al-Dimashqi's map of Mediterranean, terminology, 206-7 ]yotirmimartZsa, 315 152 version of Ibn al-Wardi's world map, Nila (Blue) Mountains, 369 of Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 428, 220 Nile River 429 waterway maps, 226-27 on Balkhi school maps, 115, 119, 120, of globe in Portrait of Shah]ahan early examples of topographical 122, 126, 137, 139 (painting), 409 n.36 illustration in texts, 230-35 on Ibn l:Iawqal's world map, 145 in H unername, 250 European influence on, 68 on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143 of Ibn l:Iawqal world map, 140 illustrated histories on al-IdrisI's maps, 145,160, 161, 162, of al-Idrlsr's maps, 160, 161, 166, 167,518 accuracy, 228 165, 167 of Islamic celestial globes, 43, 43 n.93 bird's-eye views in, 228 on al-Katibi's chart, 264 of Islamic maps, 518 compilation of, 229-30 on al-Khwarazmr's maps, 106, 225, pl.4 of al-I~takhrr's maps, 116, p1.6 development of, 228-29 in Kitab-i ba~riye, 232, 233, 275 n.35 in Jain cosmologies, 373, 375 European influence on, 228, 250, 251 570 General Index

Ottoman Empire, illustrated histories (cont.) Palni, 461 n.172 planimetric, 449, 450, 453, 460, 463, 470, foreign influences on, 230 Pancavi1flsa BrahmatJa, 334 476-77, 508 Hungary's importance in, 246-49 Paficha koshi yatra, Varanasi, 462 of secular plans of cities and towns, 447 itineraries and town views in, 228-55 Pande, B. M., 318 , 408 materials used for, 229 Pandhi, Manubhai, 494 Petrus Alphonsus, 138,147 selected manuscripts related to, Pandya, Shri Dushyanta, 494 Phalcakras, 349-50 252-55 Panhala, map of fort in, 492-93 Pharos, 233 topographical illustration, 245-52 PaQini Philip II of Spain, 67 isolation of students of, 207-8 A~tadhyayi, 312 Phillimore, Reginald Henry, 298, 301, map of, 225, 225-26 Panipat, map of battle of, 466, 467 325-26,327,405,414,424-25,427 military maps, 210-15 Papamundi, 206 Philoponus, Johannes, 24 attack on Malta, 212, 212-13 Paper Philosophy, in cosmographical diagrams, 71 battle of Ha~ova/Mezokeresztes,213 surviving maps on, 327, 327 n.161 , 63 n.20 used for Ottoman illustrated histories, Phonda Pass, 424 battle of the Prut, 213, 215, 216 229 Pica Indica (toucan), 63 fortress on Adakale, 213 Parallels, 28, 29, 35 n.72, 197, 392 Picard, Jean, 183-84 n.48 fortress of Buda, 213, 215 Parasangs, 8, 102 Pichhvais, 420, 458, pl.31 fortress of Van, 213, 214 Parasnath Peak, religious map of, 460, Pieper, Jan, 301 fortress of "Zadvarya" in Makarska, 486-87 Pilgrimages. See also Route maps; Tirthas 213 n.20 Parganas, 411,413,414, 423, 427, 428, 444 Islamic naval encounter between Ottoman and n.134, 508 guidebooks for, 239 Russian fleets, 213 n.20 Paris and Islamic mapmaking, 91-93 Russian army maneuvers, 217 Bibliotheque Nationale map of Arabian desert routes, 117 second siege of Vienna, 213 Ibn l:fawqal's manuscripts in, 113, routes on al-MuqaddasI's maps, 122, 123 Szigetvar, 212, 213 134-35 scrolls for, 243-45, 245 n.58 naval power, 266 n.8 al-I~rakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 South Asian origins of state cartography, 209-10 manuscripts of al-IdrlsI's N uzhat guide for, pl.31 and PIrI Re)Is's chartmaking, 265-79 al-mushtaq in, 173 Jain maps for, 440, 441, 441-42, 457, portoIan charts and atlases, 263, 279-84, map of central India in, 420-22 460 288-89 Musee Guimet, painting in, 449 to Kashmir, 414 qibla charts from, 193-94 Parpola, Asko, 307-8 and mapmaking, 330 rivalry with Habsburgs for Hungary, 246 Partabgarh, sketch map of, 448-49 maps for, 388, 439, 441-42, 442, volume of existing source materials for Parvata, 351. See also Mountains 453-55,505,506 study of, 207 Pasinler, 237 n.38 nautical charts for, 500 world maps, 221-22 Pata-chitras, 323 and topographic maps of Braj, 417-19 Ouseley, William, 390 (hells), 344, 345 to Varanasi, 453-55 Oval projections, 282, 282-83 Parhaka, DurgashaQkara, 68 Pingree, David, 303, 316, 327 n.161, 328 Oxford SarvasiddhantatattvacaqamatJi Uewel of n.166, 330 n.175, 330-31 n.181, 338, Bodleian Library the essence of all sciences), 69, 70, 351, 359 eighteenth-century Indian manuscript in, pl.2 Pires, Andre 378 Patna, 403, 450 Livro de marinharia, 262 Ibn l:fawqal's manuscripts in, 113, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Plrt Re~~ 257, 262, 263, 287, 513 134-35 South Asian world map in, 390 biographical information, 266-69 al-I~rakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 Pava, 441 charts by, 265-79 manuscripts of N uzhat al-mushtaq in, Pavagarh, 461 n.172 maritime, 288 174 (peacock), 63, 67 New World, 268, 269-72, pl.21 world map~, 145, 150, pLIO Pegasus, 51, 52, 57 Kitab-i balJriye, 171, 206, 231-35, 252, Museum of the History of Science, Perlin, Frank, 444 266,267,269,270,272-79,287 cosmographic globe in, 352-55, 396 Perseus, 58 list of extant manuscripts of, 290-92 Persia Pisces. See also Astrology; Astronomy; Padmakesara temple (Sun Temple), artistic interpretation of celestial bodies Zodiac architectural drawings of, 467 from, 63-64, pL 1 constellation padshahnamah,44~450 astronomical texts, 315-16 on al-BirunI's cylindrical projection, 35 Pahan, 436,449,451 influence on Islamic cartography, 93-94 and corresponding pre-Islamir. asterisms, Paintings maps of in Staats- und 51 in Hindu cosmography, 343-51 Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, 124 on Islamic celestial globes, 44 Indian, as maps, 444-46 Persian Desert, BalkhI school map of, 114 on qibla map, 199 maps in, 408-9 , 115, 122, 143 zodiac sign rock, 304-5, 305, 306, 313 Persian Mountains. See Jibal on astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30 Pakpattan, 405 Persian Sea. See Indian Ocean combined with planets, 64 Palanka, 353 Personification of celestial bodies, 63-65 in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78 Palestine Perspective in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 map of sacred places in, 461-62 n.173 frontal, 450, 452, 453, 470 Planar mapping, 38-41 Marino Sanudo's map of, 517 oblique, 449-52, 460, 463, 470 n.199, Planets. See also names of planets Palitana, religious map of, 484-85, 486-87 480-81,482-93 on armillary spheres, 49 General Index 571

computing position of, 38-39 Portrait of Shah]ahan (painting), 409 n.36 Pmt, Ottoman plan for battle of the, 213, and correspondences in Islamic Portugal. See also Iberian Peninsula 215, 216, pl.15 cosmology, 76, 77, 78 on geographic globe in Mughal painting, Ptolemaic projections, 154 in Jai Singh's Zfj, 365 409 n.37 Ptolemy, Claudius motion of, 366 on South Asian world maps, 390, 393, Almagest, 10, 25, 43, 54, 75, 175, 511, in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 395 513 personification of, 63-65 Pothi, 494 aqalfm, 390, 391 in South Asian celestial mapping, 358-59, Pottery and circles of constant visibility and 359 excavated at Nagarjunakonda, 466 invisibility, 42 spheres of, 76 excavated at Salihundam, 466 and circumference of earth, 178-79 Planimetric perspective, 449, 450, 453, 460, jug, 245 n.61 and climates, 162 463,470,476-77,508 Poubas (scroll paintings), 432-33, 433 coordinate tables, 94 n.20, 97-100, 101 Planispheric astrolabes. See Astrolabes, Prabhasa, 460 n.49, 154, 259 planispheric Prants, 423 criticized by al-BlrunI, 141 Planispheric maps Prayaga. See Allahabad design for , 43 Byzantine, 13-14, 14, 15 Prayer, 12 Geography, 10, 25, 34, 94-95, 96, 97-100, constellations on, 62, 67, 70 Preaulx, Michel-Fran~ois, 242 n.51 105, 157, 159, 168-69, 176, 179 n.28, illustrating Aratea, 16, 17 Prime meridians 196, 210, 270 n.13, 340, 511, 513, Islamic influence on, 60-61, 61 in Africa, 196 515, 517 in nineteenth-century Indian manuscript, in Arabic cartography, 102-4 Handy Tables, 10, 93 n.16, 96, 100 n.39, 68-70 at Canary Islands, 100, 103, 196 101 Planispheric projection, 70 of al-Idrlsi's sectional maps, 163 influence on BalkhI school maps, 118, Planning in Shahid-i $adiq, 403-4, 404 120, 121, 122, 126-27, 137, 138 architectural, 321 on South Asian cosmographic globes, 352, influence on , 170 secular, of cities and towns, 446-49 356, 396, 397 influence on Ibn Sald, 170 Plato, 81, 82 ten degrees east of Canary Islands, influence on al-IdrlsI, 156-57, 167-70 , 16, pl.27 100-101 influence on Indian astronomy, 315-16 PIessner, Martin, 158 at Ujjain, 93, 103, 175, 175 n.6, 315, 356, influence on Islamic astronomy and Pleydenwurff, Wilhelm, 233, 239 396 astrology, 4 Plumb bobs, 28, 307 used by al-BlrunI, 404 influence on Jabirian alchemy, 81 Plumbing, Harappan, 307 used by al-KhwarazmI, 98, 100-101, 103 influence on al-KhwarazmI, 106 Poland, Ottoman map of, 217 Prime vertical, 48 influence on PlrI Re)Is, 271 Polar circles, 15, 18, 43, 44, 47, 49, 61, 68, Prince of Wales Museum of , influence on South Asian world map, 394 69 Bombay influence on ai-SufI, 55 Polar stereographic projections, 13, 21, 34, maps of forts in, 465 n.175 Jai Singh on, 361 35 n.73, 62, 68, 69 Maratha maps in, 423, 425, 425 n.81 length of degree, 178 Polegadas, 262 Prinsep, James, 317 n.l08, 461, 495 and length of Mediterranean, 101-2 Pole Star. See also Dhruva Printing, Islamic attempts at, 5-6 manuscripts in Florence, 238 on Cantino map, 261, 262 Projections and measurement of comparative in Khagolam, 359 azimuthal equidistant, 38 n.78, 141-42, 271 longitude using lunar eclipses, 103 and navigational charts, 258, 497, 499 azimuthal equidistant polar, 36, 37-38 n.67 and , 192, 193 and Balkhi school maps, 115 obliquity of ecliptic, 175 n.3 Polo, Marco, 256, 257 al-BlrunI on, 34-38 Planetary Hypotheses, 10, 75 Pons, Pierre, 365 and early graticules, 149-50 Planisphaerium, 24-25, 25 n.23 Portolan charts, 206, 234 n.25, 251, 263, equatorial stereographic, 28 and prime meridians, 102-3, 163, 404 495 equidistant cylindrical, 34 star catalog, 15 n.6 Arab, 263-65 flattened (mubatta/J), 35, 35 n.73, 36 Tetrabiblos, 10, 25 Arab navigational charts compared with, globular, 36-37, 37-38, 141-42 tradition of in Europe, 285 257, 258 makhrutf, 34 works of in Arabic, 10-11 compared with Cantino map, 261 Mercator, 259, 392, 495 PuBe, Francesco L., 298, 299 compared with Kitab-f ba/Jriye, 234, on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric Punarvasu, 338 275-77,279 map, 68-69 Pune, 423, 425 compared with South Asian navigational orthographic, 34-35, 35, 35 n.72, 37-38, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, charts, 501 38 n.79 ink drawing in, 355 copying of, 258 n.16 oval, 282, 282-83 Bharata Itihasa Samshodhaka Mandala by Hajj Abu aI-Hasan, 265, 267 plane of, 35 n.72 maps of forts in, 465 n.175 by al-Katibl, 264, 265 planispheric, 70 Maratha topographic maps in, 424, 425 Maghreb chart, 263-64, 264 polar stereographic, 13, 21, 34, 35 n.73, Maratha History Museum, Deccan by Mebmed Re)is of Menemen, 283-84, 62, 65, 68, 69 College, topographic map in, 423 284 Ptolemaic, 138, 154 , surviving maps from, 505 by al-Mursi, 264-65, 266 rectangular, 105, 138 Ottoman, 279-84, 288-89 Rojas universal astrolabe, 68 n.193 cosmography, 300, 313-14, 316, 335 n.22, Ottoman atlases of (map order in), 281 stereographic, 30, 31, 38, 41, 70 353,357,359,398,399,512 Piri Re)ls on, 272 Prophatius Judaeus, 45 jambudvlpa, 340, pl.26 and al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI's world map, 262 Protractors, 28 world as tortoise, 337-38, 338 572 General Index

Puranas (cont.) on seventeenth-century Indo-Persian Ramjunter, 362 explained, 312 astrolabe, 201 Rampur, oblique secular representation of, problems in interpretation of, 300, 300 twelve-sector scheme, 191-92, 194, 195 480-81 n.28 in Mecmu 'a-i menazil, 237 Ram Singh, 450 view of continents, 337 origin of term, 189 n.3 Ram Singh Malam, 445, 501 view of earth, 301, 336 in al-Sharafl al-SifaqsI atlas, 285 Ramyaka,341 Purchas His Pilgrimes, 409, 410 Quadrants, 44 Ram Yantra. See Rama Yantra Puri astrolabic, 31-32, 32, 202-3 Ranjit Singh, 413 conceived as conch, 452-53 Maldivian, 501 architectural drawing of tomb of, 470 map of, pl.36 meteoroscopes, 32 n.199 in mental mapping, 382 to measure height of mountain, 184 Rao, Ramachandra, 381 n.164 religious map of, 486-87 sixteenth-century, with alidade, 185 Raqqa, 118 on survey map, 461 n.172 using shakkaziyah curves, 32 Rasa )il ikhwan al-~afa) wa-khullan al-wafa), survey of temple at, 467 vertical, 41 75,79 Puru~a, 342 Quality, in Jabirian cosmology, 82 Rashashi cubits, 160 Puru~ottama , 467 Quantity, in Jabirian cosmology, 82 RashId aI-DIn Fazl Allah c Pushkar, 416, 441 Qubbat al-Ard. See Sri Lanka Jami al-tawari'kh (Collection of Pu~kara, 336 Qudamah ibn Jacfar aI-BaghdadI, 93 chronicles), 230, 252 Pu~karadvlpa, 367, 368, 371, 374 Kitab al-kharaj, 169 n.51 Rasi, 359 Pu~ya, 338 QulIj Khan, 449, 450 Rasivalaya Yantra, 362 Qulzum, Sea of. See Red Sea Rasm (picture), 74 al-QummI (Hasan ibn cAlI al-QummI), 103 Rasm/tarsfm (drawing, graph), 7 Qabas ibn VushmgIr, 42 Qunba~, 256, 257, 286 n.66 Rat!s, 159 Qaf Mountain, 286, pl.3 Quian, 87, 189, 514 Ravi River, 449, pl.32 Qan~iih al-GhawrI, 232 and astronomy, 12 Rawgah (Roda) Island, 177, 232, 233 Qaydar Payghambar, 242, 242-43 n.52 barzakh, 121 Rawson, Philip, pl.25 Qaytbay, 233 and cosmology, 71-72, 73 Ray, Amita, 320 Qazwln (Kazvin), city plan for, 152-53, 154 geography in, 90 Ray Chaturman Kayat'h, 435 al-QazwInI (Zakariya) ibn Mubammad Qurrah ibn Qam1ta, 96 Rayy al-QazwInI), 138, 143 Qu~ayr cAmrah, 12 n.1, 12-18 Balkhl school map of, 114 Athar al-bi/ad (Monuments of the lands), planispheric maps as model for, 13-14 latitude values for, 187 102 n.60, 144 n.39, 147, 152-53, 154 vault of heavens, 13 Rectangular projections, 105 distribution of land and sea, 145 compared with Byzantine planispheric Rect-azimuthal qibla map, 198, 202 Kitab 'aja)ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara)ib map, 13-14 Red Fort, Agra, map of, 463, 490-91 al-maw;udat (Marvels of things concentric circles in, 14-15 Red Fort, Delhi created and miraculous aspects of constellations in, 16, 16 n.12 architectural drawings of, 468-69 things existing), 40, 53, 59, 59-60, 79, Qusfa ibn Liiqa, 41, 202 map of, 490-91 127, 142, 144 n.39, 144-45, 145, 147, Kitab fi al'amal bi-al-kurah al-falakfyah Red Sea (Sea of Qulzum) 193, 389-90 (Book on the use of the celestial on BalkhI school world maps, 122 as source for al-IdrIsl, 169 n.51 globe), 44-45 on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143 plan of city of Kazvin, 152-53, 154 on Indian copy of Middle and qibla charts, 192 Raheja, Gloria Goodwin, 339 map, 390 world maps, 144, p1.9 Rahu, 358,359,360, 374 on , 499-501, 502, pl.40 Qibla. See also Kacba; Mecca Rajasinha II, 426, 427 Reference maps in al-BlriinI's Taf;did, 184 n.53 Rajasthan of Islamic world at time of BalkhI school, charts, centered on Kacba, 189-96, 197, geometric diagrams from, 348-49 109 198 map of siege at Bhiwai fort in, pl.38 of Istanbul architectural monuments, 239 determination, 204-5 maps of rural areas in, 442 of Mediterranean in age of Soleyman, 273 analemma methods, 204, 205 painting of Diwali celebrations in, pl.39 of Middle East, 91 al-BlnlnI's formula, 141 route map of irrigation canal in, 438-40, of South Asia, 297 direct mathematical method, 200-201, 439 Regional maps, Ottoman, 222-26 202 secular city and town plans from, 446 Regunathan, N. S. R., 346 spheres and astrolabes, 200-203 temple complex in, pl.35 Rehatsek, Edward, 300, 392, 396 diagrams, 512 surviving maps, 505, 506 Reinaud, Joseph Toussaint, 8, :01 by cAlI ibn Abmad ibn Mubammad topographic maps from, 414-17, 418 Reincarnation, 382 al-SharafI al-SifaqsI, pl.13 Rajjus, 342, 373 Relief (depicted in view of Istanbul), 250 indicators, 197-98, 201, 202 Raj Sagar Lake, 415 Religion maps, 196-200,512,514,517 Rakshasbhawan, 423 and cartography, 303-4 on back of astrolabe, 203 Ramaya1J,a, 310 maps of sacred places, 452-62, 482-91 eight-sector scheme, 191, 191 n.11, Rama Yantra (cylindrical astrolabe), 362, 365 Rennell, James, 317, 317 n.108, 324, 325, 191-92, 193 Rameswaram, 382 422, 429 elaborate schemes, 194-96 religious map of, 486-87, 488-89 Resm,207 eleven-sector scheme, 191-92, 194, 195 temple at, 457 Ressam Mu~tafa, 215, 217, 226 four-qibla scheme, 191 Ramgarh, route map for irrigation canal at, Retes, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 41, 52, rect-azimuthal, 198, 202 438-50 68 n.194, 202. See also Astrolabes General Index 573

~g Veda, 307-8, 333 Roz namas (nautical manuals), 494 Samavasara1'}a, 441, 442 Rhumb lines compass cards from, 495, 498, 499 Samayas, 342 on Arab navigational charts, 258, 258 n.17 folios of, 495, 496, 497 Samerasinghe, R. T., 426 on compass cards, 495 Rudolf II, 234 n.27 Sarrzgraha1'}is (cosmographic texts), 367, on Maghreb chart, 264 Rukmin Mountains, 341 369 Piri Re)Is and, 271 Rural maps, 442-48, 474-75 Sarrzhita, 338 on al-SharafI al-SifaqsI's world map, 262 Rus, 390, 393 Sammetasikhara (Parasnath Peak), 441, 442 on South Asian nautical charts, 496, 499, Ru )siyas, 160 Samra! Yantra, 362, 364, 366 500, 502 Samugarh, map of battle of, 466 Riccioli, Giovanni Baptista, 183 n.48 in kishvar system, 94 Sandesara, B. J., 323 Richman, Paula, 343 n.53 plan of encounter between fleet of and Sanganer, maps of, 448, 476-77 Rind, James N., 325 Ottoman fleet, 213 n.20 Sanka (conch), 452 Rings on South Asian world maps, 391 Sailkara, 330, 330 n.181, 452 astronomical instruments, 187 n.58 ROstam Pa§a, 236 SailkaranarayaQa, 360 horizontal, and qibla determination, 201 Sankhodar Bet, map of, 453 meridian, and qibla determination, 201 Sabarmati River, 415, 416, 417 Santarem, Manuel Francisco de Barros e Rivers. See also names of rivers Sadiq I~fahanI (Mubammad Sadiq ibn Sousa, Viscount of, 317, 317 n.108 on Islamic maps Mubammad Sali1}), 301, 393, 395, Sanudo, Marino, 172, 517 from BalkhI school, 115 397,409,424,507,508 Sapta-dvipa vasumati. See Earth, byal-IdrIsI, 163, 166-67 compared with l:Iamd Allah Mustawfi, seven-continent in Mecmu 'a-i menazil, 237 391-92 Saptar§is. See Ursa Major Ottoman, 210, 211, 222n, 222-25 Shahid-i $adiq (Persian atlas), 146 n.46, al-SarakhsI, 93 n.10 in South Asian cosmography, 341, 356 149,390,391,403,404 Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of on South Asian maps, 311 n.71, 311-12, topographic maps by, 400, 403-5 routes and provinces), 92 348, 354, 356, 358, 369, 377, 399, use of graticule, 149-50 Sarasvati Mahal Library, Thanjavur, 346, 402,411,414,415,427,436 world maps by, 146, 390-92 465-66 n.175 in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429 Safavid dynasty, 228, 239, 241, 250 Sarasvati River, 377 Maratha topographic, 423, 425 $afilJah (astrolabe plate), 21 Sarkars, 428 of north-central India, 422 $afilJah shakkaziyah (astrolabe plate), 29 Sarma, SadasIva Rath, 466, 468 in Shahid-i $adiq, 405 al-§afilJah al-Zarqalliyah (astrolabe plate), 29 Sa~tarhsa Yantra, 362 in Tarlkh-i qal'ah-i Kashmir, 413, 414 Sagaram SonI temple, Mount Girnar, Satapatha Brahma1'}a, 308 Rizvi, Saiyid Samad Husain, 183 Saurashtra, Gujarat, 296 Sathgar, Shripada Narayan, 470 Roads Sagarasarpvrta-dvIpa, 336 n.24 Satrufijaya, 441 in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429 al-Saghani (Abu l:Iamid al-SaghanI Sa"i (flat), 18 on map of north-central India, 422 al-As!urlabI), 34, 34 n.68 Saturn. See also Planets on maps in Tarlkh-i qal'ah-i Kashmir, Sagittarius. See also Astrology; Astronomy; in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64 413-14 Zodiac in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359 maps related to construction of, 441 constellation in Islamic correspondences, 78 on Nepali scroll map, 433 on al-BIriinI's cylindrical projection, 35 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 on South Asian topographic maps, 402, and lunar node called tail of dragon, 65 personification of, 63 413, 417, 424, 425 on qibla map, 199 realm of, 84 Rodrigues, Francisco, 256, 262 zodiac sign, 361 sphere of, 39, 75, 76 Roe, Thomas, 409, 507 on astrolabe rete, 22, 30 Saudi Arabia, map of sacred places in, Roger II of , 95 n.22, 156, 156 n.5, combined with planets, 64 461-62 n.173. See also Arabia 158-59, 160, 167, 515 in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78 Savage-Smith, Emilie, 299, 315 n.94 Rojas, Juan de, 35 n.72, 38 n.79 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 Sava River, 211 Rojas universal astrolabe projection, 68 Sahara Desert, 270 Sawai Madhopur, planimetric secular map n.193 ~ahnames, 228 of, 478-79 Romaka (Yavanapura), 103, 352 Sahyadri (Western Ghats), 399 Sawda) cubits, 177, 178, 178 n.23, 179 Romakapattana, 356 Sailani Shah tomb, Malkapur, pilgrimage Sayf al-Dawlah, 26, 78, 110, 115 Roman miles, 177 map of, 461-62 n.173 Sayf aI-DIn GhazI II, 52 Rome, 231 n.12 Saint Angelo, castle of, 212 Scales Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Saint Elmo, castle of, 212 on Islamic maps planispheric map in, 38 n.78 Saint John, monastery of, Istanbul, 237 (Ali Macar Re'Is's world map, 282 Rose-Apple Island, 336 Saint Michael, castle of, 212 BalkhI school maps, 115 Rosselli, Francesco, 282 Saint Thaddeus, monastery of, 239, 239 n.49 al-KashgharI's world map, 153 Rossi, Ettore, 265 Sakadvlpa, 340 al-KatibI chart, 265 Rotation, of Maghreb chart, 264 Saklz, 274 Maghreb chart, 264 Route maps. See also Pilgrimages Saliba, George, 299, 315 n.94 Mecmu'a-i menazil, 237 of engineering works, 438-42 Salihundam, potsherds excavated at, 466 PIrI Re)Is's world map, 272 Mughal, pl.32 Salm, Niclas Graf, 246 n.64 al-SharafI al-SifaqsI world maps, 287 South A~an, 388, 433,435-42 Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library, sixteenth-century quadrant, 185 Roy, A. K., 307 Leningrad, manuscript of al-IdrlsI's on South Asian maps Royal Asiatic Society, London, painting of N uzhat al-mushtaq in, 173 cosmographies, 507 JahangIr's mausoleum in, 469-70 Samanids, 111, 111 n.23 fidelity to, 468 574 General Index

Scales, on South Asian maps (cont.) in Tarikh-i qal'ah-i Kashmir, 413 Siege plans Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 428, topographic maps, 402, 411, 417, 427 Belgrade, 210, 211-12, pl.14 429 Severus Sebokht, 12 Bhiwai fort, pl.38 geographical maps, 388 , Maldivian, 501 fortress on Adakale, 213, 214 on Jain scroll maps, 460-61 Seydi cAli Re)Is (SIdI cAli ~elebi), 257, 260 fortress at Esztergom, 245, pl.19 nautical charts, 500 Seyyid Nub, 276 Kiev, 210-11,211,211 n.11 topographic maps, 407, 417, 425-26, Deniz kitabz (Book of the sea), 234 n.25 Szigetvar, 212, 213, 246-49 426-27,433 Sezgin, Fuat, 94 n.20, 150 Vienna, 213 world maps, 399 Shadow squares, 24 Sifat al-dunya, 96 Scandinavia, 265 ShafT cubits, 177 Sighting instrument, 307 Schedel, Hartmann Shahjahanabad. See also Delhi Signs, cartographic, 335. See also Nuremberg Chronicle (Liber cronicarum), in Chahar Gulshan, 436 Conventions; Symbolism 233,246 city plan of, 448 in Chahar Gulshan, 435-36 Schimmel, Annemarie, 377 in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, on Maratha topographic maps, 424, 425 Schissler, Christoph 429 on South Asian topographic maps, 402 Quadraticum geometricum, 185 on map of north-central India, 422 on South Asian world maps, 392 Schmidt, Rudolf, 397, 399 on Mughal topographic maps, 405 Sijilmasa, 119 Schoy, Carl, 198 on South Asian scroll map, 436 Sijistan, 114, 122 Science on South Asian world maps, 393 al-SijistanI (Abu YaCqub Isbaq ibn Abmad and Islam, 72-73, 189 Shah]ahan Standing on a Globe (painting), al-SijistanI), 83 in South Asian astronomy, 360, 360 n.96 409 n.36 Kitab ithbat al-nubu )at (Book of the Scorpio. See also Astrology; Astronomy; Shahrukh, 149 n.63 proof of prophecy), 82 Zodiac al-Shakkaz,28 al-SijzI (Abu SacId al-SijzI), 29 constellation Shakkaziyah curves, 31, 32 Sikharin Mountains, 341 on al-BlriinI's cylindrical projection, 35 Shakl (shape), 74 Sikhs, 332 on ceiling at Qu~yr cAmrah, 16 Shalimar gardens, 409, 411, 413 Sila Island (Korea), 163 on qibla map, 199 Shanb-i Ghazani, 239 Silpa Prakasa, architectural drawings in, 466 zodiac sign Shantidas, Seth, 470 Silpasastra texts, 468, 505 on astrolabe rete, 22, 30 Shapes, in cosmographies, 335 Silvester, Bernard, of Tours (translator) combined with planets, 64 Sharaf (exaltation), 64-65 Experimentarius, 62 in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78 al-SharafI al-Sifaqsi family, 138, 145, 170-71, Simcan in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 263, 511. See also Abmad al-SharafI Zij Batfamiyus, 96 Scotland. See Great Britain al-SifaqsI; cAli ibn Abmad ibn Sinan Pa§a, 281 Scroll maps, South Asian, 436-38, pl.32 Mubammad al-SharafI al-SifaqsI; Sind detailed plan of private house, 470 Mubammad ibn cAli ibn Abmad BalkhI school maps of, 112, 114 Jain (vijnaptipatras), 460-61, 461 al-SharafI al-SifaqsI; Mubammad ibn qibla of, 193 Nepali, 432-33, 433 Mubammad al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396 Pahari, 436, 437 portolan charts and atlases by, 284-87, on South Asian world maps, 390, 391 route maps, 388 288,289,289-90 surviving maps from, 505 Sculptures, 311 Sharma, Acharya Ram Charan, 303 n.46, Sindhinds, 93 Sea charts. See Nautical maps; PortoIan 349, 350, 351 Sindhu River, 341 charts Shatrunjaya, 442 Sind ibn (Ali, 178, 179, 180-81 Sectional maps, by al-IdrlsI, 162, 162-63, Shatrunjaya Hill temple complex, Palitana, Singh. See also given names 164,165, 166, 171-72, 172 460 Singh, Chandramani, 408, 410 Sedillot, Louis Amelie, 8 Ships "Early 18th-Century Painted City Maps on ~ehnameci (official court historian), 229, 236 on Maratha topographic maps, 424, Cloth," 302 ~ehzade Mebmed, pilgrimage scroll of, 244 425 on oblique paintings at Amber, 450 Selim I, 233, 236, 241, 250, 267, 270 on South Asian world maps, 390, 395 on South Asian scroll maps, 437, 438 Selim II, 246, 247, 251 n.77 Shiraz, 187 . on topographic maps of Rajasthan and Selimiye, 251 n.77 Shiva, 346 Gujarat, 415 Semiotic analysis, 301 ShivajI, 324, 426 Singh, M. K. Brijraj, 450 ~erif ibn Seyyid Mebmed, 221 n.34 Shrinathji temple complex, map of, 458, Sinjar, 178-81 Seringapatam, 393, 492-93 pl.35 SipahIzade (Mebmed ibn CAli Sipahizade) Serpentarius, 16 Shrine of the Footsteps of the Prophet AwrjalJ al-masalik ila maC,ifat al-buldan Settlements. See also Cities and towns (Masjid Athar aI-Nab!), 232, 233 wa-al-mamalik (The clearest path to on al-IdrIsI's maps, 166-67 Sicily the knowledge of countries and sectional maps, 163, 165 on BalkhI school maps, 119 empires), 221 n.36 on South Asian maps in Kitilb-i balJriye, 278 Siraj al-Dunya wa-al-DIn, 196, 199 Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429 on South Asian world maps, 390 Sircar, D. C., 299, 313, 321-22, 333, 340 Maratha topographic maps, 423, 424, , 93, 93 n.13, 315 Sirjan, 115, 116, 123 425 Siddhapura, 352, 356 River, 369 Mughal topographic maps, 405 Siddhas, 373, 455 Sitoda, 369 Nepali scroll map, 433 Siddhi, 372 Siwalik Mountains, 405 pilgrimage maps, 441 SIdI (Ali ~elebi (SeydI CAli Re)Is), 257, 260 Skelton, R. A., 296 scroll maps, 436, 437 Sidra, Gulf of, 287 Slavs, in kishvar system, 80, 94 General Index 575

Society, and cartography, 512-16 in Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqit fi ~/m in Qur)an, 72 Sofala, 390 al-ra$d wa-al-mawaqit, 39 sphere of, 75,76 Sofalah, 162 in al-SijistanI's cosmography, 82 used on instruments, 62 Sofia, Cyril and Methodius National Library, Spherical astrolabes. See Astrolabes, spherical zoomorphic renditions of, 52-53, 61 manuscript of al-Idrisi's Nuzhat Spink, Walter, 313, 343 n.52 State Archives of Maharashtra, Bombay, al-mushtaq in, 174 Sri Lanka (Taprobane), 106 Maratha topographic map in, 423-24 Sojat as Cupola of the Earth, 103 Steatite seals, 306 divination chart centered on, 349, 350 on Islamic maps Stein, Marc Aurel, 182 n.39, 328 map centered on, 415, 416 on Ibn Bawqal's maps, 122 , 30, 31, 38, 41, 70 Solstices, plane of, 35 n.72, 38 n.79 al-IdrIsi's sectional map, 164 Strozzi, Alessandro, 238 Solstitial colure, 13, 14, 16, 21, 28, 29, 30, qibla indicator, 198 Subas (provinces), 428 36,37,41,43,65-66 Sadiq I~fahanI's topographic maps, 400 Subbi ~elebi Solstitial directions, 193 on South Asian maps ~ahname-i Sultan MelJmed (Sultan SomakhaQQa, 355 incorporating Ptolemy's geographic Mebmed's book of kings), 255, pl.17 Somnath, religious map of, 486-87 coordinates, 340 Subrahmanyam, R., 317 Sopher, David E., 446 nautical chart, 498 Sudan, 94 , 271 navigational chart of, 500 Sudanand, hybrid map by, 427 South Asia. See also Asia; India topographic maps, 425, 426-27 aI-Sufi (Abu al-Husayn cAbd al-Rabman ibn cartography world maps, 391, 395-96, pl.29 cUmar aI-SufI), 34 n.66, 45, 53, 54, European influence on, 507 stupas in, 380 61, 62, 202 inclusiveness of, 508 surviving maps from, 505 influence on al-BirunI, 58-59 influence of other parts of Asia on, Srinagar Kitab $uwar al-kawakib al-thabitah 506-7 HarI Parbat fort, 409, 492-93 (Book of the constellations of the lack of Western interest in, 504 maps of, 478-79, pl.33 fixed stars), 51-52, 52, 54-58, 55, 56, political boundaries on, 508-9 on maps of Kashmir, 409, 411, 412, 413, 57, 58,60 route maps, 434 416 Latin manuscripts of, 60 terrestrial maps compared with Sri Pratap Singh Museum, 414, 457 Sugiura Keohei, 298 European maps, 507-8 Sringeri, 452 Suhrab (Ibn Sarabiyl1n) cosmographies, compared with European Sri Pratap Singh Museum, Srinagar, maps in, 'A;a lib al-aqalim al-sab 'ah (Book of the cosmographies, 507 414,457 wonders of the seven climates), 104, mapmaking, 509 Sri Ram Charan Museum of Indology, 168 Mughal map of, 406, 407 Jaipur, 303 n.46 and climates, 106 paucity of surviving maps from, 327-31 Srirangam map construction, 95, 101, 104-5, 137, reference map for study of indigenous on Maratha topographic maps, 425 138 cartography, 297 plan of temple in, 457, 459 number of entries in coordinate tables, in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403 religious map of, 486-87, 488-89 101 n.49 Southern Hemisphere Srisailam, 425 SiikrI Bidlisi constellations of on astrolabe plate, 66 Sritrimbakesvara (Trimbak), 423 Selimname (History of Sultan Selim I), 228 constellations of on planispheric star map, Staal, Frits, 309 n.3 67 Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Sulayman al-MahrI, 257, 260-61 on South Asian cosmographic globe, 357 Berlin Minha; al-fakhir (The splendid path), 261 Southern , 63, 67 al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 130-31 SOleymaniye, model of, 250, 250-51 n.77 , 258 al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 123, 124, SOleymaniye KOtiiphanesi, Istanbul Space 134-35 Arabic translations of Ptolemy's in Jabirian cosmology, 82 Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, Geography in, 210, 210 n.9 on South Asian world maps, 400 al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 124, Ibn J:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 134-35 Spain. See also Iberian Peninsula 130-31 al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31 astrolabes in, 26 Stades, 176, 178-79 manuscript of N uzhat al-mushtaq in, 173 on Balkhi school maps, 114, 119, 120, "Staff of al-TUSI," 31 manuscripts of Rawej al-fara; in, 174 121 Star compasses, 495 al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35 Islamic celestial globe from, 45 Stars. See also Asterisms; Astrology; al-Tust's manuscripts in, 134-35 on al-I~takhri map, pl.6 Astronomy; Constellations Siileymaniye waterway map, 226 maps of, 114 on armillary spheres, 49 Siileyman the Magnificent, 220, 250, 264, on PIrI Re)Is's world map, 270 on astrolabe variant, 29 265, 267 refugees from, 267 on al-BIriini's flattened astrolabe, 36 and Abmed FerIdun's Nuzhetu)/-a!Jbar der treatises on equatoria, 38-39 on celestial globes, 42, 43 sefer-i Sfgetvar, 248 variants of astrolabes in, 28-29 fixed realm of, 84 campaign chroniclers and diarists for, 230, Spheres on Islamic astrolabes 245 armillary, 49-50, 51 planispheric, 18-21, 22, 23 and illustrated manuscript production, celestial, 75, 76 spherical, 41 229,230,236 determining qibla with, 200-202 on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 46 n.110, and Matrak<;l Na~ub's Mecmu 'a-i menazil, in Islamic cosmography, 74 47,48 229,230,235,236,237,239,240, in Jabirian cosmology, 81 in Jain cosmologies, 373 241,242,245 in Kitab 'a;a)ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara)ib and navigation, 258 and Matrak<;l Na~u1)'s Tarf1]-i fetIJ-i al-mawjudat, 40 in orthographic projection, 35 ~a~/avun, 245, pl.19 576 General Index

Suleyman the Magnificent (cont.) and Kacba, 190, 191 Taurus. See also Astrology; Astronomy; and Piri Re)is's Kitab-i ba~rfye, 233, 269, and origins of Islamic celestial mapping, Zodiac pl.22 12-18 constellation siege plan of Belgrad prepared for, 211 qibla of, 192, 193 on al-Birunt's flattened astrolabe, 36 siege plan of Malta prepared for, 211 on seven-kishvar eanh, 80 on al-Btrunl's globular projection, 37 and siege of Szigetvar, 246-47, 248 on South Asian world maps, 391 on ceiling at Qu~ayr (Amrah, 16 n.12 surrender of Buda to, 237, 246 Szekesfehervar, 245 on Islamic celestial globes, 44 Sultaniye, 237, 241-42, pl.18 Szigetvar, siege of, 212, 213, 246-49 on qibla map, 199, 203 Sulvasutras, 308 zodiac sign Sumatra, 259, 262 on astrolabe rete, 22, 30 Sumeru, 356. See also Meru, Mount al-Tabari (Abu Jacfar Mubammad ibn Jarir combined with planets, 64 SumeruvaQavanala, 356 al-Tabari), 235 n.32, 236 in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78 Sun T a )rikh al-rusul wa-al-muluk (History of Islamic emblematic motif for, 63 on astrolabe and mechanical calendar, 33 prophets and kings), 235 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 computing position of, 38-39 al-Tabari (Mubammad ibn Mabmud ibn cAli Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, 67, 361 n.99 finding qibla using, 203 al-Tabari), 56 Tavernier, Melchior (the Younger), 66 n.190, , 366 Tabaristan, 114 66-67, 67, 67 n.191 in Islamic correspondences, 78 Tablahs, 285-86 Tav§anh, obelisk on way to, 240 in Jain cosmologies, 374, 375 Tables Taxation, maps for, 444, 444 n.134 in Jai Singh's Zij, 365 astronomical, 365, 367, 392 Tehran. See names of libraries in Khagolam, 359, 360 calendrical, 44 Teixeira da Mota, Avelino, 259, 262 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 of coordinates Telescopes, 365-66 personification of, 63-65 adjusting latitude in, 176 Temesvar, 247 in Qur)an, 71 adjusting longitude in, 176 Temples, South Asian realm of, 84 by al-Battani, 97-100, 101 n.49 architectural plans for, 466-68 in South Asian celestial mapping, 358, 361 al-Biruni and, 141-42 as astronomical artifacts, 360 sphere of, 39, 40, 75, 76 convening to map form, 137 n.1 construction of, 466 Sunda Islands, 256, 262 by al-FarghanI, 96 Hindu , 25, 197-98 by Ibn Yiinus, 101 n.49 cosmography in architecture, 379-80 Sun1, 221 Islamic, 8-9, 95, 96-97, 97-100 plan of, 319 Surah, 7, 74, 95, 257 n.10 by al-KhwarazmI, 95, 97-100, 101 n.49, Jain, atrium used as cosmography, 371-72 Suraj Mal, 415 104 on Maratha topographic maps, 424 Surat, 74, 417, 478-79 production of in Maghreb, 141 on pilgrimage maps, 441 Surat-aralam (representation of the world), by Ptolemy, 94 n.20, 97-100, 101 n.49, Tennent, James Emerson, 501 74 259 Terrestrial globes, 28, 408 Surat al-da )irah (drawing of the circle), 74 by Suhrab, 101 n.49 at Jaipur astronomical observatory, 397, 399 Surat al-shakl (drawing of the form), 74 geographical, 96-97 by Jamal aI-DIn, 221-22, 221-22 n.38 Suret, 207 , 239, 243 Terrestrial maps. See also Maps Suri, Mahendra, 315 Tagias, Demetrios, 279, 279 n.51 Ottoman, 217-18 Surveying Tahmasp, 243 South Asian, compared with European depiction of, 320 Ta)I, Mountains of, 118 maps, 507-8 to determine length of degree, 178-81 Taif, qibla of, 191 Tersim, 207 of Indo-Aryan towns, 319-20 Taima, 118 Text, Islamic maps and, 4-5 Indus civilization instruments for, 307 Taj Mahal, 377-78 Thabit ibn Qurrah (Abu al-I:fasan Thabit ibn Mauryan Empire, 316-17 Takvim (), 221 n.34 Qurrah al-l:farrani), 26, 96, 98, 100, in Nepal, 430 Talaja, 417 100 n.41, 168, 168 n.47 Suryas (), 358, 373 TaclI!.

TimUr (Tamerlane), 64, 242, 245 on celestial globes, 43 Universes Tinkhandi, map of, 444 on European planispheric star maps, 69 Indian conceptions of, 341-42 Tinnis, 119 on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 47 Jain Tirthankaras, 373, 441, 442 Tropic of Cancer ordering of, 372, pl.28 Tirthas (pilgrimage places), 311, 382, 414, on astrolabe rete, 21 statistical summary of cosmographies 441, 454, 457, 460, 505, pl.37. See on Byzantine planispheric map, 13 depicting, 386-87 also Pilgrimages on Cantino map, 262 as lotus, 257-58, 335, 352, 357 Tirupati, religious map of, 488-89 on Islamic celestial globes, 43 Unnatamsa Yantra, 362-63 , 359 on PirI Re)Is's world map, 270 Or, 382-83 Tomaschek, Wilhelm, 260 Ursa Major, 51, 52, 69-70, 359 Tonk, planimetric secular map of, 478-79 on astrolabe rete, 18, 21 Ursa Minor, 51, 52, 62, 179, 192 Toomer, G. J., 101-2 on Byzantine planispheric map, 13 Ursiyus al-Antaki (Paulus Orosius), 169 n.51 Topkapi Sarayl, Istanbul (Ar§ivi, Miizesi, and on Islamic celestial globes, 43 Oskiidar Miizesi Kiitiiphanesi), 237, 250-51, on vault of heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah, 15 in Kitab-i balJriye, 235 n.27 252 Tsio Ying-k'i, 430 on reference map of Istanbul architectural Ibn Bawqal's manuscripts in, 108, 113, Tuba, pl.3 monuments, 239 134-35 Tucci, Giuseppe, 381, 455 on view of Istanbul in Mecmu ~-i menazil, al-Igakhri's manuscripts in, 130-33 Tughrul ibn Arslan, 125 238 manuscript copies of Ptolemy's Geography Tunis, 232, 263, 264 waterway map, 226 in, 210 n.8 Tunisia, 279 CUtarid ibn Mul)ammad al-l:iasib, 57 Ottoman map of Kiev in, 210-11 Turkestan, 150, 391 Utkal, 396 Timurid scientific manuscript in, 126-27, 128 (Rum, on Marathi world map), Uttarakuru, 336, 337, 353-54, 369 uncataloged holdings, 207 400 UttarakurukhaQQa, 356 world map in, 390 n.8 Turkhan, 396 Topographical illustration, Ottoman Turks, 80, 94 European influence on, 245, 250, 251 al-TusI (Al)mad [Mul)ammad] al-TusI) Vadhane, map of, 444,445 Hungary's importance in, 246-49 cAia )ib al-makhluqat, 125 VaikuQtha, 344, 345 in later histories, 245-52 map by, 113 Vaitadhya, 341 in Mecmu~-i menazil, 235-45 selected manuscripts by, 134-35 Va~sara Mountains, 369 in texts, 230-35 al-TusI (Sharaf ai-DIn al-Mu~affar al-Tust), pU$fi-Prakasa, 468 Topographic maps, South Asian 31 Valois, 228 areas of coverage, 401 Twining, Thomas, 326, 326 n.155 Valturio, Roberto attributes of, 402 Tympanum (astrolabe plate), 21 De re militari, 210, 235 n.30 from Braj, 417-20 Tyre, 231 n.14 Van (fortress), Ottoman plan of, 213, 214 of central India, 420-22 Van, Lake, 239, 240 Maratha, 422-26 Vara, 359 Mughal, 400-409 Varadarajan, Lotika, 494 of Nepal, 429-35 oblique secular representation of, 480-81 of northeastern India, 427 religious map of, 488-89 Brhatsa1?1hita, 338 South Asian, 400-435 sketch map of, 448-49 Varanasi of Sri Lanka, 426-27 on topographic maps of Rajasthan and Bharat Kala Bhavan types of, 388 Gujarat, 414, 417 cosmographic globe in, 352, 354, Topra pillar, 376, 377 Udgir, planimetric secular map of, 478-79 355-57,389, 396-97,397,pI.40 Toulon, 245 al-cUdhrI (Al)mad ibn cUmar al-CUdhrI) scroll maps in, 436-38 Tower of Alexander, 393 Ni:?am ai-marian fi al-masalik frontal painting of, 450, 452 Towns. See Cities and towns; Settlements wa-al-mamalik, 169 n.51 on map of north-central India, 422 , 94, 114, 124 as source for al-IdrlsI, 169 n.51 mental mapping in, 382, 382 n.169 Travel literature, European, 304 Tar$ical-Akhbar wa-tanwzC al-athar Pancha koshi yatra, 462 Trees, Indian, 335 wa-al- fi ghara )ib al-buldan plans to repair temple in, 468, 469 Triangulation, 176, 186, 258, 258 n.19 wa-al-masalik ila iamical-mamalik, religious map of, 462, 488-89, 490-91 Triangulum Astrinum (southern triangle), 63, 169 n.51 sketch map of, 448-49 67 Ufq ma)il (oblique horizon), 29 on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396 Trigonometry Ujjain as square within circle, 453-55, 454 and conversion of travelers' distances to astronomical observatory, 103, 361 surveyed maps of, 461 true coordinates, 176-77 divination charts centered on, 349, Var$as, 336, 359 to determine difference of longitude, 187 349-51,350 Varthema, Ludovic, 257 and qibla, 189 on map of north-central India, 422 Itinerario, 256 Trikkeri, Strait of, 276 in mental mapping, 382 VaruQakhaQQa, 354-55 Trilokas, 344 as prime meridian, 93, 175, 175 n.6, 356 Vastupuru$ama1J4alas, 380, 381 n.159 Tripathi, Maya Prasad, 298-99, 313, 505 n.7 religious map of, 488-89 Vastuvidya, 380 Tripoli, 232, 263 on South Asian cosmographic globe, 356, Vavassore, Giovanni Andrea, 249 Triptych, Jain, 460 396 , 307-8 Tropics , 8, 56-57, 57, 64, 198, 316, 361, Vedic altars, 308 n.65, 310, 376, 379, 381, on armillary spheres, 49 365, 379 512 on astrolabe, 65 Umm (part of astrolabe), 21 Vega (star), 52, 61 578 General Index

Vegetation, on South Asian maps, 508 Vrata Alpana, 381 by al-MuhallabI, 141, 141 n.21 Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429 V rtta~a~tayttsa, 365 Ottoman, 220, 221-22 of north-central India, 422 by Piri Re)is, 268, 269-72, p1.21 property maps, 470 by al-Qazwini, 144, 389, p1.9 scroll maps, 433, 436, 437 Wade, Captain, 411 referenced in fjudad al- ~lam, 139-40 secular plans of cities and towns, 447 Wakankar, V. S., 304 by Sadiq I~fahani, 146, 390-92 topographic maps, 402, 411, 415, 423, Waldseemiiller, Martin, 260 semicircular, 149 424,425 al-Walld I, 12, 16 in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 285, 286 Vellcan, 250, 276 al-Walld II, 12 n.1 by al-Sharafl al-Sifaqsi family, 170-71, Venice Walters Deniz atlast, 235, 282-83, pl.23 262, pl.24 bird's-eye view of, 238 Wamia (Wasa), 179, 179 n.28 from thirteenth century onward, 143-46 in Kitab-i baIJriye, 231, 275, 277, 278 Wams (fathoms), 498 in Walters Deniz atlast, 282-83 map of ordered by Mebmed II, 210 Waqwaq Islands (al-Waqwaq), 162,391 by al-Zayyani, 171-72, 172 Venus. See also Planets Wasa (Wamia), 179, 179 n.28 South Asian, 389-400, p1.29 in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64 Water. See also Elements Arab influence on, 389-90, 392-93 in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359 in Ibn al-cArabI's cosmography, 86 Wubei zhi, 259-60, 503 in Islamic correspondences, 78 on al-Idrisi's maps, 163, 166-67 Wular Lake, 414 in Kitab ~ja)ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara)ib in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 Wunderlich, Herbert, 185 al-mawjadat, 40 sphere of, 75 Wiistenfeld, Ferdinand, 8 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 Waterways, Ottoman maps of, 215-16, 217, personification of, 63 218,219,226-27 , writings found in, 328 realm of, 84 Waywisers, 175 n.5 Xin Tang shu, 321 sphere of, 39, 75, 76 Weather, and map deterioration, 327, 506 Xuan Zang, 328, 389 n.3 Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz., 245 n.60 Welch, Stuart Cary, 449, 469 Vernet Gines, Juan, 263-65 West Indies, 272 Vertical altitude circles, 41 Wieber, Reinhard, 259 n.20 Yabya al-Ma'mun, 28, 29 Vertical quadrant, 41 Wilford, Francis, 296, 298, 299-300, 300, Yajuj and Majuj, 94. See also Gog and Vesconte, Pietro, 172 300 n.28, 317 n.108, 326, 429, 430 Magog Victoria and Albert Museum, London William I (the Bad), 156, 157 Yajur Veda, 333 architectural drawings in, 468-69 William the Englishman, 29 Yamako{i, 103, 103 n.66, 352, 356 cosmographic globe in, 352, 353, 396 Wilson, H. H., 302, 501-2, 506 Yamuna River Gumna), on South Asian Videha, 340, 372, 373 Wind roses maps, 311 n.71 Vienna in isolarii, 277 Braj as lotus, 419 Kunsthistorisches Museum, sundial in, on al-Katibi chart, 264 cosmographic globes, 354, 356, 358, 396 25 in Kitab-i baIJriye, 277 fifth-century bas-relief, 312 Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, on Piri Re)Is's world map, 270 geographic globe in Mughal painting, 409 al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33 on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 194-95 Indo-Islamic cosmography, 377 Ottoman plan of second siege of, 213 on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi qibla diagram, Jain conception of Jambudvipa, 369, 372 , 409 n.37 pl.13 Mughal maps, 405, 438 Vijayadurg, maps of, 464, 492-93 on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi world maps, 287 Padma PUrii1Ja, 313 Vijayardha, 369 Wish-granting tree (kalpavrk~a), 369 painting of Vishvarupa, pl.25 Vijayas, 369 Wolgemut, Michael, 233, 239 in Shahid-i $adiq, 403, 405 Vijfzaptipatras Gain scroll maps),460-61, Women, and symbolic rituals, 381 Yantra Raja, 362 461 World maps Yantras, 315 Vilagna, 361 Islamic al-YaCqubi (Abmad ibn AbI YaCqub Vimanas, 373-74 from CAlI Macar Re)Is's ponolan atlas, al-YaCqubi), 93, 169 n.51 Vimans, 372 282 Yaqut (Shihab aI-Din Abu cAbdallah Yaqut Vindhya escarpment, 304 from Balkhi school, 114, 120-22, 127, ibn cAbdallah al-J:Iamawi al-Rumi Vindhya Mountains, 340, 382, 392 140 aI-Baghdadi), 110,111,143 Virgo. See also Astrology; Astronomy; by al-BlIiini, 142 and climatic (zone) maps, 138, 147 Zodiac by al-DimashqI, 152, 154 Kitab aI-mallJamah (Book of the battle), constellation by J:Iafi?:-i AbIii, 151,170, 390 coordinates in compared with those on al-BlIiinI's flattened astrolabe, 36 by al-J:Iarrani, 144 of Ptolemy, 98-100 on al-BlIiini's globular projection, 37 by Ibn Fa41 Allah al-cUmari, 153 Kitiib muCjam al-buldan (Dictionary of on qibla map, 199, 203 by Ibn J:Iawqal, 123, 137-39, 144-45 countries), 77, 98, 146, 147, 193, 195 zodiac sign by Ibn Khaldun, 170, 171 and length of degree, 178 on astrolabe rete, 22, 30 by Ibn al-Wardi, 220, pl.8 and prime meridians, 103 combined with planets, 64 by al-Idrisi, 144, 161, 162, 515, pl.ll Yaqut (Sapphire) Island, 105, 105-6, 140, in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78 al-Idrisi's instructions for, 158-59 144 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 by al- I~takhri, 121, pI. 7 Yavanapura, 103 Vishnu, 345, 346 by al-Kashghari, 153, 155 Yavanavasti, 400 Vishvarupa, pl.25 byal-Khwarazmi, 163 Yemen Vitruvius, 25, 175 n.5 from KitiIb ai-bad) wa-al-ta)rikh, pI.I0 on al-I~takhrI map, 118 Vliegende Vis (flying fish), 63 from Lol.

qibla of, 193 al-ZayyanI (Abu al-Qasim ibn Abmad ibn on Byzantine planispheric map, 13 on South Asian world maps, 391 (All al-ZayyanI) calendar, 33 Yoga, 381 al-T arjumanat al-kubra ff akhbar on celestial globes, 43 Yojanas, 335, 342, 353, 370, 373 al-ma )nur barran wa-bal}ran (The clockfaces as models for, 40, 40-41 Yucatan Peninsula, 272, pl.21 great translator of news from the and correspondences in Islamic Yugalikau, 379 [inhabited] world, by land and sea), cosmology, 76, 77, 78 Yupa,376 171 and Gnostic correlations, 81-82 n.24 Yurdaydln, Hiiseyin G., 235 n.32 world map, 171-72, 172 on Islamic celestial globes, 47 Zemun fortress, 211 in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86 Zenith rings, 44 orientation of in planispheric maps in "Zadvarya" in Makarska, plan of fortress of, , 259-60 Aratea, 16 213 n.20 Zfjats. See Tables, astronomical Rajasthani portrayals of, 359 Zafar fort, pl.32 Zij-i Shahriyar (Zij ai-Shah), 93 n.16 sphere of, 39, 75 Za>irajah, 82 n.24 Zijs. See Tables, astronomical Zone maps, 146-48 Zams (watches), 8, 496, 497, 500 Zillas (districts), 432 Zorawar Singh, 437 al-, 162 Zodiac. See also Astrology; Constellations Zoroastrians, 332 Zaqqum, pl.3 anthropomorphic representation of signs, Zrinyi, Miklos, 247 al-Zarqello, 28-29, 30, 31, 141 n.22 63-65 al-ZuhrI, 105, 143, 168 Zaviyes, 232, 233 on astrolabes, 18, 54 Ja}afryah, 95, 140, 157 Bedouin system for, 53