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Glass Recipients from Sarmizegetusa Regia. Unguentaria and Bottles 137

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Glass Recipients from Sarmizegetusa Regia. Unguentaria and Bottles 137 ZIRIDAVA STUDIA ARCHAEOLOGICA 31 2017 MUSEUM OF ARAD ZIRIDAVA STUDIA ARCHAEOLOGICA 31 2017 Editura MEGA Cluj‑Napoca 2017 MUSEUM OF ARAD EDITORIAL BOARD Editor‑in‑chief: Peter Hügel. Editorial Assistants: Florin Mărginean, Victor Sava. EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD V. Bârcă (Cluj‑Napoca, Romania), M. Cârciumaru (Târgoviște, Romania), S. Cociş (Cluj‑Napoca, Romania), F. Gogâltan (Cluj‑Napoca, Romania), S. A. Luca (Sibiu, Romania), V. Kulcsár (Szeged, Hungary), M. Takács (Budapest, Hungary), J. O'Shea (Michigan, USA), K. Z. Pinter (Sibiu, Romania), I. Stanciu (Cluj‑Napoca, Romania), I. Szatmári (Békéscsaba, Hungary). In Romania, the periodical can be obtained through subscription or exchange, sent as post shipment, from Museum of Arad, Arad, Piata G. Enescu 1, 310131, Romania. Tel. 0040–257–281847. ZIRIDAVA STUDIA ARCHAEOLOGICA Any correspondence will be sent to the editor: Museum of Arad Piata George Enescu 1, 310131 Arad, RO e‑mail: [email protected] The content of the papers totally involve the responsibility of the authors. Layout: Francisc Baja, Florin Mărginean, Victor Sava ISSN 2392–8786 Editura Mega | www.edituramega.ro e‑mail: [email protected] Contents Octavian Cristian Rogozea Discoveries Attributed to the Early Vinča Phase in Tărtăria “Gura Luncii” (Alba County). The 214 Preventive Archaeological Researches Performed on “Site 10B” 7 Georgeta El Susi Animal Bones from the Neolithic (Szakálhát) Levels at Uivar (Timiş County) 29 Victor Sava, Florin Mărginean, Adrian Ursuţiu The Eneolithic Cemetery in Pecica “Est” (Arad County) 55 Tünde Horváth Budakalász, ein besonderer Bestattungsplatz der Badener Kultur. Kritische Anmerkungen zum Buch: Mária Bondár – Pál Raczky (Red.): The Copper Age cemetery of Budakalász 69 Tobias L. Kienlin, Klára P. Fischl, Liviu Marta Exploring Divergent Trajectories in Bronze Age Landscapes: Tell Settlement in the Hungarian Borsod Plain and the Romanian Ier Valley 93 Călin Ghemiș The Late Bronze Age Gold Ring Discovered in Betfia (Bihor County, Romania) 129 Liliana Daniela Mateescu-Suciu Glass Recipients from Sarmizegetusa Regia. Unguentaria and Bottles 137 Horațiu Cociș The Rural Landscape of the Frontier of Dacia Porolissensis. A Case Study: the Northern Sector – territorium Arcoba(da)rense – The Valley of River Someșul Mare 153 Norbert Kapcsos Sarmatian graves from Pecica Site 18. Remarks upon the phenomenon of „isolated” graves from the Cris‑Tisa‑Mures region 165 Ioan Stanciu On Early Medieval Roasting Trays and their Presence in the Settlements from the North‑Western Part of Romania 181 Călin Cosma, Adrian Bolog, Ovidiu Oargă Avar Graves Recently Discovered in Gâmbaș (Alba County) on the Spot Called “Ogoarele de jos” 195 Dan Băcueț-Crișan, Gruia Fazecaș, Doru Marta An Early Medieval Feature Discovered in Oradea – Salca “Ghețărie” (Petrom Gas Station) 215 Daniela Tănase, Gábor Bertók, Anita Kocsis, Balázs Major The location of Egres Cistercian monastery – Igriş (Timiș County), in the light of recent geophysical research 229 Florin Mărginean, Zsolt Csók, Keve László, Victor Sava Unveiling History. Archaeological Excavations in the Fortress of Ineu (Arad County) 241 Dorel Micle, Bogdan Alin Craiovan, Andrei Stavilă, Octavian-Cristian Rogozea The Times before Fischer’s Furniture Store. The Preventive Archaeological Researches in Sfântul Gheorghe Square 2–3, Timișoara (Timiş County) 279 Andrea Demjén, Florin Gogâltan The Ciuc‑Ghimeș Quarantine (18th–19th Centuries). Archaeological Researches of the Former Customs Point “Cetatea Rákóczy” 301 Abbreviations 325 Glass Recipients from Sarmizegetusa Regia. Unguentaria and Bottles* Liliana Daniela Mateescu-Suciu Abstract: In time, a significant quantity of glass fragments (coming from containers, jewellery or raw glass) was found, during excavations in Sarmizegetusa Regia. This paper aims to publish glass containers:unguentaria and bottles. Most of the artefacts are imports coming from the Roman world, but a local production cannot be overruled, especially taking into account the already known evidence of the activity of a workshop. Both types of containers were used in Sarmizegetusa Regia, as they were elsewhere, for transporting and keeping cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and beverages. Some of these artefacts could have been used by the roman soldiers garrisoned in Sarmizegetusa after the conquest but, some others certainly belonged to the pre‑roman Dacian inhabitants, since they were found within structures (dwellings and workshops) dating back to the 1st c. A.D. and the beginning of the next one. Keywords: Sarmizegetusa Regia, glass, unguentaria, bottles, the Dacians, La Tène. The number and diversity of glass items from the area of the Dacian fortifications and settlements from the Orăștie Mountainsare remarkable, especially compared to the discoveries made in the rest of Dacia. The first statisticon the topic, performed on items known until 1974, showed that 47.7% of all glass artifacts focused in the above mentioned area1. Subsequent archaeological researches carried out either in Grădiştea de Munte – Sarmizegetusa Regia or on the other sites around it have led to the significant increase of their number. Thus, specialists currently are taking into account an intense commerce with such artefacts in the area of the capital of the Dacian Kingdom, but also of the possible local production of certain glass containers or objects. The presence of a glass production workshop in Sarmizegetusa Regia is almost certain, attested by large quantities of raw glass, mainly greenish yellow in color, and by a great number of colored glass flakes (red, green, black, blue etc.)resulted from the process of producing glass objects. One can also add the discovery of a long iron pipe (89 cm) used for glass blowing and of a fragment from a clay container (crucible) that still preserves a 1–1.5 cm‑thick glass crust, on terrace VIII2. According to these data, besides finished goods brought from the Roman world, raw glass was also imported into the Dacian milieu, at least in the second half of the first century A.D., that local artisans transformed locally into various objects through blowing3 or pressing. The main categories of glass artifacts frequently discovered in Sarmizegetusa Regiaare raw glass lumps, pots, jewelry items (beads) and construction materials (window panes). The category of glass tableware from the site under discussion includes bottles, unguentaria, cups, glasses, tureens and bowls of various sizes. If glass items used part of tableware sets (glasses, bowls, cups etc.) are most often fragmentarily preserved, glass containers mainly used for the transportation and storage of liquid or semi‑liquid products (bottles and unguentaria) have been preserved much better. The artefacts are often entirely preserved or can be completed and this might suggest that they were manipulated * English translation: Ana M. Gruia. The current research is financed by the project “Minerva – Cooperare pentru car‑ iera de elită în cercetarea doctorală şi postdoctorală”, contract no: Posdru/159/1.5/S/137832, project co‑financed from European Social Fund (FSE) through Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007–2013. The illustrations of this paper were provided by M. Mândruțău, R. Mateescu (photo) and R. Gaciu (drawing). 1 Glodariu 1974, 73–76. 2 Iaroslavschi 1981, 169–171. 3 Glass blowing technique, developed during the first century B.C., revolutionized the production of glass in the entire ancient world. Until then glass mold casting was a complicated procedure and knowledge required for glass production was complex, after the invention of glass blowing things became simpler and glass production craft experienced an unprecedented development. ZIRIDAVA, STUDIA ARCHAEOLOGICA, 31, p. 137–152 138 ◆ Liliana Daniela Mateescu‑Suciu occasionally, not daily, and the containers were thus preserved and used with greater precaution than common tableware. The present paper aims at presenting two types of containers: unguentaria and bottles. Unguentaria are among the first items produced in the Roman world through glass blowing4. They are also the most wide spread shapes of containers, discovered throughout the Roman Empire starting with the first century A.D. and until the fifth century A.D. or even later5. Sometimes called balsamariior lacrimarii, they were most likely used for the transportation and storage of various prod‑ ucts, most often liquid ones. Starting from the diversity of unguentaria types, specialists have sug‑ gested several typologies over time6. I shall not insist on them here, but note that for the present study I have mainly used the typologies published by C. Isings7, I. Lazar8 and Biaggio Simona9. The following entire or fragmentary unguentaria are known so far from Sarmizegetusa Regia: 1. Unguentarium – National Museum of Transylvanian History, Cluj‑Napoca, Inv. VD 3799, Fig. 1/1, Fig. 6/1. Findspot: Grădiştea de Munte – Sarmizegetusa Regia, Platoul Cetăţii (terrace no. I – construction level). Description: Thin glass paste with a slight greenish hue and numerous air bubbles in the composition, including a large one in the area of the base. The rim is flat, rounded towards the outside and asymmetrical (one side higher, the other lower). The neck is tall and thin and the body (also asymmetrical) is slightly disproportionate. The proportion between neck and body is 1:3. The base is almost flat, with a slight concavity. Dimensions: h. 9.2 cm; d. rim 2.1 cm; d. neck 1.1–1.3 cm; d. maximum 3.4cm. Dating: second half of the first century A.D.‑
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