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Archäologie Und Politik

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Archäologie Und Politik 1 CHRISTIAN WITSCHEL Römische Außenpolitik Kaiser Trajan, die Dakerkriege und die Donauprovinzen Politica externă romană Împăratul Traian, războaiele dacice și provinciile dunărene Roman Foreign Policy Emperor Trajan, the Dacian Wars and the Danube Provinces 28 CHRISTIAN WITSCHEL Im Zentrum dieses Bandes steht ein În centrul acestui volum se află un At the centre of this volume stands an imposantes Monument, das der römi- monument impunător, înălțat de imposing monument built by the Roman sche Kaiser Trajan (reg. 98–117 n. Chr.) împăratul roman Traian (domnie: emperor Trajan (r. 98–117 CE) to com- zur Erinnerung an seine Siege über 98–117 d. Hr.) pentru a comemora vic- memorate his victories over the Dacian das Volk der Daker errichten ließ: das toriile sale asupra poporului dacilor: people: The Tro paeum Traiani at Adam- Tro paeum Traiani bei Adam klissi [4]. Tro paeum Traiani, de la Adam clisi [4]. clisi [4]. It is located south of the Danube, Es befindet sich südlich der Donau, Acesta este situat la sud de Dunăre, în in the Dobruja landscape in southeast in der Landschaft Dobrudscha ganz peisajul Dobrogei, în sud-estul Româ- Romania. Given the location of the Tro- im Süd osten des heutigen Rumänien. niei de astăzi. Având în vedere locația paeum, one question immediately arises: Angesichts des Standortes des Tro- monumentului, survine nemijlocit între- Why was it not built in the heartland of paeum stellt sich unmittelbar eine barea: de ce nu a fost edificat în inte- the Dacian Empire conquered by Trajan, Frage: Warum wurde dieses nicht im riorul Regatului Dac, cucerit de Traian, i. e. north of the Danube, but far away Kernland des von Trajan eroberten anume la nord de Dunăre, ci la mare from it in the Roman province of Moesia Dakerreiches, also nördlich der Donau, distanță, în provincia romană Moesia Inferior? In order to answer this question, erbaut, sondern weit entfernt davon Inferior? Pentru a găsi un răspuns la the bigger picture needs to be examined. in der römischen Provinz Moesia Infe­ această întrebare, va fi nevoie să mer- rior? Um hierauf eine Antwort zu finden, gem ceva mai departe. muss etwas weiter ausgeholt werden. Rome and the Dacians: Confrontations in the 1st Century CE Roma și dacii: Rom und die Daker: Confruntări în secolul I d. Hr. When the Imperium Romanum began to Konfrontationen im 1. Jh. n. Chr. expand as far as the Danube under the Pe măsură ce Imperium Romanum a first princeps Augustus, it was also con- Als sich das Imperium Romanum in început să se extindă până la Dunăre fronted with the populations that set- der Regierungszeit des ersten Princeps în timpul domniei primului Princeps tled on the other side of this great river. Augustus bis zur Donau auszudehnen Augustus, a fost confruntat pentru This term encompassed, among others, begann, wurde es auch mit den Bevöl- prima oară cu popoarele care trăiau the Sarmatians (who originated from kerungsgruppen konfrontiert, die jen- dincolo de marele fluviu. Pe teritoriul the steppes and included both the Iazy- seits des großen Stromes siedelten. Im actual al României, acestea au fost, ges and Roxolani); Germanic tribes, the Gebiet des heutigen Rumänien waren pe lângă sarmații (iazigii și roxolanii) Bastarnae; and especially the peoples dies neben den ursprünglich aus dem veniți din zona stepelor și triburile ger- originating in Thrace, called Daci by the Steppenraum zugezogenen Sarmaten manice (de exemplu bastarnii), îndeo- Romans. Their main settlements were in (Jazygen und Roxolanen) sowie Germa- sebi oameni de origine tracă, denumiți the area of (western) Wallachia and in nen (so den Bastarnern) insbesondere ›daci‹ de către romani. Principalele așe- Transylvania. Since the 1st century BCE, Menschen thrakischen Ursprungs, die zări erau situate în vestul Munteniei și a relatively high culture had developed von den Römern als Daci bezeichnet în Transilvania. Acolo evoluase, încă din there, in which both Greek influences wurden. Ihre Siedlungsschwerpunkte secolul I î. Hr., o cultură relativ înaintată, and contact with the Roman Empire lagen im Bereich der (westlichen) Wala- în care, alături de influențele grecești, can be identified [6, p. 6–20; 10]. These chei und in Transsylvanien (Siebenbür- se pot distinge și contacte cu Imperium regions seemed to begin developing a gen). Dort hatte sich seit Romanum [6, p. 6–20; 10]. network of decentralised, dem. 1. Jh. v Chr. eine rela- Apariția mai multor centre, Dacian ›principalities‹ as DE tiv hochstehende Kultur RO uneori puternic fortificate, EN evidenced by the emergence CHRISTIAN WITSCHEL 29 herausgebildet, in der neben griechi- la altitudini înalte, precum și referințe of elevated, often fortified settlements schen Einflüssen auch Kontakte mit dem din sursele literare, indică existența and mentions of this advancement in Imperium Romanum auszumachen sind unei serii de ›principate‹ dacice, care primary sources of the time. [6, p. 6–20; 10]. Die Entstehung mehre- inițial nu se aflau sub o conducere Time and again, individual Dacian rer, teilweise stark befestigter Zentren centralizată. and Sarmatian associations came into in Höhenlagen sowie Hinweise in den Unele grupări dacice, dar și sarma- conflict with the Roman Empire. Augus- literarischen Quellen deuten darauf hin, tice au intrat în mod repetat în conflict tus therefore boasts in his ›Deeds of dass es eine Reihe dakischer ›Fürsten- cu Imperiul Roman. Astfel, Augustus the Divine Augustus‹ (Res gestae divi tümer‹ gab, die zunächst nicht unter s-a lăudat în ›raportul faptelor proprii‹ Augusti) that he had beat back the einer zentralisierten Führung standen. (Res gestae divi Augusti) că a respins Dacians who had crossed the Danube, Einzelne dakische, aber auch sar- atacul dacilor care au traversat Dună- pursued them across the river, and matische Verbände kamen immer wie- rea, și apoi i-a urmărit până pe malul forced them under the sovereignty der einmal in Konflikt mit dem Römi- opus și i-a supus suveranității Romei of Rome (RGDA 30). More significant schen Reich. So rühmte sich Augustus (RGDA 30). Atacuri majore au avut loc attacks occurred after the death of in seinem ›Tatenbericht‹ (Res gestae după moartea lui Nero, când Imperiul Nero, when the Roman Empire was divi Augusti), über die Donau vorge- Roman a fost slăbit temporar datorită temporarily weakened by civil wars. drungene Daker zurückgeschlagen, jen- războaielor civile. În cele din urmă, In the end, these invaders were also seits des Flusses verfolgt und unter die și acești invadatori au fost învinși și defeated, and treaties were closed Oberhoheit Roms gezwungen zu haben au fost încheiate tratate cu grupurile with the groups settling north of the (RGDA 30). Zu größeren Übergriffen de la nord de Dunăre (Tac. Hist. 3, 46; Danube (Tac. hist. 3, 46; Iord. Get. 76). kam es dann nach dem Tod Neros, als Iord. Get. 76). Aceste acorduri au fost These agreements weren’t broken by das Römische Reich zeitweise durch încălcate de către daci, abia în timpul the Dacians until the reign of emperor Bürgerkriege geschwächt war. Letztlich domniei împăratului Domitian (domnie: Domitian (r. 81–96 CE), as they seemed konnten auch diese Invasoren bezwun- 81–96 d. Hr.), deoarece aceștia probabil to fear his ruthlessness. This led to a gen werden, und es wurden Verträge s-au temut de intransigența acestuia. protracted conflict Starting in 85 CE, mit den nördlich der Donau siedelnden Începând cu anul 85 d. Hr., din această during which the Dacians were able Gruppen abgeschlossen (Tac. hist. 3, 46; situație s-a dezvoltat un conflict de to inflict several serious defeats on Iord. Get. 76). Diese Vereinbarungen lungă durată, în cursul căruia dacii au the Roman troops [32]. Decebalus first wurden von den Dakern erst in der reușit să provoace o serie de înfrângeri appeared in this context, when he came Regierungszeit des Kaisers Domitian grave trupelor romane [32]. În acest to power in one of the Dacian ›princi- (reg. 81–96 n. Chr.) gebrochen, da man context, a intrat în scenă pentru prima palities‹ in southwestern Transylvania offenbar dessen Härte fürchtete. dată Decebal, care a ajuns la putere and became the Romans’ main compe- Hieraus entwickelte sich ab dem Jahr într-unul dintre ›principatele‹ dacice tition. In 88 CE the latter succeeded in 85 n. Chr. eine langwierige Auseinander- din sud-vestul Transilvaniei, devenind a significant victory over the Dacians. setzung, in deren Verlauf die Daker den apoi principalul adversar al romanilor. The situation on other fronts, however, römischen Truppen mehrere schwere În 88 d. Hr., aceștia din urmă au repurtat had deteriorated to an extent that Niederlagen beibringen konnten [32]. o victorie semnificativă asupra dacilor, Domitian was ready to make peace In diesem Kontext trat erstmals Dece- însă pe măsură ce situația s-a agravat with Decebalus the following year. The balus in Erscheinung, der in einem der pe alte fronturi, Domitian a fost dispus terms of the treaty were not unfavour- dakischen ›Fürstentümer‹ să încheie pace cu Dece- able for Decebalus and he im südwestlichen Sieben- bal în anul următor. Pentru largely adhered to them bürgen an die Herrschaft DE Decebal, termenii tratatului RO at first. He was also able EN 30 CHRISTIAN WITSCHEL kam und daraufhin zum Hauptkonkur- nu erau defavorabili și inițial i-a respec- to increasingly extend his influence in renten der Römer wurde. 88 n. Chr. tat în mare măsură. El, de asemenea, Transylvania, thus rising to become the gelang Letzteren zwar ein bedeuten- a reușit să-și extindă din ce în ce mai primary Dacian ruler in this region. This der Sieg über die Daker, aber da sich mult influența în Transilvania, devenind became visible in the strong expansion die Situation an anderen Fronten ver- astfel stăpânitorul dac al întregului teri- of his centres of power (basileia) in the schlechterte, war Domitian im folgen- toriu. Acest fapt s-a manifestat, nu în Orăștie Mountains, as shown by the den Jahr bereit, Frieden mit Decebalus ultimul rând, prin fortificarea intensivă hallmarks of larger sanctuaries, forti fi- zu schließen.
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