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Heritage for Sale! Heritage for sale! The role of museums in promoting metal detecting and looting in Romania Iulian Ganciu Iulian Ganciu Address: Langebrug 40, 2311TM, Leiden Email: [email protected] Mobile: +40755279259 2 Heritage for sale! The role of museums in promoting metal detecting and looting in Romania Iulian Ganciu: s1586262 Supervisor: Profesor J.C.A. Kolen and Professor I. Lilley Research Master’s Thesis Specialization: Archaeological Heritage Management in a Globalizing World Course code:ARCH 1046WTY University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, 13.06.2016, Final Version 3 How can we live without our lives? How will we know it's us without our past? John Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath 4 Table of Content 1. Chapter: Introduction ....................................................................................... 9 1.1. Problem statement .................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Opinion of the author and research question ........................................................... 13 1.3. Methods of collecting data ........................................................................................ 14 1.4. Theoretical framework .............................................................................................. 15 1.5. Thesis structure ......................................................................................................... 16 2. Chapter: Analysis of crucial documents ........................................................... 18 2.1. Context ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.2. Discourse Analysis of ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums ......................................... 19 2.3. Discourse Analysis of the UNESCO 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the illicit import, export, and transfer of Ownership of cultural property . 22 2.4. Intertextual Analysis of ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums and UNESCO 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibition and Preventing the illicit import, export, and transport of Ownership of cultural property ....................................................................... 24 3. Chapter: Heritage laws and their implementation (glocal perspectives) .......... 26 3.1. Romanian Laws concerning the protection of cultural property .............................. 26 3.1.1. Law number 182/2000 .................................................................................................. 27 3.1.2. Amendments made to the law number 182/2000 ....................................................... 29 3.1.3. Enactment number 43 from 30th of January 2000 concerning the protection of archaeological heritage and declaring some archaeological sites as areas of national interest- republished .................................................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Italian Legislation ....................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1. Landscape and Cultural Heritage Code (Decree No. 43 of 22 January 2004) ............... 32 3.2.2. The Carabinieri Command for the Protection of Cultural Property .............................. 34 3.3. United Kingdom and Northern Ireland legislation concerning cultural property ..... 35 3.3.1. Dealing in Tainted Cultural Objects-Guidance on the Dealing in Cultural Objects ....... 35 5 3.3.2. Treasure Act .................................................................................................................. 36 3.3.3. Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS)................................................................................ 38 3.4. Parallels between legislations ................................................................................... 39 4. Chapter: Stakeholder analysis and its role in protecting or damaging the archaeological heritage of Romania ...................................................................... 41 4.1. National Government ................................................................................................ 41 4.1.1. Ministry of Culture ........................................................................................................ 41 4.1.2. National Committee for Archaeology ........................................................................... 43 4.1.3. The National Institute of Heritage ................................................................................. 43 4.2. Local Authorities ........................................................................................................ 44 4.3. Museums and their relationship with metal detecting ............................................. 45 4.3.1. Law for Museums and Collections ................................................................................ 45 4.3.2. National Museum of History of Romania Guidelines for its organization and functioning .................................................................................................................................... 47 4.3.3. Position of other museums in relation with metal detecting ....................................... 48 4.3.4. Opinions of museum personnel .................................................................................... 49 4.4. Archaeologists and their position towards metal detecting ..................................... 51 4.4.1. Archaeologists behavior in their Code of Ethics framework ......................................... 52 4.4.2. Archaeologists responses to questionnaires and interviews ........................................ 54 4.4.3. Archaeologists’ stories related to looting ..................................................................... 55 4.4.4. Why Archeologists see metal-detecting as a problem and what solutions they propose? 56 4.5. Metal detectorists ..................................................................................................... 58 4.5.1. Associations of metal detectorists ................................................................................ 58 4.5.2. Survey responses ........................................................................................................... 60 4.6. Local communities and their view upon Archaeology .............................................. 63 4.6.1. Local communities situated next to archaeological sites .............................................. 63 4.7. The role of media in promoting “treasure hunts” ..................................................... 66 6 4.8. Current situation of archaeological policies .............................................................. 67 5. Chapter: Discussions and solutions ................................................................. 71 5.1. Government and local authorities ............................................................................. 71 5.2. Affiliated institutions to the Ministry of Culture ....................................................... 72 5.3. Archaeologists ........................................................................................................... 73 5.4. Local Communities .................................................................................................... 74 5.5. Media ......................................................................................................................... 76 5.6. Metal detectorists ..................................................................................................... 76 5.7. The social life of looted objects ................................................................................. 78 5.8. Solutions .................................................................................................................... 80 6. Chapter: Conclusions ...................................................................................... 84 6.1. Critical self-reflection and future research ............................................................... 85 7. Summary ........................................................................................................ 87 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 88 List of Figures and Appendices .............................................................................. 96 Appendices ........................................................................................................... 97 Appendix 1: Interview with Paul Damian, the director of the archaeology department of the National Museum of History of Romania ....................................................................... 97 Appendix 2: Questionnaire for archaeologists concerning the interventions of amateur archaeologists ....................................................................................................................... 99 Appendix 3: Metal detection and its role in Archaeology .................................................. 111 Appendix 4: Questionnaires for local communities ........................................................... 133 Appendix 5: The role of media in metal detecting ............................................................. 153 7 Acknowledgements I would like to express my great appreciation to Jan Kolen and Ian Lilley for supervising my research. Their willingness to invest time in correcting my thesis with constant
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