79 - - - - 2 ” had ” ” was ” Oltenitsa (moulds for [email protected] Institute of Archaeology, Archaeology, Institute of Greek mirror Greek Greek mirror , in the cremation in , , in the cremation in , [email protected]; (tipare de turnat oglinzi . ŞERBĂNESCU ; another one is of the ; another one is of the , being dated between , ; another one is of the , being dated between ˮ 3 9 8 4 Museum of Gumelnitsa Civilisation, Museum of Gumelnitsa 2 Vasile Pârvan Vasile ” one, especially when con ” one, especially when con 1 Gorgana a Doua c. BC, a “ a BC, c. c. BC, a “ BC, c. th th DONE . did not exclude . . Dumitru Berciu did not exclude . 1 6 & 1 Coada Zăvoiului Coada Zăvoiului Gorgana a Doua Scythian Scythian . One of them is a Greek one, with a a with one, Greek a is them of One . . One of them is a Greek one, with a Greek a is them of One . of the 5 of of the 5 the of 2 7 from Radovanu- In the necropolis from Enisala, four mirrors were In the necropolis from Enisala, four mirrors were In the necropolis from Enisala, four mirrors were with pl. 2/7. with pl. 2/7. Berciu 1957, 283-284, figs. 9-10. Simion 1977, 55. Simion 1977, pl. XI/f; Simion 2003, 314 with fig. 14/4, 328 fig. 31/e. Simion 1971, 118, Berciu 1957, 283-284, figs. 9-10. Simion 1977, 55. Simion 1977, pl. XI/f; Simion 2003, 314 with fig. 14/4, 328 fig. 31/e. Simion 1971, 118, and strongly fragmented 1 2 3 4 documented in the sites from Dobroudja. Thus, documented in the sites from Dobroudja. at Cernavodă- 1 Burial no. disk- bronze, being discovered, made entirely of and with an iron 13.8 cm), shaped (diameter = handle (Fig. 5/3) the possibility that this object could have been pro duced at Olbia. On the other side, it could not be also excluded the hypothesis could that the item have been a “ sidering that the original handle had been broken new one, made of and replaced with a past in the iron. discovered bronze handle (Fig. 5/6) dots with decorated disk the with but type, same and strongly fragmented 6 7 8 9 documented in the sites from Dobroudja. Thus, documented in the sites from Dobroudja. at Cernavodă- 1 Burial no. bronze, being been discovered, made entirely of disk-shaped and with an iron (diameter = 13.8 cm), handle (Fig. 5/3) the possibility that this object could have been pro duced at Olbia. On the other side, it could not be also excluded the hypothesis could that the item have been a “ sidering that the original handle had been broken new one, made of and replaced with a past in the iron. discovered bronze handle (Fig. 5/6) same type, but with the disk decorated with dots - - - - - getică de la Radovanu- la de getică dava CRISTIAN SCHUSTER CRISTIAN with a small central with a simple, elon , C – “ would have had Scyth a 3 MIRROR, MIRROR... IN MY HAND MY IN MIRROR... MIRROR, ” “ . 5 a Greek North-Pontic one, while Type A Type . with channelled, elongated handle, 4 ” 2011, 199 with lit., fig. 5/13). 2011, : Situri arheologice geto-dacice, oglinzi de bronz, importuri, producţii autohtone. : Situri arheologice geto-dacice, oglinzi : Geto-Dacian archaeological sites, bronze mirrors, imports, local products. : Geto-Dacian archaeological sites, bronze Type B Type locale, la datarea oglinzilor. şi fragmente de oglinzi), se face o incursiune în problematica acestui tip de obiect de podoabă descoperit podoabă de obiect de tip acestui problematica în incursiune o face se oglinzi), de fragmente şi pe teritoriul ocupat de geto-daci. Sunt amintite cele mai interesante descoperiri, atât unele mai vechi cât atelierelor sau importurilor problema la producţie, de locurile la privire cu aprecieri fac Se recente. altele şi casting mirrors, as well as fragmentary mirrors), we took an insight into the aspects connected with this aspects an insight into the we took fragmentary mirrors), well as as casting mirrors, There are mentioned the adornment objects discovered on the territory inhabited by the Geto-. There are also added some considerations regarding discoveries. most interesting older and more recent their production places, about the problem of the imported ware or local workshops and about their dating. et alii : Pornind de la descoperirile făcute în făcute descoperirile la de Pornind : , B – “ : Starting from the finds uncovered in the Getic 2 would have likely come from the nomads ABOUT A TOILET ARTICLE OF THE GETO-DACIANS THE OF ARTICLE TOILET A ABOUT ” . Valentin Vasiliev identified three types for 1 The first mirrors of the Getic space are those The specialists are unanimousThe in considering Jacu – fig. VI/1, Păuca, Răscruci, Feiurdeni. Jacu – fig. VI/2, Fântânele, Copşa Mică. rod – fig. fig. VI/3, Fântânele. fig. in the Republic of , see, for instance, the Scythian Thracian settlement from Saharna Mare mirror from the (Niculiţă 2001, 411. For the sites on the left side of the Pruth River, River, For the sites on the left side of the Pruth 2001, 411. Vasiliev 1980, 114-117. Vasiliev Vasiliev 1980, 114, pls. 25/3-4, 26/1-3: Ciumbrud, Como 1980, 114, Vasiliev Vasiliev 1980, 113, pl. 24/1-2: discoveries at , Cipău – pl. 24/1-2: discoveries at 1980, 113, Vasiliev , figs. 24/3-5, 25/1-2: Ghindari, 1980, 113, Vasiliev Vasilev 1980, 113-117 with lit.; Babeş 2000, 225; A. Vulpe Vulpe A. with lit.; Babeş 2000, 225; 1980, 113-117 Vasilev 4 5 2 3 1 Type C Type in Eastern Europe gated handle, made of iron and applied upon the gated handle,made of disk, by rivets ian origin, the space of : A – “ A Transylvania: the space of handle with animal ornaments that the mirrors occurred on the territory of Ro that the mirrors occurred on the mania even beginning with the Late Hallstatt pe riod Rezumat Cuvinte-cheie Abstract Key-words Thraco- S. N., Tomul VI-VII (XXIX-XXX), 2014-2015, 79-94 2014-2015, VI-VII (XXIX-XXX), Tomul N., S. Thraco-Dacica 80 11 10 for therivetsofanother by perforation reparation its “ handle missing,but which hadundergone = 14.5cm),with mirror (diameter was putabronze bones placeduponagritstone,whileabovethemit it wasunearthed 5/2) disk, butpartofthehandlewasmissing(Fig. BC 400-340 Mirror, Mirror... inMyHand Simion1977,pl. XI/f;Simion2003,fig.14/4. Teleagă 2008,457-458, descu 2010,284. 11 . Under the stone ring of the the stonering . Under Pl. frontview, frontview, (foto G Fig. 1 a 3 I . – Mirror 10 heorg Mirrors: 1 =Radovanu- Chelmec). Differentscales. backside; foto Cristian Schuster); mirror moulds:4-5= Radovanu- . The thirdmirrorhadacomplete b Burial no.2 backside; foto Cristian Schuster); Cristian foto backside; e Chelmec). Differenthe Chelmec). scales. s : = Radovanu = 1 Catalog no.1063 . A bout aToilet ArticleoftheGeto-Dacians

, with thecremated Gorgana aDoua - Gorgana a Doua Gorgana a , pl.139/3;Măn Tumulus3B

(after Şerbănescu 1998), 2 = Greaca-

a - ,

Mirror moulds: Mirror 2

( 14 13 12 the 4 of half first the in dated was 5/4). This (Fig. Nuntaşi from necropolis by aknob of a single bronzeplaque..., with the handle ended =9.8cm) length eter =13.8cm,handle handle, thelatterbeingnotfound fe Şrăec 1998 Şerbănescu after Teleagă 1999, 40,fig.3. Rădulescu1961,387-388,fig. 1. Simion1971,110, fig.27/b. Another item, mirrors type(diam of the handled ”

14 4- , was recovered fromaburialofthe 5 = Radovanu = 5 Gorgana a Doua 1 , 2 ), th

c.BC,afactthatena = Părul -

Gorgana a Doua Gorgana a Greaca (a,frontview;b, (foto Gheorghe ” (Fig.5/1) - Părul 13

( 4 b , “ a

12

made . - - 81 : , Fig. , Fig. 19 1 18

4 , Fig. 4/1), 20 . This type of . Burial C7M4 17 6 Cristian Schuster, Done �erb�nescu Done Schuster, Cristian : diameter = 9.2 cm (Fig. 4/1-2, 4) : diameter = 8.7 cm Burial C10M74 Burial C20M1 Alexandrescu 1980, 52. Alexandrescu 1980, 24, fig. 44/6. Alexandrescu 1980, 29, fig. 44/7. Alexandrescu 1980, 41, fig. 44/8. length = 21.5 cm, diameter = 13.3 cm 4/4; 4/2; 17 18 19 20 le fixaient au manche, lequel s’est conservé (en fer) en un seul cas » with rather large dimensions item, (

. - - 3

16 ) (after Vulpe, Teodor 2003). Different scales. Teodor ) (after Vulpe, ) (after Vulpe, Teodor 2003). Different scales.Different 2003). (after Vulpe, Teodor ) 2009, 232. 2009, et alii et Piroboridava

Poiana ( = Poiana 6 . 1- : 15 Mirrors: 1-6 = Poiana ( avec des trous pour les rivets qui pour les rivets avec des trous – irrors 5 M Fig. 2 II. 2 Pl. c. BC, « BC, c. rd -3 For the Geto-Dacian area on the left bank of the Alexandrescu 1980, 24, 26, 29, 41; Babeş 41; 29, 26, 24, 1980, Alexandrescu Măndescu 2010, 284. th 4 15 16 , the oldest mirrors were documented in the County) necropolis from (Teleorman refer here to objects made of bronze, of the We rors from Enisala and Nuntaşi are unitary concern unitary are Nuntaşi and Enisala from rors ing their chronology bled us to say that the burials with complete mir 82 Mirror, Mirror... inMyHand 23 22 21 Olteniţa- of zone the from Hălcescu Constantin Scythian” mirror(Fig.5/5) covery ofanotherbronzeitemthesamekind Danube across the milieus comes fromtheGreekcultural Şerbănescu1998, 259,figs.174/1=177/2. Babeş Babeş2000,225. this occasion. on gratitude, our express we whom to Ganciu, by Anca us Also, tothe4 Fig. 3 Pl. 6 = Tilişca 6 =Tilişca 6 1 et alii 21 III 4 . Recent investigations resultedinthere . Recent investigations – Mirrors: 1-6 = Ocniţa ( . M 7 =(bothafterRustoiu1996).Differentscales. 2009, 232. More information was offered to offered was information More 232. 2009, irrors and th -3 7=Pecica ( : rd 1- c. BC belonged a “Greek- c.BCbelonged 6 . Ocniţa = Ocniţa ( A 23 bout aToilet ArticleoftheGeto-Dacians

recovered in 1989 by recovered both

Buridava after Rustoiu 1996) ): (1-2,4-6afterBerciu1981,3 ) : ( 1 - 22 2, 4 . - 5

- 6 after Berciuafter 1981 bronze mirror,dimensions, with of considerable also resulted inthediscoveryofa investigations archaeological the while County) (Botoşani corani in thecase ofthesettlementfromCu discussed cluding thehandleandadiameterof15cm. of 22.5cmin a totallength of bronze,had made of atumularnecropolis. The itemwascomplete, Dunăre ably, the worksundertakenfor the Cărămidă de ValeaMare/Puţul . Different scales. About mirrorsofthe3

2 Channel had resultedinthedestroying Channel after Berciu, 3after

et alii rd -2 nd 1988), 6 = Tilişca, c.BCitcouldbealso et alii , where, very prob , where, 1988)

Bucureşti- 7 3

, - - - 83 - - . 26 , inside , inside ” (Fig. 1/1) 2012b, 69, figs. 2012b, 69, figs. at the North end House no. 24 et alii , three moulding valves , white metal 27

2 Cristian Schuster, Done �erb�nescu Done Schuster, Cristian . We had considered the con We . 28 2012a, 105. The trench had been The trench had been 2012a, 105. 2005, 287. , it could be observed a part of a storage , it could be observed a part of a storage 3 et alii et alii Annexe construction no. 1 no. construction Annexe in situ Trench no. XXIII no. Trench placed in the south-eastern side of the site. Right there, placed in the south-eastern side of the site. Right there, in the □ 8-9, it was discovered the which, vessel. Other two such recipients had been identified in □ 2-3 and 12, see Şerbănescu I-VI. The new research had permitted us to recover The new research had permitted us to Şerbănescu 2008, 181, fig. 116/3. Şerbănescu 2008, 181, fig. Şerbănescu Şerbănescu 26 27 28 also recovered. This proofs that the respective ob also recovered. ject was a disk-shaped one (diameter of about 6 cm), and was made of a “ from the the of making mirrors for struction as an annexe, because it was different by the small amount of the construction materials remains (adobe), as well as other archaeological - - - from Dwell Dava . This latter state . 25 ” 1 . There, three mirror . of a Hellenistic type, which a Hellenistic type, of – Mirrors: 1-4 = Zimnicea (after Alexandrescu 1980). Different scales. – Mirrors: 1-4 = Zimnicea (after , “ , 24 Fig. 4 c. AD. This fact has been confirmed confirmed been has fact This AD. c. st Gorgana a Doua , besides pottery and objects made of and objectsbesides pottery , c. BC. - 1 The number of mirrors from the Geto-Dacian set the mirrors from number of The Teodor 1999, 85. Teodor Teodor 1975, fig. 30/1. Teodor nd bone and metal, a big mirror fragment could be a bone and metal, 24 25 fragments had been discovered. Two of them had Two fragments had been discovered. extremely small dimensions. In turn, in the 13 ing no. intra-Carpathian regions. Among these, we could intra-Carpathian regions. include the older investigations in the Radovanu- tlements increased in the time span between the 2 by a series of finds made in the extra-, but also some of the local workshops ment we consider to be a very interesting one. handle (Fig. 5/7) handle (Fig. could have been an import from the north-Pontic regions..., but it could have also been made in 84 29 mouth.Onits back side, thevalvehadapouring and adiameterof7.32cm (Fig1/4).Onitssmall 2 mm, shape, with aheight had acircular poured metal hadbeen shape insidewhichthemoulded cm. The thicknessofthevalveis 1.71 cm. The of 10.25cm, and itstwosidesof8.087.18 tion, beingbrittle,withatrapeziumshape,height gritstone, withbigquartzgrainsinits composi studied alongtheyearswithin be that could with thedwellings traits, compared Mirror, Mirror... inMyHand Şerbănescu h frt f h vle ws ae ofareddish made was valves the of first The Fig. 5 Pl. ecu 97, 4 1957), Berciu Cucorani (after Teodo Cucorani V . et alii – Greek mirrors: 1-2, 6 = Enisala (after Simion 1971 & Simion 1977), 3 = Cernavodă (after Berciu (after Cernavodă = 3 1977), Simion & 1971 Simion (after Enisala = 6 1-2, mirrors: Greek – Greek m Greek Teodor 1975).Differentscales. 1957), 4 = Nuntaşi (after Rădulescu 1961), 5 = Olteniţa (after Şerbănescu 1998), 7 = Cucorăni (after 3 2012a,107-109 withlit. irrors: irrors:

Nnai atr ăuec 1961) Rădulescu (after Nuntaşi = 1 . A bout aToilet ArticleoftheGeto-Dacians r 1975) 1-

2 , 6 = Enisala (after Simion 1971 & Simion 1977), Simion & 1971 Simion (after Enisala = 6 , . Different scales. Dava 5 29 . -

sions: the height of 9.30 cm, the sides of 9.53cm of 9.30cm,thesides sions: theheight on bothsides. dimen The valve hasthefollowing mouths had pouring gritstone and sandy quality cm (Fig1/3),whileitsdepth wasof0.22cm. proper forpouringthemirrorhadadiameterof5.26 The thicknessofthevalvewas1.58cm. The form 10.43, awidthof8cmandsmallside7.48cm. same rocktypelikethepreviousone,withaheightof side, itwasverywellpolished. The last one ofthevalveswasmade ingood The secondmouldingvalvewasmadefromthe , = leţ (fe Şrăec 1998), Şerbănescu (after Oltenţa = 5

6

3 = Cernavodă (after Cernavodă = 3 2 4 7 = 7 7 - 85 The

3

9 6 6 = Brad (after - (Giurgiu County), Sărăţel (Giurgiu (Neamţ County), Braşov ), 4 Different scales. . Different . This type of toilet object . Nucet Cristian Schuster, Done �erb�nescu Done Schuster, Cristian 30 ”. He conceived a catalogue of c. AD st 2 Bâtca Doamnei 8 after Vasiliev

5 c. BC – 1 (all (all three the finds from (Braşov County), Costeşti, Grădiştea Muncelului, Pecica (Arad County; fig III/7), Piatra Şoimului/Calu (Neamţ County), Poiana, Popeşti- Ocna (Bacău County), Târgu (Bistriţa Năsăud County),

Glodariu 1974, 84-85, 249-250, with lit.: he enlisted nd the Geto-Dacian space could be assigned to the 2 30 was approached more intensely for the first time by Ioan Glodariu, when he discussed about “ commercial relations of with the Hellenistic and Roman world the finds, showing that most of the mirrors from (after Sîrbu, Rustoiu 2005) (after Rustoiu Sîrbu,

(after Sîrbu, Rustoiu 2005). Different scales. Gruiu Dării -

Gruiu Dării Pietroasa Mică 9 = , 7- Mirrors: Mirrors: 1 = Jacu, 2 = Cipău, 3 = Comlod 7-9 = Pietroasa Mică- ) 1980 . – Mirrors: 1 = Jacu, 2 = Cipău, 3 = Comlod (all three after Vasiliev), 4-6 = Brad (after Ursachi 1980), Ursachi (after Brad = 4-6 Vasiliev), after three (all Comlod = 3 Cipău, = 2 Jacu, = 1 Mirrors: – 4 VI 7 1 Fig. 6 Fig. Ursachi Pl. A study exclusively dedicated to the mirrors in the exclusively dedicatedstudy to A the territories of the Getic and Dacian populations the territories of Still, this topic has not been published until now. As on both sides of the valve there were places for sides of both on As mould the is a hint whichshows that moulding, this for mirrors was a bivalve one. side, the diameter of the form reached 7.50 cm, with a depth of 2.3 mm, while that on the back side had a diameter of 5.7 cm and a depth of 2.05 mm. and 8.60 cm, while its thickness reached 3.45 cm. and 8.60 cm, Both on its front and back sides there were forms in which mirrors could be moulded. On the front 86 32 31 with handles...Concerning times beingendowed some dimensions, small had of Dacia the mirrors the 1 and ing the1 entire periodbetween 2 the mirrorsfrom Dacia occurredat the end of the “ specialist, first the of Bărbulescu Constantin caught the attentionof also Rustoiu Aurel Mirror, Mirror... inMyHand nd ăblsu 04 7,Anx 1 ad l. LX LXIV, XLIX, pls. and 10 Annexe 71, 2014, Bărbulescu Rustoiu1996,169. Tinosu (IalomiţaCounty),Zimnicea(). LXVIII. century B.C. and would have beenused dur centuryB.C.andwould Fig. 7 Pl. 1996), 4 = 4 1996), Crişan 2000)Crişan 4 – Mirrors: 1 = Popeşti- st 1 VII century speaking, A.D. Morphologically (after Căpitanu1989).Differentscales. Răcătău = 10-13 2000), Crişan (after Mereşti = 7-9 1996), Rustoiu Tilişca(after = 5-6 1999), Bobi (after . Mirrors Cândeşti (after Bobi 1999), Bobi (after Cândeşti , 10- :

13 =Răcătău 1989)(after Căpitanu 1 = Chronologically speaking, Chronologically . A bout aToilet ArticleoftheGeto-Dacians Popeşti

Tumulusno. 2

32 - Tumulus . Intheopinion st century B.C. (after Vulpe A. 1976), 2-3 = Grădiştea (after Sîrbu 1996), 4 = Cândeşti no. 31 5-

and 6 = Tilişca (after Rustoiu 1996), Rustoiu (after Tilişca = 6 2 (after Vulpe (after 10- - - 7-

9 13

34 33 from upstream km significant. 60 about Therefore, upon someofthem,which weconsidertobemore insist we would milieu, found intheGeto-Dacian and Orientalworkshops onal Dacia tively smallnumberontheterritoryof the Meridi that considered “ made of “bronze” or “white metal as being literature in thespecialized considered the metaltheyweremadeof, the mirrorshadbeen . Different scales. Bărbulescu2014, 71. Rustoiu1996,169. Without going Without into detailsaboutallthe going mirrors 5

A.

), 2 1976), 2 ”, as they“ -

the mirrors are presentina rela

3

= Grădiştea (after Sîrbu (after Grădiştea

7- were productsof the Italic ” 34 9 = Mereşti (after Mereşti = 9 . ” 3 33 Bărbulescu .

6

- - 87 - - -

b b b (after (after

Nucet (after Turcu Turcu (after - Nucet Cristian Schuster, Done �erb�nescu Done Schuster, Cristian . The respective item is to be . 36 Collection of the Bucharest City ), ), 2 = Popeşti

. The mirror, made of bronze, is almost The mirror, . Turcu 1979, 101, fig. 14; Tezaur 1998, 12, no. 109. Tezaur 1998, 12, no. 1979, 101, fig. 14; Turcu it has a circular body with 92 millimetres in diam found today in the Museum entirely preserved and, according to Mircea Negru, “ there face its On rim. perforations on the and eter are two incised circles, on the back, four in relief 36 ical campaigns of the ’30s-’40s of the past cen the past ’30s-’40s of the ical campaignsof Unfor Rosetti found another mirror. Dinu V. tury, the information about the exact place of tunately, this find is missing

3 2 1 - - - - - photo photo Ion Tuţulescu, 2015 . We should We . = Ocniţa ( 35 b - a . The older investiga . , also on the right bank Nucet 1979), 3 = Locusteni (after Popilian 1980). Different scales. Roman Roman mirrors: 1 – Roman mirrors: 1a-b = Ocniţa (photo I. Tuţulescu, 2015), 2 = Popeşti- . Gorgana a Doua from Popeşti- from VIII Fig. 8 Fig. a a a Turcu 1979) 3 = Locusteni (after Popilian 1980). Different scales. Different Popilian (after 1980). Turcu 1979) 3 = Locusteni Pl. Dava Vulpe R. 1959, 314; Vulpe R. 1966, 36. Unfortunately, R. 1966, 36. Unfortunately, Vulpe R. 1959, 314; Vulpe diameter of 6.3 cm. there were not provided too many details and illustration. It was only mentioned that the complete mirror had a 35 and fragmentary disk-shaped mirrors by the col lective coordinatedRadu Vulpe by also emphasize during the archaeolog here that, trudes into the river valley, we could find the impor the find could we valley, river the into trudes tant tions resulted in the discovery of some complete Radovanu- pro strongly which foothill a on River, Argeş the of 88 Mirror, Mirror... inMyHand 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 an item,« those of the 4 shaped mirrorsof small dimensionscomparedto of the2 Zimnicea, inburials 2 1/1b) shouldbeincludedamongstthe items of the the metal(Fig. for pouring lar tracesofthemould the irregu and thebacksidewearing well polished (diameter = 5.4 cm; Fig. 1/1), with the front side mirror madeofbronze the disk-shaped one, while – 4 um’s book,thisitemshouldbeassignedtothe3 opinion, based upona written noteinthe muse recover,fragment. Inhis others, amirror among to managed Olteniţa, from Museum the of rector stroyed thissite.BarbuIonescu,atthattimeDi tlement " on thespot since 1962, from Greaca making grave goods. as life, aswell used themirrorsintheirquotidian had ones, rich the probably Popeşti, from people 1 longed, as established by Alexandru Vulpe, to the » roir enbronze no. 2 the from exactly more Popeşti, from lis beginning ofthe2 that therespective plausible for Popeşti- assigned tothe1 be object should that therespective tia, considered no. 220 rors fromDacia(like,for instance, Locusteni- turn in the2 dated been have of bronze, consideredas being imports, would Turcu, thismirror tin oristinned it contains surface because It hasagraysilver or incisedconcentriccirclesandalittlethickness. Părul" nd st Alexandrescu 1980, 26,figs.44/9=76/17. Unfortunately, atthat time,anentirelineofarchaeological Vulpe A. 1976,198,fig.6/25. Popilian1980,96,pl.XXX/5. MirrorsofRiha Turcu 1979,104. Negru2004,279,fig.1. South-west from Radovanu, during the terrace during from Radovanu, South-west necropo tumular the in that, significant also is It localisation ofthespot" field andarchiveinvestigations couldnotresultinanexact quent excavations(seeSîrbu sites hadbeencompletely, orstronglyaffected. Thesubse at Greaca, and Popeşti Radovanu, from West c. BC. This find attested that some of the Getic the of some that attested find BC. This c. th – 1 39 c. AD. an erroneous His datation isobviously , it couldberecoveredafragment« , based upon the analogies withRomanmir , based upontheanalogies st , resulted in the discovery of aGeticset the discovery in , resulted 42 40 c.BC. . Unfortunately, some interventionsde ; Fig. 8/3), , ; Fig. 8/3),Pannonia, andDalma miroir en métal blanc » th variantB ” (Fig.8/2) – 3 (Fig. 7/1) 38 st nd rd , as wellotherobjectsmade – 2 Dava c. AD. c. BC were discovered.Such Nucet Părul" nd , seeNegru2004,280withlit. c. AD. Infact, this isalso . nd hadbeenuseduntilthe A et alii 41 37 – 1 bout aToilet ArticleoftheGeto-Dacians , ifwetakeintoaccount .

. The tumulushadbe . to Mioara According nd st 1996),aswellour c. BC. Negru in his c.BC.Negru – 1 (Fig.4/3) st c.BC,disk- Tumulus d’un mi d’un 43 Burial , was rd ------mensions andwithdiametersofabout4.5-6cm objects, ofsmalldi of thetypedisk-shaped to the first half of the 1 complexes (namely of twoother in each recovered 6/8-9) wasalso (Fig. 6/7) discovered was datedinthe1 AD no. 1 them in of fourfragments,some in therecovery sulted were discovered. had re The olderinvestigations mirror fragments several campaigns, chaeological Gruiu Dării mented inthe docu foils. Otherfragmentswere bronze circular in theshapeof both comingfrommirrorsmoulded were discoveredinthe mensions small di all ofthemmadebronzeandhaving “ County), (Brăila part ofthegravegoods 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 was alsodiscovereda mirror witha large diameter, incised circles(Fig.3/2,4) 4-5) (Fig. 3/1-2, of upto5-6cmindiameter dimensions, ings andpits). The mirrorsarenormallyof small (dwell complexes different in as well layer,as cal c. AD mirror type of “ ing “ recover severalmirrorfragments,allofthembe dava 50-1 B.C, 122/14-15. Berciu1981a,51,pl.36/25; Berciu1981a,fig.22/3,pls.36/24, 38/6,48/3. Berciu1981a,50-51;1981b, 56. Dupoi,Sîrbu2001,40;Sîrbu,Rustoiu2005,71. Sîrbu, Rustoiu 2005, 41, 66, figs. 50/10, 68/5: 61/3: fig. 71, 41, 2005, Rustoiu Sîrbu, Dupoi,Sîrbu2001,21,fig.127. Dupoi,Sîrbu2001,fig.27. Sîrbu1992,37;1996,41. pl. 100, 1996, Sîrbu 14/3; fig. 172, 1983, Sîrbu, Anastasiu Sîrbu1996,36. In the fortified enclosure from Pietroasa Mică- Pietroasa from enclosure fortified the In In eastern ,inthe c. AD. IIb 3/7: from 2 ( Ocniţa at , from investigations The =10-40 AD, 48 white metal 53 , datedattheendof1 Roman or Hellenistic-Roman imports Roman or Hellenistic-Roman . Morerecently, inthe ; Vâlcea County)enabledthe scientists to , dated at the half of middle/second the 1 52 . Twowith decorated been items had ofthese . They werefoundbothinthearchaeologi Trench no. 2 Dwellingno.9/1987 ” were identified were ” ” and belonged tothe2 ” andbelonged (Buzău County), Complex no.35 Pit no.160 ”, which rendered the“ fragments ofatleast5objects, st nos. 2 c. BC, a mirror portion was c.BC,amirrorportion 47 49 st , . Onesuchfragment(Fig. c. AD Complex no. 1-Deposition no. Complex Pit no. 72 st 46 44 c. BC–beginningofthe1 54 Burial C10M21 and , thatbelongedtothe . =25-100 AD. Complex no. 18 no. Complex . Two ofthefragments

during the different ar . Ontheotherhand,it Dava 50 . All theitemswere et alii 35 ), yet, assigned from Grădiştea Complex no. 18 nd 1988,174,fig. (Fig. 7/2-3) c.BC–1 disk-shaped Complex no. . ”, made , which Level Buri st 51 c. 45 st =

st . ------,

89 , ------70 . 69 ” (Constanţa established . This object c. AD, made made AD, c. . st 68 ). . , or Grădiştea 64 ” had on its back had on its had a diameter 71 it was recovered . . A mirror handle, A . 66 Group B at Murighiol (Tulcea at Murighiol (Tulcea 65 c. BC, was found at at c. BC, was found . The handle The handle had a trun . st . If the other items, the If . Catalogul descoperirilor. Catalogul descoperirilor. introduced into a bronze towards the second dec Level II Catalogul descoperirilor. Catalogul descoperirilor. 63 72 Valea lui Voicu lui Voicu Valea , showing that the item had – 1 ” it was also made the disk- ” it was also made Cristian Schuster, Done �erb�nescu Done Schuster, Cristian 67 Valea Largă" Valea nd c. BC, discovered at Cândeşti st Tumulus no. I Tumulus c. BC, were also found in the Getic c. BC, were also century B.C., if not towards the end if not towards century B.C., ” (Fig. 2/1) st nd Valea Valea Largă white metal – 1 nd In Transylvania, besides the objects mentioned besides the Transylvania, In 2003, 246, Teodor R., Vulpe 675 şi podoabe no. Obiecte vestimentare 680 şi podoabe no. Obiecte vestimentare From a “ smaller dimensions, which belonged Mirrors of Another mirror, strongly affected by fire, was Bobi 1999, 183, pls. CV/11 = CVI/11. Bobi 1999, 183, pls. CV/11 Bobi 1999, 183, pls. CVII/1 = CVI/14. Irimia, Conovici 1989, 148, fig. 31/15; Irimia 2007, 166. Simion 2003, 351. Simion 1995, 268, fig. 3b; Simion 2003, 330, fig. 3b. Lupu 1989, pl. 27/14-17; Rustoiu 1996, 169, fig. 107/1-3. Rustoiu 1996, 169; Pop 2013, 231. Florea 1993, 175, fig. 1/2. Vulpe R., Teodor 2003, 67, fig. 135. 2003, 67, fig. Teodor R., Vulpe 2003, 247, Teodor R., Vulpe 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 by Ioan Glodariu, there are also to be mentioned by Ioan Glodariu, there are also 7/5-6) 3/6, Fig. County; (Sibiu Tilişca from those Şimleul Silvaniei (Sălaj County) Muncelului- same like other mirrors discovered in the region of Grădiştea Muncelului, are of small dimensions, the one on the spot " ac being part, 2 mm, and a thickness of 15 cm of cording to Gelu Florea, of the 63 64 ade of the 2 of the first quarter of that century made of bronze, which most probably had a diam eter of 13 cm, had been “ frame and endowed with an iron handle rounded riv two by plaque the on fixed and cross-section in pass This detail could show the possibility of ets. workshop ing this mirror through a reparation of bronze, but plated with silver, “ silver, but plated with of bronze, a decoration rendering personages two within a circular frame pierced and had been cated shape shaped condition), mirror (in a fragmentary as the 1 signed to County) (Fig. 7/4) (Vrancea 14,8 cm and moulded with a length of in bronze, belonging the 2 to County) Cârlomăneşti (Buzău to the 2 sites from Dobroudja. an Such example could be Satu Nou- the site from County), where, from the a fragment of a mirror a diameter of about 4.5 cm. discovered by Gavrilă Simion in the Getic crema tion burial from County), being assigned “ One of these mirrors dated in the 1 in the mirrors dated these of One . . . - - - - - 60 62 58 c. ” ” st small from with a – 1 nd . This ob 55 and in the Dava ” (2 AD. c. st relatively large whitish material, Dava . Nucet from Răcătău (Bacău (Fig. 8/1a-b) c. BC – 1 st ; Galaţi County) resulted Dava appendix for fixing the handle . ”, having the dimensions between 61 . They both belonged They to Dacian lev . 1999, 30-31, figs. 17/1-18, 18/1-9, 19; Vulpe Vulpe 1999, 30-31, figs. 17/1-18, 18/1-9, 19; Burial no. 381 59 Piroboridava et alii . The subsequent investigations enriched . ”, were found both in the were ”, ” getting in 1989 at more than 20 (Fig. 7/10- more than in 1989 at ” getting 56 ” . 57 The research undertaken in the Mirrors, whichnumbered more than 30 com In , in the R., Teodor 2003, 67, figs. 133/1, 3-18, 134/1-5, 7-9. Teodor R., the handle had been proven by the presence, towards the edge, at equal distances, of three fixing perforations (see The second type had larger dimensions (diam Vulpe R., Teodor 2003, 67, fig. 134/2. 2003, 67, fig. Teodor R., Vulpe The existence of 134/6. 2003, 67, figs. Teodor R., Vulpe Ursachi 1995, pls. 209/27-32, 34-37, 332/27-30 Teodor Căpitanu 1976, 65. 11/1-5. Căpitanu 1989, 103, fig. Ursachi 1995, 243. Berciu 1981a, fig. 22/3. made of common metal or bronze, with a rounded made of common bronze mirrors covered with a foil of white metal. bronze mirrors covered 61 62 59 60 56 57 58 dowed with an “ 55 eters between 9-16 cm) and was thicker, being en eters between 9-16 cm) and was thicker, They are disk-shaped, with a diameter of 2-5.5 cm (Fig. 2/2-4, 6), a single item having a handle on its back (Fig. 2/5) and thin, made of bronze, covered with a pellicle of white metal, the respective material being very brittle the fragments have small dimensions BC). According to Radu Vulpe and Silvia Teodor, Teodor, and Silvia According to Radu Vulpe BC). first The categories. two into parted be could these one is represented by the mirrors which are “ Poiana ( in a “ mirrors in the discovery of number in the last Geto-Dacian level (Fig. 6/4-6) els, being dated in the 1 These had been moulded from a “ silver or bronze 0,01-0,02 cm with a thickness of 3.2 and 5.3 cm, handle open settlement, being either dwellings, pits or the archaeological layer from Brad (Bacău County) rounded and endowedshape, on the lower part with a small extension, probably introduced into a wooden or bone support, represented by the plete items, but mostly fragmentary ones, “ plete items, but mostly fragmentary “ shape 13) They were disk-shaped They were disk-shaped and had no diameter over 4 cm items, complete or fragmentary the number of County), until 1976, had been discovered County), until 1976, 13 “ with a concentric with a concentric of smaller circle made circles on its back circles on as well as the incised its edge, at Popeşti- side discovered of 8 cm, in of 8 cm, decorated mirror resembles with the strongly ject 90 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 Greek orRomanmilieu” Dării” Gruiu at also covered of thetypedis mirror ofsmalldimensions, bronze that emphasized Rustoiu Aurel and Sîrbu riu » tailles différentes de bronze de miroirs les des objects grecs d’importation doit inclure aussi... that of Enisala, pointed outthat« pecially by thesitesofDobroudja the itemsrevealed origin Italic their excluded not is it but Pont, the and la ated inthe Greek world,inthe Balkan Peninsu “ world the Classical “ were the mirrors workshops Italic the of products were Ocniţa from mirrors the ofDumitruBerciu the opinion 1 in the imports thatbecomemoreintense Roman produced have been it isassumedthattheycould where or RomancentressituatedinthevicinityofDacia, the mirrorsare“ origin Hellenistic of zone, mostofthembeing the Mediterranean sidered that the mirrors“ the in North-Pontic regions especially Dacia, of proximity the in area in an necropolis settlements and in Geto-Dacian “ out thatthe mirrorshadbeen pointed Vulpeproducts. Radu imported and Silvia Teodor of the2 milieu Dacian the specialists considerthemirrorsfrom the Geto- Sighişoara- County; Fig.7/7-9) (Harghita 1 without handles,whichwereusedbetweenthe documented, had been dimensions rors ofsmall by Lloyd-Morgan Mirror, Mirror... inMyHand Their production centres mighthavebeensitu Their production st st Sîrbu,Rustoiu 2005, 41. Simion1985,278;2003, 325. Babeş2000,225. Glodariu1974,249. Berciu1981b,95. Berciu1981b,51. Crişan2000,141. Vulpe R., Teodor 2003,67. Vulpe R., Teodor 2003,67. Horedt,Seraphin1971,fig.64/2-4;Rustoiu1997,43. Crişan,Ferenzi1994,387,pls. V/12, 16, VIII/7-8; Rustoiu Florea1993,175:“ As it results from the above lines,the majority of Chirilă, Crişan2000,141,pl.40/16-18.. 1996, 169,fig.107/5-7;Crişan2000,141,pl. 111/16-18; of the1 used intheHellenisticépoqueuntiltowards thebeginning c.BC–1 century half in itssecond A.D., especially ” 82 st Gviă iin we dsusn about discussing when Simion, Gavrilă . century A.D ”. “ ” Wietenberg 80 The mirrorsarepartofthenumerous . Ioan Glodariu had considered that . Ioan Glodariuhadconsidered st c. AD, like the items from Mereşti from items the like AD, c. imported, probably, from theGreek ” 73 77 this typeofmirror hadbeenmostly produced in different centres of centres different in produced . In the east of the province, mir . Intheeastofprovince, ” . Viorica Crişan Viorica . .”. 81 ” 76 . Mircea Babeş showed that showed Babeş Mircea . nd 75 . The samespecialistscon c.BC–1 84 are importedobjectsfrom . . A . bout aToilet ArticleoftheGeto-Dacians

, had come 79 . He“ 74 , orthosefrom st c. AD asbeing 78 assumed that assumed showedthat documented “from the la liste . Vale 83 ”, was , es “the ------their content, enabled us tospeakaboutannexes their content,enabled by uated nearthecentralhearthinworkshop, workshop VI in sions of8.5x6m),documented inside hearths) (two fittings the and inventory the fore, There finds. other by documented also be could ent inthissettlementbetweenthe2 items. activity exist That anintensemetallurgical such toilet had functioned,whichproduced sions inthe dimen of small for mirrors of themoulds presence following lines. that wewillpresentinthe discussion interesting an make to possibility TeodorSilvia the us offered Pontic workshops(Olbia?).But, the statementof Greek origin,possiblycreatedinoneoftheNorth- tunately, the mirrorfrom this siteisobviouslyof a might havebeendoneina local workshop.Unfor from Cucorăni, admitted, as shown above, that this via Teodor,the object about discussing when who, 86 85 Dacia: to the originof this toilet item in for the population related several periods this issue,wecouldreveal from thesouth. to theitinerantcraftsmen coming easily accessible Întâi two those comprising cation systemfromRadovanu, fortifi the that forget not should We milieu. man South oftheDanube,fromGreekand/orRo men couldhavebeenitinerantones,comingfrom the idea that cannot beabandoned these crafts craftsmen. cal Getic/Dacian At thesametime,it “ even if objects, themirrormoulding, this was a were partoftheutensilskitjeweller. them, itishardtosaythatthemoulds between eter ofthe eastern part,respectivelythenorth-westernperim the south- namely workshop, cation ofthejeweller activity,traces ofmetallurgical thesameaslo other without found, anarea have been moulds of aconstructionmetalprocessing specialized Şerbănescu1998, 127-128. Şerbănescu1985,22; 1998,107-113; Şerbă nescu • about Thus, intherecentstageofresearch As in thecaseof making otherbronzeorsilver thespot where the When considering mirror The finds from Radovanu- from finds The A dissonant noteamongarchaeologistswasSil , X dava ", wassituatedclosetotheriver, therefore and Imports fromtheScythian andGreekwork Construction et alii onthe" F 85 , had showedusthatthiswasajeweller . Besides, twopits, Dava 2012a,109. dava ” work, could be also performed by lo performed be also ” work,could , with a distance of about 55 m 55 of about a distance , with , thereareproofsthataworkshop Gorgana a Doua" a Gorgana

No. 1/1971 Gorgana aDoua nos. 33 (with the dimen Trenches no.II and" nd 86 and . – 1 Gorgana st 34 c.BC , the , sit ------, 91 , - - - - . 93 , ,

), ). Radu Sat . c. BC c. Burial nd Renie ( Dealul Străuleşti Tell . Of course, course, Of . Well no. 5 Well 94 Burial no. 2 Burial no. 3 Zona puţului ), Chiscani- . Canalul de Irigaţie 96 his life and after his - ” ), Bucureşti- 8 ), Gălăţui ( 2013, 333, figs. 2/3, 7/3, 8/6, and Însurăţei Cristian Schuster, Done �erb�nescu Done Schuster, Cristian The mirrors had been worn The mirrors ), ), Drăgăneşti, Dridu- et alii and Gropşani- . Most probably, the mirrors are the probably, Most . ), Pietroiu, Ulmeni ( 92 7 95 Burials nos. 1, 3, 6-7 Burial no. 1 ( and Burials nos. 6 Sat Burial no. 11 Burial no. 1-B , Călăraşi ( , Bucu ( ”. ), Dridu- c. AD, but even subsequently. Still, for the Still, AD, but even subsequently. c. nd Burials nos. 1 shared the opinion that “ rich and coquette women of the by the more probably the like amulet-medallions, hung around Carpic society, neck, with the decorated side (tamga) being visible and At the same time, they the body. the polished one towards their bearer had ,..., also a magical meaning, of protecting the evil spirits, both during from death 16/9 = 17/2, 20/1; Oţa figs. 1/3, 2/3, 4/2, 6/1-28/1- 9/2; Oţa, Sîrbu 2014, 112-113, 19/732/3: Borduşelu, Brăila- 4, 9/4, 10/9, 11/318/10, Negru Piscului Ciulniţa ( no. 2 Grădiştea ( Luciu, Mărunţei, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Olteniţa- ( Therefore, the “dilemma” the “dilemma” Therefore, the origin about of used by the Could this toilet item had been also Bichir 1984, 25. Popilian 1998, 101, pl. 63/the area of the Oţa, Sîrbu 2009, 96-97, 104, 107, 122, figs. 14/6 = 15/3, Bichir 1973, 106-107, pls. CLXXIII/16, CLXXIV/1-6, Bichir (1973, 110-111) Gheorghe Oţa, Sîrbu 2014, 113. CLXXV/1, CLXXXII/17: Poiana-Dulceşti, Gălăţii. Dumitreştii Poieneşti, Butnăreşti, Pădureni, teşcoiu, Silişte, Vâr an indicator of the female sex 92 93 94 95 96 Chilia-Militari, Chilia-Militari, like those from Bucureşti- Târgşor Mătăsaru, from mirrors in the sites had worked the those who North of the Danube, cannot applied be just for the 2 period between the the Geto-Dacians in – 2 Daco-Roman things seem period from Muntenia the moulding to be more clear: toilet ob of such a by the Sarmatian craftsmen. ject had been done should forget that they had not included often We them among the grave goods of their burials. Re shown that such toilet objects had cent studies had been documented in several sites from other re mirrors had been also recovered gions of “ or they female sex in the case of the Geto-Dacians, For the moment were part of the unisex category? to this question. it is hard to give a certain answer also found in other Daco-Roman in other Daco-Roman also found or settlements,

------rd for -3 The nd ”. The ”. . In the . 88 workshops . . The fact that . 89 ” had been done c. AD). Gheorghe AD). c. th . Mirrors had been people specialized in 91 ” inscription, as well as inscription, as well as – 4 – Gruiu Dării c. AD – both mirrors with AD – both mirrors c. nd ?) AD. c. st nd the alchemists of the 2 c. BC; tamga ”. There, it was discovered a was There, it ”. rd , where “ . This fact has been proven, in This fact has been proven, . (2 -Câmpul Boja ”, like the one from Bucureşti- st 87 ” – 3 th c. BC – 1 BC c. . According to Mircea Negru, “ . nd 90 mirrors of Sarmatian-Carpicmirrors of type c. BC – 1 ”, had enabled him to consider that “ consider that to had enabled him ”, Câmpul Boja nd lieu – 2 shops, especially shops, especially in the north-Pontic those 5 region – the Hellenistic Imports from Roman and mi Subsequently, they could they could be also recovered Subsequently, complexes from the settlements, both in the (constructions, pits) and the archaeologi in well, in spe as Mirrors were found, cal layer. cial complexes, like the fortified enclosure from Pietroasa Mică- 2 emphasizeAlso, we should at the be that, the mirrors in the of presence the ginning of they were predomi Geto-Dacian space, goods. funerary the part of nantly present as large and small diameters; large and Local products are also possible, these be the metallurgicaling the result of of activity Geto- coming from the itinerant craftsmen, local ones other also of Dacian space, but either , or Dacians • The tradition of using the mirrors had been con using the tradition of The • • Negru 2000, 120, pl. 102:4. Negru 2000, 120. Bichir 1984, 25. Bichir 1973, 109; Bichir 1984, 21, pl. LIV/1. Bichir 1973, 109. 90 91 87 88 89 appliqué the bronze processing in this site Sarmatian crafts men had been specialized plete mould presence of this mould, associated with that of some Sarmatian vessels and of (a) flower-shaped items of this had category, been confirmed during the archaeological campaign of 1996 by the dis com the into “fits” that fragment mirror a of covery craftsmen, who worked in the workshops, could be “ at Bucureşti-Militari fragments from other three such objects fragments from opinion specialist, here had been the mentioned of moulded “ this field had existed of made mirrors, Sarmatiantype bivalve mould for with a clayish stone, his opinion, by the existence of some “ his opinion, by the existence of for mirror moulding Militari- centuries A.D. had surpassed their predecessors A.D. centuries from the Latène period, concerning techno their logical knowledge tinued by the Geto-Dacians from Muntenia dur from Geto-Dacians tinued by the Roman (2 period ing the Bichir “ had noted that 92 Mirror, Mirror... inMyHand Lupu 1989 Irimia, Conovici1989 Irimia 2007 Horedt, Seraphin1971 Glodariu 1974 Florea 1993 Dupoi, Sîrbu2001 Crişan, Ferenczi1994 Crişan 2000 Chirilă, Crişan2000 Căpitanu 1989 Căpitanu 1976 Bobi 1999 Bichir 1984 Bichir 1973 Berciu Berciu 1981b Berciu 1981a Berciu 1957 Bărbulescu 2014 Babeş Babeş 2000 Alexandrescu 1980 et alii et alii 1988 2009 . A bout aToilet ArticleoftheGeto-Dacians

a României,Vol. III(M-Q) M. Babeş, XXIV, 1980,19-126. D. Alexandrescu, Alexandrina N. Lupu, 1989, 115-154. Voicu” (com. Oltina,jud.Constanţa).Raportpreliminar M. Irimia,N.Conovici, 225. existenţei unoremporiaînzonaDunăriiInferioare M. Irimia, bei Sighişoara-Schässburg K. Horedt,C.Seraphin, 1974. I. Glodariu, , XXVII-XXX(1990-1993),1993,173-180 G. Florea, Biblioteca Mousaios.Monografii Arheologice,I,Buzău,2001. V. Dupoi,V. Sîrbu, Cercetările arheologicedinanii1986-1993 V. Crişan, Monografii Arheologice,II,SfântuGheorghe,2000. V. Crişan, Monografii Arheologice,II,SfântuGheorghe, arheologic aljudeţuluiHarghita E. Chirilă,V. Crişan, de laRăcătău,judeţulBacău V. Căpitanu, geto-dacică delaRăcătău(jud.Bacău) V. Căpitanu, d. Chr.) V. M.Bobi, Biblioteca dearheologie,XLIII,Bucureşti,1984. Gh. Bichir, Gh. Bichir, Buridava dacică.VI D. Berciu,M.Iosifaru,S.Purice,P. Gherghe, Thraco-Dacica, II,1981,53-63. D. Berciu, D. Berciu, 1957, 281-317. începutului formăriiculturiilatènegeto-dacelaDunăreadeJos D. Berciu, cercetărilor arheologice(sec.Ia.Chr. –Ip.Chr.) C.A. Bărbulescu, apariţie (1969-2009 21-22 (2008-2009– Naţională deRapoarte Arheologice, Târgovişte,27-30mai,2008 Cercetărilor Arheologice dinRomânia/Campania2008. A XLIII-aSesiune jud. Teleorman, Punct:CâmpulMorţilor(str. Cetăţii–prelungire) M. Babeş, A. Ganciu,C.Muja,I. Torcică, T. Nica,D.Măndescu, , Bibliotheca Thracologica, XXIX,Bucureşti,1999. Două piesedeimportînzonaaşezărilordacicedinMunţii Orăştiei Tilişca. Aşezările arheologicedepeCăţănaş Consideraţii privindaşezărilegeţilordinDobrogea Şt Dacii dinestulTransilvaniei Despre unelerezultatealecercetărilordelaOcniţa–Vîlcea Buridava dacică Descoperirile geticedelaCernavoda(1954) Oglindă Geto-dacii dinMunteniaînepocăromană Cultura Carpică Civilizaţia geto-dacilordelaCurburaCarpaţilor(sec.VIî.Chr Relaţii comercialealeDacieiculumeaelenistică . Ferenczi, Obiecte depodoabă Principalele rezultatealesăpăturilorarheologiceînaşezarea BIBLIOGRAPHY Relaţii daco-romanelaDunăreadeJosînlumina , inC.Preda(ed.), Incinta dacicăfortificatădelaPietroasele-GruiuDării (I) , Thraco-Dacica, IX,1-2,1988,171-179. ), Târgovişte, 2009,232-233. număr aniversarcuocaziaîmpliniriia40deani XXV. Mereşti,comună Aşezarea geticăfortificată delaSatuNou-„Valea lui Aşezarea dacicădelaMereşti(judeţulHarghita). Die prähistorische Ansiedlung aufdemWietenberg , Bucureşti,2000,225. , Bucureşti,1981. , Bucureşti,1973. , Antiquitas R.3,10,Bonn,1971. , Carpica,XX,1989,97-124. La nécropolegètedeZimnicea , MuzeulCarpaţilor şi piesevestimentaredescoperiteîndava , MuzeulCarpaţilor Enciclopedia Arheologiei Enciclopedia , Carpica,VIII,1976,49-72. . , AMN, 31/I,1994,377-432. , inV. Cavruc(red.), Descoperiri 2000, 139-143. , Cluj-Napoca,2014. , Pontica,XL,2007,137- Răsăriteni.Seria , Institutulde Arheologie. , Bucureşti,1989. , Thraco-Dacica, X, 1-2, şi Răsăriteni.Seria uneleaspecteale şi însemnăridela şi şi , DaciaN.S. problema romană , Materiale,IV, şi Repertoriul Zimnicea, , in , Valachica, IstorieiVechi Cronica , , Cluj, . –II , , 93 ,

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