Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-45597-8 — Cultural Encounters on Byzantium's Northern Frontier, C

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-45597-8 — Cultural Encounters on Byzantium's Northern Frontier, c. AD 500–700 Andrei Gandila Index More Information

Index

12-nummia, 225–226, 233, 235 Anemurium, 55, 58 Abasgi, 192, 198, 200, 204–205, 217 Ani, 199, 204, 206, 209 Abasgia, 201, 203–204 Annaeus Florus, 22 Abkhazia, 96, 199, 201, 204, 210 annona, 46, 48, 69, 139, 142, 150, 162, 283 Accres, 86 Antes, 4, 86, 92, 128, 141, 144, 156, 173, 190, acculturation, 136, 287 265, 268, 270, 280, 287 Adamclisi, 55–56, 73, 79, 93, 182 Antioch, 159, 172, 177, 180–181, 185, Adjovski gradec, 48 200–201, 207 Adriatic Sea, 53, 63, 148, 157, 222 Apalina, 225 Aegean Sea, 53, 63–64, 162, 182 Apsili, 192, 198, 200, 205 Agathias, 18, 22, 176, 194, 201, 286 Apsilia, 201, 204–205 Aila, 191 Apulum. See Alba-Iulia Ak’ura, 213 Aquis, 56, 59, 80, 96, 115, 184 Akhali Atoni, 201 Arabia, 132, 152, 203, 232 Akhaltsikhe, 207 Arabs, 1, 187, 214–215 Akhtopol, 189 Arad, 236 Alamans, 26 Araxes river, 208, 215 Alans, 192, 202–203, 207 Archaeopolis, 157, 198, 200, 207, 209, Alba-Iulia, 55–56, 61, 64, 107 212–213 Albania, 18, 90, 194, 196, 206–208, 211 Archar, 53 Alboin, king, 230 Ardagast, 170, 182 Alcedar-Odaia, 274 Argamum, 74 Alexandretta, 235 Argeș river, 170 Alexandria, 189, 201, 225–226, 233, 235 aristocracy. See elites Alföldi, Andreas, 11, 20 Aristotle, 258 Almăjel, 171 Armenia, 7, 194, 198–200, 202, 204, 206, Alps, 122, 217, 232, 287 209–211, 213–215, 217 Amasra, 201 Prima, 196 Amasya, 196 Secunda, 196 Ambéli, 254, 256 Arnoldstein, 231 Ambroz, A. K., 246 Artaxata, 19 Amorium, 57 Asia Minor, 53, 56–59, 96, 99, 183, 193, 207, amphorae, 6, 40–41, 46, 48–50, 69, 80, 139, 211 142, 170–171, 201, 205, 283 Asparuch, 188 LR1, LR2, 48, 51, 142, 282 Assyria, 15 Pontic, 51 At’ots’i, 215 spatheia, 48, 64 Athanaric, 26, 107 Anastasius, 8, 96, 137, 152, 157, 160, 162–163, Athens, 53, 64 168, 170, 192, 199, 202, 207, 221– Attila, 24, 26, 112, 114, 137, 147, 161, 190, 217, 223, 228, 244 220 Anatolia. See Asia Minor Augustus, 228 Anchialus, 181 Aurelian, 33, 138, 160 Andes Mountains, 252, 260 Austria, 223, 226–227, 233, 236, 238 363

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-45597-8 — Cultural Encounters on Byzantium's Northern Frontier, c. AD 500–700 Andrei Gandila Index More Information

364 Index

Auxentius, 106 east of, 15, 205 Avaria, 9, 49, 53, 67, 74–75, 98, 122, 124–125, north of, 51, 74, 138, 148, 152, 169, 171, 230–231, 233, 235–236, 240, 263, 287 185–186, 244, 246, 261, 265, 287 Avars, 4, 7, 19, 26–27, 30, 49, 76, 79, 93, 98–99, west of, 49, 63, 65, 175, 189 126, 134, 140, 147–148, 176, Blancart, M., 255 179–183, 186, 190, 193, 205, Boa, 202 209–211, 217, 220, 229–232, 236, Bočar, 225 239, 261, 263–264, 266–269, Bohemia, 157, 222, 228, 235, 238 271–272, 280–281, 285, 287 Bohouňovice, 232 Axiopolis, 179, 185 Bohuslavice, 234, 238 Azande, 253 Bol’shaia Orlovka, 216 Azov Sea, 216 Boljetin, 179 Bóna, István, 247 Bacău, 86, 175, 180 Bonosus, 127 Bački Monoštor, 236 Borniș, 84, 97 Bahram, general, 208 Borolea, 171 Baian, 27, 268 Borşeni, 85 Băiceni, 173 Bosman, 182 Balaton, lake, 79 Bosnia, 223 Balatonfüzfő-Szalmássy, 122 Bosporus, 202 Balotaszállás, 222 Botoșana, 36, 49, 73–74, 124, 170, 277 Balta Verde, 99 bracteates, 215, 221, 263 Baltic Sea, 75, 157, 178, 193, 221 Bratei, 52, 67, 93 Banat, 126, 162, 176–178, 184, 224 British West Africa, 254 Banatski Karlovac, 225 Brody, 96 Bancerovoe, 75 brooches, 6, 41, 49–50, 58, 97, 124, 142, 150, Bârlad, 167, 182, 188 278, 284 Bârlăleşti, 85 bow, 87–88, 90–93, 118, 180, 277, 282 Bartel, Brad, 136 cast, with bent stem, 76–77, 81–82, 84–86, barter, 272 144 Bartym, 279 Cividale, 85 Baruya, 251 East Germanic, 88 Batumi, 199 with bent stem, 76–77, 79–81, 85, 88, 92, Bavaria, 226–227 125, 142, 180 Beclean, 226 Zaseckaia, 77 Bejan, Adrian, 82 Brown, Peter, 8 Béla IV, 20 Bucharest, 37, 79, 126, 147, 170, 178, 189, 274 Belarus, 75, 84, 189 Băneasa, 50 Belgrade, 6, 96, 223–224 Cățelu Nou, 37, 50, 278 Belisarius, 115, 226 Ciurel, 37 Beloyariv’ka, 172, 265 Foişorul Mavrocordaţilor, 50 Berezeni, 189 Măgurele, 169 Bernashivka, 73–75, 88 Mihai Vodă, 50 Beroe, 38, 55, 59 Militari, 79–80 Beth She’an, 263 Soldat Ghivan, 49–50, 52, 67, 75 Bhabha, Homi, 136 Străulești, 74–75 Biertan, 108–109 Străulești-Lunca, 37, 124 Bjelovar, 227 Străulești-Măicănești, 37, 50 Black Sea, 64, 98, 154, 172, 187, 196, 200–201, Tei, 88 203, 209, 253 buckles, 6, 41, 49–50, 58, 74, 94, 97, 99, 124, coast, 48, 55, 63, 96, 99, 162, 181–182, 189, 142, 150, 180, 284 191, 193, 196, 199, 202, 206, Beroe, 94, 96 211–212, 215, 249, 266, 285 Corinth, 90

Index 365

Pápa, 97–98 Marukha, 200 Salona-Histria, 97–98 north of, 203, 207, 210, 212, 215–216, 246, Sucidava, 84, 94, 96, 98, 118, 125, 144 261 Syracuse, 97–99 Celje, 231, 238 Bucovina, 36 centenarium, 203, 205 Budapest, 156, 236 Červený Hrádek, 228 Buduma, 251 Cetea, 226 Budureasca, 73–75, 147 Ch’andrebi, 213 Bujanovac, 53 Ch’iatura, 210 Bukhlichskii Khutor, 84 Ch’iora, 213 Bulgaria, 4, 44, 64, 80, 82, 90, 96, 168, 189 Ch’khalt’a, 201 Bulgars, 22, 155, 173, 186–190, 237, 247, Ch’orvila, 215 282 Chad, 251 ﬁrst state, 44 Chad, lake, 251 Bumbești, 55 Chaopincha, 260 Butrint, 93 Charlemagne, 230 Buzău, 147, 180–181, 185 Chełm, 228 Byllis, 18 Chernyakhov culture, 34, 36, 76, 88, 137, 161 Cherry, David, 152 Calafat, 175 Chersonesus, 56, 64, 175, 201 Caliphate, 214–215 Chibati, 212, 240, 261 Callatis, 59 Chilbudius, 28, 114–115, 138, 172, 175, 268, Callinicum, 19 270 Cameroon, 251, 256 China, 11 Cândești, 67 Chkhorotsqu, 205 Capidava, 5, 40, 53, 55–57, 59, 61, 179, 184 Chmi, 210 Căprioara, 90 Chornivka, 84 Capris. See Koper Chosroes I, 203 Caričin Grad, 58, 61, 63, 67, 73–74, 82, Chosroes II, 20, 208–210, 213–214 92–93 Chotusice, 222 Carinthia, 231 Christianity Cârja, 171 artifacts, 107, 116, 118, 128 Carnuntum, 227, 232–233, 235 crosses, 73, 97, 116, 120, 127, 144, 148, Carolingian. See Charlemagne 150 Carpathian Maltese, 74, 122, 125 barrow culture, 36 ﬂasks, 116, 120, 126, 177 Basin, 7, 148, 154–155, 157, 159, 161, 169, Menas, 122, 128 217, 220, 224, 226, 229–230, 232, lamps, 108, 116–117, 120, 124–125 234, 240, 247, 261, 263, 284–287 bishoprics, 119–120 Mountains, 7, 21, 42, 49–50, 75, 85–86, 99, burials, 102 102, 118, 120, 125, 138, 148, 160, canons, 103, 119 167, 170–171, 173, 258, 283 cemeteries, 117–118 Carpi, 36–37 churches, 108, 117, 120, 201, 265 Carthage, 188–189, 201, 211, 228, 232–233, Folk, 102 235, 238 identity, 17, 84, 124, 142, 151 Caspian Sea, 178, 206, 285 in barbaricum, 101, 103–106, 109, 112, Catania, 235, 239 115–117, 120, 126, 128–130, 144, Caucasus Mountains, 7, 15, 96, 191–193, 200, 284 205, 208, 210, 217, 237, 240, 258, in Transcaucasia, 198, 201 263, 285 lamps, 283 Dariel, 202, 208 missions, 119 Gates, 192–193, 211 practices, 52, 63, 107, 117, 126, 144 Klukhor, 200 symbolism, 84, 118, 120, 125–126, 153

366 Index

Christianity (cont.) Cyzicus, 185 transdanubian, 3, 41 Czech Republic, 75, 157, 222–223, 226–229, Trinity, 256 232, 234–235, 238 vocabulary, 110 Chufut Kale, 93 Dacia, 122 Cilicia, 55, 215 diocese, 80, 114 Ciołek, Renata, 222 kingdom, 23, 33, 249 Cioroiu Nou, 175 Mediterranea, 58, 63, 80, 93 Cividale, 236 Ripensis, 55, 63, 80, 82, 98, 184 Coada Izvorului, 180 transdanubian, 21, 23, 25–26, 37, 42–44, 53, Colchis. See Lazica 61, 63, 67, 75, 101, 103–105, 107, Cologne, 25 109–110, 112–113, 117–118, 120, Colombia, 260 124, 128, 137–138, 142, 147–148, Comănești, 185, 277 150, 160, 280, 283 Congo, 251–253, 260 Dacians, 22 Constans II, 186, 188, 214–216, 235, 237–240 Dacicus Maximus, 105 Constanța, 55–57, 63–64, 189 Daco-Roman, 43, 87, 101–102, 108, 110, 118, Constantine IV, 187–189, 214–215, 237, 162, 244 240 Dafne, 25, 30, 105, 113 Constantine the Great, 25, 27–28, 34, 103–105, Dagistheus, 206 107, 112–113 Dalmatia, 63–64, 122, 128, 148, 221, 231, Constantinople, 26, 32, 55–58, 96, 112, 119, 287 122, 131, 138, 147, 190, 193, 208, Dănceni, 93, 118 213, 216, 224, 227, 229, 261, 264, Dande, 259 269, 281–282, 285 Dănești, 97, 118 mint, 159, 172, 175, 177, 232 Danube, 269 siege of, 49, 186–187, 220, 236–237, 262 as cultural interface, 6, 150, 152 Constantiolus, 264 as frontier, 2, 6, 8, 11, 16, 18–22, 24–27, 30, Constantius Chlorus, 113 32–33, 36, 41, 48, 52, 76, 80, 91–92, Constantius II, 106–107 97–98, 105, 111, 117, 120, 128–129, continuity thesis, 3, 5, 43, 110, 118 131, 133–134, 136, 138–139, Corinth, 64 141–142, 144, 148, 151–152, 154, Coșoveni, 188 167, 171–173, 176, 181–183, 185, Coșovenii de Jos, 88, 90 187, 189–190, 193–194, 206, 216, Cotești, 185 249, 253, 270, 273, 280–282, Cotiso, king, 22 287 cowrie, 251 Delta, 6, 188–189, 270 Craiova, 126–127, 169 fortiﬁcations, 18, 38, 81, 96, 114, 119, 140, Crete, 53 142, 171, 180, 183, 217, 223, 279, Crimea, 51, 56, 63, 74, 77, 88, 91, 93, 98–99, 282 170, 172 god Danubius, 26 Cristuru Secuiesc, 74 Iron Gates of, 80, 82, 86, 93, 115, 127, 142, Crnomelj, 48 167, 173, 175, 181, 223 Croatia, 63, 223, 226–227, 277 Lower, 5, 7, 14, 20–21, 26, 28, 36, 38, 48, 53, Cucorăni, 126, 177 55–58, 61, 63, 65, 69, 84, 87, 90, 94, Cudalbi, 171 98–99, 104, 106, 112, 115, 118, 129, Cunimund, king, 230–231 137, 144, 147, 154–155, 159, 161, Curcani, 188 169–170, 180, 183, 187, 190, 193, curopalates, 208 196, 203–204, 217, 220–221, 227, Curzon, Lord of Kedleston, 21 235, 249, 271, 284–286 Cutrigurs, 22, 30, 138, 172–173, 190, 205, 265, Middle, 48, 64, 67, 80, 85, 94, 98–99, 124, 270, 280, 286–287 147–148, 178, 182, 217, 221, 227, Cyprus, 38, 40 229, 231, 237, 246, 249, 286

Index 367

north of, 27–28, 31, 36, 41, 43, 49, 51–52, Dunafalva, 240 57–58, 64, 69, 71, 74, 76, 81, 85, 87, Dunăreni, 55 92–93, 97–100, 102–107, 109, Dunaújváros, 67 111–112, 114–116, 118–119, 122, Durostorum, 55, 96, 184, 189 124–125, 127–128, 130–132, 135, Dusheti, 204 139–140, 142, 144, 148, 151–153, Dvin, 206, 209, 211, 214 161–162, 175–177, 179–184, 194, Dzhaga, 215 226, 231, 252, 266–268, 270, 272, Dzhiginka, 202, 208 274, 278, 281, 283–284, 286 provinces, 73, 84, 111, 124, 127, 134, 140, earrings, 76 150, 156, 162, 168, 173, 179–180, Echmiazdin, 215 182–183, 269, 271 Edessa, 91 road along, 30 Egerlövő, 262 south of, 4, 22, 81, 86, 88, 90, 110, 124, 128, Egypt, 11, 31, 53, 63, 122, 183, 211 159, 265, 267–268 Einhard, 230 Upper, 219, 223 Eisenstadt, 227 Dara, 19 Elbe river, 222, 237 Dardania, 53 elites, 6, 50, 76, 116, 128, 150, 213, 225, 228, Darius the Great, 22 230, 234, 239, 285 Davideni, 73–74, 79–80, 84–85, 122, 125 England, 156 decanummium (¼ follis), 77, 160, 169, 175, Ephesus, 53 182, 185, 226, 228, 231–233, 235 Epirus, 93 Dedoplitskaro, 213 Erzurum, 196 Dej, 53 Eski Kermen, 93 Delphi, 63 Estonia, 74 Denmark, 239 Euboea, 260. See Ambéli Dervent, 91 Euphrates, 18, 26, 193, 200 Deultum, 65 Eusebius of Caesarea, 106 Dez, Jacques, 256 Evagrius, 232 Diaconescu, Alexandru, 65 Didi Chqoni, 212 Fălciu, 274 Dierna. See Orșova Fali, 256 Dinogetia, 38, 61, 91, 96, 142 Feldioara-Războieni, 58 Dionysopolis, 63 Felnac, 88 Dmanisi, 202, 207 Fenékpuszta, 117 Dnieper river, 51, 79–80, 85, 171, 173 Fetești, 181 Dniester river, 81, 184 ﬁbulae. See brooches Dobrudja, 44, 61, 65, 90, 120, 189 Fiji, 259 Domnești, 170 Firtuşu, 234 Don river, 216 foederati, 221, 249, 282 donativum, 177 follis, 96, 160, 167–168, 170, 175, 177, 180, 185, Donets’k, 265 189, 201, 207, 226, 231, 235, 238, Dorobanți, 168, 223 254–255, 272, 274, 277 Dorotheus, 199 Franks, 226 drachm, Sasanian, 7, 204, 208–209, Fritigern, 107 212–214 Drăgășani, 187–188 Gaatha, 112 Dranda, 210 Gabrovo, 81 Drava river, 217, 223, 237, 287 Găești, 171 Drobeta, 30, 57, 64, 82, 97–98, 167–169, 175, Galați, 188 177, 179, 181, 184, 193 Gambia, 259 Dubovac, 90 Gaza, 53 Dulceanca, 36, 50, 126, 140 General Kantardzhievo, 79–80

368 Index

Georgia, 157, 194, 196, 200, 204, 206, 208, 210, half-follis, 175–177, 182, 184, 206–207, 228, 212, 214, 216, 240, 244, 261 231–232, 235 Georgios Pisides, 27 Halmyris, 38, 53, 55–57, 59, 61 Gepidia, 9, 224 Hansca, 50, 75, 85 Gepids, 4, 19, 30, 93, 99, 114–115, 128, 138, hasina, 259 147, 162, 168, 176, 190, 221–222, Hausa, 253 224–226, 230, 265, 268–270, 272, Heraclius, 8, 20, 27, 157, 180, 184, 186, 280, 283, 287 211–214, 229, 233–238, 274, 277 Germanic, 38, 128, 132, 161, 217, 222, 229, Hercules, 256 235, 283 Herodotus, 22 Ghana, 252 Herules, 114, 128, 138, 141, 148, 168, 176, 190, Ghassanids, 132 222–224, 226, 266, 270 Gheorghe Doja, 225 hexagrammon, 157, 187, 189, 196, 211–214, Gherla, 65, 168, 223 236, 238, 240, 243, 277, 279, Gibbon, Edward, 11 286–287 Giurgița, 179 Histria, 56, 58, 77, 96, 98, 140 Goddas, 112 Holy Land. See Syria-Palestine Gogoșu, 181 Horga, 274 Goicea, 181 Horgești, 109, 182, 239, 277 Golesh, 79 Hormizd, 208 Gorna Sekirna, 74 Hradec Králové, 228 Goryachi Klyuch, 202 Hradyz’ke, 80 Gothia, 105–107, 119 Hrozová, 157, 238 Goths, 19, 24, 26, 105–106, 109, 112, Hrozová river, 238 114, 137 Hungary, 4, 20, 44, 79–80, 124, 222, 227, 231, Crimean, 99 233, 236–237, 240, 261–262, 278 Ostrogoths, 162, 167, 220–223, 226, 264 Huns, 24, 26, 29, 34, 107, 112, 137, 147, Tetraxite, 202, 205 161–162, 190, 264, 267, 286 Grand Strategy, 6, 12–13, 15, 280 Sabir, 202–203, 207 Gratian, 98 Greece, 53, 58, 61, 63–64, 91 Iași, 126 Grepes, king, 119 Iatrus, 56, 59, 127, 140 Grod, king, 119, 202 Iberia, 7, 192, 194, 196, 202, 204, 206–209, 213, Grodzisko Dolne, 238 215–217, 285 Gropeni, 179, 184 Ibida, 84 Gropșani, 37 Ibn Battuta, 252 Grtchi, 214 Iğdır, 214 Grumezoaia, 277 Igren’, 79 Guaram, 208 Ildiges, 270 Gubazes, king, 203–205 Illyricum, 18, 38, 53, 61, 74, 81, 98, 107, 109, Gudme, 239 112, 114, 126, 148, 167, 173, 180, Gurjaani, 216 182, 184, 223–224, 232, 268, 270, Gutinaș, 50 273, 281 Gvank’iti, 216 Ilych, 205 Gveso, 200 imitations, 135, 171 Gyenesdiás, 237 amphorae, 49, 52 Gyula, 225 brooches, 81, 84 Gyumri, 215 buckles, 94, 97 coins, 168, 178, 201, 207, 212, 221, 227–228, Hadrian, 23 231, 249, 261–263, 273, 278 Haemimontus, 168 Kiskőrös, 240 Hajdúdorog-Városkert, 235 lamps, 61, 63–65, 150 Hajdúnánás-Fürjhalom-járás, 236–237 inﬂation, 180, 242, 251

Index 369

Inka, 16 Justinian II, 189, 215–216 Innocent IV, pope, 20 Justiniana Prima. See Caričin Grad Ipotești, 49, 278 Jutas, 262 Isaac, Benjamin, 1 Istanbul. See Constantinople K’rts’anisi, 202 Italy, 48, 63, 115, 122, 148, 175, 188, 190, 201, Kabardino-Balkaria, 208 220–222, 224, 226–227, 229, 231, Kalaja, 53 235, 238–239, 270, 280, 287 Kamenovo, 90 Iuzhnoe, 184 Kamunta, 207, 210 Izvoru Dulce, 74 Kapauku Papuans, 251 Kapitan Dimitrovo, 86 Jerome, 24 Karachayevo-Cherkesiya, 215 Jerusalem, 183 Karasura, 59, 65 jewelry, 41, 45, 49–50, 71, 73, 75–76, 97, 100, Karlino, 221 124, 150, 171, 186, 221, 225, 230, Karnobat, 99 238–240, 243, 252, 254, 263, 274, Karsibór, 221 278–279, 282, 284, 286 Katanga, 252 bracelets, 91, 256 Kavetchina, 81 coins, 3, 210, 235, 261–262, 273, 285 Kelegeia, 186 earrings, 74, 85, 256 Kenya, 258–259 Deszk, 74 keration, 264 silver, 85, 90 Kerch, 56, 74 star-shaped, 240 Keszthely, 80 ﬁnger rings Keszthely-Fenékpuszta, 127 coins, 230, 262 Kharalambieva, Anna, 82 necklaces, 203, 256 Khazars, 215–216, 247 coins, 262 Kherson, 170 pendants, 73 Kiev, 51, 169 coins, 171, 230, 262–263, 286 Kilwa, 255 precious stones, 202 Kirovohrad, 186 star-shaped, 85, 90 Kiselivka, 169 Jireček Line, 111 Kiskundorozsma, 237 Jiu river, 171 Kislovodsk, 208, 212 John Chrisostomos, 198 Kiss, Attila, 236 John Dacnas, general, 205 Kiszombor, 222 John of Biclar, 206 Kiszombor-Tanyahalom-dűlő, 235 John of Ephesus, 266 Klimovka, 51 John of Nikiu, 186 Klosterneuburg, 227 Jordanes, 224 Kluk, 235 Julian, 18, 196 Kobuleti, 205 Jupiter, 128 Kodyn, 36 Justin I, 157, 169–171, 199, 202, 210, 222–223, Kolín, 223, 238 225, 228, 274 Kölked-Feketekapu, 48, 67, 74, 85, 98–99, 231, Justin II, 19, 26, 77, 157, 159, 176–179, 182, 204, 261–262 206–208, 230–232, 239, 261, 274 Koper, 48, 63 Justinian, 2, 8, 18, 27, 29–30, 32, 34, 40, 61, 64, Koprivets, 182 77, 81, 96, 103, 112–113, 115, Korbovo, 80 119–120, 128–129, 134–135, Korchak, 38, 92, 126 138–139, 141, 144, 148, 150, 157, Környe, 97 159, 169–177, 179, 182, 185, 191, Kosh, 215 196, 198–205, 207, 217, 221–223, Kotoko, 251 225–229, 231, 238, 255, 264–265, Kötschach-Laas, 227 270–271, 274, 287 Kozloduy, 63

370 Index

Kramolin, 80 Luka Raikovetskaia, 274 Kranevo, 55 lustrum, 159 Kranj, 48, 227 Luttwak, Edward, 12, 20 Krasnodar, 201–202, 205, 212 Lužice, 222, 227 Križna gora, 48 Lydia, 56 Kruje, 90 Lyon, 25 Kšely, 234, 238 Kuber, 247 Macedonia, 61, 77, 93 Kubrat, 186, 237 Madagascar, 249, 252, 254–256, 258–259, 261, Kunbábony, 49 273 Kupusina, 236 Magraneti, 157, 214 Kushnarenkovo, 49 Măgureanu, Andrei, 49 Kutaisi, 200, 207, 209 Magyars, 4, 44 Kuzebaevo, 279 Mainz, 25 Kuzhendeevsky, 75 Maistrov, 186 Kwaio, 254, 259 Malalas, 264 Kwanga, 259 Malatya, 196 Małechowo, 221 L’viv, 81 Mali, 252 Lamba, 251 Malinowski, Bronisław, 250 lamps, 6, 41, 75, 142, 150, 253, 283 Malo Pereshchepyne, 186, 261 Anatolian, 59 Mănăstioara, 178 bronze, 52–53, 63, 108, 122, 148 Maratice, 227 Danubian, 53, 55–58, 61, 125 Marcian, 167 hand-made, 50, 67, 171 Marcus Aurelius, 278 North African, 61, 63–64, 125, 127, 148 Maria Saal, 233, 235 Palestinian, 65, 177 Maria Theresa. See thaler László, Gyula, 247 Mars, 128 Latin (language), 3, 8, 106, 110–111, 115, 142 Martin, general, 205 Lattimore, Owen, 11 Martínez, Oscar, 136 Lăureni, 225 marzban, 206 Lazica, 191–192, 194, 198–200, 202–207, Masis, 214 209–210, 212, 215, 217, 285 Maurice, 20, 27–28, 30, 144, 180–182, Lederata, 29, 115 207–210, 212–213, 233–234, 236, Leo I, 26, 137 262, 264, 269–270, 282 Leontius, 216 Maximianus, 18 Lezhë, 88, 90 Mayeur, Nicolas, 255 Lhomi, 253, 256, 258 Media Atropatene, 192 Libanius, 22 Mediterranean, 128, 160, 200–201, 228, limes, 12, 28, 41, 90, 152, 184–185, 223 232–233, 235, 238, 250, 253 Linz, 236, 277 Melanesia, 250 Lipova, 53 Melitene, 207 Litterata, 113 Menander Protector, 30, 179, 194, 266, 268 Liuliakovo, 88, 90 Mercury, 128 Ljubljana, 223 Merina, 255, 258, 273 Łódź, 232 Mermeroes, 204–205 Lombards, 4, 128, 138, 222–223, 226–227, Mesoamerica, 252 229–230, 272, 287 Mesopotamia, 19 Loosi, 74 metallurgical activity, 69, 71, 147, 170, 274, Lopatna, 274 279, 284 Lovosice, 226 Metcalf, D. M., 221 Luchistoe, 74, 93 Mexico, 260 Luciu, 53, 120 miasa, 258

Index 371

Michael the Syrian, 271 Nepal, 253, 256, 258 mikarama, 258 Nerva, 278 miliarense, 7, 159, 176, 196, 200–202, 205, 222, Neulengbach, 238 227, 240–241, 243 New Georgia, 259 Misimia, 205 Nicomedia, 159, 177, 207, 232 Misimiani, 198, 200, 205 Nicopolis, 277 Miskolc, 236 Niger, 252 Mitterndorf, 227 Nigeria, 251–252 Moesia, 22–23, 113, 144, 264 Nikephoros, 186 Prima, 82, 98, 169, 184 Nisibis, 19 Secunda, 44, 55, 79, 82, 84, 86, 92, 97–98, Nokalakevi. See Archaeopolis 172, 188, 277 Noricum, 224 Upper, 136 Normandy, 96 Moigrad, 53, 107, 122 North Africa, 1, 12, 14, 48, 61, 64, 115, 152, 188, Mokranjske Stene, 56, 96 201, 221, 229, 235, 238–239, 253 Mokraya Balka, 208, 210 North Ossetia-Alania, 207, 210 Mokronog, 223 Nost’e, 202 Moldavia, 36–37, 46, 80, 84, 86, 97–99, 109, Novaci, 188 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 142, 144, Novae, 56–57, 61, 86, 96, 184 147, 161, 170–171, 173, 175, Novi Banovci, 127 177–178, 182, 184, 188–189, 239, Noviodunum, 55, 184 274, 277, 283–284 Novosils’ke, 181 Moldova, 118, 167, 170, 181, 244, 274 Nubia, 119 Moldoveni, 80, 118 molds, 45, 49–50, 55, 59, 61, 69, 71, 73–75, 82, Oarda de Jos, 226 88, 100, 120, 124–125, 127, 144, 148, Obârșeni, 188 274, 279, 286 obolus, 230, 237, 262 Mondevergue, Marquis de, 261 Oceania, 251 Mongo, 252 Ochamchire, 210 Mongols, 20 Odessos, 96 Moravia, 232, 238 Odishi, 213 Morești, 225 Oescus, 25, 74, 96, 105 Mostová, 238 Ok’ami, 216 Movileni, 185 Oka river, 79 Movses Dashkurantsi, 211–212 Olari, 171 Mrzezino, 221 Olt river, 37, 67, 171, 188 Mtkvari river, 207, 215 Olteni, 50, 74, 124 Mtskheta, 202, 209, 213 Oltenia, 55, 126, 142, 147, 160, 171, 176–178, Muawiya, 214–215 184–185, 188, 240, 273, 283 Mundus, 202, 223, 270 Oltenița, 184 Mureș river, 222, 225 Oltina, 55 Murighiol, 55 Orlea, 181 Musanga, 260 Orosius, 23 Orșova, 30, 56, 97, 113, 122, 169, 184 Naissus, 24 Osijek, 226, 277 Nalbant, 67 Ostrogoths. See Goths Narses, 226 Ostrovu Banului, 179 nationalism, 3, 10, 42–44, 101, 110, Ostrovu Mare, 181 244, 283 Ostrówek, 235 Nea Anchialos, 61, 77, 96 Ottomans, 21, 26 Near East. See Syria-Palestine Nedao, battle, 221 Palestine, 31. See Syria-Palestine Nekresi, 209 Palmyra, 96

372 Index

Pannonia, 56, 79, 107, 109, 112, 148, 176, 221, Poti. See Phasis 224, 227, 230–231, 273 Prague, 228 Papua New Guinea, 251, 259 Předlánce, 223 Parker, Bradley, 15–16 Priscus of Panium, 24, 26, 267 Parutyne, 175 Priscus, general, 181–182 patricius, 186 Priseaca, 188, 240 Pavlivka, 182, 277 prisoners, 34, 103, 106, 125, 128, 135, 138, 151, Pechanka, 207 234, 264, 266, 269, 279 Pechenaya, 186 Procopius, 18–19, 24, 28–30, 71, 105, 113–114, Pecica, 226 125, 131, 172, 175, 191–192, 194, Pécs, 227 199, 203–204, 221, 265–266, 268, Pécs-Alsómakár-dűlő, 261 285 Penkovka, 38, 92 Provadiia, 182 1 pentanummium (/8 follis), 160, 169–170, 175, Prundu, 181 180, 199, 226 Pruneni, 93 Periam, 126 Prut river, 170, 184 Pernik, 59, 80, 84, 96 Przemyśl, 226 Persia, 7, 18–20, 32, 132, 152, 157, 181, 191, Ptuj, 231, 235, 238 194, 198, 205–206, 208–211, 213, Pulchra Theodora, 113 221, 232, 263 Pulst, 227 Persians, 25, 183, 186, 191–192, 202–204, 208, 211, 263 quachtli, 252 Pet Mogilii, 79 quaestura exercitus, 51, 150, 271 Petra, 31, 198, 203–204 Petropavlovo, 96 Rabka-Zdrój, 227 Petrus, general, 28, 181–182 Răcari, 65, 169 Phasis, 206. See Poti Radama, king, 256 Phasis river, 192 Rakita, 182 Philip I, 278 Rashkiv, 36, 122 Phocas, 180, 183–184, 210, 212–213, 231, Ratiaria, 167, 184 233–235, 262, 274 Ravenna, 189, 226, 228, 231, 233, 236 piaster, 256 Realpolitik, 3, 152 Piatra Frecăței, 85, 91, 94 Recidiva, 29, 113, 115 Pinsk, 189 Reisberg, 223 Pisides, Georgios, 26 Reșca, 53, 61, 178, 188 Pityus, 157, 193, 196, 198, 201, 203–204, 207, Reselec, 182 209, 211, 216 Rhine, 11, 18, 21, 25–26 Piua Petrii, 188 Rhodopolis, 198 Ploiești, 65 Rifnik, 226–227, 231 poata, 259 Rivne, 186 Podĕbrady, 238 Romania, 3, 43, 101, 110, 124, 167–168, Podgornenskii, 216 170–171, 179–180, 185, 187–189, Poian, 80 225, 233, 244, 262, 278 Pojejena, 169 Romanization, 5, 9, 44, 101, 103, 107, 110, 115, Poland, 221–222, 226–227, 232, 234–236, 238 137, 241, 283 Pomerania, 221–222 Romanovskaya, 216 Pompey, 192 Rome, 175, 189, 207, 226, 228, 231, 235, 239 Pontic. See Black Sea Romula. See Reșca Pontus Polemoniacus, 198 Romuliana, 56 Porolissum. See Moigrad Ruginoasa, 122 Portus Altus. See Batumi Rupea, 262 Poštorná, 238 Russia, 49, 65, 74–75, 77, 79, 87, 96, 187, 216, Potaissa. See Turda 279

Index 373

Rustavi, 202, 215 Sibiu, 122 Rusticus, 205 Sicily, 235, 239 Ryazan Finns, 87 siliqua, 159, 209–210, 213, 226, 243 Silk Road, 193 Săbăoani, 118 Singidunum. See Belgrade Sacidava, 55, 59, 67, 98 Sinnion, 270 Sadovets, 53, 58–59, 73–74, 77, 182 Sinop, 201 Šaľa, 238 Siret river, 170, 185 Salcia, 184 Sirmium, 19, 30, 93, 114–115, 168, 180, 224, Salona, 175, 231 230–231, 273 Salovo, 216 Sisak, 63, 226–227, 235 Samo, 237–238 Siscia, 63. See Sisak Samos, 57 Sittas, 199 Sangarius, 27 Skalistoe, 93 Sângeorgiu de Câmpie, 225 Sklavinia, 9, 267–268 Sânmiclăuș, 74, 124 Slatinska Reka, 179 Sânnicolaul Mare, 236 Slava Rusă, 91, 182 Sânpetru German, 235 Slavs, 27, 30, 36–37, 44, 86–87, 92–93, 99, 114, Sântana de Mureș. See Chernyakhov culture 118–119, 125, 139–140, 144, 147, Sao, 251 156, 173–174, 176, 178–180, Sarapana, 192 182–183, 185, 189–190, 211, 237, Sărata-Monteoru, 37, 85, 93, 98, 118, 147, 171 245, 265–266, 268–270, 280, Sărățeni, 171, 274 282–283, 287 Sardis, 56 Slobozia Mare, 167 Sarmatians, 22, 36, 38 Slovakia, 187, 222–223, 232–233, 235, Sarmizegetusa, 64, 107 237–240, 261 Saskhari, 208 Slovenia, 48, 223, 226–227, 231, 238 Sava river, 217, 287 Smbat Bagratuni, 215 Scanda, 192 Sochi, 201 Scandinavia, 221 Socrates, 106 Scurta, 189 solidus, 3, 7, 157, 169, 171–172, 178, 180–181, Scymni, 198 183, 185–186, 188, 200–203, 205, Scythia, 38, 40, 44, 55–56, 58–59, 63–64, 67, 207–210, 212–215, 221–222, 225, 73, 77, 79, 84–86, 91–94, 96–98, 112, 229–231, 233–235, 237–238, 241, 120, 122, 140, 144, 167, 170, 172, 247, 254, 261–264, 268–269, 272, 177, 179–182, 184–185, 188, 264, 286–287 270 light weight, 181, 186, 208, 210, 224, 231, Sebastopolis, 193, 196, 198, 200, 203–204, 215 234, 241 Secuieni, 118 Solomon Islands, 254, 259 Șeica Mică, 225 Șomcuta Mare, 226 Seliște, 73, 93 Somogyi, Péter, 234, 237 Sempeter, 231 Somova, 91 Seneca, 24 Soterichus, 205 Sennaya, 212 Sozomen, 106 Serbia, 64, 90, 96, 115, 168, 178, 225, 233, 240 Spain, 48, 206 Sermesianoi, 267 Șpălnaca, 231 Serpovoe, 216 St Paul im Lavanttal, 227 Sﬁnțești, 36 Staasdorf, 223 Shapur III, 206 Stara Zagora, 65 Shemokmedi, 215 Stari Dubovac, 115 Shilda, 213 Stari Kostolac, 77, 79–80 Shilovo, 87 Starodzhereliyevskaya, 212 Shumen, 58, 82 Stary Biliary, 173

374 Index

stater. See solidus Theodosius II, 61, 198 Stejanovci, 240 Theophanes Confessor, 128, 264, 269 Stepanavan, 215 Theophylact Simocatta, 30, 181, 263, Stephen I, king, 213 269 Stillfried, 226 Thessalonica, 159, 176–179, 181, 206, 209, Stobi, 61 232 Strategikon, 86, 116, 129, 139, 144, 156, 183, Thracia, 18, 173, 181, 224 266, 268, 271 diocese, 61, 65, 74, 139, 182, 185, 268, 281 Studeno, 223 province, 168 Štúrovo, 223, 235 Thuringians, 222 Suani, 192, 198, 200, 205, 208, 217 Tiberius II, 179, 206–208, 232, 262, 266, 268 Suceava, 86 Tiberius II Constantine, 30 Suceava-Șipot, 126 Tiberius III, 189, 216 Sucidava, 25, 30, 46, 57, 59, 61, 74, 80, 94, 97, Tigris, 15 105, 113, 142, 169, 174, 177, 179, Tisza, 222, 224 181, 184, 193 Tisza river, 49, 148, 162, 217, 222, 224 Sukhumi, 216 Tiszagyenda-Gói-tó, 261 Sulejów, 232 Tiszakeszi, 232 Supruty, 75 Tiszavasvári, 49 Suuk Su, 77, 80, 93 Tiszavasvári-Kashalom-dűlő, 235 Sv. Erazmo, 93 Tiv, 253 Sv. Kirik, 99 Tolenji, 204 Svetil’ne, 51 Tolisa, 227 Sviatoslav, 26 Tomis, 55 Swahili coast, 255 Toperos, 266 symmachoi. See foederati Trąbki Małe, 221 Syracuse, 189 trade, 16, 34, 41, 48, 51, 69, 138–139, 161, 163, Syria. See Syria-Palestine 199, 201, 213, 244, 248, 251, 271, Syria-Palestine, 65, 211 284 Szadzko, 236, 238 barter, 254–255, 258, 260 Székkutas, 124 Trajan, 21–23, 25–28, 105, 113, 135, 278 Szendrő, 235 Trajan Decius, 232 Szentendre, 231, 261 Transcaucasia, 7, 14, 119, 132, 152, 155, 157, Szolnok, 80 159, 190–191, 193–194, 196, Szombathely, 122 198–200, 203–206, 209–211, Szőreg, 222 214–217, 225, 227, 232, 235–236, 239, 241, 284–287 Tác-Gorsium, 262 Transmarisca, 25 Taman, 202 Transylvania, 4–5, 44, 52, 58, 81, 99, 109, 111, Tápiógyörgye, 53 147, 160, 162, 168, 221, 223–225, Târgşoru Vechi, 52, 278 231, 234, 236, 262, 272, 278 Tatimer, 270 Trapezus, 191, 196 Tbilisi, 209, 211, 213 Trbinc, 223 Tecuci, 175 tremissis, 157, 168, 171, 181, 222–223, Tekija, 179 226–227, 261 Terechovo, 77 Ts’ints’karo, 213 Tetrarchy, 18, 25 Tsarevets, 92 thaler, 255 Tsebelda, 205 Themistius, 114 Tsibilium, 96, 201, 204 Theodora, 113 Tulcea, 91 Theodoric the Great, 220, 224 Tunisia, 63, 239 Theodoropolis, 113 Turda, 61, 107 Theodosius I, 196 Turkey, 196, 199

Index 375

Turks, 207–208, 211–212, 263 Vitalianus, 167 Turner, Frederick, 11 Vojvodina, 233 Turnov, 228 Volga river, 51, 73, 75 Turris, 270 Volos’ke, 80 Týn Nad Vltavou, 227 Vosketap, 207 Tzani, 198, 201, 204 Vranje, 48 Tzath, king, 119, 198 Vrh Pri Pahi, 227 Tzikishdziri. See Petra Tzimiskes, 26 Wallachia, 30, 36, 48, 52, 67, 97–99, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 144, 161, Udești, 185 171–172, 178–182, 184, 188, 268, Uenze, Syna, 77, 82 284 Ukraine, 75, 81, 84, 87–88, 170, 173, 175, Wallerstein, Immanuel, 133–134, 137 178, 182, 186, 244, 247, 261, 265, Werner, Joachim, 87, 94 277 White, Richard, 135, 151 Ulﬁlas, 106, 119 Whittaker, C. R., 13–14 Ulmeni, 170, 175 Wiener Neustadt, 238 Ulmetum, 56 world-systems analysis, 131, 133, 137, 148, Unirea, 182 248, 281 Ural Mountains, 96, 246 coevolving interaction, 137 Urbnisi, 200, 204, 212 core, 2, 133–134, 141, 187, 281 Usugorsk, 75 hierarchical interaction, 137 Utigurs, 128, 138, 141, 172, 205, 207, 265 hybridization, 2, 136, 268, 281 interdependent borderland, 136 Vác-Kavicsbánya, 75 interstitial agency, 136 Vădaș, 225 middle ground, 135, 151, 281 Vădastrița, 171 mini-systems, 249 Vadu Săpat, 75 periphery, 2, 133–134, 141, 187, 190, 249, Vadul lui Isac, 170 281, 288 Valea Teilor, 188 bipolar, 6, 135, 152, 281 Valea Voievozilor, 122 contested, 281 Valens, 24, 26, 107, 196 negotiated, 6, 133, 281 Valentinian I, 26, 98 semiperiphery, 2, 134, 141, 148, 187, 190, Van Lake, 209 281 Vanadzor, 204 Third Space, 136 Vandals, 1 Vardan, 206 Yassı Ada, 53, 58–59 Vardenut, 207 Yemen, 119 Várpalota, 262 Yosypivka, 186 Vârtop, 188 Vășcăuți, 181 Zabergan, 22, 286 Vasylivka, 181 Zachepylivka, 186 Veliko Gradište, 179 Zaldapa, 182 Veliko Orašje, 179 Zašovice, 227 Veliko Turnovo, 55 Žďár nad Sázavou, 228 Venchan, 80, 84 Zdravkovec, 79 Verbovyi Log, 216 Zemiansky Vrbovok, 239–240, 261 Vețel, 226 Zenobius, 108 Vienna, 56, 226, 233 Zernes. See Orșova Viktorinos, 18 Zeugitania, 238 Viminacium, 115, 168, 184 Zhebot’a, 213 Viničani, 93 Zimbabwe, 259 Vinkovci, 227 Zimne, 73, 75

376 Index

Zimnicea, 181 Zosimus, 24 Žinkovy, 228 Zugdidi, 200, 215 Żółków, 234, 238 Zulud, 182 Zolotonosha, 173 Zvonets’ke, 79, 85 Zoroastrianism, 203, 206 Żywiec, 227