61 - - Câmpul (1948-1974), au [email protected] Institute of Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, [email protected] ANCA GANCIU, ANCA . c. BC. 4 c. and 166 graves dur c. rd th -3 Vasile Pârvan Vasile th Câmpul morților (1948-1974), 14 horse burials and VALENTIN DUMITRAŞCU VALENTIN , contemporary with the early phase of the phase of contemporary with the early , ) started again in 2007 and continued . 5 Sveštari Câmpul morților The archaeological researches at There were revealed 165 graves throughout the Alexandrescu 1980, 19-126. Măndescu 2010, 165-182, fig. 22-30. Morților until 2009, followed by an additional campaign The initial research team was in 2015. 4 5 Alexandrescu (1967-1974) the 19 excavations from This Alexandrescu researches. ing the Nestor and makes the Zimnicea necropolis one of the most important in the Getic area up to The now. site is significant for understanding not onlyrial culture and the funeral practices, but also the the mate chronology of the Second Iron Age at the Lower - - c. BC, the horse remnants were deposed c. BC, the horse remnants were deposed apart from the human Zimnicea – ri şi depuneri de cai, arheozoologie, sec. 4-3 a. Chr. ri şi depuneri de cai, arheozoologie, sec. ă rd . After origi nt -3 th Fig. 1) ( 2 înmormâ (Agighiol, , Jankovo, the rest of them are partial horse bone depositions, without inventory. Distinct from Distinct the rest of them are partial horse bone depositions, without inventory. Câmpul Morţilor ; . namedwho one the is He 1 , followed by Alexandrina D. , followed by 3 FROM ZIMNICEA, SOUTHERN ROMANIA SOUTHERN ZIMNICEA, FROM NEW DISCOVERIES OF HORSE BURIALS HORSE OF DISCOVERIES NEW Zimnicea, necropolă, AND DEPOSITIONS IN THE GETIC CEMETERY GETIC THE IN DEPOSITIONS AND first finds in the Getic necropolis from Zimnicea – Zimnicea, necropolis, horse burials and depositions, zooarchaeology, 4 horse burials and depositions, zooarchaeology, Zimnicea, necropolis,

În timpul vechilor cercetări arheologice desfășurate la Zimnicea – During the previous excavations from de început a necropolei de la Zimnicea, resturilor a arheozoologică respectiv analiza prezentăm sec. și inventar 4-3 de pieselor a. baza pe descoperirilor Chr. a Discutăm cronologică în continuare încadrarea de cai (vârstă, sex, talie, urme de tranșare). fost descoperite 14 înmormântări și depuneri parțiale de cai, la care se adaugă încă patru descoperiri asemănătoare rezultate inventar. fără parțiale din depuneri fiind restul cercetările inventar, cu recente predominant întregi, cai (2007-2009). de înmormântări în Din constau aceste 18 descoperiri, două treimi Osemintele de cai sunt depuse separat de mormintele umane, fără o asociere vizibilă cu acestea, spre deosebire de descoperiri alte funerare contemporane (Agighiol, Peretu, Jankovo, Sveštari), cu faza burials, without a visible association with them. We are discussing here the chronology of the recent finds, recent the of chronology the here discussing are We them. with association visible a without burials, horse remains (sex, zooarchaeologicalthe present the inventory objects and we of based on the study age, height, butchery marks). partial depositions were revealed. The recent excavations (2007-2009) brought to light other four such partial depositions were revealed. horse burials, usually accompanied these 18 features consist in complete thirds of by Two discoveries. inventory objects other funeral discoveries dated in the 4 Zimnicea cemetery,

c., the area was searched by amateurs suchamateurs by searched was area the c., Research history th Bolliac 1872, 2-4; Bolliac 1873, 1-2; Bolliac 1874, 1-2, 4; 1874, Bolliac 1-2; 1873, Bolliac 2-4; 1872, Bolliac

Măndescu 2009, 205-213. The Bolliac 1872, 2. Nestor 1949, 116-125; Nestor 1950, 93-102. Nestor 1949, 116-125;

Cuvinte-cheie: Rezumat: Key-words: Abstract: Thraco-Dacica S. N., Tomul VI-VII (XXIX-XXX), 2014-2015, 61-78 2014-2015, VI-VII (XXIX-XXX), Tomul N., S. Thraco-Dacica 2 3 first systematic researches were conducted by Ion by conducted were researches systematic first Nestor (1948-1949) 1 the researches of Bolliac, in the last quarter of theof quarter last the in Bolliac, of researches the 19 Theas Dimitrie Papazoglu and Dimitrie Butculescu. 1873, in the area located in the immediate east “Cetate” ern vicinity of the place “Câmpul de morţi dacic” nated in the three “archaeological explorations” conducted by Cezar Bolliac between 1871 and 62 8 7 6 subject ofthepresentstudy. features the main parts, thisbeing horse skeletal containing new five revealed researches last The burials. horse or partial 14 complete uncovered cavations conductedbyNestorand Alexandrescu horse burials numerous contains also ( urns in deposed cremated and the majority graves, plane 52 to light brought 0.2 haand approximately site. the archaeological The excavatedsurfaceis trait duetotheextensionofpresentcityover byanemergency were characterised campaigns conducted byMircea New Discoveries ofHorseBurialsandDepositionsintheGeticCemetery from Zimnicea , Babeș

Fig. 2 Alexandrescu 1983. We arereffering onlytotheburialsexcavatedup chaological researches. higher butwecannotforeseethe dynamicsofthefuturear present day. We estimatethatthenumberofgravesismuch et alii To haveanoverallview, we willdiscussthese sepulchres human the to addition In The horseburials 2010,208. et alii ). 2008, 331-332; Babeș Fig. 1–Zimnicea Babeș

et alii 6 Te at five last The . 2009, 232-233; Babeș 8 7 . The ex . The , the site Câmpul Morţilor - - 10 9 south oftheskull. Orientation: W-E. Skull withmetatarsalsdeposed iron fibulafragment. E-W.Orientation: skeleton. Complete tory: bitus. Orientation:S-N.Completeskeleton. head, becausethemandibleisalsopresent. in factwiththe the skull,wearedealing containing of horse17,inallthecasespartialdepositions With theexception by someoftheburials. tained of the finding, the orientation and the inventory con short description of the skeleton’s position, depth exandrescu ( ones old the with conjunction in findings new Alexandrescu 1983 Haimovici1971, 169-185;Haimovici Horse 4/Z69C10, Horse Horse 3/Z68C10, Horse 2/Z68C10, Horse 1/Z67C10 with a discoveries is thelistofhorse Here cemetery. Iron bit, 9 , SergiuHaimovici Gesichtsperle . , -1.04-1.30 m, leftlateraldecu , -1.04-1.30 -1.00 m, left lateral decubitus. -1.00 m,leftlateraldecubitus. -1.20 m, right lateral decubi -1.20 m,rightlateral -1.00 m, partial deposition. -1.00 m, partial deposition. . 10 1983, 79-108. ). Inventory: Inven Al - - - - -

63 - - cu s

Anca Ganciu, Valentin Dumitra Ganciu, Valentin Anca , Orientation: N-S, partial dep Orientation: N-S, , , -1.15 m, right lateral decubi , -1.15 m, right lateral decu- , -1.15 m, left lateral decubitus. Horse 9/Z69C10 Horse 10/Z69C10 Horse 11/Z70C15 Horse 8/Z69C10 bitus. Orientation: S-N. Complete skeleton. Partial skeleton, disturbed. Orientation: W-E. osition. Skull and metatarsals. Some of the elements are missing or disturbed. - - - Inven -1.00 m, partial deposition.-1.00 m, , -1.20-1.30 m, left lateral de , -0.90 m, right lateral decubi Skull surrounded by metatarsals.

E-W. – Distribution of the findings 2007-2008. cremation with bones deposed in urn; cremation with bones with cremation urn; in deposed bones with cremation 2007-2008. findings the of Distribution – chain consisting in five bronze rings. Horse 7/Z69C10 Horse 5/Z69C10, Horse 6/Z69C10 Fig. 2 Fig. deposed in pit; inhumation graves. tus. Orientation: S-N. Complete skeleton. cubitus. Orientation: S-N. Disturbed skeleton. tus. Orientation: S-N. Complete skeleton. tory: Orientation: 64 tus. Orientation: S-N. Complete skeleton, possibly skeleton, S-N. Complete tus. Orientation: bit, ironspearpoint. skeleton, disturbed. tus. Orientation:S-N.Completeskeleton. New Discoveries ofHorseBurialsandDepositionsintheGeticCemetery from Zimnicea Fig 4 Horse 13/Z71C10 Horse 12/Z70C17 Fig. 3 –Horse15, –Horse15, ironbit. bronzering

, -1.00 m, right lateraldecubi , Orientation: S-N, Complete Inventory:

. fragmentary iron - identified, one -0.35 m deep and the other -0.70 other the and deep m -0.35 one identified, the ventralpartfacingup.( with identified, was skull horse A deposition. tial had theinnersurfacefacingup. recovered. tery fragmentswere The fragments Above the bones, -0.60m deep, handworkedpot of theskullametatarsalfragmentwasdescribed. West 6). (Fig. identified were phalanges and sals East oftheskull,metatar SSE. Partialdeposition. tory skeleton. complete decubitus, lateral Left heads. disturbed? possibly skeleton, S-N. Complete tus. Orientation: bronze crescentpiece. tory: disturbed nicea although the horse burialsarelocated nicea although graves, atZim with human are associated the absenceofanyinventory. skull) andhorse18(onlythedistallimbs). horse 17(onlythe langes), withtwoexceptions: and pha limbs (tarsal/carpalbones,metapodials by distal accompanied head (skullandmandible) adornments and point), ( (fibula) andspear accessories head, clothing arrow knife, (fighting chains), armament and bronze rings, buckles consists inharnesselements(ironbits, harness deposition place. and notonthe elsewhere happened to have pears burned. ing thelimbsintensely The cremationsap inventory. The horse 13showsauniquecase,hav horse burialsprevails,andsevenof them contain (6). (12) andpartsofindividuals The complete two categories areemerging:completeanimals and therearrightlimb( of theleftfrontlimb second onecontainselements of thefrontrightlimbandrearleftlimb. The parts contains one first The individual. same the The two features containdistal limbelementsfrom m deep, withadistanceof 1.20 m between them. Gesichtsperle Horse 18/2009 Horse Horse 17/2009 Horse 16/2008 Horse 15/2008 Horse 14/Z72C17 Unlike other discoveries,werehorse remains Unlike An attributeof all thepartialhorsedepositions is consists inthe The partialhorsedepositions burials the horse that accompanied The inventory all thecontextsof deposed horses, Reviewing : ironbit,bronzering( iron bit,harnessbuckle,bronzebar, and . The limbsshowburningtraces. Inventory: ). , -0.66-0.81 m. Orientation: NNW- , -0.65m.Orientation:E-W. Par , -1.11-1.37 m,Orientation:E-W. , S.24,c.1. Two featureswere , -1.15 m, left lateral decubi three wingedbronzearrow Fig. 8,9,12) Fig. 3,4,5). Fig. 7). . Inven Inven ------65

- - - - cu 20 s Anca Ganciu, Valentin Dumitra Ganciu, Valentin Anca is seven to nine years old. 21 Horse 15 Pathology Driesch 1976. Levine 1982. Bone spavin is osteoarthritis, or the final phase of phase final the or osteoarthritis, is spavin Bone The age estimated from the lower and upper The age estimated from morphol The sex is male, according to canines’ using Kiese The withers height was calculated The average withers height obtained from all the An arthropathic condition was identified on the

spavin (Fig. 10). degenerative joint disease, in the lower three hock joints. It usually affects the two lowest joints of the 20 21 were used in the present study (tables 1-35). were used in the present study (tables teeth crown heights ogy and development. walter’sThe minimum the value, based on system. lateral length of the tibia is 1,258.51 mm, and the the obtained from maximum value is 1,322.69 mm, greatest length of the lateral part of the humerus. The aver 1,284.97 mm. measurable elements is age between the minimum and maximum values is 1,290.6 mm. By the classifications ofVitt, both values correspond to a horse smaller than aver the small category than the average age, closer to category. bone as us horse, diagnosed by the rear legs of metrical standards created by von den Driesch metrical standards created by von , - - - - - – Horse 15. 14 cat. Fig. 5 The bio

. , Ivanski 19 13 and Vitt 18 and so on. , Jankovo , 15 12 , Peretu , 11 and observing the epiphyses fusion 16 Ginina Mogila . Sex determination was based on the pres 17 The zooarchaelogical description of the The zooarchaelogical description 320. Levine 1982. Schmidt 1972. Kiesewalter 1888. Vitt 1952. Vitt The withers height has been using estimated by The age has been determined by measuring the

Ivanov 1992; Čičikova 1992; Gergova 1996; Măndescu 2010, Ivanov 1992; Čičikova 1992; Gergova G. Atanasov, Y. Yorgov 2007, 37-44; Măndescu 2010, 94, Yorgov Y. Atanasov, G. Moscalu 1986; Moscalu 1989. Dremsizova 1955, 61-83; Dremsizova 1963, 7-8, pl. 7/4; Berciu 1969, 33-76, fig. 7-54; Berciu 1971; Berciu 1974, 40- no. 155, cat. no. 616. Hatłas 1997, 311, cat. no. 5-6; Măndescu 2010, 89-90, cat. no. cat. no. 5-6; Măndescu 2010, 89-90, Hatłas 1997, 311, 305. 84, 219-221, fig. 5-39; Măndescu 2010, 12, cat. no. 8. 17 18 19 15 16 14 12 13 the methods of Kiesewalter the methods of 11 ence and morphology of canines. tooth wear state newly discovered horses es. We are reffering to discoveries such as those from Agighiol Sveštari – The association and human burials was horse found mainly in tumular tombs, eventually with fu neral chamber/chambers, with one till three hors among the human graves, there is no clear evi among the human graves, there dence of any connection graves. with the human 66 22 could beobservedandmeasured. the teeth thusonly preserved, were verybadly of theleft frontlimb. ges mandible and The skull phalan second and first the also but phalanges, the rightmetatarsuswithits with its phalanges, by therightmetacarpus connection, accompanied lameness and poniesisacommoncauseof hind limb of the tarsals. It is more often seen in older horses joints) andthe metatarsal fuses with oneor more the distalintertarsal and hock (thetarsometatarsal New Discoveries ofHorseBurialsandDepositionsintheGeticCemetery from Zimnicea

Fig. 7 The metatarsus exhibits bone damage of the damage bone The metatarsusexhibits were foundinanatomical The skullandmandible Baker &Brothwell 1980. Fig. 6 Horse 16 – Horse17. – Horse16. 22 .

- to incisors wearstageweestimatethat the age is According years. five than older is it so canines, in malehorses. has welldeveloped This individual heavy cuttingblade. ofthehorsewitha the beheading ably itindicates ing themarginofforamenmagnum.Mostprob occipital region,bonedamageisevident,destroy the In up. face ventral the with placed deposited, height horse. 1,390.97 mm. to Vitt,According this isanaverage of value has theaverage the metacarpus sus and in theintervaloffivetosevenyears. and falls heights teeth crown and upper the lower metatarsus fromthedistaltibia. heavy metalcuttingtoolinordertosegmentthe proximal epiphysis,verylikelyprovokedwitha 23 usu placed limbs distal and inthehead consisting ally deposits, partial of case kind of the any In or butchering. removal flesh of traces no show the factthatcompletehorse skeletons observe sponds toaveragesizehorses. measurements is1,417.95. This valuecorre body parts(Fig.11). of the disarrangement sibility of post-depositional separately. Wethe pos canthereforeeliminate severed from the horse’s carcassanddeposed os tarsicentrale,indicatingthat distal limbswere 3 andonthelateralsideof of theoscarpale epiphysis features. to metatarsaldistal The ageaccording in two found, divided were from thesameanimal skull is1,377mm,thusanaverageheighthorse. and itisamale. comprised betweenfiveandsixyears.

The canines erupt at four to five years of age years five to four at erupt canines The This is the single casewhenonlythe skull was using themetatar calculated Withers height, The sexismale,asindicatedbythecanines. The ageofthehorsewasestimatedmeasuring From the zooarchaeological perspective we can perspective From thezooarchaeological on metapodial estimated height The average side posterior the on identified were marks Cut Only distallimbs is alsounique. The situation of the estimatedfromthelength Withers height, of canines by thepresence The sexisindicated Silver 1969. Discussion andconclusions Horse 17 Horse 18 23 ismorethan16-20months. ------67 - - - cu s Anca Ganciu, Valentin Dumitra Ganciu, Valentin Anca horse 15. Left – anterior view. Right view. – lateral – Osteoarthritis of the left tarsometatarsal – Osteoarthritis of the left joint of – Horse 18 – feature 1. – Horse 18 – feature – Horse 18 – feature 2. Although the horse remains are dispersed on the Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. ably of head and distal limb elements, with no in ventory associated. In half of the cases we have severing while produced marks butchery identified the skull or limbs from the main body. entire surface of the necropolis, they are not as sociated with human burials, unlike other contem The situation raises some problems porary sites. ------er (4); ries: The partial horse depositions consist invari In the case of the complete horse burials, the an the burials, horse complete the of case the In Lacking any evidence, we cannot know for sure 2.1. the head and the distal limbs placed togeth 2.2. the skull (1); 2.3. the distal limbs (1). In 17 cases the age of the animals could be es 1. complete horse burials (12). 2. partial depositions (6) with three subcatego The 18 horse burials and depositions discovered Unlike an alimentary butchery process, horse el From the practical view, unlike the main body of unlike the main view, From the practical ments and weapons. No butchery traces were re corded on the skeletons. imals are placed in lateral decubitus, right and left in similar amount. Most of them are accompanied consisting in harness parts, adorn by inventory, the carcasses stands out. if these animals were sacrificed or if they died by treatment of the further natural causes. However, except one individual, aged about 3.5 years. For horses the sex could be established and all of 11 them appear to be males. timated and ranges between five to ten years old, within the Zimnicea necropolis can be divided in two main categories: consumption. We assume therefore that the ele consumption. We ments we found were separated from the body and deposited in a ritual, symbolic circumstance. for the people that butchered and buried them. In rich in meat, body, the of rest what concerns the there is no indication it was the subject of human if ements from the partial deposits found in Zimnicea the ements from are intact, so they showed no alimentary interest and the tongue are removed, leaving typical cut tongue are removed, leaving and the marks. sheep, deer). goat or Usually the skull is cracked open the brain to access and the metapodials are The masseter muscles marrow. the also broken for portant alimentary use. These body parts are of use. portant alimentary ten discarded an animal when one butchers with (cattle, horse’s comparable a the conformation to body parts segmentation. body parts segmentation. and distal limbs are of no im the horse, the head (horses 16, 17 and 18). The butchery marks identi marks butchery The 17 and 18). (horses 16, fied on the lower limb elements of horses 16 and horse’s result of a 17 is horse skull of the 18 and together, or separately the skull or distal limbs, in distal or skull the separately or together, three situation butchery marks were recognized 68 not contain any datableinventory, they maybe burials. Although the partial horsedepositionsdo horse and jointheclassical ogy ofthenecropolis ness partsandotherobjects, respectthechronol ground. traits on theexcavation of visiblearchaeological them intheabsence between made tion canbe distances, butnoconnec man burials,atvariable intheproximityofhu are located horse remnants regarding the motivation of this behaviour. The New Discoveries ofHorseBurialsandDepositionsintheGeticCemetery from Zimnicea Fig. 11 Fig. 12 The complete horseburials,associated withhar – Disjointing cut marks on the os magnum of the osmagnum cut markson – Disjointing – Horse 18. Black – the elements from feature 1. Gray – the elements from feature 2. The arrows indicate arrows The 2. feature from elements the – Gray 1. feature from elements the – Black 18. Horse – disjointing cutmarks. rate thedistallimbfromtibia. horse 18. to sepa The cutswereintended

- - - - - piece indiscussion. This isanironbitwithcheek quite clearanalogies,thisisnotthecasefor the the other horsebitsfromZimniceahave Allthough typology.and its chronology regarding problems some bit possesses this horse cemeteries), and cropolis as well as in other sites (Getic settlements discoveries arenumerousinthe Zimnicea ne with the ironbitdiscovered is value with chronological object creditable only are scarceininventory.als fromZimnicea, The lis. at similardepthsalloverthenecropo discovered horse burials,dueto the fact that all of them were with thecomplete as contemporary considered 24 lacks the terminal like thisvariant,ourcheek piece two orifices located very close two each other. Un included intype V, variant A, S-shaped ironbit with According to Werner attached tothecheekpiecesbyoneringleteach. two ringlets. also are bars iron The twostranded together by iron bars,jointed made oftwostranded is piece mouth The them. of each on orifices two pieces Werner 1988, taf.18/120. As we observed,the new discoveredhorseburi S -shaped, with rectangular section,and 24 , the cheek piecescanbe Horse

15 . Evenifsuch - - - - 69

- - - st cu s was 35 -shaped S from Stra . 36 century BC. th , the horse bit was , the horse bit was oppidum Bugeac II cemetery. cemetery. II Bugeac

33 century BC from from Manching, from Manching, Bavaria. th Anca Ganciu, Valentin Dumitra Ganciu, Valentin Anca . The Jankovo I tumulus I Jankovo The . M. 7, M. 34 century BC and ends in the 1 oppidum th , 38, cat. no. 125, 126. 88 century BC th P. Alexandrescu 1976, 118, 123. Alexandrescu 1976, 118, P. Concerning the chronology of type V, a starting Concerning the chronology of type V, Considering all these facts as well chro as the In the same feature a bronze link was also found, also was link bronze a feature same the In Alexandrescu 1976, 123. P. 19 Werner Dremsizova 1955, 81. ered horse bit can be dated eventualy in the early ered horse bit can be dated eventualy the necropolis, with analogies period of with the Ukrainian kurgans. This have a chronological does not value. but it from necropolis Getic the in common is link of type Zimnicea and also in other necropolises or isolated tombs. 33 34 35 36 Another pieceAnother in the was found donice. other hand On the horse variant bits from abundant B, are more south-western in , Similar in kurgans. in are rarely found horse bits Except the simple south-east Europe. S-shaped ornated amount of great a horse bits, and B, A discovered.cheek pieces was Variants are found in the kurgans of south Ukraine, often in the same complex. is Werner, point for Alexandrescu According to P. found with a attic kantharos with black lacquer, quarter of the 4 dated in the second handles was found at Another kantharos with two horse bit, and A Zimnicea associated with a type third quarter of in the Alexandrescu P. dated by the 4 dated at the end of the 4 that starts in nology of the Zimnicea cemetery, at the half of 4 new discov the we can assume that century BC, variant B, is the variant B, ------, in , 25 . . 26 , 40-41. is stranded, another 1986 , as well as the discov 29 27 , type V, variant B is char is variant B V, type , 28 123, 124, taf. 18/123, 19/124. 137, taf. 20/137. 135, taf. 20/135. has fine nervures, and the 30 see Werner see Werner is made from a two ringletsse cat. no. cat. no. cat. no. 31 40, , 40, , 37, , , 41, taf. 69A. Plopşor 1945-1947, 23, pl. V/9 Plopşor 1945-1947, 23, pl. 1988 1988 1988 1988 , we can observe that South of the Danube the South of we can observe that , 32 Werner Werner Werner Werner Werner Werner Werner Werner Following the distribution of type V, variants A and A variants Following the distribution V, of type In Werner’s typology According to Werner, type V, variant A 1, with 1, A variant V, type According to Werner,

Nicolăescu-Plopşor 1947, 23, taf. V/12. Nicolăescu-Plopşor 1947, 23, taf. Werner 1988, taf. 19/131. Werner variant B V, For type Nicolăescu- 32 29 30 31 26 27 28 ery can be included. The most western point of The most ery can be included. 25 we found type VI, having the same shape, but the mouth piece is formed by a chain. In type V horse bits at South of Danube only the Jankovo discov B horse bits North of the Lower Danube, after Wer after Danube, Lower the of North bits horse B ner that it can be included in this typology. We may We that it can be included in this typology. deal with an unfinished objectthat can be a sub or B. A variant of quence, repeated three times. Even though the quence, repeated three times. Even horse bit we are discussing has no precise anal A, B, we incline to believe variant ogy in type V, The one from Dobrosloveni one from Zimnicea one from Şopot acterised by different shapes of the mouth piece. a bar resembling the number 8. The second horse The second a bar resembling the number 8. has the mouth piece made of bit from Zimnicea Şopot. at analogies with side each of ringlets three ing plane of the cheek piece. The harness was at The cheek piece. the ing plane of on one side and on the other side tached by ringlet by a double ringlet whose parts are connected by horse Zimnicea bites from ery from Şopot. One of the objects from Zimnicea has the orifice placed in right angle to the bend cluded by Werner in type V, variant B variant type V, in Werner cluded by tow also includes other angular endings, button or button and the two lateral ringlets. The stranded The stranded button and two lateral the ringlets. has analogies mouth piece Dobrosloveni at 70 New Discoveries ofHorseBurialsandDepositionsintheGeticCemetery from Zimnicea 22a. HeightofthemandiblebehindM 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8a. Lengthofthepremolarrowmeasurednearbitingsurface 8. Lengthofthepremolarrowmeasuredalongalveolionbuccalside 7a. Lengthofthemolarrowmeasurednearbitingsurface 7. Lengthofthemolarrowmeasuredalongalveolionbuccalside 6a. Lengthofthecheektoothrowmeasurednearbitingsurface 6. Lengthofthecheektoothrowmeasuredalongalveolionbuccalside

BFcd – Greatest breadth of the Facies articularis caudalis BFcr –GreatestbreadthoftheFaciesarticulariscranialis GL –Greatestlength H –Height GLF –GreatestlengthfromtheBFcrtoBFcd HFcr –Greatest height oftheFaciesterminaliscranialis BFcr –GreatestbreadthoftheFacies terminaliscranialis GB –Greatestbreadth PL –Physiologicallength GL –Greatestlengthontheventralside SBV –Smallestbreadthofthevertebra BFcr – Greatest breadth of the Facies articularis cranialis LCDe –Lengthintheregionofcorpus Table 2.Horse15–Mandible. Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofP Length ofP Breadth ofP Length ofP Breadth ofP Length ofP Breadth ofP Length ofP Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofP Length ofP Breadth ofP Length ofP Maxillary teeth 4 3 2 3 2 1

4 3 2 3 3 2 1 fromthemostaboralpointofalveolus Table 5.Horse15–Sacrum. Table 1.Horse15. Table 3.Horse15– Atlas. Table 4.Horse15– Axis. 4 3 2 3 2 1 Biometry 4 3 2 3 2 1 22.25 27.27 24.98 27.00 25.20 25.56 26.70 29.35 26.72 29.10 23.93 38.23 Dex. 22.96 27.42 24.96 26.60 25.65 25.78 26.32 29.58 26.40 29.08 24.52 38.05 Sin. 131.00 180.80 180.66 203.75 39.90 79.27 75.00 78.50 80.50 84.80 94.00 19.92 44.07 Dex. 169.00 172.70 106.90 89.84 82.90 84.06 14.90 32.50 16.92 25.00 17.60 26.40 19.34 26.00 19.45 27.00 16.19 31.36 85.54 14.02 33.27 16.20 25.40 17.12 25.67 18.88 26.82 18.08 27.69 16.30 30.24 Sin. 71 cu s Sin. 29.60 91.00 22.84 48.33 35.84 Sin. 48.30 31.90 33.53 96.00 21.91 49.82 34.53 207.18 203.60 197.48 1,269.84 1,300.73 29.25 92.00 23.50 49.22 35.90 52.35 50.60 47.71 32.19 33.22 95.00 21.49 48.74 33.49 Dex. Dex. 253.84 250.63 244.04 208.18 205.04 198.73 Anca Ganciu, Valentin Dumitra Ganciu, Valentin Anca 60.62 78.09 70.94 37.45 70.90 Sin. 34.90 70.30 69.25 Sin. 114.00 59.16 89.83 53.45 42.86 309.66 301.48 295.38 379.70 375.80 273.60 271.60 258.50 Sin. Sin. 1,279.99 Dex. 90.50 54.30 1,278.06 61.45 77.92 71.22 36.63 71.40 Dex. 114.00 309.30 300.64 294.48 1,322.69 380.00 376.00 Dex. 34.50 70.60 69.40 Table 17. Horse 15 – Metatarsus III. Table Table 16. Horse 15 – Metacarpus III. 16. Horse 15 – Metacarpus Table Dex. GL – Greatest length GL GLl – Greatest length of the lateral side Ll – Lateral length on the outer side Bp – Greatest breadth of the proximal end Dp – Greatest depth of the proximal end SD – Smallest breadth of the diaphysis diaphysis the Smallest circumference of CD – DD – Smallest depth of the diaphysis Bd – Greatest breadth of the distal end Dd – Greatest depth of the distal end height Withers SD – Smallest breadth of the diaphysis the diaphysis CD – Smallest circumference of DD – Smallest depth of the diaphysis Bd – Greatest breadth of the distal end Dd – Greatest depth of the distal end height Withers GL – Greatest length GL GLl – Greatest length of the lateral side Ll – Lateral length on the outer side Bp – Greatest breadth of the proximal end Dp – Greatest depth of the proximal end 91.34 36.90 68.69 44.47 Sin. Sin. 63.00 60.50 58.14 59.45 46.70 56.85 Sin. 110.00 Sin. 327.92 288.50 38.00 85.60 49.36 Sin. 140.00 105.90 1,258.51 61.73 58.10 Dex. 58.85 59.80 47.58 57.46 Dex. 38.00 86.00 90.52 38.32 70.89 44.72 Dex. Dex. 112.00 140.00 328.31 288.80 49.54 Dex. 107.08 Table 6. Horse 15 – Scapula. 6. Horse 15 – Table Table 9. Horse 15 – Radius. 9. Table Dex. 66.03 65.57 Table 7. Horse 15 – Humerus. Table Table 8. Horse 15 – Radius and ulna. 8. Horse 15 – Radius and Table GL – Greatest length – Greatest GL of the lateral part GLl – Greatest length from caput GLC – Greatest length of the diaphysis SD – Smallest breadth of the distal end Bd – Greatest breadth the trochlea – Greatest breadth of BT height Withers GL – Greatest length GL GLl – Greatest length of the lateral part height Withers SLC – Smallest length of the Collum scapulae length of the Collum SLC – Smallest articularis of the Processus – Greatest length GLP of the glenoid cavity LG – Length of the glenoid cavity BG – Breadth GL – Greatest length GL – Physiological length PL Ll – Length of the lateral part Bp – Greatest breadth of the proximal end BFp – Breadth Facies of the articularis proximalis SD – Smallest breadth of the diaphysis CD – Smallest circumference of the diaphysis Bd – Greatest breadth of the distal end BFd – Breadth of the Facies articularis distalis height Withers Table 10. Horse 15 - Pelvis. Table Table 13. Horse 15 – Tibia. Table Table 11. Horse 15 – Femur. Horse 11. Table Table 14. Horse 15 – Astragalus. 14. Horse 15 – Table Smallest breadth of the diaphysis Greatest breadth – Table 15. Horse 15 – Calcaneus. Table – Table 12. Horse 15 – Patella. Table LA – Length of the acetabulum including the lip the including acetabulum the of Length – LA LAR – Length of the acetabulum on the rim GB – Greatest breadth GL – Greatest length GL BFd – Breadth of the Facies articularis distalis tali Trochlea of part medial the of Length – LmT GH – Greatest height GB – Greatest breadth GL – Greatest length GL GB CD – Smallest circumference of the diaphysis Bd – Greatest breadth of the distal end Dd – Greatest depth of the distal end height Withers GL – Greatest length GL Ll – Lateral length on the outer side Bp – Greatest breadth of the proximal end SD – Smallest breadth of the diaphysis SD CD – Smallest circumference of the diaphysis Bd – Greatest breadth of the distal end 72 New Discoveries ofHorseBurialsandDepositionsintheGeticCemetery from Zimnicea BFd –BreadthoftheFaciesarticularisdistalis Bd SD Dp –Depthoftheproximalend BFp Bp GL Bd SD Dp –Depthoftheproximalend BFp Bp GL HP –Heightintheregionofextensor process BF LF –LengthoftheFaciesarticularis 22c. Heightofthemandibleinfront ofP 22b. Heightofthemandibleinfront ofM 22a. Heightofthemandiblebehind M 14 13 12 11 10 9 8a. Lengthofthepremolarrowmeasurednearbitingsurface 8. Lengthofthepremolarrowmeasuredalongalveolionbuccalside 7a. Lengthofthemolarrowmeasurednearbitingsurface 7. Lengthofthemolarrowmeasuredalongalveolionbuccalside 6a. Lengthofthecheektoothrowmeasurednearbitingsurface 6. Lengthofthecheektoothrowmeasuredalongalveolionbuccalside – – – – – – – – – Greatestbreadthofthedistalend Greatestbreadthoftheproximalend Greatestbreadthofthedistalend Greatestbreadthoftheproximalend Greatestlength Greatestlength – – BreadthoftheFaciesarticularis Smallestbreadthofthediaphysis Smallestbreadthofthediaphysis BreadthoftheFaciesarticularisproximalis BreadthoftheFaciesarticularisproximalis Table 20.Horse15–Phalanx III. Table 19.Horse15–PhalanxII. Table 18.Horse15–PhalanxI. Length ofP Breadth ofP Length ofP Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofP Length ofP Breadth ofP

Table 21.Horse16–Mandible. 4 3 2 3 2 1

2 4 3 3 2 1 3 . fromthemostaboralpointof alveolus 2 1 Phalanx III ant. dex. Phalanx II ant. dex. Phalanx I ant. dex. 37.67 22.70 48.18 43.41 30.88 46.26 50.15 45.30 43.50 45.36 34.70 33.80 48.60 52.52 79.93 Phalanx III Phalanx II ant. sin. ant. sin. Phalanx I ant. sin. 37.82 52.30 22.30 49.54 44.98 31.35 46.16 52.81 46.16 43.70 46.34 35.10 34.06 49.00 54.27 80.64 Phalanx III post. dex. Phalanx II post. dex. post. dex. Phalanx I 41.50 46.70 23.77 47.60 42.48 32.64 44.88 50.20 48.14 41.60 43.40 33.00 36.70 48.04 52.54 76.46 Dex. 106.00 166.52 172.84 53.50 79.00 14.30 31.90 16.64 25.50 17.85 26.10 18.25 28.90 17.39 28.80 16.45 31.88 86.75 89.87 81.00 83.45 Phalanx III Phalanx II post. sin. post. sin. Phalanx I post. sin. 106.00 Sin. 81.40 14.10 31.34 16.28 26.50 17.44 25.50 18.67 26.27 17.43 27.98 16.34 30.49 81.45 82.92 45.90 42.19 31.75 45.00 50.37 48.03 41.80 44.33 32.50 36.13 48.80 53.48 76.70 51.24 22.74 73 cu s 49.63 33.05 33.64 97.00 22.71 49.68 36.20 80.90 55.96 52.20 37.82 34.57 44.84 43.85 45.26 52.64 45.87 32.00 43.30 47.45 224.90 221.49 214.80 1,376.86 Phalanx I post. dex. Phalanx II post. dex. 43.94 53.70 47.38 31.38 45.62 50.08 83.76 55.15 50.80 35.67 34.92 46.82 44.71 31.32 95.00 25.72 50.86 35.96 267.80 265.27 263.62 Anca Ganciu, Valentin Dumitra Ganciu, Valentin Anca 76.13 23.00 46.93 53.70 37.70 57.90 1,405.09 ant. sin. Phalanx II Phalanx I ant. sin. 43.65 52.82 47.68 30.88 45.20 48.95 Phalanx III ant. dex. Table 23. Horse 16 – Metacarpus III dex. 23. Horse 16 Table ant. dex. Phalanx II 83.78 54.43 49.10 34.97 34.37 46.31 46.27 Greatest length of the lateral side Greatest length Smallest depth of the diaphysis Smallest depth of the – – GL – Greatest length GL GLl length on the outer side Ll – Lateral end breadth of the proximal Bp – Greatest the proximal end Dp – Greatest depth of of the diaphysis SD – Smallest breadth of the diaphysis CD – Smallest circumference DD of the distal end Bd – Greatest breadth the distal end Dd – Greatest depth of height Withers Phalanx I ant. dex. Sin. 28.45 26.50 25.28 25.54 26.27 24.80 26.32 22.07 Table 24. Horse 16 – Metatarsus III dex. 24. Table Dex. 26.76 25.80 25.60 26.06 24.90 26.49 22.30 37.95 27.50 29.83 27.50 28.50 Greatest length of the lateral side Smallest depth of the diaphysis Greatest depth of the distal end – – – Ll – Lateral length on the outer side SD – Smallest breadth of the diaphysis CD – Smallest circumference of the diaphysis DD Bd – Greatest breadth of the distal end Dd height Withers GL – Greatest length GL GLl Table 27. Horse 16 – Phalanx III. Table Breadth of the Facies articularis Greatest breadth Greatest length – – – Table 26. Horse 16 – Phalanx II. Table GL GB LF – Length of the Facies articularis BF Ld – Length of the dorsal surface – Height in the region of the extensor process HP 2 3 1 3 4 2 2 3 1 3 4 2 Table 25. Horse 16 – Phalanx I. 25. Table Breadth of the Facies articularis proximalis Breadth of the Facies articularis proximalis Smallest breadth of the diaphysis Smallest breadth of the diaphysis – – Greatest length Greatest length Depth of the proximal end Greatest breadth of the proximal end Greatest breadth of the distal end Greatest breadth of the distal end Greatest breadth of the proximal end – – – – – – – – – Table 22. Horse 16 – Maxillary teeth. 22. Horse 16 Table Length of M Breadth of M Length of M Breadth of M Length of P P Breadth of Length of P Breadth of P Length of M Breadth of M Length of P P Breadth of Bd BFd – Breadth of the Facies articularis distalis GL Bp BFp Dp – Depth of the proximal end SD GL Bp BFp Dp SD Bd 74 New Discoveries ofHorseBurialsandDepositionsintheGeticCemetery from Zimnicea maxillo-jugal suturewiththefacialridge 43. Facialbreadthbetweentheoutermostpointsoffacialcrestatpointintersection 24a. Lengthofthepremolarrowmeasurednearbitingsurface 24. Lengthofthepremolarrowmeasuredalongalveolionbuccalside 23a. Lengthofthemolarrowmeasurednearbitingsurface 23. Lengthofthemolarrowmeasuredalongalveolionbuccalside 22a. Lengthofthecheektoothrowmeasurednearbitingsurface 22. Lengthofthecheektoothrowmeasuredalongalveoli 21. Lengthofthediastema(P 20. Laterallengthofthepremaxilla:Nasointermaxillare–Prosthion 19. Dentallength:Postdentale–Prosthion 15. Lateralfaciallength:Ectorbitale–Prosthion 13. Shortlateralfaciallength:Entorbitale–Prosthion 12. Mostoralpointofthefacialcrestononeside–Prosthion 1. Total length: Akrokranion –Prosthion 48. Greatestpalatalbreadth:measuredacrosstheouterbordersofalveoli 47. Leastbreadthintheregionofdiastema 46. Greatestbreadthonthecurvatureofpremaxillae 45. Greatestbreadthof‘snout’:measuredacrosstheouterbordersalveoliI 44. Facialbreadthbetweentheinfraorbitalforamina 42. Leastbreadthbetweentheorbits:Entorbitale– 41. Greatestbreadthofskull:Ectorbitale– 40. Leastbreadthbetweenthesupraorbitalforamina 38. Greatestneurocraniumbreadth:Euryon– 33. Greatestmastoidbreadth:Otion– 32. Greatestinnerheightoftheorbit 31. Greatestinnerlengthoftheorbit:Ectorbitale–Entorbitale 30 29 28 27 26 25

Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofM Length ofM Breadth ofP Length ofP Breadth ofP Length ofP Breadth ofP Length ofP Withers height Dd –Greatestdepthofthedistal end Bd –Greatestbreadthofthedistal end DD –Smallestdepthofthediaphysis CD –Smallestcircumferenceofthediaphysis SD –Smallestbreadthofthediaphysis Dp –Greatestdepthoftheproximalend Bp –Greatestbreadthoftheproximalend Ll –Laterallengthontheouterside GLl –Greatestlengthofthelateralside GL –Greatestlength 2 –I Table 29.Horse18,feature1–MetacarpusIIIdex. 3 ) 4 3 2 3 2 1 4 3 2 3 2 1 Table 28.Horse17–Cranium. 1,427.57 3 222.71 228.13 231.01 36.23 50.09 23.06 95.00 32.53 34.15 50.91 161.30 164.70 180.00 286.00 363.00 302.00 217.00 510.00 176.00 148.50 212.50 142.60 103.00 116.37 112.00 23.06 24.00 25.00 24.00 27.30 27.00 27.20 29.00 24.40 36.37 90.60 91.80 74.00 75.90 85.00 57.50 63.50 65.70 80.80 52.25 64.10 21.50 27.50 75 cu s 84.84 55.40 51.39 38.90 34.00 46.70 43.50 89.00 56.20 51.90 36.20 34.50 48.55 45.20 Anca Ganciu, Valentin Dumitra Ganciu, Valentin Anca 36.50 52.55 41.27 30.40 96.00 25.80 49.70 95.00 22.95 50.09 36.22 50.45 33.80 33.40 271.89 270.00 265.44 230.80 227.92 222.31 1,414.79 1,425.00 Table 32. Horse 18, feature 1- Phalanx I post. sin. 32. Table Table 30. Horse 18, feature 1- Phalanx I ant. dex. feature 1- Phalanx 30. Horse 18, Table Table 31. Horse 18, feature 1- Metatarsus III sin. 31. Table Table 33. Horse 18, feature 2 – Metacarpus III sin. Table GL – Greatest length GL GLl – Greatest length of the lateral side Ll – Lateral length on the outer side Bp – Greatest breadth of the proximal end Dp – Greatest depth of the proximal end SD – Smallest breadth of the diaphysis CD – Smallest circumference of the diaphysis DD – Smallest depth of the diaphysis Bd – Greatest breadth of the distal end Dd – Greatest depth of the distal end height Withers GL – Greatest length GL Bp – Greatest breadth of the proximal end BFp – Breadth of the Facies articularis proximalis Dp – Depth of the proximal end SD – Smallest breadth of the diaphysis Bd – Greatest breadth of the distal end BFd – Breadth of the Facies articularis distalis Bp – Greatest breadth of the proximal end Dp – Greatest depth of the proximal end SD – Smallest breadth of the diaphysis CD – Smallest circumference of the diaphysis DD – Smallest depth of the diaphysis Bd – Greatest breadth of the distal end Dd – Greatest depth of the distal end height Withers GL – Greatest length GL GLl – Greatest length of the lateral side Ll – Lateral length on the outer side Dp – Depth of the proximal end Dp – Depth of the proximal of the diaphysis SD – Smallest breadth of the distal end Bd – Greatest breadth articularis distalis BFd – Breadth of the Facies GL – Greatest length GL end breadth of the proximal Bp – Greatest articularis proximalis BFp – Breadth of the Facies 76 New Discoveries ofHorseBurialsandDepositionsintheGeticCemetery from Zimnicea Babeș Babeș Atanasov, Yorgov2007 P. Alexandrescu A. D. Alexandrescu 1983 A. D. Alexandrescu 1980 et alii et alii 2009 2008

232-233. arheologice dinRomânia– campania2008 F. Vasilescu, O.Cârstina,Gh.Olteanu(eds.), Zimnicea-“Câmpul Morţilor” M. Babeş, Anca Ganciu,CristinaMuja, I. Torcică, T. Nica,D.Măndescu, D. Alexandrescu, A. Bucureşti 331-332. (eds.), Măndescu, M. Babeş, Anca Ganciu,CristinaMuja,EcaterinaŢânţăreanu, I. Torcică, D. 2007, 37-44. Conference, –Tutrakan, 6-7.10.2005 Danube in Antiquity (VIcBC–VI c AD). International Archaeological Dragoevo regionduringtheClassicalandHellenistic Ages G. Atanasov, Y. Yorgov, 1976, 117-123. P. Alexandrescu, nécropole gètedeZimnicea D. Alexandrescu, A. 19-126. Ll –Laterallengthontheouterside GLl –Greatestlengthofthelateralside GL –Greatestlength Withers height Dd –Greatestdepthofthedistalend Bd –Greatestbreadthofthedistalend DD –Smallestdepthofthediaphysis CD –Smallestcircumferenceofthediaphysis SD –Smallestbreadthofthediaphysis Dp –Greatestdepthoftheproximalend Bp –Greatestbreadthoftheproximalend BFd –BreadthoftheFaciesarticularisdistalis Bd –Greatestbreadthofthedistalend SD –Smallestbreadthofthediaphysis Dp –Depthoftheproximalend BFp –BreadthoftheFaciesarticularisproximalis Bp –Greatestbreadthoftheproximalend GL –Greatestlength Table 35.Horse18,feature2–PhalanxIpost.dex. Table 34.Horse18,feature2–MetatarsusIIIdex. Cronica cercetărilorarheologicedinRomânia–campania 200 BIBLIOGRAPHY Zimnicea-“Câmpul Morţilor” Pour unechronologiedesVI Tombes dechevauxetpiècesduharnaisdansla La

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