REPORT ON ROMAN REPUBLICAN AND ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS
Prepared on behalf of the International Association of Professional Numismatists for the United States Cultural Property Advisory Committee
June 26, 2020
Roman Republican Coin Finds Beyond the Borders of the Italian Republic
Definition
The term “Roman Republican coinage” refers to gold, silver and bronze coins struck between c. 326 BC, the accepted date of the first Romano-Campanian bronze issue naming the Romans in Greek script, and 27 BC, the year in which Octavian assumed broad constitutional powers and the title Augustus, an act that established him as the first Roman Emperor.
Mints and Bullion Sources
The primary mint of the Roman Republic was located in the Temple of Juno Moneta at Rome, where vast quantities of metal derived from sources outside Italy, such as plunder, indemnities on defeated enemies, taxes imposed on conquered cities and peoples, and the mines of Spain were struck into coin.1 According to Plutarch’s Life of Pompey (45.3) in the year 60 BC alone, the value of silver brought to Rome from these provincial sources amounted to some 85 million denarii (roughly equivalent to 316 US tons). Metallurgical analyses show that before the late second century, Roman Republican denarii are composed primarily of silver with isotope signatures linking them to sources in Asia Minor.2 All of this raises a real moral conundrum even before questions of extra-Italian circulation and find evidence are considered. Since the metal for Roman Republican coins largely comes from sources outside of Italy—most commonly by looting and coercion—and can be shown through scientific means to have come from specific sources, who should the coins belong to? International law (Article 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court) condemns wartime looting as a crime and whenever possible would seek to restore looted property to its rightful owner. Taking this into account it seems very much unclear whether Roman Republican coins that can be shown to have been produced from plundered bullion should belong to the modern Republic of Italy simply because this foreign metal was melted down and struck into coins at Rome. Surely at least an equal (and arguably morally superior) claim to rights over these coins should belong to modern states like Spain and Turkey since it was from their ancient peoples and territories that the Romans looted the metal for their production.
It is also important to be aware that while the mint of Rome was the main mint for the Roman Republic, several Republican issues are known or believed by scholars to have been struck at mints located outside the territorial limits of the Republic of Italy. In many cases these are thought to have been military mints moving with Roman commanders
1 M. J. Taylor, “State Finance in the Middle Roman Republic: A Reevaluation,” American Journal of Philology 138.1 (2017), 160-166. 2 W. Hollstein, ed. Metallanalytische Untersuchungen an Münzen der römischen Republik (Berlin: Gebr. Mann., 2000), 122-123.
2 striking coins from plundered bullion in order to pay their legions. Table 1 lists mints of Roman Republican coins known ore believed to have been located in eight modern countries outside of Italy. It is unclear how such coins can be considered Italian cultural property when they were produced outside of Italy, using locally obtained bullion (via plunder, taxes, etc.), and possibly even local manpower to cast the flans and strike the coins.
Table 1: Roman Republican Mints outside of Italy
Country Mint Name Date RRC Spain Spain 211 BC 96/1 Greece Greece 196 548/1a-1b Turkey Laodicea-ad-Lycum? 88 BC? 550/1-3c Greece, Turkey Mint moving with Sulla in the East 84-83 BC 359/1-2 France Massalia 82 BC 365/1a-1c Spain Spain 82-81 BC 366/1a-4 Spain? Perhaps Spain 76-75 BC 393/1a-1b Turkey Antioch? 59 BC? 549/1 Albania, Turkey Apollonia, then Asia 49 BC 445/1a-3b Spain Mint moving with Pompey 49 BC 446/1-447/1b Tunisia, Algeria, Libya Africa 47-46 BC 458/1-462/2 Spain Spain 46-45 BC 468/1-471/1 Spain Spain 45-44 BC 478/1a-1b Spain Spain 45 BC onwards 479/1 France Gallia Transalpina and Cisalpina 43 BC 488/1-489/6 Tunisia, Algeria, Libya Africa 42 BC 509/1-5 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 39 BC 527/1-528/2b Greece East (mint moving with Octavian) 39 BC 529/4b Greece, Turkey East 39 BC 531/1a-1b Spain Osca 39 BC 532/1 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 38 BC 533/1-3b Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 37 BC 536/1-4 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 36 BC 539/1 Tunisia, Algeria, Libya Africa (mint moving with Octavian) 36 BC 540/1 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 34 BC 541/1-2 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 33 BC 542/1-2 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 32 BC 543/1 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 32-31 BC 544/1-39 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 31 BC 545/1-2 Libya Cyrenaica 31 BC 546/1-8
Finds of Rome Mint Republican Coins outside of Italy
The widespread extra-Italian circulation of coins struck by the moneyers and dynasts of the Roman Republic cannot be disputed in light of the data presented in Map 1 and Table 2. Map 1 graphically illustrates the wide dispersal of hoards throughout the United Kingdom, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, based on a search for Republican coins of the Rome mint in the Ashmolean Museum’s online database Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire (http://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/) (the list of precise locations is given in Supplement 1). Table 2a provides the data for 37,571 individual pieces found in hoards and archaeological excavations from 16 different modern states published in the print
3 volumes of Roman Republican Coin Hoards, the online database of Coin Hoards of the Roman Republic (http://numismatics.org/chrr/) Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, the Coin Hoards series of the Royal Numismatic Society, and major excavation reports with dedicated numismatic sections, the table does not (and cannot) take into account the numerous private finds reported in various media, or unpublished find records from archaeological sites. Therefore it is virtually certain that the real quantity of Roman Republican coins found outside of Italy and is much greater than the table might suggest.
The vast majority of the Roman Republican coins found outside of Italy is silver denarii (the most common Roman denomination struck in the republican period) although bronze coins also appear, especially as excavation finds.3 The denarius was the standard coin used to pay the legions and therefore traveled widely throughout the Mediterranean world as the Roman Republic acquired an overseas empire over the course of the third-first centuries BC.4 The prevalence of republican silver as opposed to bronze outside of Italy is explained by the general tendency of pre-imperial Roman bronze coins to circulate close to the place of issue and by the fact that for the majority of the republican period bronze coins were struck in very limited quantities compared to the vast output of denarii.5 Nevertheless, it is worth noting that even the large bronze currency bars known as aes signatum, which one would not expect to find outside of Italy, actually appear hoarded in the Balkans.6
Table 2a: Finds of Rome Mint Republican Coins outside of
3 Greece Hierapytna IGCH 318 200 Greece Hierapytna IGCH 352 1 Greece Lechaena CH VIII 417 1 Greece Vonitsa CH VIII 431 2 Greece Nekromantion CH VIII 530 17 Greece Preveza CH VIII 542 17 Greece Dolj County CH VIII 543 93 Romania Sfintesti IGCH 656 21 Romania Beius IGCH 657 1 Romania Furculesti IGCH 658 100 Greece Cavalla IGCH 660
3 It has been pointed out recently that foreign coins account for more than a quarter of the finds at archaeological sites: F. de Callataÿ, “Greek Coins from Archaeological Excavations: A Conspectus of Conspectuses and a Call for Chronological Tables,” in P. van Alfen (ed.), Agoranomia: Studies in Money and Exchange Presented to John H. Kroll (New York, 2006), pp. 184-185. 4 K. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy (Baltimore, 1996), pp. 60-72. 5 O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage (Cambridge, 1991), p. 6; K. Butcher, “Small Change in Ancient Beirut,” Berytus 45-46 (2001-2002), pp. 37-40; M. Crawford, The Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge, 1974), p. 265. 6 L. Milani, “Aes rude signatum e grave rinvenuto alla Bruna presso Spoleto,” Rivista Italiana Numismatica (1891), pp. 27-116; J. Brunsmid, “Nekoliko nasasca novaca na skupu u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji,” Viestnik Hrvatskoga arheologoskoga drustv (1896-1897), pp. 3-64; M. von Bahrfeldt, “Der Münzfund von Mazin (Croatien) : Afrikanische und Italische Kupfermünzen, Aes Rude und Signatum,” Berliner Münzblätter 241 (1900), col. 2863-2868.
4 1 Romania Licuriciu CH VII 119 3 Greece Platania IGCH 663 1 Greece Veroia CH VII 97 1 Greece South Macedonia CH VII 102 91 Greece Macedonia CH VII 139 1 Bulgaria Mindja IGCH 664 3 Bulgaria Vetrea CH VII 141 39 Albania Tirane IGCH 665 50 Bulgaria Rodina IGCH 679 2 Bulgaria Kamen IGCH 681 280 Bulgaria Orehovica IGCH 686 338 Bulgaria Kojnare IGCH 687 7 Bulgaria Rasovo IGCH 688 7 Bulgaria Boljarino IGCH 975 36 Bulgaria Belica IGCH 976 12 Bulgaria Nova Maxala IGCH 977 35 Bulgaria Karavelova IGCH 978 4 Bulgaria Korten IGCH 979 89 Bulgaria Ostrov IGCH 980 1 Bulgaria Stracimir CH III 79 6 Bulgaria Calarasi CH IX 273 1 Bulgaria Pernik CH IX 280 3 Bosnia Bosanska KjustendilKrupa CH IX 277 214 Croatia Gracac CH IX 267 136 Algeria Constantine IGCH 2306 3 Morocco Tangier CH IX 689 1 Spain Grenada IGCH 2327 1 Spain Mogente IGCH 2328 1 Spain Los Villares IGCH 2330 1 Spain Cheste IGCH 2333 12 Spain Valeria IGCH 2334 7 Spain Tivisa IGCH 2335 13 Spain Drieves IGCH 2336 120 Spain Las Ansies IGCH 2337 50 Spain Segaro RRCH 180 1 Spain San Llop IGCH 2347 74 Spain La Barroccca IGCH 2348 11 Spain Azaila IGCH 2349 1058 Spain Gerona IGCH 2350 1 Spain Coll del Moro CH V 40 51 Spain Cuenca province CH VIII 375 1 Spain Camarasa CH IX 707 1 Spain Andalusia CH IX 709 2 Spain Martos CH IX 710 8 Spain Villarubia de losOjos CH IX 716 11 Spain Ecija CH IX 721 2 Spain Ebre-Segre CH IX 724 1 Spain La Plana de Utiel CH IX 725 4 Spain El Saucejo CH IX 728
5 7 Spain Empuries CH IX 729 2 Spain Empuries CH IX 730 1 Spain Borriol CH IX 737 14 Spain Salvacanete CH IX 740 58 Spain Salvacanete CH IX 744 2 France Marseille IGCH 2358 3 France Entremont IGCH 2371 1 France Bouches-du-Rhone IGCH 2378 1 Syria Jebel Khalid Nixon 266 1 Turkey Aphrodisias MacDonald 428 210 Armenia Sarnakounk CH I 105 3 UK Weston RRCH 476 63 Switzerland Haggen RRCH 405 32 Hungary Sillein RRCH 330 56 Austria Lampersberg RRCH 468 23 Austria Lauertach RRCH 170 28 Slovenia Ptuj RRCH 492 26 Slovenia Kobarid CHRR (KOB) 5 Slovenia Laibacher Moor RRCH 536 35 Hungary Erd RRCH 373 168 Hungary Korosszakal CHRR (KRS) 61 Netherlands Bylandse Waard RRCH 525 2 Netherlands Langelille RRCH 354 487 North Macedonia Stobi CHRR (STO) 10 Slovenia Ljubuski RRCH 446 Bosnia- 11 Herzegovina Bastasi RRCH 489 Bosnia- 108 Herzegovina Gajine RRCH 479 42 Croatia Neresine CHRR (NER) 106 Croatia Dracevica RRCH 379 46 Croatia Fiume RRCH 165 167 Croatia Sucurac RRCH 310 4 Croatia Vukovar RRCH 276 183 Croatia Zasiok RRCH 166 15 Germany Stuhlingen RRCH 481 14 Germany Bad Durkheim-Limburg RRCH 422 62 Germany Niederlangen RRCH 452 12 Germany Mainz RRCH 281 33 Germany Fronfeste RRCH 515 9 Germany Goldenstedt RRCH 499 12 Germany Kempten-Lindenberg RRCH 451 36 Germany Koln I CHRR (KL1) 934 Tunisia Sminja RRCH 395 66 Tunisia Uzita CHRR (UZI) 132 Tunisia Cani Islands RRCH 132 27 Tunisia Henchir-Djebel-Dis RRCH 160 84 Portugal Penamacor RRCH 502 102 Portugal Menoita RRCH 414 53 Portugal Mertola CHRR (MER)
6 76 Portugal Sendinho da Senhora RRCH 388 110 Portugal Penhagarcia RRCH 191 212 Portugal Poio RRCH 305 112 Portugal Olival da Soalheira CHRR (OSO) 4 Portugal Rua RRCH 372 136 Portugal Sandana da Carnota CHRR (SDC) 6 Portugal Torres Nova RRCH 264 10 Portugal Moita RRCH 326 4 Portugal Monte Mozinho CHRR (MOZ) 186 Portugal Cabeca de Corte RRCH 300 3453 Portugal Castro de Alvarelhos CHRR (CDA) 7 Portugal Chao de Lamas CHRR (CDL) 72 Portugal Castro de Romariz CHRR (CDR) 293 Portugal Citiana de Sanfins RRCH 463 10 Portugal Guiaes CHRR (GUS) 508 Portugal Herdade da Milia CHRR (HDM) 1344 Portugal Idanha-a-Velha CHRR (IAV) 102 France Peyriac-sur-Mer RRCH 304 7 France Segonzac RRCH 453 106 France Mont Souvance CHRR (SOU) 7 France Viverols RRCH 375 930 France Arbanats RRCH 430 53 France Lissac RRCH 409 423 France Maille RRCH 488 51 France Noyer CHRR (NOY) 13 France Bompas RRCH 290 693 France Bourgueil RRCH 493 20 France Brusc RRCH 284 206 France Beauvoisin RRCH 459 113 France Bessan RRCH 342 33 France Mont Beuvray RRCH 471 3 France Cheverny RRCH 216 39 France Puy D’Issolu CHRR (ISS) 49 France Francin RRCH 413 360 France Villette RRCH 393 2642 Spain Pallenzuela RRCH 314 574 Spain Santa Elena RRCH 193 84 Spain Las Somblancas CHRR (SMB) 12 Spain Sierra Morena RRCH 196 246 Spain Spain RRCH 307 232 Spain Torello d’en Cintes CHRR (TOR) 35 Spain Aznalcollar CHRR (AZN) 28 Spain Puerto Serrano CHRR (PSE) 73 Spain Linares CHRR (LIN) 117 Spain Baix Llobregat CHRR (LLO) 13 Spain La Loba CHRR (LOB) 18 Spain Mahaliman CHRR (MAH) 145 Spain Maluenda RRCH 282 115 Spain Numantia RRCH 118
7 73 Spain Orce RRCH 211 74 Spain Salvacanete RRCH 205 49 Spain Sarria CHRR (SAR) 130 Spain Santa Catalina del Monte CHRR (SCM) 152 Spain Puebla de los Infantes CHRR (PUE) 84 Spain Pozoblanco RRCH 174 74 Spain Pozoblanco CHRR (PZ3) 27 Spain Ramallas RRCH 484 44 Spain Rio Tinto RRCH 194 10 Spain Moratalla la Vieja CHRR (MLV) 24 Spain Monroy CHRR (MNR) 20 Spain Montoro RRCH 182 38 Spain Abertura RRCH 496 163 Spain Alcala del Rio CHRR (ADR) 16 Spain Albanchez de Ubeda CHRR (ADU) 133 Spain Cortijo del Alamo RRCH 464 98 Spain Almadenejos RRCH (ALM) 11 Spain Banos de Fortuna CHRR (BDF) 71 Spain Barranco de Romero CHRR (BDR) 263 Spain Cachapets CHRR (CAC) 89 Spain Catalunya CHRR (CAT) 156 Spain Cortijo de los Cosmes CHRR (CDC) 617 Spain Sierra Morena RRCH 186 22 Spain Chiclana de Segura CHRR (CHL) 113 Spain Castillo de las Guardas CHRR (CLG) 130 Spain Villanueva de Cordoba CHRR (CO1) 304 Spain Cordoba RRCH 184 132 Spain Jaen CHRR (JA2) 87 Spain Jaen RRCH 386 15 Spain Jalance CHRR (JAL) 478 Spain Torre de Juan Abad RRCH 189 533 Spain La Grajuela CHRR (GRJ) 51 Spain Alcala Henares RRCH 334 75 Spain El Centenillo RRCH 181 59 Spain El Centenillo RRCH 385 21 Spain Santa Elena CHRR (ELN) 1143 Spain Alt Emporda CHRR (EMP) 387 Spain Fuente de Cantos CHRR (FDC) 45 Spain Francoli CHRR (FRC) 118 Spain La Barocca RRCH 178 2 Spain Fuente-Librilla CHRR (LIB) 28 Spain Almunecar CHRR (SXS) 12 Spain Tiermes CHRR (TIE) 160 Spain Valdesalor CHRR (VLD) 71 Turkey Turkey CHRR (TU3) 62 Turkey Bodrum CHRR (BOD) 54 Greece Thrace RRCH 402 475 Bulgaria Maluk Chardak CHRR (MCH) 125 Bulgaria Topolovo RRCH 457
8 19 Bulgaria Makotchevo I CHRR (MK1) 25 Bulgaria Makotchevo II CHRR (MK2) 472 Bulgaria Gulgancy RRCH 377 36 Bulgaria Karavelovo CHRR (KAR) 262 Romania Piatra Rosie CHRR (PIA) 6 Romania Pirgaresti RRCH 503 6 Romania Ploiesti RRCH 361 52 Romania Plopsor CHRR (PLP) 130 Romania Cornetu RRCH 296 2 Romania Cremenari RRCH 235 113 Romania Cornii de Sus CHRR (CRN) 56 Romania Mihai Bravu RRCH 118 16 Romania Mihaesti CHRR (MHA) 3 Romania Mierea RRCH 291 117 Romania Salasul de Sus RRCH 348 348 Romania Seica Mica RRCH 456 93 Romania Sfintesi RRCH 320 61 Romania Sfintu Gheorghe CHRR (SG1) 44 Romania Sinvasii CHRR (SIN) 117 Romania Somesul Cald RRCH 321 83 Romania Somosches CHRR (SOM) 32 Romania Sopotu CHRR (SOP) 110 Romania Sprincenata CHRR (SPR) 199 Romania Stejeris CHRR (STE) 34 Romania Stancuta CHRR (STN) 228 Romania Stupini CHRR (STP) 27 Romania Suhaia I CHRR (SU1) 10 Romania Suahia II CHRR (SU2) 43 Romania Transylvania RRCH 369 132 Romania Tunsi CHRR (TUN) 53 Romania Vasad CHRR (VAS) 145 Romania Visina CHRR (VIS) 157 Romania Amnas RRCH 338 158 Romania Prejmer RRCH 412 555 Romania Poroschia RRCH 436 3 Romania Pietrosale RRCH 472 7 Romania Lipov CHRR (LIP) 12 Romania Lunca CHRR (LNC) 89 Romania Locusteni RRCH 367 2 Romania Ludus RRCH 254 18 Romania Nusfalau CHRR (NUS) 55 Romania Obislav CHRR (OBI) 142 Romania Orbeasca de Sus CHRR (ODS) 2 Romania Olteni RRCH 120 4 Romania Oradea CHRR (ORA) 6 Romania Rosiori de Vede RRCH 474 4 Romania Salasuri I CHRR (SA1) 128 Romania Satu Nou RRCH 368 32 Romania Racatau de Jos II CHRR (RAC)
9 43 Romania Ramnicu Valcea CHRR (RMV) 35 Romania Roata de Jos RRCH 356 21 Romania Roesti RRCH (ROE) 15 Romania Martinis RRCH 322 9 Romania Murighiol CHRR (MUR) 156 Romania Nagykagya RRCH 411 8 Romania Nasaud CHRR (NAS) 13 Romania Nicolae Balcescu I RRCH 323 47 Romania Nicolae Balcescu II CHRR (NB2) 19 Romania Nedeia RRCH 274 10 Romania Moroda I CHRR (MR1) 5 Romania Moisei CHRR (MSI) 41 Romania Bobaia CHRR (BOB) 37 Romania Bontesti CHRR (BON) 63 Romania Bran Poarta RRCH 408 14 Romania Brincoveanu CHRR (BRN) 10 Romania Breasta CHRR (BRS) 6 Romania Bucaresti RRCH 363 2 Romania Bugiulesti RRCH 177 48 Romania Buzau RRCH 346 4 Romania Amaristii de Jos CHRR (ADJ) 33 Romania Alungeni RRCH 335 10 Romania Albesti CHRR (ALS) 32 Romania Alexandria RRCH 295 10 Romania Balanesti RRCH 280 38 Romania Bazias RRCH 293 29 Romania Birsa CHRR (BIR) 3 Romania Bancu RRCH 318 4 Romania Cernatu de Jos CHRR (CDJ) 7 Romania Chitorani CHRR (CHT) 98 Romania Calinesti RRCH 347 37 Romania Inuri CHRR (INU) 134 Romania Isalnita RRCH 428 160 Romania Islaz RRCH (ISL) 69 Romania Jdioara RRCH (JDI) 449 Romania Jegalia RRCH (JEG) 232 Romania Gura Padinii RRCH (GUR) 1 Romania Hilib CHRR (HIL) 42 Romania Hunedoara IV RRCH 303 25 Romania Hotarani CHRR (HOT) 9 Romania Hotaroaia CHRR (HTR) 18 Romania Iclanzel CHRR (ICL) 34 Romania Icland CHRR (ICN) 111 Romania Ilieni CHRR (ILI) 17 Romania Costinesti CHRR (CTN) 503 Romania Cuceu CHRR (CUC) 10 Romania Curtea de Arges RRCH 327 16 Romania Dobrogea RRCH 439 3 Romania Dragesti CHRR (DRG)
10 128 Romania Dunareni CHRR (DUN) 8 Romania Deva I CHRR (DV1) 84 Romania Farcasele I RRCH 420 128 Romania Farcasele II CHRR (FA2) 563 Romania Frauendorf RRCH 341 9 Romania Fundeni RRCH 285 29 Romania Garvan CHRR (GAR) 11 Romania Gliganul de Jos CHRR (GDJ) 5 Romania Goranu CHRR (GOR) 21 Romania Gradistea RRCH 325 21 Romania Talpe CHRR (TAL) 63 Romania Licuriciu RRCH 332 20 Romania Tirnava CHRR (TI1) 148 Romania Tirnava CHRR (TI2) 3 Romania Tirgu Mures RRCH 224 14 Romania Vladeni CHRR (VLA) 17 Romania Valachia Mica RRCH 454 41 Romania Zatreni CHRR (ZAT) 3 Romania Zimnicea CHRR (ZIM) 42 Greece Pieraeus RRCH 242 28 Greece Corfu CHRR (CRF) 91 Greece Macedonia CHRR (MC1) 47 Greece Athens CHRR (ATH) 41 Greece Actium RRCH 473 4 Greece Aidona RRCH 376 649 Greece Delos RRCH 465 55 Greece Kavalla RRCH 336 47 Greece Kerassia RRCH 283 51 Greece Thessalonica CHRR (THS) TOTAL 37,571
The vast majority of the Roman Republican coins found outside of Italy is silver denarii (the most common Roman denomination struck in the republican period) although bronze coins also appear, especially as excavation finds.7 The denarius was the standard coin used to pay the legions and therefore traveled widely throughout the Mediterranean world as the Roman Republic acquired an overseas empire over the course of the third-first centuries BC.8 The prevalence of republican silver as opposed to bronze outside of Italy is explained by the general tendency of pre-imperial Roman bronze coins to circulate close to the place of issue and by the fact that for the majority of the Republican period bronze coins were struck in very limited quantities compared to the vast output of
7 It has been pointed out that foreign coins account for more than a quarter of the finds at archaeological sites: F. de Callataÿ, “Greek Coins from Archaeological Excavations: A Conspectus of Conspectuses and a Call for Chronological Tables,” in P. van Alfen (ed.), Agoranomia: Studies in Money and Exchange Presented to John H. Kroll (New York, 2006), pp. 184-185. 8 K. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy (Baltimore, 1996), pp. 60-72.
11 denarii.9 Nevertheless, it is worth noting that even the large bronze currency bars known as aes signatum, which one would not expect to find outside of Italy, actually appear hoarded in the Balkans.10
The ubiquity of the Roman Republican denarius in what is now Spain, France, and Romania resulted in a great deal of local imitation and reinterpretation by indigenous Celtic, Iberian, and Dacian peoples.11 Thus the imported Roman Republican denarii had a clear place in and influence on non-Italian cultures of the Mediterranean world, making it an open and very thorny question as to who can justly claim such coins on the basis of cultural rights.
9 O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage (Cambridge, 1991), p. 6; K. Butcher, “Small Change in Ancient Beirut,” Berytus 45-46 (2001-2002), pp. 37-40; M. Crawford, The Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge, 1974), p. 265. 10 L. Milani, “Aes rude signatum e grave rinvenuto alla Bruna presso Spoleto,” Rivista Italiana Numismatica (1891), pp. 27-116; J. Brunsmid, “Nekoliko nasasca novaca na skupu u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji,” Viestnik Hrvatskoga arheologoskoga drustv (1896-1897), pp. 3-64; M. von Bahrfeldt, “Der Münzfund von Mazin (Croatien) : Afrikanische und Italische Kupfermünzen, Aes Rude und Signatum,” Berliner Münzblätter 241 (1900), col. 2863-2868. 11 See, for examples, R. Knapp, “"Date and Purpose of the Iberian Denarii," Numismatic Chronicle 17 (1977): 1-18; P. Davis, “Dacian Imitations of Roman Republican Denarii,” Apvlvm XLIII/1 (2006), pp. 321–356.
12 Roman Imperial Coin Finds Beyond the Borders of the Italian Republic
Definition
The term “Roman Imperial coinage” refers to coins struck under the authority of the central Roman imperial government(s) between 27 BC, the year in which the Republican dynast Octavian assumed sweeping constitutional powers and the name Augustus to become the first Roman Emperor, and AD 476, the year that Romulus Augustus, the last Roman Emperor was deposed by the Gothic military commander Odoacer. “Roman Imperial coinage” is distinct from the so-called “Roman Provincial coinage” which was struck in the provinces outside of Italy (primarily in bronze) at local civic and regional mints until the mid-third century AD. These were not directly controlled by the central imperial authorities, but rather by city and provincial officials.
Roman Imperial Mints
Seven Roman Imperial mints are recognized by scholars within the borders of the modern Republic of Italy: Rome, Ostia, Aquileia, Mediolanum (Milan), Ravenna, Ticinum, and Vibo Valentia. Of these Ostia and Vibo Valentia had an extremely small output. However, in order to supply the provinces with coined money, particularly after the collapse of local coinages in the third century AD, numerous Imperial mints were established outside of Italy, in the territories of 12 modern countries. Table 3 lists ancient mints alongside the country in which they were located. Considering the number of mints and countries involved it seems unreasonable to identify such coins as the exclusive cultural property of the Republic of Italy, especially considering that they were probably also produced using locally-sourced bullion and manpower.
Table 3: Roman Imperial Mints outside of Italy Country Mint Egypt Alexandria France Ambianum (Amiens) Turkey Antioch France Arelatum (Arles) Spain Barcino (Barcelona) United Kingdom Camulodunum (Colchester) United Kingdom Clausentum (Bitterne) Tunisia Carthage Turkey Constantinople (Istanbul) Greece Corcyra (Corfu) Turkey Cyzicus Turkey Heraclea United Kingdom Londinium (London) France Lugdunum (Lyons) Turkey Nicomedia (Izmit) Turkey Pergamum (Bergama) Bulgaria Serdica (Sophia) Serbia Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) Croatia Siscia (Sisak) Germany Treveri (Trier) Lebanon Tripolis (Tripoli)
13
While it is clear that many mints operated outside of Italy on behalf of the Roman Imperial government, scholars have also identified occasions on which the mint of Rome struck coins specifically for use in the provinces. Rome struck tetradrachms for the mints of Antioch and Caesarea in Cappadocia (both now in modern Turkey) as well as for Arabia in the first and second centuries AD.12 Although these coins were struck in Italy they never circulated there, nor were they ever intended to. These cases lead to the serious question of whether findspot or location of mintage is more reasonable basis for determining the cultural rights of modern states over the coins. If the originating mint is considered an acceptable basis, the Republic of Italy must presumably accept possible demands for the return of coins found in its territory—this would be particularly problematic especially since, for example, many important precious metal issues of the early Empire were actually struck at Lugdunum (Lyons). Such treatment of Roman Imperial issues would also have further repercussions for Greek coins brought to Italy and Sicily in antiquity. If findspot is deemed a more reasonable basis for claims (as it probably is) then the Republic of Italy should have cultural rights over Roman Imperial coins found within its borders, but not over those found in other countries—and there are many (see below).
Finds of Italian Mint Roman Imperial Coins outside of Italy
A search of the Ashmolean Museum’s online database of Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire (http://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/hoard/) reveals a total of 1,889 hoards with freely visible data for coins from the mints of Rome, Ostia, Mediolanum, Aquileia, Ravenna, and Ticinum (Vibo Valentia is not a mint search option). Map 2, generated using CHRE, provides a graphic illustration of the dispersal of Roman Imperial hoards throughout Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa. All numbers on Map 2 refer to hoards, not individual coins. The map pinpoints some 2,199 hoards, although only the underlying data for 1,889 were viewable without login permissions. An additional hoard was located in India, but does not appear on Map 2.
Of the 2,199 hoards mapped in CHRE, only 62 (2.8%) were found within the borders of the Republic of Italy. This is an extremely small number when we consider that 144 (6.5%) are known from the region of southern England alone. High numbers of hoards, sometimes approaching or exceeding the total for Italy are also indicated throughout England. The total number reported for the United Kingdom amounts to a colossal 559 hoards, accounting for 25.4% (more than a quarter) of the Roman Imperial coin hoards in the database reported worldwide. While these numbers may reflect a greater frequency of hoarding in the ancient Roman province of Britannia, it seems more probable that they actually represent a greater frequency of find reporting due to the
12 K. Butcher and M. Ponting, “Rome and the East: Production of Roman Provincial Silver Coinage for Caesarea in Cappadocia under Vespasian, AD 69–79,” Oxford Journal of Archaeology 14.1 (1995), pp. 63- 77; R. McAlee, The Coins of Roman Antioch (Lancaster, PA/London: Classical Numismatic Group, 2007), pp. 194 and 324-325; H. R. Baldus, Mon(eta) URB(is) ANTioxia: Rom und Antiochia als Pragestatten syrischer Tetradrachmen des Philippus Arabs (Frankfurt/Main, 1969), p. 9.
14 United Kingdom’s highly progressive approach to finds in the Portable Antiquities Scheme (https://finds.org.uk/). If this interpretation is correct, the data clearly shows the value of programs like PAS for preserving find data for coin hoards. The Republic of Italy, which employs no such program for find reporting, may lose many coin hoards and the findspot data (with its historical and archaeological information) associated with them to illegal looting.
The CHRE data also shows that many European countries have more reported hoards than Italy, even those with much smaller geographic areas. Table 4 lists nine countries which have more hoards mapped in CHRE database. Together the United Kingdom and France account for more than half (52.8%) of the Roman Imperial hoards with Italian mint content in the world according to CHRE. When countries like the Netherlands, Slovenia, Luxembourg, Romania, Poland, Belgium and Switzerland are added to the UK and France, they account for a full 83.4% of the hoards reported worldwide (i.e., more than 29 times the number reported in Italy). Such numbers make it abundantly clear that coins struck at the Italian mints of the Roman Empire circulated extremely widely and seem to problematize the Republic of Italy’s position that it should have recognized cultural rights over these coins.
Table 4: Countries with more Italian mint hoards than Italy according to CHRR Country Reported Hoards Percent of World Total France 604 27.4% United Kingdom 559 25.4% Netherlands 134 6.0% Slovenia 125 5.6% Luxembourg 99 4.5% Romania 97 4.4% Poland 85 3.8% Belgium 74 3.3% Switzerland 67 3.0%
Conversely, 24 countries reporting hoards in the CHRE database have less than Italy’s 62 (2.8%). The low (sometimes extremely low) numbers for countries like Turkey, Greece, Syria, Cyprus, and Egypt may be explained by a combination of modern policies that disincentivize reporting and thereby tend to create black markets for hoard coins found outside of controlled excavation and by the fact that most of these countries received the bulk of their circulating Roman Imperial coinage branch mints located outside of Italy.
Taken together, the countries with fewer hoards than Italy have a total of 342 hoards, representing 15.5% of the hoards reported worldwide in CHRE. This is more than five times the number of hoards reported for Italy. Again, when Italy appears to have such a tiny share in the find record it seems very unreasonable for it to claim cultural rights over this material.
Table 5: Countries with fewer Italian mint hoards than Italy according to CHRR Country Reported Hoards Percent of World Total Spain 52 2.3% Hungary 45 2.0% Sweden 34 1.4%
15 Germany 32 1.4% Turkey 28 1.2% Czech Republic 27 1.2% Bulgaria 23 1.0% Croatia 17 0.77% Tunisia 17 0.77% Denmark 16 0.72% Slovakia 12 0.54% Morocco 11 0.50% Israel 9 0.40% Greece 9 0.40% Austria 8 0.36% Libya 4 0.18% Serbia 4 0.18% Latvia 1 0.04% Egypt 1 0.04% Syria 1 0.04% Cyprus 1 0.04% Ukraine 1 0.04% Georgia 1 0.04% India 1 0.04%
This heavy blanket of Roman imperial coins throughout the Mediterranean world and beyond is attributable to three major factors: 1) The continued export of coins from Italy to territories in the United Kingdom, Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa as a means of paying the legions stationed there and supporting provincial infrastructure and officials; 2) The development of a Roman taste for eastern luxuries that led to the large scale export of coins to such exotic destinations as India, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam;13 3) The proliferation of imperial branch mints located in the provinces beginning in the mid- third century AD.
13 See, for example, D. MacDowall, “The 1891 hoard of Roman silver denarii from Yeswantpur.” Numismatic Digest, 25-26 (2001-2002), p. 57-64; C. Rodewald, Coinage in the Age of Tiberius (London, 1976), pp. 48-50. The drain of Roman imperial coins (especially gold) to the east was thought to be so great that it was included as one of the causes of the Roman financial crisis of AD 33.
16 Stewardship of “Italian Type” Coins by Institutions in the Italian Republic
I. Coins in Museums
a) Print publication
Very limited numbers of the many thousands of coins found in Italian contexts can be seen in the public displays of the thousands of museums of antiquity in Italy. This means that the bulk of the numismatic material in these collections must remain in storage, where it is completely unavailable to the general public, and often difficult to access even for the professional scholar. Indeed, some institutions, such as the Museo archeologico di Napoli, have even been known to refuse photographs and information to scholarly enquiries even for a fee.
a) Print publication
Because of this situation, the publication of museums coin collections must be a critical element in their stewardship and preservation in the present and for posterity. However, a brief survey of monographs and articles devoted to cataloguing “Italian type” material held by Italian institutions reveals a poor publication record. These monographs and articles catalogue the holdings of some 37 institutions. Although many of these works, such as the catalogues of the Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche (Milan), aim at comprehensive publication of the coins of each institution, others focus only on specific areas. Some, such as G. Fiorelli's Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli (1866-1872) are now quite old and in need of updating. In sum, we lack anything even approaching full coverage of the relevant holdings of all 37 institutions. This is not a particularly impressive showing for institutions in a country claiming exclusive cultural custodianship of these coins. However, the less-than-complete coverage of these museum and university collections borders on the appalling when we consider that there are hundreds, if not thousands, of Italian institutions with some collection of “Italian type” coins. A very cursory survey of Italian museums reveals at least 27 institutions with respectable numismatic holdings, but which have failed to publish full catalogues of even part of them:
1. Guarnacchi Museo archeologico (Volterra) 2. Museo archeologico nazionale (Vulci) 3. Museo archeologico nazionale (Tarquinia) 4. Museo archeologico nazionale di Bologna (Bologna) 5. Museo archeologico “Paolo Giovio” (Como) 6. Museo archeologico e etnologico (Modena) 7. Museo archeologico regionale “Antonio Salinas” (Palermo) 8. Museo archeologico nazionale dell’Umbria (Perugia) 9. Museo archeologico nazionale di Potenza (Potenza) 10. Museo archaeologico provinciale di Potenza (Potenza) 11. Museo nazionale della Magna Graecia (Reggio Calabria) 12. Musei Capitolini (Rome) 13. Galleria nazionale d’arte antica (Rome) 14. Museo della civiltà Romana (Rome) 15. Museo nazionale Etrusco (Rome)
17 16. Museo archeologico provinciale di Salerno (Salerno) 17. Museo civico d’arte antica di Turin (Turin) 18. Museo archeologico nazionale di Venizia (Venice) 19. Museo archeologico di Giardini Naxos (Mesina) 20. Museo archeologico regionale di Aidone (Enna) 21. Museo archeologico regionale di Caltanisetta (Caltanisetta) 22. Museo archeologico regionale di Palermo (Palermo) 23. Museo archeologico nazionale di Parma (Parma) 24. Museo civico di Termini (Termini) 25. Museo archeologico di Gela (Caltanisetta) 26. Museo archeologico “Vagliasindi” (Randazzo) 27. Museo archeologico di Lentini (Lentini)
This number is only a little smaller than that of institutions that appear in the publication record. The true number of institutions with decent coin collections but no published catalogues is almost certainly much greater than the 27 listed here.
Survey of Publications
1. Arslan, E. Monete repubblicane romane. Brescia, 1983. [material in Museo di Brescia].
2. Asolati, M, and C. Crisafulli, eds. Dal Gabinetto numismatico al "Museo" virtuale, dal disegno alla nuvola di punti : la collezione di medaglioni romani imperiali del Museo Correr di Venezia. Padova, Esedra, 2019.
3. Bani, S. and R. Villoresi. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum Italia : Firenze, Monetiere del Museo archeologico nazionale. Firenze : Soprintendenza per i Beni archeologici della Toscana, 2014.
4. Bellocchi Amoroso, L. Le monete romane repubblicane dei Civici Musei di Reggio Emilia. Reggio Emilia, 1979.
5. Belloni, G. G. “Il medagliere di Milano al Castello Sforzesco.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica. Annali 2 (1955): 151-152.
6. Belloni, G. G. Le monete di Traiano : catalogo del Civico Gabinetto Numismatico Museo Archeologico di Milano. Milano, 1973.
7. Bergamini, M. and F. Catalli. Museo Comunale di Todi : Monete. Perugia, 1991.
8. Bergamini, M. Museo Claudio Faina di Orvieto : monete romane imperiali da Augusto a Commodo. Perugia, 1995.
9. Bergamini, M. Museo Claudio Faina di Orvieto : monete etrusche e italiche, greche, romane repubblicane. Perugia, 1995.
10. Bergamini, M. Museo comunale di Bevagna : monete. Milano, 2005.
11. Bernadelli, A. et al. Le monete romane imperiali da Augusto a Vitellio / Musei Civici di Vicenza. Padova, 1998., [1998]
12. Bolis, A. C. et al. La collezione numismatica dell'Università di Pavia. Milano, 2003.
13. Breglia, Laura. “Le collezioni monetali del Museo Nazionale di Napoli.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali 2 (1955): 153-165.
18
14. Chiaravalle, M. Le monete di Ticinum nella collezione di Franco Rolla ; catalogo delle Civiche raccolte numismatiche di Milano. Milano. 1987.
15. Chiaravalle, et al. Ripostigli monetali in Italia : schede anagrafiche. Milano, 1987. [material in the Civiche raccolte numismatiche di Milano].
16. Cocchi Ercolani, E. Catalogo della collezione numismatica di Carlo Piancastelli : Aes grave - moneta Romana Repubblicana. Forli, 1972.
17. Cocchi Ercolani, E. Catalogo della collezione numismatica di Carlo Piancastelli : monetazione Romana Imperiale, 253-305 d.C. Forli, 1974.
18. Cutroni Tusa, A. “Ripostigli del Museo Nazionale di Palermo.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 4 (1957), p. 109-112.
19. Cutroni Tusa, A. “Ripostigli monetali del Museo di Palermo.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 7-8 (1960-61), p. 73-90.
20. Cutroni Tusa, A. “Ripostigli repubblicani romani del Museo di Palermo.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 9-11 (1962-64), p. 161-173.
21. Debernardi, P. “An Early Roman Republican Hoard in the Piancastelli Collection?” Istituto Italiano di numismatica (Roma) Annali 62 (2016), p. 9-31
22. De Nitto, G. “Museo Archeologico Provinciale di Potenza.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica. Annali Vol. 38-41, 1994, pp. 173-194.
23. Fava, A. S. “Il medagliere de Museo Civico di Bologna.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica. Annali 5-6 (1958/59): 240-244.
24. Fiorelli, G. Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli. 5 vols. Napoli, 1866-1872.
25. Giard, J.-B. Ripostiglio della Venra : nuovo catalogo illustrato. Rome, 1987.
26. Giard, J.-B. Ripostiglio della Venra : nuovo catalogo illustrato. Vol. II/1: Aureliano. Rome, 1995.
27. Giard, J.-B. Ripostiglio della Venra : nuovo catalogo illustrato. Vol. IV: Caro – Diocleziano. Rome 2000.
28. Gorini, G. Monete antiche a Padova. Padua, 1972 [material in the Museo Bottacin di Padova].
29. Gorini, G. Monete romane repubblicane del Museo Bottacin di Padova. Venezia, 1973.
30. Gorini, G. “La collezione numismatica.” Antichità Altoadriatiche 24 (1984), p. 285-298. [material in the Museo Bertoli].
31. Guido, F. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Italia. Sassari. Museo Archeologico "G. A. Sanna", Vol. I, Sicilia – Numidia. Milano,1994.
32. Guido, F. Ozieri (SS) : le monete del Museo civico = The coins of the Civic Museum. Vol. II, Monete romane repubblicane = Roman Republican coins. Milano, 1998.
33. Lenzi, F. Le monete antiche della Collezione Venturini di Massa Lombarda. Ravenna, 1997. [material in Museo Carlo Venturini].
19 34. Mainetti Gambera, E. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 9, Vespasianus (69-79 d.C.). Milano, 2003.
35. Mammina, G. “Museo comunale di Calatafimi.” Istituto italiano di numismatica. Annali, Vol. 46 (1999), p.271-280.
36. Martini, R. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche Vol. 1 Giulio-Claudii. Milano, 1990.
37. Martini, R. ed. Il ripostiglio di Mornico Losana (Pavia), 1919. (Parte Terza). Milano, 1994. [material in the Civiche raccolte numismatiche di Milano].
38. Martini R. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche raccolte numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte III. CRA, 285/2-344/4c (nn. 1293-2141). Milano, 1996.
39. Martini, R. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche raccolte numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte IV. CRA 345/1-479/1) (nn. 2142-3310). Milano, 1996.
40. Martini, R. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche raccolte numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte V. CRA 480/3-546/3 - Addenda (nn. 3311-3772). Milano, 1997.
41. Martini, R. “Monete delle zecche di Anchialus, Odessus e Pautalia nelle Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche di Milano.” In U. Peter ed. Stephanos nomismatikos : Edith Schönert-Geiss zum 65. Geburtstag. Berlin, 1998. Pp. 449-466.
42. Martini, R. Monete romane repubblicane del Museo "G. B. Adriani". Parte 2, Crawford 343/1b-544/8- 39 (nn. 144-290). Milano, 1999.
43. Martini, R. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 3, Caius (37-41 d.C.). Milano, 2001.
44. Martini, R. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 4, Claudius 41-54 d.C.). Milano, 2001.
45. Martini, R. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 10, Titus (79-81 d.C.). Milano, 2003.
46. Molinari, M. C. “La collezione numismatica” In M. Buonocore ed. Camillo Massimo, collezionista di antichità : fonti e materiali. Roma, 1996. pp. 159-191. [material in the Palazzo Massimo].
47. Morelli, A. L. Monete di età romana repubblicana nel Museo nazionale di Ravenna. Roma: Edizioni Quasar, 2015.
48. Pancrazzi, O. Le monete dell'Accademia di Cortona (fino a Teodosio). Pisa, 1975.
49. Panvini Rosati, F. “Ripostigli di denari repubblicani del Museo Nazionale Romano.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica. Annali Vol. 4 (1957), p. 79-108.
50. Pedroni, L. “Le monete conservate nell'Antiquarium della chiesa di S. Restituta.” Bollettino di numismatica, Anno 17, serie 1, nos. 32-33 (gennaio-dicembre 1999), p. 149-188.
51. Pozzi, E. “Ripostiglio di Mogoro (Cagliari) nel Museo Nazionale di Napoli.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 7-8 (1960-61), p. 247-251.
52. Pozzi, E. “Ripostigli Repubblicani romani nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 7-8 (1960-61), p. 153-245.
20
53. Procopio, G. “Ripostigli monetali del Museo di Reggio Calabria.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 1 (1954), p. 39-64.
54. Procopio, G. “Ripostigli monetali del Museo de Reggio Calabria.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 7-8 (1960-61), p. 59-71.
55. Stazio, A. “Ripostigli di vittoriati nel Museo Nazionale ei Napoli.” Istituto Italiano di Numismaicta. Annali Vol. 4 (1957), p. 67-78.
56. Travaglini, A. “Museo provinciale di Brindisi.” Istituto italiano di numismatica. Annali, Vol. 46 (1999), p. 235-264.
57. Vismara, N. Cataloghi dei Civici musei di Pavia. II, Monetazione repubblicana. Pavia. 1992.
58. Vismara, N. ed. Il ripostiglio di Mornico Losana (Pavia), 1919. (Parte Seconda). Milano, 1994. [material in the Civiche raccolte numismatiche di Milano].
59. Vismara, N. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte I. CRA 4/1a-65/5 (nn. 1-515). Milano, 1994.
60. Vismara, N. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte II. CRA 69/4a-285/1 (nn.516-1292). Milano, 1994.
61. Vismara, N. “Le collezioni numismatiche dei Civici Musei di Pavia.” Bollettino della Società Pavese di Storia Patria (1994) p. 341-356
62. Vismara, N. La donazione Athos Moretti di monete dell'Italia antica (Etruria, Umbria, Samnium e Frentani), della Magna Grecia e della Sicilia antica del Gabinetto Numismatico di Locarno . Milano, 1996.
63. Vismara, N. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche raccolte numismatiche, Vol. 4, Lucania-Bruttium. Milano, 1998.
64. Vismara, N. Monete romane contromarcate del Museo G. B. Adriani di Cherasco. Parte 1, Monete repubblicane. Milano, 1998.
65. Vismara, N. Monete romane repubblicane del Museo "G. B. Adriani". Parte 1, Crawford 28/3-342/5b (nn. 1-143). Milano, 1999.
66. Visona, P. “The Punic coins in the collection of Florence's Museo Archeologico : nonnulla notanda.” Rivista di studi fenici, Vol. 27, no. 2 (1999), pp. 147-149.
b) Online publication
Over the last two decades, North American, British, and European institutions with coin collections have made major advances in the online publication of their collection databases and the creation of online tools to improve the study of their holdings. Most notable among these are the American Numismatic Society (New York), the British Museum, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, and the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. While these institutions possess large important collections, even smaller museums with lesser collections have taken to online publication of their holdings, for example the collection of Harvard University and the Bruce Brace Coin Collection of McMaster
21 University (https://sws.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~coins/index.php), etc. –a development that has become more urgent than ever in the face of catastrophic events like the COVID- 19 epidemic that make visiting museum collections in person a virtual impossibility.
Despite these progressive developments elsewhere, Italian institutions have been extremely slow to make their numismatic collections available to researchers online. While almost all of the museums with coin collections have some form of website (sometimes only a page as part of a larger civic or regional website) very few offer the ability to search a database of collection material (in some cases no proper database may exist).
The Money Museum of the Banca d’Italia maintains a website (https://www.bancaditalia.it/servizi-cittadino/musei-collezioni/museo- moneta/index.html), as does the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze (https://www.florence-museum.com/), the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli (http://www.museoarcheologiconapoli.it/it/), the and the Museo Nazionale Romano (https://museonazionaleromano.beniculturali.it/), but none of these collections are actually searchable and no data is provided even regarding the extent or types of material included.
Notable exceptions are the websites of the Vatican Library numismatic collection (https://opac.vatlib.it/med/?ling=en) and the Museo della Moneta a Firenze (https://medagliere-firenze.lamoneta.it/), both of which do allow searches. It is unclear how many items are in the Vatican Library database, but the Museo della Moneta database includes 4321 specimens. None of the coins in the Vatican database appear to have associated images, but those of the Museo della Moneta are. It is interesting to note that a basic search of the Vatican Library holdings for Roman Imperial folles of the later third century pulled up 197 records, but only 42 (21%) of these were coins actually struck at Italian mints (in this case Rome and Ticinum), leading one to wonder how many coins in Italian institutional collections are actually “Italian” in any real sense beyond that they happened to find their way to Italy at some point.
Considering the current state of the world and the new restrictions and cautions that will be put in place in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, it seems fairly safe to say that fewer people than ever will be flocking to Italian museums in an attempt to look at the coins in their collections. What appears to have been a very lackluster approach to digitizing collections suggests that there was very little interest in bringing the coins to public view in the first place.
Quality of Museum Care
The care for the coins in Italian museum collections is not always of the highest standard. Over the years, many thousands of coins have been stolen from museums without great difficulty. Some examples of these thefts are the 1977 heist from the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, the 27,000 coins that went missing from the Museo di Palazzo Tricni (Foligno) in November of 2003, and the 213 Roman gold coins that
22 disappeared from the Museo archeologico nazionale di Parma at some point before July of 2009.14 Many of these incidents appear to be the work of commissioned thieves involving museum personnel. Poor internal documentation of material in many collections means that in case of theft it is almost impossible to identify and recover items if they appear on the market. The last inventory of the Parma material was made in 1978.
All of this shows that the museum community has failed to live up to the mandate of custodianship for Roman Imperial and Roman Republican coins that the Italian government might like to set for it. The deep cynicism behind any such claim in attacks on the numismatic dealer/collector community is openly revealed by collection publications like Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Italia. Firenze. Museo Archeologico Nazionale Vol. II, Etruria, which included the editorial involvement of the well-known numismatic firm, Numismatica Ars Classica. Likewise, if private collecting is truly the bane of the Italian museum, as has been suggested by some, it is hard to explain why it is that the nuclei of most museum collections were actually formed by private collectors first and then donated to the museums.15 It is difficult to take seriously the Italian claim of moral superiority in the custodianship of coins when the country’s museums do not refuse donations from sources that it would otherwise condemn as unclean. In its present state, the Italian museum community at large tends to serve as an obstruction to the preservation and study of the ancient Italian numismatic heritage.
Summary
• Except for public displays, coins in Italian museums are not easy to access. • There has been little progress in digitizing collections for the internet • Coins in museums have historically suffered from major thefts and poor internal documentation. • Institutional collections are poorly documented in published form. • Many institutional collections are not published even in part. • Cynical attack on collectors and dealers when they are involved in some museum publication efforts and often provide the core for museum collections.
II. Coins from Archaeological Sites
Although a very limited number of numismatic site finds from Italian excavations can be seen in museums connected to the sites, the Italian archaeological establishment (like that of many countries) has generally been extremely lax about publishing numismatic finds.
14 J.-P. Divo, Coins stolen from the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, IAPN Bulletin-Circular Suppl. 68. 1977; L. Fugoni, “Monete rubate valevano milioni” Gazzetta di Parma (15 July 2009), p. 1. Online at: http://www.gazzettadiparma.it/primapagina/dettaglio/1/23895/Monete_rubate:_valevano_ milioni.index.html 15 A prime example is the cabinet of the Museo archaeologico civico di Forli, based primarily on the private Santarelli and Piancastelli collections.
23 A survey of published find reports from controlled excavations reveals some 82 monographs and articles involving Roman Republican and Roman Imperial coins from 60 distinct excavation sites. These numbers are particularly underwhelming when we consider that these publications are spread over more than a century of excavation in Italy and that multiple sites are investigated in a single archaeological season, most of which include numismatic finds.
Bearing this in mind, it is almost unthinkable that we have only 82 published reports over a period of one hundred years to show for it. Of this number, much less than half can be considered comprehensive final reports. Most are in fact preliminary reports or find reports for single seasons of excavation. All of this reveals a general disregard for the proper publication of Italian site finds within the archaeological community in Italy and at large (many sites are run by international teams). As many of the same authors appear repeatedly in the literature survey, it should become apparent that what has been published has been done because a handful of individual excavators have numismatic consciences, rather than because the archaeological establishment actively encouraged them. Outside of this small list of publications, information on the bulk of the coin finds from Italian excavations virtually disappears, since the general public and even many scholars cannot access information in excavators’ unpublished notebooks.
The poor publication record for coin finds from controlled excavations not only makes accounting for material impossible, but also hampers numismatic scholarship. It certainly belies any claim that the Italian archaeological community might make to be the sole legitimate steward of “Italian type” coins. A true numismatic steward with a proper understanding of its heavy responsibility to both the modern Italian Republic and to the world would take care to encourage and ensure the timely publication of coin finds. To date, the archaeological community as a whole has largely shirked this responsibility in Italy.
Summary
• The publication record for coins found in Italian excavations is poor. • What has been published is thanks to a few dedicated numismatic scholars, not to the encouragement of the archaeological community. • Without publication it is almost impossible to know what has been found and what has become of the material.
Survey of Literature
1. Arslan, E. “Milano, scavi di Piazza Duomo (1982-1984).” Bollettino di numismatica ser. 1, 4 (1985), p. 242-244.
2. Arslan, E. “Monete dai recenti scavi di Milano (età romana imperiale ed età medievale).” Rivista italiana di numismatica v. 90 (1988), p. 395-432.
3. Arslan, E. “Le monete [Desenzano].” In Studi sulla villa romana di Desenzano. 1, 1994, pp. 115-143.
24 4. Arslan, E. et al. "I reperti numismatici greci, romani e bizantini.” In T. Mannoni and G. Murialdi eds. S. Antonino : un insediamento fortificato nella Liguria bizantina. Bordighera, 2001, p. 233-238.
5. Arslan, E. “Monete celtiche dagli scavi di Casalecchio di Reno (BO).” In Romanizzazione e moneta : la testimonianza dei rinvenimenti dall'Emilia Romagna. 2004, p. 67-70.
6. Arzone, A. “Nota preliminare al ritrovamento di monete romane e medioevali nello scavo archeologico del cortile del tribunale di Verona.” Rivista italiana di numismatica e scienze affini v. 89 (1987), p. 199- 207.
7. Autori vari. Sibari IV: relazione preliminare della campagna di scavo: Stombi, Parco del Cavallo, prolungamento strada, Casa Bianca. (1972). Roma, 1974.
8. Barenghi, F. “Le monete di Ercolano.” Cronaca Numismatica Anno 8, n. 72, febbraio 1996, p. 60-61.
9. Bechtold, B. La necropoli di Lilybaeum. Palerme, 1999.
10. Belli, R. “Trento : monete dall'area del Teatro Sociale (scavi 1990/1992). Evidenze composizionali e strutturali dei materiali in relazione all'indigine numismatica e alla destinazione.” In E. Cavada and G. Gorini eds. Materiali per la storia urbana di Tridentum. II, Ritrovamenti monetali. Trento, 1998. pp. 361- 374.
11. Ben-Dor, I. “ Coins found during the 1931-2 and 1933 campaigns (at Mintunae).”In J. Johnson ed. Excavations at Minturnae. Vol. I. Monuments of the Republican Forum. Philadelphia, 1935. p. 91-120.
12. Bolla, M. “Le necropoli romane di Milano.” In Notizie dal Chiostro del Monastero Maggiore suppl. 5 (1988).
13. Buora, M. and A. Candussio. “La monete rinvenute nell'area del complesso archeologico di Pavia di Udine (Udine).” Rivista italiana di Numismatica e scienze affini Vol. 89 (1987), p. 109-128.
14. Buttrey, T. V. “Cosa : the coins.” American Academy in Rome. Memoirs v. XXXIV (1980), p. 1-153.
15. Buttrey, T.V. Morgantina studies. Vol. 2, The coins. Princeton, 1989.
16. Callegher, B. “Trento-Teatro Sociale : scavi 1990-1992 : le monete repubblicane, imperiali e medievali: analisi critica e catalogo del complesso numismatico.” In E. Caveda and G. Gorini, eds. Materiali per la storia urbana di Tridentum. II, Ritrovamenti monetali. Trento, 1998.
17. Callegher, B. Ritrovamenti monetali di età romana nel Veneto. Provincia VII, Rovigo. Volume 2, Adria, Comune di: Adria, Ariano Polesine, Arqua Polesine, Ceregnano, Crespino, Gavello, Guarda Veneta, Loreo, Pettorazza Grimani, Polesella, Pontecchio Polesine, San Martino, Villadose. Padova, 2000.
18. Camilli, L. “Appendice V : le monete.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità Serie IX, Vol. VII-VIII, 1996- 1997, p. 269-277
19. Carbe, A. “Circolazione monetale a Gela : I rinvenimenti negli scavi dell'ex scalo ferroviario (1984-85, 1987).” Quaderni dell'Istituto di Archelologia della Facolta' di Lettere e Filosofia Universita' di Messina vol. 8, (1993), p. 51-59.
20. Catalli, F. “Ritrovamenti di monete negli scavi di Roselle le campagne.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali. No. 23-24 (1976-77), p. 121-150.
21. Catalli, F. “Le monete.” In R. Linington ed. Lo scavo nel Fondo Scataglini a Tarquinia. Milano, 1997
25 22. Catanuto, N. “Crotone (Catanzaro), Monete argentee del secolo VI-III av. Cr.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità (1932), p. 387-392.
23. Catanuto, N. “Monete argentee del periodo Repubblicano romano.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità (1932), p. 384-386.
24. Catanuto, N. “Santo Stefano di Rogliano (Cosenza) : Monete argentee del VI-V secolo av. Cr.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità (1932), p. 383-384
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26
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29 hoard_export_2020_06_24_173111 id findSpotName coinCount findSpotOtherNames address city county region ancientPlace latitude longitude altitude
955 VERULAMIUM (INSULA XIV) 50 St Albans Hertfordshire Eastern 51.750308 -0.36447182 124
1042 BREDGAR 37 Bredgar Kent South East 51.308389 0.68154444 119.2
1089 LYMINGE 28 Lyminge Kent South East 51.118931 1.0707071 103.003
1108 STOKE 62 Stoke Medway South East 51.436081 0.60268208 17.994
1831 OVERLEY HILL 14 Telford and Wrekin West Midlands 52.686204 -2.5931736 101.7 2135 PATCHING 1997 50 Patching West Sussex South East 50.834466 -0.46769915 14.1 2586 MEDVEŞ 141 Medveș Alba Transylvania 46.301 24.067 399.939 2588 ILIŞUA 33 ARCOBADARA Ilișua Bistriţa-Năsăud Transylvania 47.211 24.096 267.655 2592 MERA 19 MERA-ARVA; ARVA; ODOBEȘTI Mera Vrancea Moldova 45.767545 26.97394 2674 GIGEN 1 22 OESCVS 1; OESCUS 1; GIGEN 2; Гиген Gigen Pleven 43.709 24.477 25.522 2780 MRČEVAC 104 MRČEVCI Senjski Rudnik (?); Stubica Paraćin Šumandija and Western Serbia 43.995 21.583 716.033 2845 GYÖR 865 ARRABONA Györ Györ-Moson-Sopron Nyugat-Dunántúl [Western Transdanubia] 47.68 17.65 112.34
2848 WALLERN IM BURGENLAND 116 Wallern im Burgenland Neusiedl am See Burgenland 47.729 16.934 118.556
3121 TÎRPEȘTI 137 Tîrpești Neamț Moldova 47.15 26.43 317.836
3280 JELEDINȚI 27 LOZSÁD Jeledinți Hunedoara Transylvania 45.803 23.076 280.183
3892 SEGONZAC 7 Segonzac La Charente Poitou-Charentes 45.618 -0.218 53.424
4805 PROVINCIA DE PONTEVEDRA 6 Pontevedra 42.43 -8.645 28.075
4843 EASTERN TURKEY 2711 38.964 35.243 1220.325
Meknès Fès-Meknès Volubilis 34.074 -5.556 383.106 [ فرتاسة] Fertassa وليلي ;VOLUBILIS 1930 105 Trésor du bracelet-bourse de Volubilis; VOLVBILIS; WALILI 5228 5433 WIEN - RENNWEG 1989 1268 RENNWEG 44; VINDOBONA Rennweg 44 Vienna Wien Wien 48.193 16.392 176.131 5441 AMBENAY 61 Le Bout du Bois Ambenay Eure Normandie 48.84 0.73 194.012 5492 PARIS VIe (QUARTIER ODÉON) 1600 place Edmond-Rostand Paris 48.847 2.341 36.996 5581 VILLENEUVE-D’ASCQ 0 ANNAPES Annapes Villeneuve-d’Ascq Nord Hauts-de-France 50.6232523 3.1494 30.1929245 5637 TILLY-CAPELLE 17 Tilly-Capelle Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 50.4429 2.1969 57.514 5699 NEUVILLE-FERRIÈRES 65 Neuville-Ferrières Seine-Maritime Normandie 49.7158 1.4577 101.676 5743 BOIS L’ABBÉ 1976 4 28 Dépôt Eu-M; BRIGA; AUGUSTA AMBIANORUM; AVGVSTA AMBIANORVM Bois l’Abbé Eu Seine-Maritime Normandie 50.02 1.46 110.008
5834 LE VIEIL-ÉVREUX 170 GISACUM; GISACVM Cracouville Le Vieil-Évreux Eure Normandie 48.994 1.217 127
5913 SEICHES-SUR-LE-LOIR 300 Les Vêquetières Seiches-Sur-Le-Loir Maine-Et-Loire Pays de Loire 47.5783 -0.3411 33.854
5926 SAINTE-GEMMES-SUR-LOIRE 5 Camp de César Saint-Gemmes-sur-Loire Maine-Et-Loire Pays de Loire 47.423 -0.557 29.83
5973 LA JONCHÈRE 33 LA CIGOGNE La Cigogne La Jonchère Vendée Pays de Loire 46.425 -1.394 20.764
5999 CIVAUX 6 CIVEAUX Civaux Vienne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 46.444 0.665 73
6065 COMPREIGNAC 720 La Jante; La Gente Compreignac Haute-Vienne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 45.992706 1.274421
6091 POUSSANGES 43 Pierrefitte Poussanges Creuse Nouvelle-Aquitaine 45.825931 2.21381 788.811
6157 HOMEŞTI 46 Homeşti Buzău Muntenia 45.3896 26.9578 315.4994 6172 SPITAL AM PYHRN 168 Spital am Pyhrn Kirchdorf an der Krems Oberösterreich 47.664 14.34 640 6216 MURS-ET-GÉLIGNIEUX 27 Murs-Et-Gélignieux L’Ain Rhône-Alpes 45.642 5.66 236.607 6414 AUGST BL-Ins. 9 1989 7 Ins. 9-10 Insulae 9 Augst Augst Basel-Landschaft Col. Augusta Raurica 47.534 7.723 295.254 6936 MEOLO 520 Meolo Venezia Veneto 45.618 12.454 3.945 8057 TEKIJA 1948 108 TRANSDIERNA Tekija Kladovo Bor Southern and Eastern Serbia [Južna i istočna Srbija] 44.682 22.408 98.841 8123 LJUBLJANA 8 - insula XXX 48 EMONA VIII Trg republike 2, 1000 Ljubljana Ljubljana Ljubljana Osrednjeslovenska [Central Slovenia] 46.0496 14.5007 298
8152 CORTIJO DEL ÁLAMO 131 Jódar Jaén Andalucía 37.838 -3.351 644.708
8858 BEVKE 5 Bevke Vrhnika Osrednjeslovenska [Central Slovenia] 45.983 14.354 297.054
8942 CELJE 1 25 CELEIA I; CILI I Celje Celje Savinjska [Savinja] 46.24 15.268 236.933
9146 HOREZU 3 Horezu Vâlcea Oltenia 45.146 23.99 460.55
9215 SLAVA RUSĂ 6 IBIDA Slava Rusă Tulcea Dobrogea 44.875 28.641 161.2
9239 TULCEA 1956-1957 87 AEGYSSVS I; AEGYSSUS I; TULCEA I Tulcea Tulcea Dobrogea 45.186 28.816 24.191
9249 PULA - Campus Martius 20 POLA; POLEI Pula Istria Istria 44.8607 13.8622 0.596
9316 BUJOR 27 BUJORU Bujor Dolj Oltenia 44.228 23.652 138.201 9642 POMPEII IX, 7, 14-15b e c 18 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.751 14.489 35.77 9647 POMPEII IX, 9, 6, 6f 15 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.753 14.488 37.91 9663 POMPEII IX, 13, 1.3, 3s 23 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.751 14.49 34.77 9670 POMPEII IX, 14, 2.4, 4f 109 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.753 14.489 34.61 9686 POMPEII VI, 2, 4, 4f 17 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.751 14.483 40.75 9771 KIČEVO 20 Kičevo Kičevo Southwestern region 41.513 20.953 622.64
9863 BYLANDSE WAARD 61 BIJLANDSE WAAR Bijland Nijmegen Gelderland 51.874 6.081 10.5
9870 DENEKAMP 29 Denekamp Dinkelland Overijssel 52.3753799 7.0061799 26.910278320312
9898 FYNS 59 Fyns street Wommels Littenseradeel (Littenseradiel) Friesland 53.106 5.589 1.83
9919 HELMOND 1917 25 Helmond Helmond Noord-Brabant 51.391 5.617
9940 LINDEN 1997 97 Linden Cuijk Noord-Brabant 51.748 5.829 11.52
9942 LITH 2006 27 Lith Lith Noord-Brabant 51.8 5.431 3.511
9961 NIEUWE KRIM 1926 8 Nieuwe Krim Coevorden Drenthe 52.668 6.657 8
9983 ONNA 1884 238 Onna Steenwijkerland Overijssel 52.774 6.147 2.67
9984 ONNA 1884-1886 5 Onna Steenwijkerland Overijssel 52.774 6.148 1.997 9985 ONNA 1886 16 Onna Steenwijkerland Overijssel 52.7733 6.1477 1.7484 10013 SOMEREN 2000 10 Someren Someren Noord-Brabant 51.3844 5.715 27.2045 10037 VECHTEN 1996 1 48 FECTIO Vechten Bunnik Utrecht 52.058 5.162 3 10041 NETHERLANDS c. 1891 103 10053 ZOUTKAMP 1991 36 ZOUTCAMP Zoutkamp De Marne Groningen 53.3380226 6.3031143 0.2826 10354 QUIBERON 1951 482 QUIBERON I; PORT HALIGUEN I Quiberon Morbihan Bretagne 47.4847 -3.104 7.529
10366 POMPEII VI, 16, 32, 32 18 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.752 14.485 37.928
10373 POMPEII VI, 17, 42, 42b 214 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.75 14.483 36.474
10775 LIMOGES 1859 1 1 AUGUSTORITUM; AVGVSTORITVM Limoges Haute-Vienne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 45.834 1.261
12557 CRONESTEIJN 2015 5 CROSNETEIN; CRONESTEYN Polderpark Cronesteyn Leiden Leiden Zuid-Holland 52.14 4.499 -3
12612 NIJMEGEN 1992 86 Fundmünzen no. 12010 Kops Plateau Nijmegen Nijmegen Gelderland 51.838 5.894 68.466
12613 NIJMEGEN 1991 8 Fundmünzen no. 12009 Kops Plateau Nijmegen Nijmegen Gelderland 51.838 5.894 68.466
12615 NIJMEGEN 1989 2 24 Fundmünzen no. 12005 Kops Plateau Nijmegen Nijmegen Gelderland 51.838 5.894 68.466
12616 NIJMEGEN 1989 3 19 Fundmünzen no. 12004 Kops Plateau Nijmegen Nijmegen Gelderland 51.837 5.894 64.012 12746 DARDILLY 236 Dardilly Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 45.806 4.753 330.265 12778 BONYHÁD 37 Bonyhád Tolna 46.298 18.526 131.166 12801 ÉVREUX 1982 5 MEDIOLANUM AULECORUM; MEDIOLANVM AVLECORVM Saint-Louis St. Évreux Eure Normandie 49.024 1.155 73.664 12802 LONGUEIL-SAINTE-MARIE 6 Longueil-Sainte-Marie Oise Hauts-de-France 49.357 2.718 40.676 12804 RENNES 1998 7 CONDATE REDONUM Sainte-Anne Square Rennes Ille-et-Vilaine Bretagnes 48.114 -1.68 40.674 12968 POMPEI V, I, 13 - Caupona (Tavern) 38 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.753 14.486 42.021
13049 CALVATONE 1911 22 Calvatone Cremona Lombardia 45.128 10.441 30.493
13128 GINDERUP 32 Ginderup Thy Jutland 56.739 8.465 18.09
13134 KLAGENFURT 1880 69 TENTSCHACH Klagenfurt Klagenfurt Kärnten 46.684 14.256 586.782
13253 MAGDALENSBERG 1955 165 Magdalensberg Klagenfurt-Land Kärnten 46.724 14.429
13511 SŁOCHY ANNOPOLSKIE 53 Słochy Annopolskie Siemiatycze Podlaskie 52.394772 22.834857
13530 TURSKO 1 TURSKO MAŁE Tursko Małe Staszów Świętokrzyskie 50.447222 21.344722
13576 TETELBIERG 1969 18 Pétange Esch-sur-Alzette 49.54 5.86
13757 ORISTANO 1858 1 ORISTANO II Oristano Oristano Sardegna 39.902812 8.5902 13889 CAMPO DELLA FIERA 221 FANUM VOLTUMNAE; FANVM VOLTVMNAE Orvieto Terni Umbria 42.712526 12.09646 14608 WINCHESTER 5 Hampshire South East 50.986063 -1.2605514 54.8 15959 HEROLTICE 2 HEROTICE Hoštice-Heroltice Vyškov South Moravia 49.287326 17.066402 16027 BARE 278 Duga Dolina Bare Braničevo Southern and Eastern Serbia [Južna i istočna Srbija] 44.64692 21.331251 147 16100 GRADAC 17 Gradac West Herzegovina Herzegovina 43.428003 17.387797 16112 SAN DONÀ DI PIAVE 300 San Donà di Piave Venezia Veneto 45.6265 12.5599
16164 MILANO 1998 - Catholic University 3 Milano Milano Lombardia 45.461999 9.177008
16425 POIANA 1988 7 Poiana Galați Moldova 45.992062 27.257178
16453 COVASNA 7 Covasna Covasna Transylvania 45.827169 26.222148
16482 REPEDEA 4 Repedea Vrancea Moldova 45.92132 27.032518