REPORT ON ROMAN REPUBLICAN AND ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS

Prepared on behalf of the International Association of Professional Numismatists for the United States Cultural Property Advisory Committee

June 26, 2020

Roman Republican Coin Finds Beyond the Borders of the Italian Republic

Definition

The term “Roman Republican coinage” refers to gold, silver and bronze coins struck between c. 326 BC, the accepted date of the first Romano-Campanian bronze issue naming the Romans in Greek script, and 27 BC, the year in which Octavian assumed broad constitutional powers and the title Augustus, an act that established him as the first Roman Emperor.

Mints and Bullion Sources

The primary mint of the Roman Republic was located in the Temple of Juno Moneta at Rome, where vast quantities of metal derived from sources outside , such as plunder, indemnities on defeated enemies, taxes imposed on conquered cities and peoples, and the mines of Spain were struck into coin.1 According to Plutarch’s Life of Pompey (45.3) in the year 60 BC alone, the value of silver brought to Rome from these provincial sources amounted to some 85 million denarii (roughly equivalent to 316 US tons). Metallurgical analyses show that before the late second century, Roman Republican denarii are composed primarily of silver with isotope signatures linking them to sources in Asia Minor.2 All of this raises a real moral conundrum even before questions of extra-Italian circulation and find evidence are considered. Since the metal for Roman Republican coins largely comes from sources outside of Italy—most commonly by looting and coercion—and can be shown through scientific means to have come from specific sources, who should the coins belong to? International law (Article 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court) condemns wartime looting as a crime and whenever possible would seek to restore looted property to its rightful owner. Taking this into account it seems very much unclear whether Roman Republican coins that can be shown to have been produced from plundered bullion should belong to the modern Republic of Italy simply because this foreign metal was melted down and struck into coins at Rome. Surely at least an equal (and arguably morally superior) claim to rights over these coins should belong to modern states like Spain and Turkey since it was from their ancient peoples and territories that the Romans looted the metal for their production.

It is also important to be aware that while the mint of Rome was the main mint for the Roman Republic, several Republican issues are known or believed by scholars to have been struck at mints located outside the territorial limits of the Republic of Italy. In many cases these are thought to have been military mints moving with Roman commanders

1 M. J. Taylor, “State Finance in the Middle Roman Republic: A Reevaluation,” American Journal of Philology 138.1 (2017), 160-166. 2 W. Hollstein, ed. Metallanalytische Untersuchungen an Münzen der römischen Republik (: Gebr. Mann., 2000), 122-123.

2 striking coins from plundered bullion in order to pay their legions. Table 1 lists mints of Roman Republican coins known ore believed to have been located in eight modern countries outside of Italy. It is unclear how such coins can be considered Italian cultural property when they were produced outside of Italy, using locally obtained bullion (via plunder, taxes, etc.), and possibly even local manpower to cast the flans and strike the coins.

Table 1: Roman Republican Mints outside of Italy

Country Mint Name Date RRC Spain Spain 211 BC 96/1 Greece Greece 196 548/1a-1b Turkey Laodicea-ad-Lycum? 88 BC? 550/1-3c Greece, Turkey Mint moving with Sulla in the East 84-83 BC 359/1-2 France Massalia 82 BC 365/1a-1c Spain Spain 82-81 BC 366/1a-4 Spain? Perhaps Spain 76-75 BC 393/1a-1b Turkey Antioch? 59 BC? 549/1 Albania, Turkey Apollonia, then Asia 49 BC 445/1a-3b Spain Mint moving with Pompey 49 BC 446/1-447/1b Tunisia, Algeria, Libya Africa 47-46 BC 458/1-462/2 Spain Spain 46-45 BC 468/1-471/1 Spain Spain 45-44 BC 478/1a-1b Spain Spain 45 BC onwards 479/1 France Gallia Transalpina and Cisalpina 43 BC 488/1-489/6 Tunisia, Algeria, Libya Africa 42 BC 509/1-5 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 39 BC 527/1-528/2b Greece East (mint moving with Octavian) 39 BC 529/4b Greece, Turkey East 39 BC 531/1a-1b Spain Osca 39 BC 532/1 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 38 BC 533/1-3b Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 37 BC 536/1-4 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 36 BC 539/1 Tunisia, Algeria, Libya Africa (mint moving with Octavian) 36 BC 540/1 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 34 BC 541/1-2 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 33 BC 542/1-2 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 32 BC 543/1 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 32-31 BC 544/1-39 Greece, Turkey East (mint moving with M. Antonius) 31 BC 545/1-2 Libya Cyrenaica 31 BC 546/1-8

Finds of Rome Mint Republican Coins outside of Italy

The widespread extra-Italian circulation of coins struck by the moneyers and dynasts of the Roman Republic cannot be disputed in light of the data presented in Map 1 and Table 2. Map 1 graphically illustrates the wide dispersal of hoards throughout the United Kingdom, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, based on a search for Republican coins of the Rome mint in the Ashmolean Museum’s online database Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire (http://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/) (the list of precise locations is given in Supplement 1). Table 2a provides the data for 37,571 individual pieces found in hoards and archaeological excavations from 16 different modern states published in the print

3 volumes of Roman Republican Coin Hoards, the online database of Coin Hoards of the Roman Republic (http://numismatics.org/chrr/) Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, the Coin Hoards series of the Royal Numismatic Society, and major excavation reports with dedicated numismatic sections, the table does not (and cannot) take into account the numerous private finds reported in various media, or unpublished find records from archaeological sites. Therefore it is virtually certain that the real quantity of Roman Republican coins found outside of Italy and is much greater than the table might suggest.

The vast majority of the Roman Republican coins found outside of Italy is silver denarii (the most common Roman denomination struck in the republican period) although bronze coins also appear, especially as excavation finds.3 The denarius was the standard coin used to pay the legions and therefore traveled widely throughout the Mediterranean world as the Roman Republic acquired an overseas empire over the course of the third-first centuries BC.4 The prevalence of republican silver as opposed to bronze outside of Italy is explained by the general tendency of pre-imperial Roman bronze coins to circulate close to the place of issue and by the fact that for the majority of the republican period bronze coins were struck in very limited quantities compared to the vast output of denarii.5 Nevertheless, it is worth noting that even the large bronze currency bars known as aes signatum, which one would not expect to find outside of Italy, actually appear hoarded in the .6

Table 2a: Finds of Rome Mint Republican Coins outside of

3 Greece Hierapytna IGCH 318 200 Greece Hierapytna IGCH 352 1 Greece Lechaena CH VIII 417 1 Greece Vonitsa CH VIII 431 2 Greece Nekromantion CH VIII 530 17 Greece Preveza CH VIII 542 17 Greece Dolj County CH VIII 543 93 Sfintesti IGCH 656 21 Romania Beius IGCH 657 1 Romania Furculesti IGCH 658 100 Greece Cavalla IGCH 660

3 It has been pointed out recently that foreign coins account for more than a quarter of the finds at archaeological sites: F. de Callataÿ, “Greek Coins from Archaeological Excavations: A Conspectus of Conspectuses and a Call for Chronological Tables,” in P. van Alfen (ed.), Agoranomia: Studies in Money and Exchange Presented to John H. Kroll (New York, 2006), pp. 184-185. 4 K. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy (Baltimore, 1996), pp. 60-72. 5 O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage (Cambridge, 1991), p. 6; K. Butcher, “Small Change in Ancient ,” 45-46 (2001-2002), pp. 37-40; M. Crawford, The Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge, 1974), p. 265. 6 L. Milani, “Aes rude signatum e grave rinvenuto alla Bruna presso Spoleto,” Rivista Italiana Numismatica (1891), pp. 27-116; J. Brunsmid, “Nekoliko nasasca novaca na skupu u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji,” Viestnik Hrvatskoga arheologoskoga drustv (1896-1897), pp. 3-64; M. von Bahrfeldt, “Der Münzfund von Mazin (Croatien) : Afrikanische und Italische Kupfermünzen, Aes Rude und Signatum,” Berliner Münzblätter 241 (1900), col. 2863-2868.

4 1 Romania Licuriciu CH VII 119 3 Greece Platania IGCH 663 1 Greece Veroia CH VII 97 1 Greece South Macedonia CH VII 102 91 Greece Macedonia CH VII 139 1 Mindja IGCH 664 3 Bulgaria Vetrea CH VII 141 39 Albania Tirane IGCH 665 50 Bulgaria Rodina IGCH 679 2 Bulgaria Kamen IGCH 681 280 Bulgaria Orehovica IGCH 686 338 Bulgaria Kojnare IGCH 687 7 Bulgaria Rasovo IGCH 688 7 Bulgaria Boljarino IGCH 975 36 Bulgaria Belica IGCH 976 12 Bulgaria Nova Maxala IGCH 977 35 Bulgaria Karavelova IGCH 978 4 Bulgaria Korten IGCH 979 89 Bulgaria Ostrov IGCH 980 1 Bulgaria Stracimir CH III 79 6 Bulgaria Calarasi CH IX 273 1 Bulgaria Pernik CH IX 280 3 Bosnia Bosanska KjustendilKrupa CH IX 277 214 Croatia Gracac CH IX 267 136 Algeria Constantine IGCH 2306 3 Morocco CH IX 689 1 Spain Grenada IGCH 2327 1 Spain Mogente IGCH 2328 1 Spain Los Villares IGCH 2330 1 Spain Cheste IGCH 2333 12 Spain Valeria IGCH 2334 7 Spain Tivisa IGCH 2335 13 Spain Drieves IGCH 2336 120 Spain Las Ansies IGCH 2337 50 Spain Segaro RRCH 180 1 Spain San Llop IGCH 2347 74 Spain La Barroccca IGCH 2348 11 Spain Azaila IGCH 2349 1058 Spain Gerona IGCH 2350 1 Spain Coll del Moro CH V 40 51 Spain Cuenca province CH VIII 375 1 Spain Camarasa CH IX 707 1 Spain Andalusia CH IX 709 2 Spain Martos CH IX 710 8 Spain Villarubia de losOjos CH IX 716 11 Spain Ecija CH IX 721 2 Spain Ebre-Segre CH IX 724 1 Spain La Plana de Utiel CH IX 725 4 Spain El Saucejo CH IX 728

5 7 Spain Empuries CH IX 729 2 Spain Empuries CH IX 730 1 Spain Borriol CH IX 737 14 Spain Salvacanete CH IX 740 58 Spain Salvacanete CH IX 744 2 France Marseille IGCH 2358 3 France Entremont IGCH 2371 1 France Bouches-du-Rhone IGCH 2378 1 Syria Jebel Khalid Nixon 266 1 Turkey Aphrodisias MacDonald 428 210 Armenia Sarnakounk CH I 105 3 UK Weston RRCH 476 63 Switzerland Haggen RRCH 405 32 Hungary Sillein RRCH 330 56 Lampersberg RRCH 468 23 Austria Lauertach RRCH 170 28 Slovenia Ptuj RRCH 492 26 Slovenia Kobarid CHRR (KOB) 5 Slovenia Laibacher Moor RRCH 536 35 Hungary Erd RRCH 373 168 Hungary Korosszakal CHRR (KRS) 61 Netherlands Bylandse Waard RRCH 525 2 Netherlands Langelille RRCH 354 487 North Macedonia Stobi CHRR (STO) 10 Slovenia Ljubuski RRCH 446 Bosnia- 11 Herzegovina Bastasi RRCH 489 Bosnia- 108 Herzegovina Gajine RRCH 479 42 Croatia Neresine CHRR (NER) 106 Croatia Dracevica RRCH 379 46 Croatia Fiume RRCH 165 167 Croatia Sucurac RRCH 310 4 Croatia Vukovar RRCH 276 183 Croatia Zasiok RRCH 166 15 Stuhlingen RRCH 481 14 Germany Bad Durkheim-Limburg RRCH 422 62 Germany Niederlangen RRCH 452 12 Germany Mainz RRCH 281 33 Germany Fronfeste RRCH 515 9 Germany Goldenstedt RRCH 499 12 Germany Kempten-Lindenberg RRCH 451 36 Germany Koln I CHRR (KL1) 934 Tunisia Sminja RRCH 395 66 Tunisia Uzita CHRR (UZI) 132 Tunisia Cani Islands RRCH 132 27 Tunisia Henchir-Djebel-Dis RRCH 160 84 Portugal Penamacor RRCH 502 102 Portugal Menoita RRCH 414 53 Portugal Mertola CHRR (MER)

6 76 Portugal Sendinho da Senhora RRCH 388 110 Portugal Penhagarcia RRCH 191 212 Portugal Poio RRCH 305 112 Portugal Olival da Soalheira CHRR (OSO) 4 Portugal Rua RRCH 372 136 Portugal Sandana da Carnota CHRR (SDC) 6 Portugal Torres Nova RRCH 264 10 Portugal Moita RRCH 326 4 Portugal Monte Mozinho CHRR (MOZ) 186 Portugal Cabeca de Corte RRCH 300 3453 Portugal Castro de Alvarelhos CHRR (CDA) 7 Portugal Chao de Lamas CHRR (CDL) 72 Portugal Castro de Romariz CHRR (CDR) 293 Portugal Citiana de Sanfins RRCH 463 10 Portugal Guiaes CHRR (GUS) 508 Portugal Herdade da Milia CHRR (HDM) 1344 Portugal Idanha-a-Velha CHRR (IAV) 102 France Peyriac-sur-Mer RRCH 304 7 France Segonzac RRCH 453 106 France Mont Souvance CHRR (SOU) 7 France Viverols RRCH 375 930 France Arbanats RRCH 430 53 France Lissac RRCH 409 423 France Maille RRCH 488 51 France Noyer CHRR (NOY) 13 France Bompas RRCH 290 693 France Bourgueil RRCH 493 20 France Brusc RRCH 284 206 France Beauvoisin RRCH 459 113 France Bessan RRCH 342 33 France Mont Beuvray RRCH 471 3 France Cheverny RRCH 216 39 France Puy D’Issolu CHRR (ISS) 49 France Francin RRCH 413 360 France Villette RRCH 393 2642 Spain Pallenzuela RRCH 314 574 Spain Santa Elena RRCH 193 84 Spain Las Somblancas CHRR (SMB) 12 Spain Sierra Morena RRCH 196 246 Spain Spain RRCH 307 232 Spain Torello d’en Cintes CHRR (TOR) 35 Spain Aznalcollar CHRR (AZN) 28 Spain Puerto Serrano CHRR (PSE) 73 Spain Linares CHRR (LIN) 117 Spain Baix Llobregat CHRR (LLO) 13 Spain La Loba CHRR (LOB) 18 Spain Mahaliman CHRR (MAH) 145 Spain Maluenda RRCH 282 115 Spain Numantia RRCH 118

7 73 Spain Orce RRCH 211 74 Spain Salvacanete RRCH 205 49 Spain Sarria CHRR (SAR) 130 Spain Santa Catalina del Monte CHRR (SCM) 152 Spain Puebla de los Infantes CHRR (PUE) 84 Spain Pozoblanco RRCH 174 74 Spain Pozoblanco CHRR (PZ3) 27 Spain Ramallas RRCH 484 44 Spain Rio Tinto RRCH 194 10 Spain Moratalla la Vieja CHRR (MLV) 24 Spain Monroy CHRR (MNR) 20 Spain Montoro RRCH 182 38 Spain Abertura RRCH 496 163 Spain Alcala del Rio CHRR (ADR) 16 Spain Albanchez de Ubeda CHRR (ADU) 133 Spain Cortijo del Alamo RRCH 464 98 Spain Almadenejos RRCH (ALM) 11 Spain Banos de Fortuna CHRR (BDF) 71 Spain Barranco de Romero CHRR (BDR) 263 Spain Cachapets CHRR (CAC) 89 Spain Catalunya CHRR (CAT) 156 Spain Cortijo de los Cosmes CHRR (CDC) 617 Spain Sierra Morena RRCH 186 22 Spain Chiclana de Segura CHRR (CHL) 113 Spain Castillo de las Guardas CHRR (CLG) 130 Spain Villanueva de Cordoba CHRR (CO1) 304 Spain Cordoba RRCH 184 132 Spain Jaen CHRR (JA2) 87 Spain Jaen RRCH 386 15 Spain Jalance CHRR (JAL) 478 Spain Torre de Juan Abad RRCH 189 533 Spain La Grajuela CHRR (GRJ) 51 Spain Alcala Henares RRCH 334 75 Spain El Centenillo RRCH 181 59 Spain El Centenillo RRCH 385 21 Spain Santa Elena CHRR (ELN) 1143 Spain Alt Emporda CHRR (EMP) 387 Spain Fuente de Cantos CHRR (FDC) 45 Spain Francoli CHRR (FRC) 118 Spain La Barocca RRCH 178 2 Spain Fuente-Librilla CHRR (LIB) 28 Spain CHRR (SXS) 12 Spain Tiermes CHRR (TIE) 160 Spain Valdesalor CHRR (VLD) 71 Turkey Turkey CHRR (TU3) 62 Turkey Bodrum CHRR (BOD) 54 Greece Thrace RRCH 402 475 Bulgaria Maluk Chardak CHRR (MCH) 125 Bulgaria Topolovo RRCH 457

8 19 Bulgaria Makotchevo I CHRR (MK1) 25 Bulgaria Makotchevo II CHRR (MK2) 472 Bulgaria Gulgancy RRCH 377 36 Bulgaria Karavelovo CHRR (KAR) 262 Romania Piatra Rosie CHRR (PIA) 6 Romania Pirgaresti RRCH 503 6 Romania Ploiesti RRCH 361 52 Romania Plopsor CHRR (PLP) 130 Romania Cornetu RRCH 296 2 Romania Cremenari RRCH 235 113 Romania Cornii de Sus CHRR (CRN) 56 Romania Mihai Bravu RRCH 118 16 Romania Mihaesti CHRR (MHA) 3 Romania Mierea RRCH 291 117 Romania Salasul de Sus RRCH 348 348 Romania Seica Mica RRCH 456 93 Romania Sfintesi RRCH 320 61 Romania Sfintu Gheorghe CHRR (SG1) 44 Romania Sinvasii CHRR (SIN) 117 Romania Somesul Cald RRCH 321 83 Romania Somosches CHRR (SOM) 32 Romania Sopotu CHRR (SOP) 110 Romania Sprincenata CHRR (SPR) 199 Romania Stejeris CHRR (STE) 34 Romania Stancuta CHRR (STN) 228 Romania Stupini CHRR (STP) 27 Romania I CHRR (SU1) 10 Romania Suahia II CHRR (SU2) 43 Romania Transylvania RRCH 369 132 Romania Tunsi CHRR (TUN) 53 Romania Vasad CHRR (VAS) 145 Romania Visina CHRR (VIS) 157 Romania Amnas RRCH 338 158 Romania Prejmer RRCH 412 555 Romania RRCH 436 3 Romania Pietrosale RRCH 472 7 Romania Lipov CHRR (LIP) 12 Romania Lunca CHRR (LNC) 89 Romania Locusteni RRCH 367 2 Romania Ludus RRCH 254 18 Romania Nusfalau CHRR (NUS) 55 Romania Obislav CHRR (OBI) 142 Romania de Sus CHRR (ODS) 2 Romania RRCH 120 4 Romania Oradea CHRR (ORA) 6 Romania Rosiori de Vede RRCH 474 4 Romania Salasuri I CHRR (SA1) 128 Romania Satu Nou RRCH 368 32 Romania Racatau de Jos II CHRR (RAC)

9 43 Romania Ramnicu Valcea CHRR (RMV) 35 Romania Roata de Jos RRCH 356 21 Romania Roesti RRCH (ROE) 15 Romania Martinis RRCH 322 9 Romania Murighiol CHRR (MUR) 156 Romania Nagykagya RRCH 411 8 Romania Nasaud CHRR (NAS) 13 Romania Nicolae Balcescu I RRCH 323 47 Romania Nicolae Balcescu II CHRR (NB2) 19 Romania Nedeia RRCH 274 10 Romania Moroda I CHRR (MR1) 5 Romania Moisei CHRR (MSI) 41 Romania Bobaia CHRR (BOB) 37 Romania Bontesti CHRR (BON) 63 Romania Bran Poarta RRCH 408 14 Romania Brincoveanu CHRR (BRN) 10 Romania Breasta CHRR (BRS) 6 Romania Bucaresti RRCH 363 2 Romania Bugiulesti RRCH 177 48 Romania Buzau RRCH 346 4 Romania Amaristii de Jos CHRR (ADJ) 33 Romania Alungeni RRCH 335 10 Romania Albesti CHRR (ALS) 32 Romania Alexandria RRCH 295 10 Romania Balanesti RRCH 280 38 Romania Bazias RRCH 293 29 Romania Birsa CHRR (BIR) 3 Romania Bancu RRCH 318 4 Romania Cernatu de Jos CHRR (CDJ) 7 Romania Chitorani CHRR (CHT) 98 Romania Calinesti RRCH 347 37 Romania Inuri CHRR (INU) 134 Romania Isalnita RRCH 428 160 Romania RRCH (ISL) 69 Romania Jdioara RRCH (JDI) 449 Romania Jegalia RRCH (JEG) 232 Romania Gura Padinii RRCH (GUR) 1 Romania Hilib CHRR (HIL) 42 Romania Hunedoara IV RRCH 303 25 Romania Hotarani CHRR (HOT) 9 Romania Hotaroaia CHRR (HTR) 18 Romania Iclanzel CHRR (ICL) 34 Romania Icland CHRR (ICN) 111 Romania Ilieni CHRR (ILI) 17 Romania Costinesti CHRR (CTN) 503 Romania Cuceu CHRR (CUC) 10 Romania Curtea de Arges RRCH 327 16 Romania Dobrogea RRCH 439 3 Romania Dragesti CHRR (DRG)

10 128 Romania Dunareni CHRR (DUN) 8 Romania Deva I CHRR (DV1) 84 Romania Farcasele I RRCH 420 128 Romania Farcasele II CHRR (FA2) 563 Romania Frauendorf RRCH 341 9 Romania Fundeni RRCH 285 29 Romania Garvan CHRR (GAR) 11 Romania Gliganul de Jos CHRR (GDJ) 5 Romania Goranu CHRR (GOR) 21 Romania Gradistea RRCH 325 21 Romania Talpe CHRR (TAL) 63 Romania Licuriciu RRCH 332 20 Romania Tirnava CHRR (TI1) 148 Romania Tirnava CHRR (TI2) 3 Romania Tirgu Mures RRCH 224 14 Romania Vladeni CHRR (VLA) 17 Romania Valachia Mica RRCH 454 41 Romania Zatreni CHRR (ZAT) 3 Romania Zimnicea CHRR (ZIM) 42 Greece Pieraeus RRCH 242 28 Greece Corfu CHRR (CRF) 91 Greece Macedonia CHRR (MC1) 47 Greece Athens CHRR (ATH) 41 Greece Actium RRCH 473 4 Greece Aidona RRCH 376 649 Greece Delos RRCH 465 55 Greece Kavalla RRCH 336 47 Greece Kerassia RRCH 283 51 Greece Thessalonica CHRR (THS) TOTAL 37,571

The vast majority of the Roman Republican coins found outside of Italy is silver denarii (the most common Roman denomination struck in the republican period) although bronze coins also appear, especially as excavation finds.7 The denarius was the standard coin used to pay the legions and therefore traveled widely throughout the Mediterranean world as the Roman Republic acquired an overseas empire over the course of the third-first centuries BC.8 The prevalence of republican silver as opposed to bronze outside of Italy is explained by the general tendency of pre-imperial Roman bronze coins to circulate close to the place of issue and by the fact that for the majority of the Republican period bronze coins were struck in very limited quantities compared to the vast output of

7 It has been pointed out that foreign coins account for more than a quarter of the finds at archaeological sites: F. de Callataÿ, “Greek Coins from Archaeological Excavations: A Conspectus of Conspectuses and a Call for Chronological Tables,” in P. van Alfen (ed.), Agoranomia: Studies in Money and Exchange Presented to John H. Kroll (New York, 2006), pp. 184-185. 8 K. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy (Baltimore, 1996), pp. 60-72.

11 denarii.9 Nevertheless, it is worth noting that even the large bronze currency bars known as aes signatum, which one would not expect to find outside of Italy, actually appear hoarded in the Balkans.10

The ubiquity of the Roman Republican denarius in what is now Spain, France, and Romania resulted in a great deal of local imitation and reinterpretation by indigenous Celtic, Iberian, and Dacian peoples.11 Thus the imported Roman Republican denarii had a clear place in and influence on non-Italian cultures of the Mediterranean world, making it an open and very thorny question as to who can justly claim such coins on the basis of cultural rights.

9 O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage (Cambridge, 1991), p. 6; K. Butcher, “Small Change in Ancient Beirut,” Berytus 45-46 (2001-2002), pp. 37-40; M. Crawford, The Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge, 1974), p. 265. 10 L. Milani, “Aes rude signatum e grave rinvenuto alla Bruna presso Spoleto,” Rivista Italiana Numismatica (1891), pp. 27-116; J. Brunsmid, “Nekoliko nasasca novaca na skupu u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji,” Viestnik Hrvatskoga arheologoskoga drustv (1896-1897), pp. 3-64; M. von Bahrfeldt, “Der Münzfund von Mazin (Croatien) : Afrikanische und Italische Kupfermünzen, Aes Rude und Signatum,” Berliner Münzblätter 241 (1900), col. 2863-2868. 11 See, for examples, R. Knapp, “"Date and Purpose of the Iberian Denarii," Numismatic Chronicle 17 (1977): 1-18; P. Davis, “Dacian Imitations of Roman Republican Denarii,” Apvlvm XLIII/1 (2006), pp. 321–356.

12 Roman Imperial Coin Finds Beyond the Borders of the Italian Republic

Definition

The term “Roman Imperial coinage” refers to coins struck under the authority of the central Roman imperial government(s) between 27 BC, the year in which the Republican dynast Octavian assumed sweeping constitutional powers and the name Augustus to become the first Roman Emperor, and AD 476, the year that Romulus Augustus, the last Roman Emperor was deposed by the Gothic military commander Odoacer. “Roman Imperial coinage” is distinct from the so-called “Roman Provincial coinage” which was struck in the provinces outside of Italy (primarily in bronze) at local civic and regional mints until the mid-third century AD. These were not directly controlled by the central imperial authorities, but rather by city and provincial officials.

Roman Imperial Mints

Seven Roman Imperial mints are recognized by scholars within the borders of the modern Republic of Italy: Rome, Ostia, Aquileia, (Milan), Ravenna, Ticinum, and Vibo Valentia. Of these Ostia and Vibo Valentia had an extremely small output. However, in order to supply the provinces with coined money, particularly after the collapse of local coinages in the third century AD, numerous Imperial mints were established outside of Italy, in the territories of 12 modern countries. Table 3 lists ancient mints alongside the country in which they were located. Considering the number of mints and countries involved it seems unreasonable to identify such coins as the exclusive cultural property of the Republic of Italy, especially considering that they were probably also produced using locally-sourced bullion and manpower.

Table 3: Roman Imperial Mints outside of Italy Country Mint Egypt Alexandria France Ambianum (Amiens) Turkey Antioch France Arelatum (Arles) Spain Barcino (Barcelona) United Kingdom Camulodunum (Colchester) United Kingdom Clausentum (Bitterne) Tunisia Turkey Constantinople (Istanbul) Greece Corcyra (Corfu) Turkey Cyzicus Turkey Heraclea United Kingdom Londinium () France Lugdunum (Lyons) Turkey Nicomedia (Izmit) Turkey Pergamum (Bergama) Bulgaria Serdica (Sophia) Serbia Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) Croatia Siscia (Sisak) Germany Treveri (Trier) Lebanon ()

13

While it is clear that many mints operated outside of Italy on behalf of the Roman Imperial government, scholars have also identified occasions on which the mint of Rome struck coins specifically for use in the provinces. Rome struck tetradrachms for the mints of Antioch and Caesarea in Cappadocia (both now in modern Turkey) as well as for Arabia in the first and second centuries AD.12 Although these coins were struck in Italy they never circulated there, nor were they ever intended to. These cases lead to the serious question of whether findspot or location of mintage is more reasonable basis for determining the cultural rights of modern states over the coins. If the originating mint is considered an acceptable basis, the Republic of Italy must presumably accept possible demands for the return of coins found in its territory—this would be particularly problematic especially since, for example, many important precious metal issues of the early Empire were actually struck at Lugdunum (Lyons). Such treatment of Roman Imperial issues would also have further repercussions for Greek coins brought to Italy and Sicily in antiquity. If findspot is deemed a more reasonable basis for claims (as it probably is) then the Republic of Italy should have cultural rights over Roman Imperial coins found within its borders, but not over those found in other countries—and there are many (see below).

Finds of Italian Mint Roman Imperial Coins outside of Italy

A search of the Ashmolean Museum’s online database of Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire (http://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/hoard/) reveals a total of 1,889 hoards with freely visible data for coins from the mints of Rome, Ostia, Mediolanum, Aquileia, Ravenna, and Ticinum (Vibo Valentia is not a mint search option). Map 2, generated using CHRE, provides a graphic illustration of the dispersal of Roman Imperial hoards throughout Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa. All numbers on Map 2 refer to hoards, not individual coins. The map pinpoints some 2,199 hoards, although only the underlying data for 1,889 were viewable without login permissions. An additional hoard was located in India, but does not appear on Map 2.

Of the 2,199 hoards mapped in CHRE, only 62 (2.8%) were found within the borders of the Republic of Italy. This is an extremely small number when we consider that 144 (6.5%) are known from the region of southern England alone. High numbers of hoards, sometimes approaching or exceeding the total for Italy are also indicated throughout England. The total number reported for the United Kingdom amounts to a colossal 559 hoards, accounting for 25.4% (more than a quarter) of the Roman Imperial coin hoards in the database reported worldwide. While these numbers may reflect a greater frequency of hoarding in the ancient Roman province of Britannia, it seems more probable that they actually represent a greater frequency of find reporting due to the

12 K. Butcher and M. Ponting, “Rome and the East: Production of Roman Provincial Silver Coinage for Caesarea in Cappadocia under Vespasian, AD 69–79,” Oxford Journal of Archaeology 14.1 (1995), pp. 63- 77; R. McAlee, The Coins of Roman Antioch (Lancaster, PA/London: Classical Numismatic Group, 2007), pp. 194 and 324-325; H. R. Baldus, Mon(eta) URB(is) ANTioxia: Rom und Antiochia als Pragestatten syrischer Tetradrachmen des Philippus Arabs (Frankfurt/Main, 1969), p. 9.

14 United Kingdom’s highly progressive approach to finds in the Portable Antiquities Scheme (https://finds.org.uk/). If this interpretation is correct, the data clearly shows the value of programs like PAS for preserving find data for coin hoards. The Republic of Italy, which employs no such program for find reporting, may lose many coin hoards and the findspot data (with its historical and archaeological information) associated with them to illegal looting.

The CHRE data also shows that many European countries have more reported hoards than Italy, even those with much smaller geographic areas. Table 4 lists nine countries which have more hoards mapped in CHRE database. Together the United Kingdom and France account for more than half (52.8%) of the Roman Imperial hoards with Italian mint content in the world according to CHRE. When countries like the Netherlands, Slovenia, Luxembourg, Romania, Poland, Belgium and Switzerland are added to the UK and France, they account for a full 83.4% of the hoards reported worldwide (i.e., more than 29 times the number reported in Italy). Such numbers make it abundantly clear that coins struck at the Italian mints of the Roman Empire circulated extremely widely and seem to problematize the Republic of Italy’s position that it should have recognized cultural rights over these coins.

Table 4: Countries with more Italian mint hoards than Italy according to CHRR Country Reported Hoards Percent of World Total France 604 27.4% United Kingdom 559 25.4% Netherlands 134 6.0% Slovenia 125 5.6% Luxembourg 99 4.5% Romania 97 4.4% Poland 85 3.8% Belgium 74 3.3% Switzerland 67 3.0%

Conversely, 24 countries reporting hoards in the CHRE database have less than Italy’s 62 (2.8%). The low (sometimes extremely low) numbers for countries like Turkey, Greece, Syria, Cyprus, and Egypt may be explained by a combination of modern policies that disincentivize reporting and thereby tend to create black markets for hoard coins found outside of controlled excavation and by the fact that most of these countries received the bulk of their circulating Roman Imperial coinage branch mints located outside of Italy.

Taken together, the countries with fewer hoards than Italy have a total of 342 hoards, representing 15.5% of the hoards reported worldwide in CHRE. This is more than five times the number of hoards reported for Italy. Again, when Italy appears to have such a tiny share in the find record it seems very unreasonable for it to claim cultural rights over this material.

Table 5: Countries with fewer Italian mint hoards than Italy according to CHRR Country Reported Hoards Percent of World Total Spain 52 2.3% Hungary 45 2.0% Sweden 34 1.4%

15 Germany 32 1.4% Turkey 28 1.2% 27 1.2% Bulgaria 23 1.0% Croatia 17 0.77% Tunisia 17 0.77% Denmark 16 0.72% Slovakia 12 0.54% Morocco 11 0.50% Israel 9 0.40% Greece 9 0.40% Austria 8 0.36% Libya 4 0.18% Serbia 4 0.18% Latvia 1 0.04% Egypt 1 0.04% Syria 1 0.04% Cyprus 1 0.04% 1 0.04% Georgia 1 0.04% India 1 0.04%

This heavy blanket of Roman imperial coins throughout the Mediterranean world and beyond is attributable to three major factors: 1) The continued export of coins from Italy to territories in the United Kingdom, Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa as a means of paying the legions stationed there and supporting provincial infrastructure and officials; 2) The development of a Roman taste for eastern luxuries that led to the large scale export of coins to such exotic destinations as India, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam;13 3) The proliferation of imperial branch mints located in the provinces beginning in the mid- third century AD.

13 See, for example, D. MacDowall, “The 1891 hoard of Roman silver denarii from Yeswantpur.” Numismatic Digest, 25-26 (2001-2002), p. 57-64; C. Rodewald, Coinage in the Age of Tiberius (London, 1976), pp. 48-50. The drain of Roman imperial coins (especially gold) to the east was thought to be so great that it was included as one of the causes of the Roman financial crisis of AD 33.

16 Stewardship of “Italian Type” Coins by Institutions in the Italian Republic

I. Coins in Museums

a) Print publication

Very limited numbers of the many thousands of coins found in Italian contexts can be seen in the public displays of the thousands of museums of antiquity in Italy. This means that the bulk of the numismatic material in these collections must remain in storage, where it is completely unavailable to the general public, and often difficult to access even for the professional scholar. Indeed, some institutions, such as the Museo archeologico di Napoli, have even been known to refuse photographs and information to scholarly enquiries even for a fee.

a) Print publication

Because of this situation, the publication of museums coin collections must be a critical element in their stewardship and preservation in the present and for posterity. However, a brief survey of monographs and articles devoted to cataloguing “Italian type” material held by Italian institutions reveals a poor publication record. These monographs and articles catalogue the holdings of some 37 institutions. Although many of these works, such as the catalogues of the Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche (Milan), aim at comprehensive publication of the coins of each institution, others focus only on specific areas. Some, such as G. Fiorelli's Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli (1866-1872) are now quite old and in need of updating. In sum, we lack anything even approaching full coverage of the relevant holdings of all 37 institutions. This is not a particularly impressive showing for institutions in a country claiming exclusive cultural custodianship of these coins. However, the less-than-complete coverage of these museum and university collections borders on the appalling when we consider that there are hundreds, if not thousands, of Italian institutions with some collection of “Italian type” coins. A very cursory survey of Italian museums reveals at least 27 institutions with respectable numismatic holdings, but which have failed to publish full catalogues of even part of them:

1. Guarnacchi Museo archeologico (Volterra) 2. Museo archeologico nazionale (Vulci) 3. Museo archeologico nazionale (Tarquinia) 4. Museo archeologico nazionale di Bologna (Bologna) 5. Museo archeologico “Paolo Giovio” (Como) 6. Museo archeologico e etnologico (Modena) 7. Museo archeologico regionale “Antonio Salinas” () 8. Museo archeologico nazionale dell’Umbria (Perugia) 9. Museo archeologico nazionale di Potenza (Potenza) 10. Museo archaeologico provinciale di Potenza (Potenza) 11. Museo nazionale della Magna Graecia (Reggio Calabria) 12. Musei Capitolini (Rome) 13. Galleria nazionale d’arte antica (Rome) 14. Museo della civiltà Romana (Rome) 15. Museo nazionale Etrusco (Rome)

17 16. Museo archeologico provinciale di Salerno (Salerno) 17. Museo civico d’arte antica di Turin (Turin) 18. Museo archeologico nazionale di Venizia (Venice) 19. Museo archeologico di Giardini Naxos (Mesina) 20. Museo archeologico regionale di Aidone (Enna) 21. Museo archeologico regionale di Caltanisetta (Caltanisetta) 22. Museo archeologico regionale di Palermo (Palermo) 23. Museo archeologico nazionale di Parma (Parma) 24. Museo civico di Termini (Termini) 25. Museo archeologico di Gela (Caltanisetta) 26. Museo archeologico “Vagliasindi” (Randazzo) 27. Museo archeologico di Lentini (Lentini)

This number is only a little smaller than that of institutions that appear in the publication record. The true number of institutions with decent coin collections but no published catalogues is almost certainly much greater than the 27 listed here.

Survey of Publications

1. Arslan, E. Monete repubblicane romane. Brescia, 1983. [material in Museo di Brescia].

2. Asolati, M, and C. Crisafulli, eds. Dal Gabinetto numismatico al "Museo" virtuale, dal disegno alla nuvola di punti : la collezione di medaglioni romani imperiali del Museo Correr di Venezia. Padova, Esedra, 2019.

3. Bani, S. and R. Villoresi. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum Italia : Firenze, Monetiere del Museo archeologico nazionale. Firenze : Soprintendenza per i Beni archeologici della Toscana, 2014.

4. Bellocchi Amoroso, L. Le monete romane repubblicane dei Civici Musei di Reggio Emilia. Reggio Emilia, 1979.

5. Belloni, G. G. “Il medagliere di Milano al Castello Sforzesco.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica. Annali 2 (1955): 151-152.

6. Belloni, G. G. Le monete di Traiano : catalogo del Civico Gabinetto Numismatico Museo Archeologico di Milano. Milano, 1973.

7. Bergamini, M. and F. Catalli. Museo Comunale di Todi : Monete. Perugia, 1991.

8. Bergamini, M. Museo Claudio Faina di Orvieto : monete romane imperiali da Augusto a Commodo. Perugia, 1995.

9. Bergamini, M. Museo Claudio Faina di Orvieto : monete etrusche e italiche, greche, romane repubblicane. Perugia, 1995.

10. Bergamini, M. Museo comunale di Bevagna : monete. Milano, 2005.

11. Bernadelli, A. et al. Le monete romane imperiali da Augusto a Vitellio / Musei Civici di Vicenza. Padova, 1998., [1998]

12. Bolis, A. C. et al. La collezione numismatica dell'Università di Pavia. Milano, 2003.

13. Breglia, Laura. “Le collezioni monetali del Museo Nazionale di Napoli.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali 2 (1955): 153-165.

18

14. Chiaravalle, M. Le monete di Ticinum nella collezione di Franco Rolla ; catalogo delle Civiche raccolte numismatiche di Milano. Milano. 1987.

15. Chiaravalle, et al. Ripostigli monetali in Italia : schede anagrafiche. Milano, 1987. [material in the Civiche raccolte numismatiche di Milano].

16. Cocchi Ercolani, E. Catalogo della collezione numismatica di Carlo Piancastelli : Aes grave - moneta Romana Repubblicana. Forli, 1972.

17. Cocchi Ercolani, E. Catalogo della collezione numismatica di Carlo Piancastelli : monetazione Romana Imperiale, 253-305 d.C. Forli, 1974.

18. Cutroni Tusa, A. “Ripostigli del Museo Nazionale di Palermo.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 4 (1957), p. 109-112.

19. Cutroni Tusa, A. “Ripostigli monetali del Museo di Palermo.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 7-8 (1960-61), p. 73-90.

20. Cutroni Tusa, A. “Ripostigli repubblicani romani del Museo di Palermo.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 9-11 (1962-64), p. 161-173.

21. Debernardi, P. “An Early Roman Republican Hoard in the Piancastelli Collection?” Istituto Italiano di numismatica (Roma) Annali 62 (2016), p. 9-31

22. De Nitto, G. “Museo Archeologico Provinciale di Potenza.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica. Annali Vol. 38-41, 1994, pp. 173-194.

23. Fava, A. S. “Il medagliere de Museo Civico di Bologna.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica. Annali 5-6 (1958/59): 240-244.

24. Fiorelli, G. Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli. 5 vols. Napoli, 1866-1872.

25. Giard, J.-B. Ripostiglio della Venra : nuovo catalogo illustrato. Rome, 1987.

26. Giard, J.-B. Ripostiglio della Venra : nuovo catalogo illustrato. Vol. II/1: Aureliano. Rome, 1995.

27. Giard, J.-B. Ripostiglio della Venra : nuovo catalogo illustrato. Vol. IV: Caro – Diocleziano. Rome 2000.

28. Gorini, G. Monete antiche a Padova. Padua, 1972 [material in the Museo Bottacin di Padova].

29. Gorini, G. Monete romane repubblicane del Museo Bottacin di Padova. Venezia, 1973.

30. Gorini, G. “La collezione numismatica.” Antichità Altoadriatiche 24 (1984), p. 285-298. [material in the Museo Bertoli].

31. Guido, F. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Italia. Sassari. Museo Archeologico "G. A. Sanna", Vol. I, Sicilia – Numidia. Milano,1994.

32. Guido, F. Ozieri (SS) : le monete del Museo civico = The coins of the Civic Museum. Vol. II, Monete romane repubblicane = Roman Republican coins. Milano, 1998.

33. Lenzi, F. Le monete antiche della Collezione Venturini di Massa Lombarda. Ravenna, 1997. [material in Museo Carlo Venturini].

19 34. Mainetti Gambera, E. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 9, Vespasianus (69-79 d.C.). Milano, 2003.

35. Mammina, G. “Museo comunale di Calatafimi.” Istituto italiano di numismatica. Annali, Vol. 46 (1999), p.271-280.

36. Martini, R. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche Vol. 1 Giulio-Claudii. Milano, 1990.

37. Martini, R. ed. Il ripostiglio di Mornico Losana (Pavia), 1919. (Parte Terza). Milano, 1994. [material in the Civiche raccolte numismatiche di Milano].

38. Martini R. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche raccolte numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte III. CRA, 285/2-344/4c (nn. 1293-2141). Milano, 1996.

39. Martini, R. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche raccolte numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte IV. CRA 345/1-479/1) (nn. 2142-3310). Milano, 1996.

40. Martini, R. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche raccolte numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte V. CRA 480/3-546/3 - Addenda (nn. 3311-3772). Milano, 1997.

41. Martini, R. “Monete delle zecche di Anchialus, Odessus e Pautalia nelle Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche di Milano.” In U. Peter ed. Stephanos nomismatikos : Edith Schönert-Geiss zum 65. Geburtstag. Berlin, 1998. Pp. 449-466.

42. Martini, R. Monete romane repubblicane del Museo "G. B. Adriani". Parte 2, Crawford 343/1b-544/8- 39 (nn. 144-290). Milano, 1999.

43. Martini, R. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 3, Caius (37-41 d.C.). Milano, 2001.

44. Martini, R. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 4, Claudius 41-54 d.C.). Milano, 2001.

45. Martini, R. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 10, Titus (79-81 d.C.). Milano, 2003.

46. Molinari, M. C. “La collezione numismatica” In M. Buonocore ed. Camillo Massimo, collezionista di antichità : fonti e materiali. Roma, 1996. pp. 159-191. [material in the Palazzo Massimo].

47. Morelli, A. L. Monete di età romana repubblicana nel Museo nazionale di Ravenna. Roma: Edizioni Quasar, 2015.

48. Pancrazzi, O. Le monete dell'Accademia di Cortona (fino a Teodosio). Pisa, 1975.

49. Panvini Rosati, F. “Ripostigli di denari repubblicani del Museo Nazionale Romano.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica. Annali Vol. 4 (1957), p. 79-108.

50. Pedroni, L. “Le monete conservate nell'Antiquarium della chiesa di S. Restituta.” Bollettino di numismatica, Anno 17, serie 1, nos. 32-33 (gennaio-dicembre 1999), p. 149-188.

51. Pozzi, E. “Ripostiglio di Mogoro () nel Museo Nazionale di Napoli.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 7-8 (1960-61), p. 247-251.

52. Pozzi, E. “Ripostigli Repubblicani romani nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 7-8 (1960-61), p. 153-245.

20

53. Procopio, G. “Ripostigli monetali del Museo di Reggio Calabria.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 1 (1954), p. 39-64.

54. Procopio, G. “Ripostigli monetali del Museo de Reggio Calabria.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali, v. 7-8 (1960-61), p. 59-71.

55. Stazio, A. “Ripostigli di vittoriati nel Museo Nazionale ei Napoli.” Istituto Italiano di Numismaicta. Annali Vol. 4 (1957), p. 67-78.

56. Travaglini, A. “Museo provinciale di Brindisi.” Istituto italiano di numismatica. Annali, Vol. 46 (1999), p. 235-264.

57. Vismara, N. Cataloghi dei Civici musei di Pavia. II, Monetazione repubblicana. Pavia. 1992.

58. Vismara, N. ed. Il ripostiglio di Mornico Losana (Pavia), 1919. (Parte Seconda). Milano, 1994. [material in the Civiche raccolte numismatiche di Milano].

59. Vismara, N. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte I. CRA 4/1a-65/5 (nn. 1-515). Milano, 1994.

60. Vismara, N. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche. Res Publica. Parte II. CRA 69/4a-285/1 (nn.516-1292). Milano, 1994.

61. Vismara, N. “Le collezioni numismatiche dei Civici Musei di Pavia.” Bollettino della Società Pavese di Storia Patria (1994) p. 341-356

62. Vismara, N. La donazione Athos Moretti di monete dell'Italia antica (Etruria, Umbria, Samnium e Frentani), della Magna Grecia e della Sicilia antica del Gabinetto Numismatico di Locarno . Milano, 1996.

63. Vismara, N. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche raccolte numismatiche, Vol. 4, Lucania-Bruttium. Milano, 1998.

64. Vismara, N. Monete romane contromarcate del Museo G. B. Adriani di Cherasco. Parte 1, Monete repubblicane. Milano, 1998.

65. Vismara, N. Monete romane repubblicane del Museo "G. B. Adriani". Parte 1, Crawford 28/3-342/5b (nn. 1-143). Milano, 1999.

66. Visona, P. “The Punic coins in the collection of Florence's Museo Archeologico : nonnulla notanda.” Rivista di studi fenici, Vol. 27, no. 2 (1999), pp. 147-149.

b) Online publication

Over the last two decades, North American, British, and European institutions with coin collections have made major advances in the online publication of their collection databases and the creation of online tools to improve the study of their holdings. Most notable among these are the American Numismatic Society (New York), the , the Bibliothèque nationale de France, and the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. While these institutions possess large important collections, even smaller museums with lesser collections have taken to online publication of their holdings, for example the collection of Harvard University and the Bruce Brace Coin Collection of McMaster

21 University (https://sws.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~coins/index.php), etc. –a development that has become more urgent than ever in the face of catastrophic events like the COVID- 19 epidemic that make visiting museum collections in person a virtual impossibility.

Despite these progressive developments elsewhere, Italian institutions have been extremely slow to make their numismatic collections available to researchers online. While almost all of the museums with coin collections have some form of website (sometimes only a page as part of a larger civic or regional website) very few offer the ability to search a database of collection material (in some cases no proper database may exist).

The Money Museum of the Banca d’Italia maintains a website (https://www.bancaditalia.it/servizi-cittadino/musei-collezioni/museo- moneta/index.html), as does the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze (https://www.florence-museum.com/), the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli (http://www.museoarcheologiconapoli.it/it/), the and the Museo Nazionale Romano (https://museonazionaleromano.beniculturali.it/), but none of these collections are actually searchable and no data is provided even regarding the extent or types of material included.

Notable exceptions are the websites of the Vatican Library numismatic collection (https://opac.vatlib.it/med/?ling=en) and the Museo della Moneta a Firenze (https://medagliere-firenze.lamoneta.it/), both of which do allow searches. It is unclear how many items are in the Vatican Library database, but the Museo della Moneta database includes 4321 specimens. None of the coins in the Vatican database appear to have associated images, but those of the Museo della Moneta are. It is interesting to note that a basic search of the Vatican Library holdings for Roman Imperial folles of the later third century pulled up 197 records, but only 42 (21%) of these were coins actually struck at Italian mints (in this case Rome and Ticinum), leading one to wonder how many coins in Italian institutional collections are actually “Italian” in any real sense beyond that they happened to find their way to Italy at some point.

Considering the current state of the world and the new restrictions and cautions that will be put in place in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, it seems fairly safe to say that fewer people than ever will be flocking to Italian museums in an attempt to look at the coins in their collections. What appears to have been a very lackluster approach to digitizing collections suggests that there was very little interest in bringing the coins to public view in the first place.

Quality of Museum Care

The care for the coins in Italian museum collections is not always of the highest standard. Over the years, many thousands of coins have been stolen from museums without great difficulty. Some examples of these thefts are the 1977 heist from the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, the 27,000 coins that went missing from the Museo di Palazzo Tricni (Foligno) in November of 2003, and the 213 Roman gold coins that

22 disappeared from the Museo archeologico nazionale di Parma at some point before July of 2009.14 Many of these incidents appear to be the work of commissioned thieves involving museum personnel. Poor internal documentation of material in many collections means that in case of theft it is almost impossible to identify and recover items if they appear on the market. The last inventory of the Parma material was made in 1978.

All of this shows that the museum community has failed to live up to the mandate of custodianship for Roman Imperial and Roman Republican coins that the Italian government might like to set for it. The deep cynicism behind any such claim in attacks on the numismatic dealer/collector community is openly revealed by collection publications like Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Italia. Firenze. Museo Archeologico Nazionale Vol. II, Etruria, which included the editorial involvement of the well-known numismatic firm, Numismatica Ars Classica. Likewise, if private collecting is truly the bane of the Italian museum, as has been suggested by some, it is hard to explain why it is that the nuclei of most museum collections were actually formed by private collectors first and then donated to the museums.15 It is difficult to take seriously the Italian claim of moral superiority in the custodianship of coins when the country’s museums do not refuse donations from sources that it would otherwise condemn as unclean. In its present state, the Italian museum community at large tends to serve as an obstruction to the preservation and study of the ancient Italian numismatic heritage.

Summary

• Except for public displays, coins in Italian museums are not easy to access. • There has been little progress in digitizing collections for the internet • Coins in museums have historically suffered from major thefts and poor internal documentation. • Institutional collections are poorly documented in published form. • Many institutional collections are not published even in part. • Cynical attack on collectors and dealers when they are involved in some museum publication efforts and often provide the core for museum collections.

II. Coins from Archaeological Sites

Although a very limited number of numismatic site finds from Italian excavations can be seen in museums connected to the sites, the Italian archaeological establishment (like that of many countries) has generally been extremely lax about publishing numismatic finds.

14 J.-P. Divo, Coins stolen from the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, IAPN Bulletin-Circular Suppl. 68. 1977; L. Fugoni, “Monete rubate valevano milioni” Gazzetta di Parma (15 July 2009), p. 1. Online at: http://www.gazzettadiparma.it/primapagina/dettaglio/1/23895/Monete_rubate:_valevano_ milioni.index.html 15 A prime example is the cabinet of the Museo archaeologico civico di Forli, based primarily on the private Santarelli and Piancastelli collections.

23 A survey of published find reports from controlled excavations reveals some 82 monographs and articles involving Roman Republican and Roman Imperial coins from 60 distinct excavation sites. These numbers are particularly underwhelming when we consider that these publications are spread over more than a century of excavation in Italy and that multiple sites are investigated in a single archaeological season, most of which include numismatic finds.

Bearing this in mind, it is almost unthinkable that we have only 82 published reports over a period of one hundred years to show for it. Of this number, much less than half can be considered comprehensive final reports. Most are in fact preliminary reports or find reports for single seasons of excavation. All of this reveals a general disregard for the proper publication of Italian site finds within the archaeological community in Italy and at large (many sites are run by international teams). As many of the same authors appear repeatedly in the literature survey, it should become apparent that what has been published has been done because a handful of individual excavators have numismatic consciences, rather than because the archaeological establishment actively encouraged them. Outside of this small list of publications, information on the bulk of the coin finds from Italian excavations virtually disappears, since the general public and even many scholars cannot access information in excavators’ unpublished notebooks.

The poor publication record for coin finds from controlled excavations not only makes accounting for material impossible, but also hampers numismatic scholarship. It certainly belies any claim that the Italian archaeological community might make to be the sole legitimate steward of “Italian type” coins. A true numismatic steward with a proper understanding of its heavy responsibility to both the modern Italian Republic and to the world would take care to encourage and ensure the timely publication of coin finds. To date, the archaeological community as a whole has largely shirked this responsibility in Italy.

Summary

• The publication record for coins found in Italian excavations is poor. • What has been published is thanks to a few dedicated numismatic scholars, not to the encouragement of the archaeological community. • Without publication it is almost impossible to know what has been found and what has become of the material.

Survey of Literature

1. Arslan, E. “Milano, scavi di Piazza Duomo (1982-1984).” Bollettino di numismatica ser. 1, 4 (1985), p. 242-244.

2. Arslan, E. “Monete dai recenti scavi di Milano (età romana imperiale ed età medievale).” Rivista italiana di numismatica v. 90 (1988), p. 395-432.

3. Arslan, E. “Le monete [Desenzano].” In Studi sulla villa romana di Desenzano. 1, 1994, pp. 115-143.

24 4. Arslan, E. et al. "I reperti numismatici greci, romani e bizantini.” In T. Mannoni and G. Murialdi eds. S. Antonino : un insediamento fortificato nella Liguria bizantina. Bordighera, 2001, p. 233-238.

5. Arslan, E. “Monete celtiche dagli scavi di Casalecchio di Reno (BO).” In Romanizzazione e moneta : la testimonianza dei rinvenimenti dall'Emilia Romagna. 2004, p. 67-70.

6. Arzone, A. “Nota preliminare al ritrovamento di monete romane e medioevali nello scavo archeologico del cortile del tribunale di Verona.” Rivista italiana di numismatica e scienze affini v. 89 (1987), p. 199- 207.

7. Autori vari. Sibari IV: relazione preliminare della campagna di scavo: Stombi, Parco del Cavallo, prolungamento strada, Casa Bianca. (1972). Roma, 1974.

8. Barenghi, F. “Le monete di Ercolano.” Cronaca Numismatica Anno 8, n. 72, febbraio 1996, p. 60-61.

9. Bechtold, B. La necropoli di Lilybaeum. Palerme, 1999.

10. Belli, R. “Trento : monete dall'area del Teatro Sociale (scavi 1990/1992). Evidenze composizionali e strutturali dei materiali in relazione all'indigine numismatica e alla destinazione.” In E. Cavada and G. Gorini eds. Materiali per la storia urbana di Tridentum. II, Ritrovamenti monetali. Trento, 1998. pp. 361- 374.

11. Ben-Dor, I. “ Coins found during the 1931-2 and 1933 campaigns (at Mintunae).”In J. Johnson ed. Excavations at Minturnae. Vol. I. Monuments of the Republican Forum. Philadelphia, 1935. p. 91-120.

12. Bolla, M. “Le necropoli romane di Milano.” In Notizie dal Chiostro del Monastero Maggiore suppl. 5 (1988).

13. Buora, M. and A. Candussio. “La monete rinvenute nell'area del complesso archeologico di Pavia di Udine (Udine).” Rivista italiana di Numismatica e scienze affini Vol. 89 (1987), p. 109-128.

14. Buttrey, T. V. “Cosa : the coins.” American Academy in Rome. Memoirs v. XXXIV (1980), p. 1-153.

15. Buttrey, T.V. Morgantina studies. Vol. 2, The coins. Princeton, 1989.

16. Callegher, B. “Trento-Teatro Sociale : scavi 1990-1992 : le monete repubblicane, imperiali e medievali: analisi critica e catalogo del complesso numismatico.” In E. Caveda and G. Gorini, eds. Materiali per la storia urbana di Tridentum. II, Ritrovamenti monetali. Trento, 1998.

17. Callegher, B. Ritrovamenti monetali di età romana nel Veneto. Provincia VII, Rovigo. Volume 2, Adria, Comune di: Adria, Ariano Polesine, Arqua Polesine, Ceregnano, Crespino, Gavello, Guarda Veneta, Loreo, Pettorazza Grimani, Polesella, Pontecchio Polesine, San Martino, Villadose. Padova, 2000.

18. Camilli, L. “Appendice V : le monete.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità Serie IX, Vol. VII-VIII, 1996- 1997, p. 269-277

19. Carbe, A. “Circolazione monetale a Gela : I rinvenimenti negli scavi dell'ex scalo ferroviario (1984-85, 1987).” Quaderni dell'Istituto di Archelologia della Facolta' di Lettere e Filosofia Universita' di Messina vol. 8, (1993), p. 51-59.

20. Catalli, F. “Ritrovamenti di monete negli scavi di Roselle le campagne.” Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali. No. 23-24 (1976-77), p. 121-150.

21. Catalli, F. “Le monete.” In R. Linington ed. Lo scavo nel Fondo Scataglini a Tarquinia. Milano, 1997

25 22. Catanuto, N. “Crotone (Catanzaro), Monete argentee del secolo VI-III av. Cr.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità (1932), p. 387-392.

23. Catanuto, N. “Monete argentee del periodo Repubblicano romano.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità (1932), p. 384-386.

24. Catanuto, N. “Santo Stefano di Rogliano (Cosenza) : Monete argentee del VI-V secolo av. Cr.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità (1932), p. 383-384

25. Ceccaroni, E. and M. C. Molinari. “I reperti numismatici provenienti dai recenti scavi del santuario di Ercole di Alba Fucens,” in International Congress of Numismatics XV International Numismatic Congress Taormina 2015 Proceedings p. 717-722

26. Ceci, F. “Moneta e archeologia : materiale numismatico proveniente dalla zona compresa tra il Tevere e la Via Nomentana : scavi 1989-1993.” Bolletino di Numismatica Vol. 25, Serie I, luglio-dicembre, 1995, p. 75-135.

27. Cesano, L. “Monete rinvenute negli scavi di Norba.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità (1904), fasc. 11.

28. Cesano, S. L. “Scavi di Nemi-le monete.” In G. Ucelli, ed. Le navi di Nemi. Roma, 1940. p. 307-327.

29. Chiaravalle, M. “Un ripostiglio di monete di fine IV-inizi V secolo d.C. dagli scavi di Via S. Maria Fulcorina in Milano 1985.” Notizie dal Chiostro del Monastero Maggiore Fasc. 43-44 (1989), p. 91-94.

30. Cicali, C. “Montemassi (Grosseto) : campagna di scavo 1993.” Bolletino di Numismatica Vol. 25, Serie I, Luglio-dicembre (1995), p. 270.

31. Cicali, C. “Siena, Piazza del Duomo : campagna di scavo 1988.” Bolletino di Numismatica Vol. 25, Serie I, Luglio-dicembre (1995), p. 271.

32. Cipollone, M. “Umbria. 1, Gubbio (Perugia) : Necropoli in loc. Vittorina : campagne di scavo 1980- 1982.” Notizie delgli scavi di antichita, serie 9, Vol. 11-12 (2000-2001), p. 5-371.

33. Cocchiaro, A. “Monete dagli scavi di Brindisis (1984-1985).” Istituto Italiano di Numismcatica. Annali 37 (1990), p. 81-133.

34. Colburn, O. “VIII. - Torre del Mordillo (Cosenza) : Scavi negli anni 1963, 1966 e 1967.” Notizie delgli scavi di antichita. Series 8 Vol. XXXI (1977) pp. 423-526.

35. Colonna, G. “Carpineto Sinello, (Cieti) - Tombe in contrada Policorvo.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità Vol. 84 (1959), pp. 277-286

36. Colonna, G. “Pyrgi. Regione VII. Le monete.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità Vol. 95 (1970): Supplement 1, pp. 263-266, Supplement 2, pp.578-582.

37. Crawford, M. “Coins from a cemetery at Malignano.” American Journal of Archaeology v. 72, no. 3 (July, 1968), p. 281-283.

38. Del Chairo, M. “An archaeological-topographical study of the tolfa-allumiere : preliminary report.” American Journal of Archaeology v. 66, no. 1 (Jan, 1962), p. 49-55.

39. Del Chiaro, M. “Coins and brick-stamps from a Roman villa in Tuscany and their chronological significance.” Numismatica e Antichita Classiche vol. 21, 1992, p. 159-172.

40. Faccenna, F. “Fontanamare (Cagliari) : il relitto di Fontanamare : nota preliminare.” Bolletino di Numismatica Vol. 21, Serie I, Luglio-Dicembre, 1993, p. 136-138.

26

41. Frey-Kupper, S. Die antiken Fundmünzen vom Monte Iato : 1971-1990 : ein Beitrag zur Geldgeschichte Westsiziliens. Prahins, Swtitzerland: Editions di Zebre, 2013.

42. Galifi, Caterina. Ritrovamenti monetali di età romana nel Veneto. Provincia I, Belluno. Volume 2, Feltre. Padova, 1998.

43. Gnecchi, F. “Nouveautes numismatiques provenant des fouilles faites a Rome en 1890.” In Congres international de Numismatique, Bruxelles, 1891 p. 403.

44. Gnecchi, F. “Le novita degli scavi di Roma durante il 1890.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (1891), p. 287

45. Gnecchi, F. “Scavi di Roma : 1886-1891.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (1902), p. 13-18.

46. Gnecchi, F. “Scavi di Roma nel 1891 : appunti di Numismatica Romana.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica. (1892), p. 163.

47. Gnecchi, F. “Scavi di Roma nel 1892 : appunti di Numismatica Romana.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (1893), p. 127.

48. Gnecchi, F. “Scavi di Roma negli anni 1895-1896 : appunti di Numismatica Romana.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (1896), p. 409.

49. Gnecchi, F. “Scavi di Roma nel 1897.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (1898), p. 165

50. Gnecchi, F. “Scavi di Roma, 1903, 1904 : appunti di Numsimatica Romana.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (1904), p. 11 (1905), p. 160.

51. Gnecchi, F. “Scavi di Roma del 1906 : appunti di Numsimatica Romana.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (1907), p. 167

52. Gnecchi, F. “Scavi di Roma nel 1907 : appunti di Numsimatica Romana.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (1908), p. 127.

53. Grassi, M. “Rinvenimenti monetali da Angera, scavi 1980-1984.” Bollettino di Numismatica Ser. 1, no. 11 (1988), p. 7-151.

54. Henry, G. “Pontecagnano. Tombe del IV-III secolo av. Cr. in localite S. Antonio.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità Vol. 93 (1968), pp. 197-204

55. Hobbs, R. “Coins from the AAPP excavations, Pompeii.” The Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 163 (2003), p. 377-379.

56. Hobbs, R. “Coins from the AAPP excavations, Pompeii : update 1.” The Numismatic Chronicle. Vol. 165 (2005), p. 377-381.

57. Lamboglia, N. “La necropoli Romana di Isasco.” Rivista di Studi Liguri Vol. 22, no. 1 (Jan.-Mar., 1956), p. 41-65.

58. Lamboglia, N. “La necropoli roman di Perti (finale).” Rivista Ingauna e Intemelia. N. S. Vol. 12, nos. 1-3 (Jan.-Sept., 1957), p. 31-47.

59. Lamboglia, N. and A. Siccardi. “Nuovi scavi nella necropoli romana del "monte" ad Albenga.” Rivista Ingauna e Intemelia. N. S. Vol. 14, nos. 1-4 (1959), p. 63-73

27 60. Lamboglia, N. “Punti fermi sul teatro romano di Ventimiglia.” Rivista di Studi Liguri Vol. 28 (1962), p. 270-290.

61. Libero Mangieri, G. “Monete rinvenute negli scavi di Velia : l'acropoli.” Rivista Italiana di Numismatica Vol. 92 (1990), p. 19-32.

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66. Manfredi, L.-I. “Tharros (Oristano) : scavi 1995-1996.” Bolletino di Numismatica Vol. 25, Serie I, Luglio-Dicembre, 1995, p. 272-276.

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28

79. Travaini, L. “Monete di scavo nell'aula di S. Isidoro in Thermis.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità Serie IX, Vol. VII-VIII, 1996-1997, p. 412-413.

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29 hoard_export_2020_06_24_173111 id findSpotName coinCount findSpotOtherNames address city county region ancientPlace latitude longitude altitude

955 VERULAMIUM (INSULA XIV) 50 St Albans Hertfordshire Eastern 51.750308 -0.36447182 124

1042 BREDGAR 37 Bredgar Kent South East 51.308389 0.68154444 119.2

1089 LYMINGE 28 Lyminge Kent South East 51.118931 1.0707071 103.003

1108 STOKE 62 Stoke Medway South East 51.436081 0.60268208 17.994

1831 OVERLEY HILL 14 Telford and Wrekin West Midlands 52.686204 -2.5931736 101.7 2135 PATCHING 1997 50 Patching West Sussex South East 50.834466 -0.46769915 14.1 2586 MEDVEŞ 141 Medveș Alba Transylvania 46.301 24.067 399.939 2588 ILIŞUA 33 ARCOBADARA Ilișua Bistriţa-Năsăud Transylvania 47.211 24.096 267.655 2592 MERA 19 MERA-ARVA; ARVA; ODOBEȘTI Mera Vrancea Moldova 45.767545 26.97394 2674 GIGEN 1 22 OESCVS 1; 1; GIGEN 2; Гиген Gigen Pleven 43.709 24.477 25.522 2780 MRČEVAC 104 MRČEVCI Senjski Rudnik (?); Stubica Paraćin Šumandija and Western Serbia 43.995 21.583 716.033 2845 GYÖR 865 ARRABONA Györ Györ-Moson-Sopron Nyugat-Dunántúl [Western Transdanubia] 47.68 17.65 112.34

2848 WALLERN IM 116 Wallern im Burgenland Burgenland 47.729 16.934 118.556

3121 TÎRPEȘTI 137 Tîrpești Neamț Moldova 47.15 26.43 317.836

3280 JELEDINȚI 27 LOZSÁD Jeledinți Hunedoara Transylvania 45.803 23.076 280.183

3892 SEGONZAC 7 Segonzac La Charente Poitou-Charentes 45.618 -0.218 53.424

4805 PROVINCIA DE PONTEVEDRA 6 Pontevedra 42.43 -8.645 28.075

4843 EASTERN TURKEY 2711 38.964 35.243 1220.325

Meknès Fès-Meknès 34.074 -5.556 383.106 [ فرتاسة] Fertassa وليلي ;VOLUBILIS 1930 105 Trésor du bracelet-bourse de Volubilis; VOLVBILIS; WALILI 5228 5433 WIEN - RENNWEG 1989 1268 RENNWEG 44; VINDOBONA Rennweg 44 Wien Wien 48.193 16.392 176.131 5441 AMBENAY 61 Le Bout du Bois Ambenay Eure Normandie 48.84 0.73 194.012 5492 PARIS VIe (QUARTIER ODÉON) 1600 place Edmond-Rostand Paris 48.847 2.341 36.996 5581 VILLENEUVE-D’ASCQ 0 ANNAPES Annapes Villeneuve-d’Ascq Nord Hauts-de-France 50.6232523 3.1494 30.1929245 5637 TILLY-CAPELLE 17 Tilly-Capelle Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France 50.4429 2.1969 57.514 5699 NEUVILLE-FERRIÈRES 65 Neuville-Ferrières Seine-Maritime Normandie 49.7158 1.4577 101.676 5743 BOIS L’ABBÉ 1976 4 28 Dépôt Eu-M; BRIGA; AUGUSTA AMBIANORUM; AVGVSTA AMBIANORVM Bois l’Abbé Eu Seine-Maritime Normandie 50.02 1.46 110.008

5834 LE VIEIL-ÉVREUX 170 GISACUM; GISACVM Cracouville Le Vieil-Évreux Eure Normandie 48.994 1.217 127

5913 SEICHES-SUR-LE-LOIR 300 Les Vêquetières Seiches-Sur-Le-Loir Maine-Et-Loire Pays de Loire 47.5783 -0.3411 33.854

5926 SAINTE-GEMMES-SUR-LOIRE 5 Camp de César Saint-Gemmes-sur-Loire Maine-Et-Loire Pays de Loire 47.423 -0.557 29.83

5973 LA JONCHÈRE 33 LA CIGOGNE La Cigogne La Jonchère Vendée Pays de Loire 46.425 -1.394 20.764

5999 CIVAUX 6 CIVEAUX Civaux Vienne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 46.444 0.665 73

6065 COMPREIGNAC 720 La Jante; La Gente Compreignac Haute-Vienne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 45.992706 1.274421

6091 POUSSANGES 43 Pierrefitte Poussanges Creuse Nouvelle-Aquitaine 45.825931 2.21381 788.811

6157 HOMEŞTI 46 Homeşti Buzău 45.3896 26.9578 315.4994 6172 SPITAL AM PYHRN 168 Spital am Pyhrn Kirchdorf an der Krems Oberösterreich 47.664 14.34 640 6216 MURS-ET-GÉLIGNIEUX 27 Murs-Et-Gélignieux L’Ain Rhône-Alpes 45.642 5.66 236.607 6414 AUGST BL-Ins. 9 1989 7 Ins. 9-10 Insulae 9 Augst Augst Basel-Landschaft Col. Augusta Raurica 47.534 7.723 295.254 6936 MEOLO 520 Meolo Venezia Veneto 45.618 12.454 3.945 8057 TEKIJA 1948 108 TRANSDIERNA Tekija Kladovo Bor Southern and Eastern Serbia [Južna i istočna Srbija] 44.682 22.408 98.841 8123 LJUBLJANA 8 - insula XXX 48 EMONA VIII Trg republike 2, 1000 Ljubljana Ljubljana Ljubljana Osrednjeslovenska [Central Slovenia] 46.0496 14.5007 298

8152 CORTIJO DEL ÁLAMO 131 Jódar Jaén Andalucía 37.838 -3.351 644.708

8858 BEVKE 5 Bevke Vrhnika Osrednjeslovenska [Central Slovenia] 45.983 14.354 297.054

8942 CELJE 1 25 CELEIA I; CILI I Celje Celje Savinjska [Savinja] 46.24 15.268 236.933

9146 HOREZU 3 Horezu Vâlcea Oltenia 45.146 23.99 460.55

9215 SLAVA RUSĂ 6 IBIDA Slava Rusă Tulcea Dobrogea 44.875 28.641 161.2

9239 TULCEA 1956-1957 87 AEGYSSVS I; AEGYSSUS I; TULCEA I Tulcea Tulcea Dobrogea 45.186 28.816 24.191

9249 PULA - Campus Martius 20 POLA; POLEI Pula Istria Istria 44.8607 13.8622 0.596

9316 BUJOR 27 BUJORU Bujor Dolj Oltenia 44.228 23.652 138.201 9642 POMPEII IX, 7, 14-15b e c 18 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.751 14.489 35.77 9647 POMPEII IX, 9, 6, 6f 15 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.753 14.488 37.91 9663 POMPEII IX, 13, 1.3, 3s 23 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.751 14.49 34.77 9670 POMPEII IX, 14, 2.4, 4f 109 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.753 14.489 34.61 9686 POMPEII VI, 2, 4, 4f 17 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.751 14.483 40.75 9771 KIČEVO 20 Kičevo Kičevo Southwestern region 41.513 20.953 622.64

9863 BYLANDSE WAARD 61 BIJLANDSE WAAR Bijland Nijmegen Gelderland 51.874 6.081 10.5

9870 DENEKAMP 29 Denekamp Dinkelland Overijssel 52.3753799 7.0061799 26.910278320312

9898 FYNS 59 Fyns street Wommels Littenseradeel (Littenseradiel) Friesland 53.106 5.589 1.83

9919 HELMOND 1917 25 Helmond Helmond Noord- 51.391 5.617

9940 LINDEN 1997 97 Linden Cuijk Noord-Brabant 51.748 5.829 11.52

9942 LITH 2006 27 Lith Lith Noord-Brabant 51.8 5.431 3.511

9961 NIEUWE KRIM 1926 8 Nieuwe Krim Coevorden Drenthe 52.668 6.657 8

9983 ONNA 1884 238 Onna Steenwijkerland Overijssel 52.774 6.147 2.67

9984 ONNA 1884-1886 5 Onna Steenwijkerland Overijssel 52.774 6.148 1.997 9985 ONNA 1886 16 Onna Steenwijkerland Overijssel 52.7733 6.1477 1.7484 10013 SOMEREN 2000 10 Someren Someren Noord-Brabant 51.3844 5.715 27.2045 10037 VECHTEN 1996 1 48 FECTIO Vechten Bunnik Utrecht 52.058 5.162 3 10041 NETHERLANDS c. 1891 103 10053 ZOUTKAMP 1991 36 ZOUTCAMP Zoutkamp De Marne Groningen 53.3380226 6.3031143 0.2826 10354 QUIBERON 1951 482 QUIBERON I; PORT HALIGUEN I Quiberon Morbihan Bretagne 47.4847 -3.104 7.529

10366 POMPEII VI, 16, 32, 32 18 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.752 14.485 37.928

10373 POMPEII VI, 17, 42, 42b 214 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.75 14.483 36.474

10775 LIMOGES 1859 1 1 AUGUSTORITUM; AVGVSTORITVM Limoges Haute-Vienne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 45.834 1.261

12557 CRONESTEIJN 2015 5 CROSNETEIN; CRONESTEYN Polderpark Cronesteyn Leiden Leiden Zuid-Holland 52.14 4.499 -3

12612 NIJMEGEN 1992 86 Fundmünzen no. 12010 Kops Plateau Nijmegen Nijmegen Gelderland 51.838 5.894 68.466

12613 NIJMEGEN 1991 8 Fundmünzen no. 12009 Kops Plateau Nijmegen Nijmegen Gelderland 51.838 5.894 68.466

12615 NIJMEGEN 1989 2 24 Fundmünzen no. 12005 Kops Plateau Nijmegen Nijmegen Gelderland 51.838 5.894 68.466

12616 NIJMEGEN 1989 3 19 Fundmünzen no. 12004 Kops Plateau Nijmegen Nijmegen Gelderland 51.837 5.894 64.012 12746 DARDILLY 236 Dardilly Rhône Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 45.806 4.753 330.265 12778 BONYHÁD 37 Bonyhád Tolna 46.298 18.526 131.166 12801 ÉVREUX 1982 5 MEDIOLANUM AULECORUM; MEDIOLANVM AVLECORVM Saint-Louis St. Évreux Eure Normandie 49.024 1.155 73.664 12802 LONGUEIL-SAINTE-MARIE 6 Longueil-Sainte-Marie Oise Hauts-de-France 49.357 2.718 40.676 12804 RENNES 1998 7 CONDATE REDONUM Sainte-Anne Square Rennes Ille-et-Vilaine Bretagnes 48.114 -1.68 40.674 12968 POMPEI V, I, 13 - Caupona (Tavern) 38 Pompeii Città metropolitana di Napoli Campania 40.753 14.486 42.021

13049 CALVATONE 1911 22 Calvatone Cremona Lombardia 45.128 10.441 30.493

13128 GINDERUP 32 Ginderup Thy Jutland 56.739 8.465 18.09

13134 1880 69 TENTSCHACH Klagenfurt Klagenfurt Kärnten 46.684 14.256 586.782

13253 MAGDALENSBERG 1955 165 Magdalensberg Klagenfurt-Land Kärnten 46.724 14.429

13511 SŁOCHY ANNOPOLSKIE 53 Słochy Annopolskie Siemiatycze Podlaskie 52.394772 22.834857

13530 TURSKO 1 TURSKO MAŁE Tursko Małe Staszów Świętokrzyskie 50.447222 21.344722

13576 TETELBIERG 1969 18 Pétange Esch-sur-Alzette 49.54 5.86

13757 ORISTANO 1858 1 ORISTANO II Oristano Oristano Sardegna 39.902812 8.5902 13889 CAMPO DELLA FIERA 221 FANUM VOLTUMNAE; FANVM VOLTVMNAE Orvieto Terni Umbria 42.712526 12.09646 14608 WINCHESTER 5 Hampshire South East 50.986063 -1.2605514 54.8 15959 HEROLTICE 2 HEROTICE Hoštice-Heroltice Vyškov South Moravia 49.287326 17.066402 16027 BARE 278 Duga Dolina Bare Braničevo Southern and Eastern Serbia [Južna i istočna Srbija] 44.64692 21.331251 147 16100 GRADAC 17 Gradac West Herzegovina Herzegovina 43.428003 17.387797 16112 SAN DONÀ DI PIAVE 300 San Donà di Piave Venezia Veneto 45.6265 12.5599

16164 MILANO 1998 - Catholic University 3 Milano Milano Lombardia 45.461999 9.177008

16425 POIANA 1988 7 Poiana Galați Moldova 45.992062 27.257178

16453 COVASNA 7 Covasna Covasna Transylvania 45.827169 26.222148

16482 REPEDEA 4 Repedea Vrancea Moldova 45.92132 27.032518

1 comment findSpotComment discoveryDay1

50 denarii ranging from the 2nd century BC Republic coins to Trajan, and including one plated specimen, found in a wooden building from the late 2nd century AD. Location displays approximate coordinates centred on four figure grid reference. 1

37 aurei were found in 1957, digging the trench for the foundations of a bungalow. There was no trace of a container. The coins were probably packed in rolls and wrapped in cloth which had perished. 34 were published in 1959,Location and a displaysfurther 3 approximate coins sent to coordinates the British Museumcentred onin 1965.four figure grid reference. 30

27 Kentish potin and 1 Roman Republican denarius of C. Vibius Pansa (RRC 342). The Republican denarius is later in date than the potins. Location displays approximate coordinates centred on four figure grid reference. 1

According to de Jersey, 4 Republican denarii and 58 Iron Age gold quarter-staters (and possibly more), found in several batches. The PAS gives a slightly different account of the composition of this hoard. Location displays approximate coordinates centred on four figure grid reference. 1

A hoard of 1 aureus and 13 denarii found near Overley Hill, to the east of Wrekin, Shropshire, ranging from the Republican period to Vespasian, AD 79. Location displays approximate coordinates centred on four figure grid reference. 4 23 solidi, 3 milarenses and 23 siliquae, ranging from Constantius II to Libius Severus, with 1 Republican denarius, found in a field, south-west of the village of Patching, West Sussex. Location displays approximate coordinates centred on four figure grid reference. 3 (180) 141 silver coins: 140 denarii, 1 Lycian drachm dating from the Republic to Trajan. 33 denarii: Republic - Hadrian (AD 125-128) Roman auxiliary cavalry fort - ala I Tungrorum Frontoniana The hoard comprised a total of 22 denarii dating from the Republic to Antoninus Pius. There are no further details about the structure of the hoard. (circa 400) 22 denarii: 2 republican, 20 imperial: Republic - Trajan (AD 105-117) Found while plowing a field in the locality/at the spot called "Pyasuka", circa 5 km eastward of the ancient site of Oescus (Colonia Ulpia Oescensium). 26 104 denarii: Republic - Marcus Aurelius (AD 166) Modern location undetermined. 865 coins: 29 aurei, 833 denarii: Republic - Hadrian (AD 137-138) Roman settlement and auxiliary fort. The hoard comprised 116 silver coins: 111 denarii, 1 denarius serratus, 2 quinarii, 2 drachms: Republic - Antoninus Pius (AD 157-158). Found in a ceramic vessel with a terra sigillata bowl serving as a lid. 137 denarii of which 8 hybrids, 3 imitations: Republic - Severus Alexander (AD 228-231); silver weight: 194.0-482.5 g. Found with a vessel. At the spot called ”Poiana lui Ispas” (58) 14 coins were donated: 7 republican denarii, 6 imperial denarii, 1 provincial bronze: Republic - Gordian III (AD 238-244); silver weight: 76.6-205.9 g. The hoard comprised 9 Republican denarii and a denarius of Augustus dating to AD 14. Hobbs estimates a silver weight of between 3.7g and 11.5g. The hoard was found not far from the Roman road running from Saintes to Périgueux. The hoard was found concealed within a small stone cist. The original number of coins in the hoard is unknown, although 6 coins are catalogued - 5 denarii and one as. There is a large chronological gap between the first and lastFound pieces before (172 1984 BC into theAD province264-5). of Pontevedra. The exact findspot and date are unknown. This hoard, found in south-east Turkey, was seen in trade (London) and comprised 1,911 coins that were published by Bendall in 1966: 1,833 denarii and 78 radiates from the Republic and Augustus to Trajan Decius (AD 251). TheAfter findspot publication, is described another as800 ’south-east coins appeared Turkey.’ in trade that must have belonged to the same hoard. A list by emperors but without further references is given by Bendall p. 169. A hoard of at least 105, possibly up to 115, denarii found at the end of December 1930, of which only 105 are still identified in the records of Rabat Museum. Chatelain, the original excavator, listed 114 coins in the find, includingFound two oncoins the ofsouth Juba side II, one of the of Nero,aqueduct, one ofroughly Galba, opposit nineteen the of point Vespasian, at which seven a conduit of Titus, branched twenty-three off the of main Domitian, pipeline three (at aof ninety Nerva, degree forty-eight angle) of bringing Trajan and water ten to of a Hadrian. fountain. However it is clear that Chatelain misidentified two of the Republican denarii as coins of Juba II. The next publication of the hoard, by Ruhlmann, came in 1933. This list largely agrees with the records kept by Rabat Museum, but includes ten extra coins, taking the total up to 115, which must now be regarded as lost. The missing coins listed by Ruhlmann are as follows: one Republican denarius, one denarius of Vespasian, two denarii of Domitian, five denarii of Trajan and one Hadrianic denarius. There are no further details concerning the types of these coins, because Ruhlmann only published in detail the nine latest specimens from the find. The whole hoard was contained in a hollow bracelet and was probably buried circa 122.

1,268 coins: 7 aurei, 1,261 denarii: Republic - Hadrian (AD 136-138). Total weight: 4,023.93g. 1 The hoard comprised a greyware vessel containing 196 aurei, of which 61 were recorded in detail. Mints represented include: Rome (11), Pergamum (4), Colonia Patricia (4), Caesaraugusta (1), Spain (2 or 3), Nîmes (2 or 3), Lyon (10), uncertain (RIC I No. 539). The latest coin in the hoard is an issue from Lyon dating to 10 BC. A navvy found the hoard at the foot of a hill close to the forest on the ’Sentier des Moines’ path.The hoard is dispersed. 21 aurei were acquired by the Cabinet des Médailles (Archives Register B, p. 130-1; purchased: 19.01.1835), 3 others by the Dupré Collection, then into the Wigan Collection (now in the British Museum). One coin was retained by the Countess de Songeons in the Château de l’Ermite in Ambenay. The hoard comprised approximately 1,600 aureii, from Julius Caesar to Commodus. Most of the hoard was immediately dispersed and sold. The hoard was found at the intersection of boulevard Saint-Michel and place Edmond-Rostand. 29 The hoard comprised ’a number of denarii, including Republican denarii (issues of families Porcia and Copponia) and imperial denarii from the reigns of Nero to Gordian III Around 40 aureii. The hoard comprised 17 coins of which 11 were sold to MM. Loir et Colin. These were recorded in detail. The hoard was discovered by peat cutters. 65 republican coins: 1 aureus and 64 denarii denarii found in a flint money-box (families: Aemilia, Cassia, Iulia, Marcia, Pompeia. The hoard comprised 24 Iron Age coins and 4 Republican denarii. It was characterised as being one of 16 individual votive deposits found at the site of an important Gallo-Roman sanctuary during excavations. Inventory No: 76.943.1 to 28 It appears that these coins may be a mixture of site finds and numerous votive deposits. It is not possible to give any further context as M. Baudot’s notes were destroyed in the bombing of Évreux in June 1940. 166 of the 169 Iron Age coins are preserved in the Musée d’Évreux and were catalogued by M. Baudot and S. Scheers.

The hoard comprised a blackware vessel containing more than 300 Republican and Augustan denarii. In February 1851, the Musée d’Angers acquired the fragments of the vessel and 6 denarii (Reg. I, no. 322, 323) and some more in April 1851 (Reg. I, no. 331). M. de L’Espine bought 299 denarii. In 1858, numerous denarii were featured in a exhibition in Angers. These belonged to M. Bourdeille. In March 1859, the15 museum bought 40 more denarii from M. Bourdeille. (Reg. I, p. 160, no. 688) In 1831, 4 Republican denarii were found and then another in 1835. It is not clear whether they represent a hoard. The hoard comprised ’a black coarseware vessel containing 32 electrum staters and some Republican and imperial coins in quite a good state of preservation.’ The hoard was found by quarry workers in a quarry Hoard of unknown number of Celtic gold and silver coins of type ABYDOS, Togirix of Caletes and Santons. Together were found republican denarii.

The hoard comprised a black pot containing between 500 and 600 Iron Age coins and approximately 120 Republican coins. The most frequent legends on the Iron Age coins were ABVDOS, ANDECOMBO, ANORBO/DVBNO, ATISIOS, ARIVOS/SANTONOS, AVLIRCO, ATEVLA/VLATOS, Q.DOCI SAMF, DVBNOCOV/DVBNOREX, DURAT/IVLIOS, DVRNACVS (?), EPAD, LITA, MEDIOMA, NINNO, COIOS/ORCETIRIX,3 POTTINA, SOLIMA, TOGI/TOCIR, TVRONOS, VIIPOTAL The hoard was found in a field east of the village of La Jante. A summary of the coins in this hoard exists, but gives family names rather than identifications for Republican denarii. The hoard was discovered in a crevice in the rocks amongst a mass of carbonised material.

46 denarii: Republic - Marcus Aurelius (Lucius Verus) (AD 161-169). On a high plateau called ”Poiana lui Homo”. The spot is located northward from the road Grebănu - Homești, in front of Grigoriu Benedict house. Over 200 silver coins. 168 are known: 166 denarii, 2 drachms of Lycia: Republic - Marcus Aurelius (AD 167). "in the Sachsengang" The hoard comprised 27 Republican and Imperial denarii from 62 BC to Galba. The hoard was found next to a stream which flows down the hill from Fay, approximately 500 metres from the point where it meets the Rhône. The hoard (a purse) comprised 7 coins including 3 denarii, 1 quinarius, 1 dupondius and 2 asses, with a tpq of AD 41/42, found within a 2nd or 3rd century layer. The coins were corroded together in a single lump suggesting that47.534262291; they had originally 7.723030475 been placed in a leather or textile purse or bag. 15 520 silver coins found with a lead recipient: 513 republican denarii, 2 imperial denarii, 1 republican quinarius, 4 drachms: Republic and early Imperial denarii terminating in issues of Augustus dating to 29 BC. On the estate of the Peloso brothers. 108 denarii ranging from the Republic to the reign of Domitian, +AV and AR jewelry and vesselsRoman republican (19);Roman imperial: Augustus; Tiberius; Nero to Domitianus. 12 48 coins: 1 aureus, 31 denarii, 16 sestertii: 116 BC - Nero (AD 56) Insula XXX 12 The hoard is comprised of 131 republican and imperial denarii. Hoard dated in the first year of reign of Augustus (27 BC). 5 coins discovered together: 4 denarii, 1 as: Republic - Augustus (BC 15). Near Medvenica Hill. 25 republican silver coins: 1 quadrigatus (225-31 BC). Municipium Claudia Celeia. Surroundings. Unknown initial number of silver Roman coins. Republican and imperial denarii. Only three are known: L. Cassius, M. Antony, Severus Alexander Close to the convent. Unknown initial coin numbers. 6 republican denarii were recovered 32-31 BC Within the stronghold. Unknown originally number of denarii. 87 studied: Republic - Titus (AD 81). Ancient fortification of Aegyssus. 20 coins: 6 republican denarii, 14 imperial coins: 1 dupondius, 13 asses: Republic - Claudius I (AD 50-54). Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea. On the Campus Martius necropolis

(c. 60) 27 denarii: Republic - Vespasian (AD 71). 4 republican Denarii, 10 imperial Denarii (Vitellius and Vespasian), 2 uncertain AR and 2 uncertain AE found in a burnt wooden box in regio IX, insula 7, south of peristyle of building 14-15 (uncertain structure). 40.750547, 14.488590 16 4 Republican denarii, 9 Imperial AE (Claudius and Vespasian) and 2 uncertain AE found with a skeleton in regio IX, insula 9, garden of building 6 (house). 40.752513, 14.488274 13 20 republican Denarii and 3 imperial Denarii (Vitellius and Vespasian) found with a female skeleton in regio IX, insula 13, north of peristyle in surrounding HH of building 1.3 (house). 40.751020, 14.490263 77 Republican denarii, 12 uncertain Republican denarii, 1 Imperial aureus (Titus under Vespasian), 12 Imperial denarii (Augustus and Vespasian) and 7 Imperial AE (Galba and Vespasian) found with a skeleton in regio IX, insula 40.752684,14, second 14.488975atrium north of west wing of building 2.4 (house). 23 11 Republican denarii and 6 Imperial denarii (Augustus and Vespasian) found in regio VI, insula 2, building 4 (house). 40.751190, 14.482574 6 20 denarii; Republic-Marcus Aurelius (AD 161-180) 61 denarii: Republic - Augustus (9 BC). 29 denarii: 28 republican, 1 imperial: Republic - Augustus (15-13 BC). 59 denarii: Republic - Tiberius (AD 14-37). 25 silver oins: 2 republican denarii, 21 impertial denarii, 2 antoniniani (radiates): Republic - Postumus (AD 260-269). 1 AR 96 AE found concentrated around an earthenware dish within a level of a building: Republic - Marcus Aurelius (AD 166-167). The coins were found together with a brooch, as well as several pieces of pottery and nails. 27 denarii: Republic - Nerva (AD 97). ±100 Republican and Imperial denarii ending with Augustus (27 BC - AD 14). East of Nieuwe Krim 238 denarii: Republic - Tiberius (AD 14-37).

5 denarii: Republic - Tiberius (AD 14-37). Part of the hoard ONNA 1884 (CHRE 9983)? 16 denarii: Republic - Augustus (2 BC - AD 4). Part of the hoard ONNA 1884 (CHRE 9983)? 10 denarii: Republic - Augustus (2 BC - AD 4). 48 denarii: Republic - Vespasian (AD 74) found in the vicus near the fort of Fectio. Auxiliary fort and vicus Fectio. A hoard of Republican and Augustus denarii with uncertain find spot reconstructed from auction sales. 36 coins: 34 denarii, 2 asses: Republic - Tiberius (AD 14-37). 470 coins found with a ceramic urn. 20 coins were spread among locals. The The hoard consists of mostly Augustan coins, together with republican and celtic issues. Although the coins appear in good condition almost all of Oldthem allotment were hammered no. 106, orsection halved, AO, and owner countermarked.Found Mr. Georges Choupeaux. on the sameNowadays, allotment no. 599as Quiberon , owner Mr.1985. Nevo. One hoard split in two vessels.32 more coins were discovered while searching the area19 after the discovery of the Quiberon 1985 hoard.

1 Republican denarius, 1 Augustan denarius, 16 Imperial AE found in regio VI, insula 16, building 32 (house and thermopolium) 27

214 AV and AR Republican and Imperial issues found in regio VI, insula 17, building 42 (house). 17 Aureus of C. Norbanus and L. Cestius minted in Rome (43 BC). 5 republican denarii found by metal detector (77 BC). 86 denarii: Republic - Tiberius (AD 15-37). Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum. Roman fort destroyed in AD 69/70. 8 asses: Republic - Augustus (10-6 BC) Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum. Roman fort destroyed in AD 69/70. 24 silver coins: 23 denarii, 1 quinarius: Republic - Augustus Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum

19 silver coins: 18 denarii, 1 quinarius: Republic - Augustus (2 BC - AD 14). Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum The hoard was found in the aqueduct supplying Lugdunum. 252 coins: 1 republican denarius, 251 nummi: Republic, House of Constantine I - House of Valentinian I (AD 364-375).

5 aurei: 2 republican, 3 imperial: Republic - Augustus (AD -11-10). 6 coins, possible kept in a purse, found in a building with unknown use: 5 republican denarii, 1 aureus of Augustus (BC 9). 7 coins: 2 republican quinarii, 1 imperial denarius, 1 dupondius, 3 asses: Republic - Augustus (AD 12-14). VAL underground station.Condate Redonum alias Civitas Riedonum 38 coins: 16 denarii and 22 bronze coins found together in a tavern in the 19th century. Only 12 denarii could be re-identified: 22 denarii: Republic - Augustus (29-27 BC) 31 denarii and one aureus found during excavations at Ginderup in northern Jutland. Large number of silver coins found with a ceramic vessel. The minting period run from 91 BC to AD 254. Only 69 coins are preserved: 1 aureus, 66 denarii, 2 drachms: Republic to Hadrian (AD 119-122). Roman marble quarry 165 coins: Celtic, Greek - Augustus (27 BC - AD 14). It seems, that the coins from hoard were mixed with the single finds from the excavation of 1955 and thy are no longer identifiable. Also, some pieces are considered lost. Around 70-80 denarii, 53 were recovered: Republic - Hadrian (AD 117-138). Unknown number of denarii. Only one republican coin of A. Plautius (Rome, 55 BC) was observed. On a settlement (?), located near the Vistula.

Found during excavations (Fouille C [b/6], layer II), around stones that probably were part of a dirt floor. 16

Hoard of republican and imperial denarii. among coins, those of M. Sergius Silus, Claudius I, Nero. In the vicinity of the city. In the Fanum Voltumnae with a stone container 221 coins: 185 republican asses, 2 republican denarii, 1 republican quinarius, 18 imitations of issue "Divus Iulius" (RRC 535/1), 15 imperial asses of the IIIviri series (ADNear 15 BC).Orvieto (Volsinii). The Winchester hoard, a find of Iron Age / early Roman gold jewellery and 5 denari (now in the British Museum).BM collections online: "The Winchester hoard objects did not come from a grave, settlement or temple, butLocation had been displays buried onapproximate their own oncoordinates top of a small centred hill thaton four might figure have grid been reference. covered with trees. They may have been buried for safekeeping or as a religious offering.The hoard has two sets of 1gold jewellery, each comprising a necklace torc and two gold brooches held together by a chain. There are also two gold bracelets. A total of 1160 grams of very pure gold was used to make the objects. One of the torcs is bigger than the other, possibly because one was made for a man and the other for a woman".TAR 2000 pps. 16-18, no. 8; TAR 2001 91, p.181. 2 denarii found on manor field: C. Porcius Cato, Hadrian (119-122). On a manor field. Hoard of 279 silver coins from the Republic to Domitian, was found together with silver objects by a local man on his field. 17 coins (denarii) found by a farmer on a field, ranging from the Republic to Titus (AD 79). Circa 300 denarii and 6 aurei were discovered on the Anselmi proprty. Today, are known only 20 denarii and 2 aurei: Republic - Augustus (29-27 BC). On the Anselmi property, on the right bank of the river Piave. Three denarii found at the bottom of a cooking pot. Probably, a foundation offering: 1 Republic, 2 Augustus (15-13 BC). 7 denarii found within the Dacian citadel during archaeological excavations: Republic – Vespasian (AD 75). 7 denarii discovered together in the Dacian fortress: Republic 6, Vespasian 1 (AD 70). In the Dacian fortress ”Cetatea Zânelor”. Unknown originally number of coins. In 1974, four coins were recovered from a local: 3 denarii, 1 antoninianus (radiate): M. Papirius Carbo, Mn. Aquillius, Augustus, Aurelian (Severina). The coin of Aurelian could be an intruder?

2 discoveryMonth1 discoveryYear1 discoveryDay2 discoveryMonth2 discoveryYear2 openingYear1 openingYear2 terminalYear1 terminalYear2 reference_string

1 1958 31 12 1958 -32 -31 112 117

7 1957 30 7 1957 -46 -46 41 45

1 2010 1 10 2012 -90 -90

8 1989 30 9 1994 10 40

11 1990 4 11 1990 79 79

4 1997 15 5 1997 461 470 NC 1998, 27; TTRC 1996-97, 18; S White et al., Britannia 1999, pp. 301-15; Hobbs 2006, 1704; CHRB XII 6 1990 -133 -126 112 117

2004 -122 -122 125 128

1934 1935 -194 -190 139 139

3 1928 -55 -55 105 107

1962 -90 -90 176 180

1915 1916 -135 -135 137 138

2 1926 -115 -114 157 158

-55 -55 228 231

1913 -209 -208 238 244

1897 14 14 TAF I. 8 (La Charente)

1984 -172 -172 264 265 Mira, I. (1995-7) 138; Cavada Nieto, M. (1984) ’Dos tesorillos monetarios aparecidos en Galicia’ Il Congreso Galaico-Minhoto, 181-191.

1966 -90 -90 249 251

12 1930 -86 -86 119 122

8 1989 12 1989 -157 -156 136 138

3 1834 4 1834 -48 -47 -29 -10

5 1860 184 184

1780 -50 47 238 244

6 1858 -43 -43 -32 -31

1761 -42 -40

1976 -39 -39 TAF IV. 90 No. 13 (Seine-Maritime)

-48 -48

1 1851 -27 14 TAF III. 27 (Maine-Et-Loire); Godard-Faultrier, V. (1851) Nouvelles No. 25, p. 1-8

1831 1835 -105 -105

1 1901 3 1901 -100 100

1837 -78 -78

12 1811 -40 -40

1880 -2 4

1922 1970 -91 -91 161 169

1904 -60 -60 167 167

-62 -62 68 69 TAF V. 29 (L’Ain) 8 1989 15 8 1989 -80 41 54

8 1936 -211 211 -29 -27

6 1948 26 6 1948 -147 -147 84 84

5 1961 -116 -115 56 56

1957 -152 -27 -27

1879 -15 14 -42 -42

1895 -225 -212 -32 -31

-76 -76 223 223

1999 -136 -32 -31

1956 1957 -207 -207 79 81

1985 1986 -211 -211 50 68

1941 -84 -83 71 71

3 1881

2 1888

70 70

5 1911

4 1940

1952 -82 -82 162 163

1954 -137 137 -9 -9 vGelder/Boersma 162

1869 -194 -190 -15 -13

1880 -121 -121 14 37

1917 -86 -86 260 269 vGelder/Boersma 380; JMP (1963), 45-46

1997 -125 -125 166 167

2006 -90 -90 97 97

1926 -72 -72 -27 14

1884 -155 -155 14 37

1884 1886 -104 -104 14 37

1886 -145 -142 -2 4

2000 -149 -149 -2 4

1996 -139 -139 74 74

1891 -116 -115 -2 14

1991 -128 -128 14 37

3 1951 -150 -146 -2 -2

6 1904

6 1974 79 79

1859 -43 -43

2015 -148 -148 -77 -77

1992 -211 -211 15 37

1991 -100 -70 -10 -6

1989 -153 -153 -15 -13

1989 -118 -118 -2 14

11 1991 -89 -89 364 375

1904 1904

1982 1985 -43 -43 -11 -4

1995 -157 -156 -9 -9

1998 -97 -97 12 14

1874 -91 -91 -32 -29

-66 -66 -29 -27

1934 1970 -127 -125 74 250

1880 -91 -91 119 122

1955 -100 -100 -27 14

2009 -44 -44 134 138

1895

7 1969 -32 -29

1858 -116 -115 54 68

2008 -7 -7

5 2001 15 5 2001 14 37

1893 -123 -123 119 122

1963 21 4 1964 -206 -200 81 81

1901 1901 -124 -124 79 79

1918 -114 -113 -29 -27

1998 -113 -112 -15 -13

1988 -58 -58 75 75

1968 -90 -90 70 70

1970

3 references coinLevelData discoveryDepth owner finder Robertson: 110; PAS Iron Age and Roman Coin Hoards Database: https://finds.org.uk/database/hoards/record/id/914; Kraay, C. M. - 1960 - A Hoard of Denarii from Verulamium, 1958: 271-3 Entered Verulamium Museum, St. Albans PAS Iron Age and Roman Coin Hoards Database: https://finds.org.uk/database/hoards/record/id/999; Robertson: 22; Bland, R. and Loriot, X. - 2010 - Roman and Early Byzantine Gold Coins found in Britain and Ireland: no. 332; Carson, R. A. G. - 1959 - The BredgarBritish Tresaure Museum of Roman Coins PAS Iron Age and Roman Coin Hoards Database: https://finds.org.uk/database/hoards/record/id/1046 Available to enter Returned to finder - 1996 - Coin Hoards 1996: Ancient Hoards - Britain: 101; PAS Iron Age and Roman Coin Hoards Database: https://finds.org.uk/database/hoards/record/id/1065; de Jersey, P.J. - 2015 - Coin Hoards from Iron Age Britain: 151Available to enter British Museum (part); Guildhall Museum, Rochester (part)

PAS Iron Age and Roman Coin Hoards Database: https://finds.org.uk/database/hoards/record/id/1751; Bland, R. and Loriot, X. - 2010 - Roman and Early Byzantine Gold Coins found in Britain and Ireland: 506; Burnett, A. M. -Available - Overley to Hill, enter Shropshire British Museum (part); Much Wenlock Museum (part) PAS Iron Age and Roman Coin Hoards Database: https://finds.org.uk/database/hoards/record/id/2049; - 1998 - Coin Hoards 1998: Ancient Hoards: 27; Bland, R. and Loriot, X. - 2010 - Roman and Early Byzantine Gold CoinsAvailable found in Britainto enter and Ireland: 569 Suciu, V. - 1990 - Tezaurul monetar roman descoperit la Medveş (comuna Fărău, judeţul Alba): 189-207; GAZDAC 2010; Moisil, Delia and Depeyrot, Georges - 2003 - Les trésors de deniers antérieurs à Trajan en Roumanie: 202-203;Available no. to 210 enter Union Museum Alba Iulia, Romania (141 coins) Szekely, Francisc Gaiu, Corneliu and Găzdac, Cristian - 2006 - A soldier money ina barrack of the cavarly fort from Ilişua (Bistriţa-Năsăud county, Romania): 379-393; GAZDAC 2010; Moisil, Delia and Depeyrot, Georges - 2003 - Les trésors de deniersAvailable antérieurs to enter à Trajan en Roumanie:County 13; no. Museum 13 of Bistrița-Năsăud, Bistrița, Romania; Inv.no. MB 20918-20950 worker Depeyrot, G. and Moisil, D. - 2008 - Les trésors de deniers de Trajan à Balbin en Roumanie: 40-41; no. 39; Moisil, Delia and Depeyrot, Georges - 2003 - Les trésors de deniers antérieurs à Trajan en Roumanie: 218-219; no. 283Available to enter National History Museum, , Romania (22 coins) Moushmov, N. - 1929 - Monetnite sakrovišta, namereni v Balgarija: 382-383; Gerov, B. - 1977 - Die Einfälle der Nordvölker in den Ostbalkanraum im Lichte der Münzschatzfunde. I. Das 2. und 3. Jahrhundert (101-284): 400; no. 7; GAZDAC 2010; Paunov, E. and Prokopov, I. - 2002 - An Inventory of Roman Republican Coin Hoards and coins from Bulgaria (IRRCHBulg): 50-51; no. 78 Vasić, M. - 1970 - Ostava rimskih denara iz Mrcevca: 155-167; Mirnik, I. A. - 1981 - Coin hoards in Yugoslavia: 55, no. 130; GAZDAC 2010 Entered Muzej u Ćupriji, Serbia - 1981 Radojka Radovanović (?) FMRU II: 84-90; GAZDAC 2010 Entered Dembski, G. - 1977 - Die antiken Münzschatzfunde aus Österreich: 20, no. C-14; FMRÖ I/2: 413-415; no. 5/21; Ruske, Al. - 2007 - Die Carnuntiner Schatzfunde: 381-383; Ruske, Al. - 2011 - Die Fundregesten der antiken MünzhorteAvailable aus to Österreich. enter Eine ZusammenstellungLandesmuseum aller bekannten Burgenland, Münzdepots Eisenstadt, anhand Austria der (inv.no Literatur:. 226) 105-106, no. P77 Marinescu-Bîlcu, S., Chiţescu, M. and Mihăilescu-Bîrliba, V. - 1989 - Tezaurul de monede romane descoperit la Tîrpeşti: 43-51; Guest, P. - 1994 - A Comparative Study of coin hoards from the Western Roman Empire; Hobbs, R.Available - 2006 -to Late enter Roman precious metalMuzeul deposits, sătesc c. AD Tîrpe 200-700ști (44 :coins); changes Muzeul over timede Istorie and space: și Etnografie, 211 Târgu-Neamț (24 coins), Romania; casts after 69 coins Locals Jánó, B. - 1913 - Római pénzlelet Lozsádon (Hunyad vármegye): 114-115; Protase, D. - 1961 - Les trésors monétaires de la Dacie romaine. Leur signification sociale-économique et ethno-politique: no. 43 (table); Guest, P. - 1994Available - A Comparative to enter Study of coin hoardsDispersed from the Western Roman Empire; Hobbs, R. - 2006 - Late Roman precious metal deposits, c. AD 200-700 : changes overZudor, time Elek and space: no. 370; Depeyrot, G. and Moisil, D. - 2008 - Les trésors de deniers et d'antoniniens de Gordien III à Aurélien en Roumanie: 30-31; no. 15; Moisil, Delia and Depeyrot, Georges - 2003 - Les trésors de deniers antérieurs à Trajan en Roumanie: 229; no. 296 Rolland, H. - 1956 - Monnaies de la République romaine trouvées en Gaule: 43; Prou, M. - 1897 - (Segonzac): 224

Bendall, S. - 1966 - An Eastern hoard of Roman Imperial silver: 165-170 Entered Salama, Pierre, and Besombes, Paul-André - 2002 - Le trésor de deniers d'Aïn Témouchent et ses "satellites" dans l'Afrique romaine.: 190; inv. 3; Salama, Pierre - 2002 - La chasse aux trésors dans le MaghrebEntered classique:1.5 1969; meters inv. 2; Chatelain,Rabat L. Museum - 1931 - Les recherches archéologiques au Maroc: 296; Marion, J. - 1978 - Les trésors monétaires de Volubilis et deM. Banasa:L. Chatelain 180-184; Ruhlman, A. - 1933 - Le bracelet-bourse romain de Volubilis (Maroc): 51-59

Dembski, G. and Zavadil, M. - 2004 - Der Münzschatz vom Rennweg 44: 11-99 Available to enter Historischen Museum der Stadt Wien (Karlsplatz), Austria De La Grange, E. - 1834 - Notice sur 196 médailles romaines trouvées pendant l'eté de 1834 à Ambenay: 32; de la Saussaye, L. - 1834 - Nouvelles archéologiques: 112-113; Coutil, L. - 1921 - Archéologie gauloise, gallo-romaine,Available to franque enter et carolingienne deCabinet l'Eure: des Médailles, IV. Arr. D'Évreux: Bibliothèque Nationale, 309-310; ParisMathière, J. - 1925 - La civitas des Aulerci Eburovices à l'époque gallo-romaine:Godefroy, Marechal 350; no. a 1;Ambenay Doranlo, R.-E. - 1956 - La cachette monétaire romaine de Douvres: 208; no. 18; Loriot, X. - 1980 - Trésors de monnaies romaines découverts dans le département de l'Eure: 126-127; no. 3; Giard, J.-B. - 1974 - Le trésor d'aurei d'Ambenay.: 68-80; Coutil, L. - 1909 - Le trésor gallo-romain d'Acquigny et les trésors de monnaies romaines découverts dans le département de l'Eure: 21-22; Blanchet, A. - 1900 - Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques de la Gaule: no. 381; Galeron, F. - 1834 - Ambenay: 290-291; de la Saussaye, L. - 1834 - Nouvelles archéologiques: p. VIII; Desloges, A. - 1905 - Ambenay: 204-248; TAF IV: 2 (Eure) Poey d'Avant, F. - 1860 - Médailles romaines d'or trouvées à Paris: 341-344; TAF IX: 15 Available to enter 4.5 Schuermans, M.H. - 1869 - Médailles et monnaies découvertes dans les Pays-Bas, pendant le XVIIIe siècle et antérieurement: 228; Blanchet, A. - 1900 - Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques de la Gaule: 107; no. 3; Loriot, X. - 1974 - Trésors de monnaies de Gordien III découverts sur le territoire de l'ancienne Gaule: 684, no. 8; TAF II: 73; De Bast, J. - 1808 - Recueil d'antiquités romaines et gauloises trouvées dans la Flandre proprement dite, avec désignation des lieux où elles ont été découvertes: 236 Blanchet, A. - 1900 - Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques de la Gaule: no. 24; TAF II: 69 Entered Mr. Loir and Colin Peat cutters Noël de la Morinière, S.-B.-J. - 1795 - Premier essai sur la Seine-Inférieure: 48-49; Decorde, J.-E. - 1861 - Essai historique et archéologique sur le canton de Gournay: 186; Cochet, J.-B.-D. - 1866 - La Seine-Inférieure historique et archéologique, époques gauloise, romaine et franque; Cochet, J.-B.-D. - 1871 - Répertoire archéologique du département de la Seine-Inférieure; De Vesly, L. - 1905 - Cachettes monétaires (époque-gallo-romaine) dans le département de la Seine-Inférieure: 254-255; Deglatigny, Louis - 1931 - Inventaire archéologique de la Seine-Inférieure : période gallo-romaine: 157; Blanchet, A. - 1943 - Supplément manuscrit à Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques en Gaule: no. 1137; Doranlo, R.-E. - 1956 - La cachette monétaire romaine de Douvres: no. 23; Loriot, X. and Delaporte, J. - 1980 - Les trésors de monnaies romaines découvertes dans le département de la Seine-Maritime: 37; no. 44; TAF IV: 52 (Seine-Maritime) Mangard, M. - 1978 - Apport de l'archéologie à la numismatique. Les monnaies gauloises d'Eu-Bois-l'Abbé: 98-99 Scheers, S. - 1981 - Les monnaies gauloises du musée d'Évreux: 3-20; Baudot, M. - 1936 - Premier rapport sur les fouilles de Cracouville . Le Viel-Évreux: 68-95; TAF IV: 103 (Eure) Musée d’Évreux

Blanchet, A. - 1900 - Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques de la Gaule; Provost, M. - 1982 - La circulation des monnaies romaines au début de l'époque augustéenne d'après les trésors enfouis en Anjou: 188-190; Port,0.65 C. - Musée1878 - d’Angers,Dictionnaire France historique, géographique et biographique de Maine-et-Loire: 517, 679; Godard-Faultrier, V. - 1864 - Monuments antiques de l'Anjou ou Mémoire sur la topographie gallo-romanie du département de Maine-et-Loire: 169-170; Godard-Faultrier, V. - 1858 - Archéologie, Antiquité: 348; Godard-Faultrier, V. - 1867 - (Seiches-Sur-Le-Loir): 309; TAF III: 27 (Maine-et-Loire) Provost, M. - 1978 - Recherches sur Angers à l'époque gallo-romaine: 39-40; TAF III: 44 (Maine-et-Loire) Blanchet, A. - 1905 - Traité des monnaies gauloises: 296; Delage, F. - 1937 - Le trésor de Vaulry (Haute-Vienne) et les monnaies gauloises du Limousin: 70; Guiet, S. - 1937 - Le trésor de la Cigogne et la reconnaissance tardive d'une station préhistorique: 56-58; Rolland, H. - 1956 - Monnaies de la République romaine trouvées en Gaule: 50; Colbert De Beaulieu, J.-B. - 1962 - UnWorkers statère des Pictones découvert dans la presqu'île de Quiberon: 50; Colbert De Beaulieu, J.-B. - 1963 - Remarques sur le monnayage celtique des Pictones: 158; Perrier, J. - 1966 - A propos des monnaies celtiques des Pictons en Limousin: 8; Colbert de Beaulieu, J.-B. - 1973 - Traité de numismatique celtique 1. Méthodologie des ensembles: 261; Pérocheau, J. - 1977 - Les trésors en Vendée: 261; Nash, D. - 1978 - Settlement and coinage in Central Gaul c. 200-50 B.C.: 249; Hiernard, J. - 1978 - Deux trésors celtiques poitevins reconsidérés: 63-68; TAF III: 11 (Vendée) De La Saussaye, L. - 1838 - Chronique (Civeaux): 75; Mommsen, Th. - 1873 - Histoire de la monnaie romaine: 266; De la Saussaye, L. - 1875 - (CIVAUX): 290; Blanchet, A. - 1900 - Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques de la Gaule; Blanchet, A. - 1943 - Supplément manuscrit à Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques en Gaule; Blanchet, A. - 1905 - Traité des monnaies gauloises: 601; no. 264; Rolland, H. - 1956 - Monnaies de la République romaine trouvées en Gaule: 47; no. XXXIX; Scheers, S. - 1969 - Les monnaies de la Gaule inspirées de celles de la République romaine: 91, 101, 108; Colbert de Beaulieu, J.-B. - 1973 - Traité de numismatique celtique 1. Méthodologie des ensembles: 260, 357; Nash, D. - 1978 - Settlement and coinage in Central Gaul c. 200-50 B.C.: 206, 311-312; no. 40; TAF I: 5 (Vienne) Martin - 1813 - Rapport…: 151-163; Allou, C.-N. - 1821 - Description des Monuments…de la Haute Vienne: 308-309, 314-315; Ardant, M. - 1824 - (Compreignac): 107; Ardant, M. - 1826 - (Compreignac): 158-166; Ardant, M. - 1828 - (Compreignac): 119-132; Ardant, M. - 1829 - (Compreignac): 122-128; Ardant, M. - 1833 - (Compreignac): 120-122; Ardant, M. - 1840 - (Compreignac): 111-112; Ardant, M. - 1852 - Numismatique Limousine: 170; Ardant, M. - 1857 - Numismatique Limousine: 192-198; Ardant, M. - 1859 - Numismatique Limousine: 199; Ardant, M. - 1863 - Numismatique Limousine: 213-214; Blanchet, A. - 1905 - Traité des monnaies gauloises: 602-603; Blanchet, A. - 1900 - Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques de la Gaule; Crawford, M.H. - 1969 - Roman republican coin hoards: no. 343; Scheers, S. - 1977 - Traité de numismatique celtique 2. La Gaule Belgique: 879-880; no. 27; Nash, D. - 1978 - Settlement and coinage in Central Gaul c. 200-50 B.C.: 314; Anonymous - 1975 - Musée Municipale de Limoges. Monnaies gauloises, romaines, mérovingiennes, féodales et royales. Catalogue éditè à l'occasion des Journées de la SFN, Limoges, 7-8 juin 1975; Perrier, J. - 1964 - Carte archéologique de la Gaule Romaine: Haute Vienne: 97; no. 98; Rolland, H. - 1956 - Monnaies de la République romaine trouvées en Gaule: 43; Delage, F. - 1930 - (Compreignac): 358-359; TAF I: 3 (Haute-Vienne) Anonymous - 1899 - (Poussanges): 308; Courteau, A. and Dayras, M. - 1927 - (Poussanges): 51; Dayras, M. et al. - 1968 - (Poussanges): 298; TAF I: 14 (Creuse)

Drâmboceanu V. - 1975 - Un tezaur de denari republicani și imperiali descoperit în satul Homești, comuna Grebănu (jud. Buzău): 219-222; Depeyrot, G. and Moisil, D. - 2008 - Les trésors de deniers de Trajan à Balbin en Roumanie:Available 115-116; to enter no. 69; Moisil, Delia andCounty Depeyrot, museum, Georges Buz ă- u,2003 Romania - Les trésors(1971) de deniers antérieurs à Trajan en Roumanie: 222-223; no. 289 Benedict, G. Dembski, G. - 1977 - Die antiken Münzschatzfunde aus Österreich: 19, no. C-11; Schmiedl, E. - 1905 - Ein Fund römischer Denare bei Spital am Pyrhn: 297-302; Ruske, Al. - 2007 - Die Carnuntiner Schatzfunde: 394-395 Available to enter 0.30 Heimatmuseum Windischgarsten, Austria Buisson, A. and Loriot, X. - 1986 - Les trésors de monnaies romaines dans le département de l'Ain: 20-21; Dubois, E. - 1942 - Histoire des pays qui ont formé le département de l'Ain. T. III: Période gallo-romaine: 245; Blanchet, A. - 19430.05m - Supplément manuscrit à Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques en Gaule; Blanchet, A. - 1908 - (Murs-Et-Géligneux): 565-566; Marchand, F. - 1906 - (Murs-Et-Gélignieux): 77-87 Peter, M. - 1990 - Ein römischer Geldbeutel aus Augst BL Entered Augusta Raurica Asolati, M. and Crisafulli, C. - 1994 - Ritrovamenti monetali di età romana nel Veneto. Provincia di Venezia: Altino II.: 58-88; no. 5/6; CHRRO: http://numismatics.org/chrr/id/ME1; Gorini, G. - 1974 - Il ripostiglio di denari romani Availablerepubblicani to enter di Meolo Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Venezia, Italy Mano-Zisi, Dj. - 1956 - Nalaz iz TekijeSaopst: 174-178; Mano-Zisi, D. - 1957 - Nalaz iz Tekije = Les trouvailles de Tekiya; Mirnik, I. A. - 1981 - Coin hoards in Yugoslavia: 52, no. 111 3 NM Dušan Radić FMRSl I: 207-209, no. 155/22; Efrem Pegan and Ljudmila Plesničar-Gec - 1965 - Depojska najdba rimskih republiških in zgodnjecesarskih novcev v Emoni: 113-124 Entered 2 Mestni muzej, Ljubljana, Slovenia Worker Francisca Chaves Tristán - 1996 - Los tesoros en el sur de Hispania. Conjuntos de denarios y objetos de plata durante los siglos II y I a.C.: nº 47; Crawford, M.H. - 1969 - Roman republican coin hoards: nº 464 FMRSl I: 374-375; no. 204 Available to enter Dispersed FMRSl II: 73-75; no. 340/4 Entered Dispersed Purece, S. - 2015 - Tezaure romane imperiale din colecția Muzeului Județean Vâlcea. Considerații cu privire la fenomenul tezaurizării în spațiul Olteniei romane: 12; Suciu, V. - 2000 - Tezaure monetare din romană și postromanEnteredă: 43; Depeyrot, G. and Moisil, D.Dispersed - 2008 - Les trésors de deniers de Trajan à Balbin en Roumanie: 324; no. 179 Custurea, G., Dima, M., Talmațchi, G. and Velter A.-M. - 2007 - Coin hoards of Dobrudja. I.: 43-45 Entered Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale, Tulcea, Romania; inv.no. 54015-54020 Ocheşeanu, R. - 1997 - Un tezaur de denari romani republicani şi imperiali descoperit la Aegyssus: 15-26; Custurea, G. and Talmațchi, G. - 2011 - Repertoriul tezaurelor monetare din Dobrogea: 364-365; Talmaţchi, G. - 2006 -Available The Roman to enter republican coinage in Dobrudja:Coin Room, 137-146; Library Moisil, of the Delia Romanian and Depeyrot, Academy, Georges Bucharest, - 2003 Romania - Les trésors de deniers antérieurs à Trajan en Roumanie: 193-194; no. 199

FMRK 18: 200-201; no. 98/3; Nađ, M. - 2012 - Coin hoards in Croatia – an update on the CHY: 401; no. 24 Entered 1 Arheoloski Muzej Istre, Pula, Croatia

Popilian, G. - 1975 - Nota asupra tezaurului de la Bujoru, comuna Virvor (judeţul Dolj).: 213-216; Moisil, Delia and Depeyrot, Georges - 2003 - Les trésors de deniers antérieurs à Trajan en Roumanie: 188-189; no. 189 Entered Muzeul Olteniei, Craiova (21 coins); Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest, Romania (6 coins, inv.no. 742/1945) Teodorescu, Petre Taliercio Mensitieri, Marina - 2005 - Pompei : rinvenimenti monetali nella Regio IX: 264 Taliercio Mensitieri, Marina - 2005 - Pompei : rinvenimenti monetali nella Regio IX: 289 Taliercio Mensitieri, Marina - 2005 - Pompei : rinvenimenti monetali nella Regio IX: 324-325 Taliercio Mensitieri, Marina - 2005 - Pompei : rinvenimenti monetali nella Regio IX: 332-335 Cantilena, Renata - 2008 - Pompei : rinvenimenti monetali nella Regio VI: 131 A. Keramidčiev - 1973 - Tri ostavi so moneti od rimsko vreme najdeni vo Makedonija: no. 28-31 AM Skopje N. Manakievski (bought from) Gelder, H. Enno van and Boersma, Johannes S. - 1967 - Munten in muntvondsten: 162; NUMIS: 1006415; JMP: 42 (1967), 107-9; DCPMK: 153-4 Entered Provincial Museum Kam - Nijmegen Gelder, H. Enno van and Boersma, Johannes S. - 1967 - Munten in muntvondsten: 124; FMRN: II 3006.01; NUMIS: 1007141 Entered Collection unknown. About three quarters of the treasure was already melted down in 1870 by a goldsmith in Nordhorn. Gelder, H. Enno van and Boersma, Johannes S. - 1967 - Munten in muntvondsten: 2; FMRN: I Friesland 86.01-59; NUMIS: 1012408; Willers, H. - 1899 - Ein Fund von serrati im freien Germanien: 338-342 Entered Frisian Museum, Leeuwarden Gelder, H. Enno van and Boersma, Johannes S. - 1967 - Munten in muntvondsten: 380; NUMIS: 1042926 Entered Museum Valkhof, Nijmegen, Netherlands NUMIS: 1017484 Entered Private collection NUMIS: 1073749 Entered Private collection

NUMIS: 1020850 1.20 Lost Gelder, H. Enno van and Boersma, Johannes S. - 1967 - Munten in muntvondsten: 125; FMRN: II 3028.001; NUMIS: 1022000; van Es, W.A. - 1960 - De romeinse muntvondsten vit de drie noordelijke provincies: 73-81; Willers,Entered H. - 1899 - Ein Fund von serrati im freienFrisian Germanien: Museum, 334-8 Lcenturyarden (218 coins), Drents Museum, Assen (20 coins). 1 coin lost. FML

FMRN: II 3030; NUMIS: 1022001; van Es, W.A. - 1960 - De romeinse muntvondsten vit de drie noordelijke provincies: 73-81 Entered FMRN: II 3029; NUMIS: 1022007; van Es, W.A. - 1960 - De romeinse muntvondsten vit de drie noordelijke provincies: 73-81 Entered Frisian Museum, Lcenturyarden (Onna 1886 1-16) NUMIS: 1028689; JMP: 100 2013 Available to enter Private collection NUMIS: 1032075 Available to enter Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek Kerkstraat 1, 3811 CV Amersfoort, Netherlands NUMIS: 1057660 Available to enter FMRN: II 1098; NUMIS: 1034730; van der Vin, J.P.A. - 1993 - Two new Roman hoards: Zoutcamp and Ried: 247-253 Entered Groninger Museum, Groningen Giard, J.-B. - 1967 - Le trésor de Port-Haliguen. Contribution à l'étude du monnayage d'Auguste: 119-139; Merlat, P. - 1951 - Ve circonscription: 85-86; Goulpeau, L. - 1985 - Un second trésor d'époque augustéenneAvailable to découvert enter à Port- Haliguen Cabinet(Quiberon, des Morbihan): Médailles (Département83-93 des Monnaies, médailles et antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France), Paris, FranceTwo children (in 1951) Cantilena, Renata - 2008 - Pompei : rinvenimenti monetali nella Regio VI: 308 Cantilena, Renata - 2008 - Pompei : rinvenimenti monetali nella Regio VI: 343-347 Callu, J.-P. and Loriot, X. - 1990 - L'or monnayé 2 : La dispersion des Aurei en Gaule romaine sous l'Empire: no. 297 Entered - 2015 - Een muntschat in Cronesteijn van der Vin, J. P. A. - 1992 - Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in den Niederlanden: No. 12010 Entered van der Vin, J. P. A. - 1992 - Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in den Niederlanden: no. 12009 Entered van der Vin, J. P. A. - 1992 - Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in den Niederlanden: No. 12005 Entered van der Vin, J. P. A. - 1992 - Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in den Niederlanden: No. 12004 Entered Amandry, M. and Royet, R. - 1997 - Le dépôt valentinien de Dardilly (Rhône), 1991: 129-139 Available to enter 0.40 - 2017 - Komitat Tolna: 107-109.; Ödön, Gohl - 1904 - Éremleletek.: 45.; Edit, Farkas- Mihály, Kőhegyi - 2000 - A bonyhádi éremlelet János, Péter Amandry, M. - 2001 - Un petit dépôt d'aurei découvert à Evreux (Eure), rue Saint-Louis: 33-34 Entered Amandry, M. - 2001 - Une bourse perdue à Longueil-Sainte-Marie, Les Gros Grès, (Oise): 35-36 Entered 0.45 Cabinet des médailles, Paris, France Grut, H. and Amandry, M. - 2001 - Deux bourses augustéennes mixtes argent-bronze. Arinthod (Jura) et Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine): 37-41 Entered Staub, Th. and de Rosa, S. - 2016 - Pompei. Rinvenimenti monetali dagli scavi della Regio V,I: 92-97 Entered Il Medagliere del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Italy Vismara, N. - 1992 - Il ripostiglio di Calvatone (Cremona), 1911 Available to enter Højberg Bjerg, Line Maj-Britt - 2008 - The Ginderup hoard - a re-evaluation of the early denarii in Jutland. Entered National Museum of Denmark Archeological Excavation Dembski, G. - 1977 - Die antiken Münzschatzfunde aus Österreich: 32, no. E-13; FMRÖ II/3: 23-25; Brenot, Claude. and Loriot, X. - 1992 - L'or monnayé 3 : Trouvailles de monnaies d'or dans l'Occident romain.Available Actes to de enter la Table Ronde tenue à ParisLandesmuseum, les 4 et 5 décembre Klagenfurt, 1987.: Austria 266, no. 8 Dembski, G. - 1977 - Die antiken Münzschatzfunde aus Österreich: 9, no. A-11; FMRÖ II/1: 53-54; Ruske, Al. - 2011 - Die Fundregesten der antiken Münzhorte aus Österreich. Eine Zusammenstellung aller bekannten MünzdepotsAvailable anhand to enterder Literatur: 66, no. V12;Landesmuseum Ruske, Al. - 2012 Kärnten, - Der frühkaiserzeitliche Klagenfurt, Austria Geldumlauf in der Austria Romana: 108, no. C5 Romanowski, A. - 2014 - Skarb denarów rzymskich z miejscowości Słochy Annopolskie, gm. Siemiatycze, pow. Siemiatycki. Uwagi do chronologii napływu skarbów denarów rzymskich, na ziemie polskie: 3-8; Dymowski, A. - 2014 - Pre-Neronian denarii in hoards of Roman Imperial coins from Przeworsk Culture and Wielbark Culture territory: 83, no. 6; Dymowski, A. - 2016 - Nummi serrati, bigati et alii. Coins of the Roman Republic in East-Central Europe north of the Sudetes and the Carpathians: 284-285, no. 159 Kunisz, A. - 1973 - Katalog skarbów monet rzymskich odkrytych na ziemiach polskich: 120, no. 170; Dymowski, A. - 2014 - Pre-Neronian denarii in hoards of Roman Imperial coins from Przeworsk Culture and Wielbark Culture territory: 84, no. 8; Dymowski, A. - 2016Lost. - NummiThe republican serrati, bigatidenar etwas alii. once Coins in ofpossession the Roman J. RepublicPrzyborowski, in East-Central now also lost.Europe north of the Sudetes and the Carpathians: 291, no. 170; TIR M 34: 334; no. 805 FMRL I: 493, no. 339 Available to enter

Satta, G.P. - 1954 - Rinvenimenti in Sardegna di monete dell'Impero Romano e dell'Impero Romano d'Occidente. I - Ripostigli: 70-71, no. 8 Private collection, priest D. Luigi Sclavo; lost Ranucci, S. - 2009 - Il thesaurus di Campo della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsini): 103-139 Available to enter PAS Iron Age and Roman Coin Hoards Database: https://finds.org.uk/database/hoards/record/id/2916 Pochitonov, E. - 1955 - Nálezy mincí v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku: 225, no. 946 Entered Museum of Moravia, , Czech Republic Popović, Ivana and Borić-Brešković, Bojana - 1994 - Ostava iz Bara : The Bare hoard Entered National Museum in Belgrade [76 coins]; National Museum in Požarevac [203 coins - since stolen] Dragoslav Mirković Karlo Pitner - 1902 - Nalazak denara u selu "Gradac" kraj Posušja: 287; Mirnik, I. A. - 1981 - Coin hoards in Yugoslavia: 51, no. 105 Entered Karlo Barun Pitner (?) Grga Vranjković Asolati, M. and Crisafulli, C. - 1994 - Ritrovamenti monetali di età romana nel Veneto. Provincia di Venezia: Altino II.: 125-127; no. 8/7 Available to enter Lost Perassi, C. - 2013 - Il possibile deposito di fondazione dagli scavi nei cortili dell'Università Cattolica: 55-60 Entered

Moisil, Delia and Depeyrot, Georges - 2003 - Les trésors de deniers antérieurs à Trajan en Roumanie: 189; no. 191 Entered 0.6 History Museum, Tecuci, Romania (inv.nos. 2077-2083) Moisil, Delia and Depeyrot, Georges - 2003 - Les trésors de deniers antérieurs à Trajan en Roumanie: 186-187; no. 185 Entered Eastern Carpathian Museum, Sfântu Gheorghe, Romania Munteanu, L., Boţan, S.-P. and Apostu, A.-E. - 2014 - Descoperiri monetare din Moldova. VII: 182-183 Entered Museum of Vrancea, Focșani, Romania (inv.nos. 15151-15154)

4 discoveryComment archaeologyStartYear archaeologyEndYear archaeologyNaturalFeatures

2004 2004

Found on a field of Radojka Radovanović from Stubica. The director of the museum in Ćuprija inspected the location of the find and found a large number of broken bricks and tiles. He concluded that a villa rustica must have been present on the location - also possible because of the vicinity of the ancient city Horeum Margi (modern day Ćuprija).

In a gravel pit

Was the provincial bronze coin of Gordian III part of this hoard?

Marion noted the excellent condition of the imperial period coins, suggesting that the coins did not circulate much before entering the hoard. In contrast the two surviving Republican denarii are in not quite as good condition. Ruhlmann, pp. 55-56,1930 discussed the possible motivation for the deposition of the hoard, but felt unable to come to a firm conclusion. He did point to the fact that between 118-123 there was military activity in the area. However, he could not directly link it to the hoard, especially because the hoard was so small and he regarded the find site as isolated.

Construction of a new public building (Offices)

The hoard was found while digging foundations for a house.

Recovered in more lots between 1922 and 1970. During railroad construction at km 27.2. The coins were found as bulk. No traces of a container. The hoard was found on pastureland on the Murgeat property. It was scattered over an area measuring 0.5m in diameter.

During excavations for the foundations of the new Community building, the workers found a copper barrel. The barrel was buried under a thin layer of ash behind a wall (the wall was 1,5 m below ground). The barrel was full of silver money, silver and gold jewellery, silver pots, and silver tin icons. During deepening of the layer a worker hit and broke a clay pot with the coinage. The pot was supported by two smaller stones. 1961 1961 Urban area

The coins were sold to various private collectors. Only 6 pieces were recovered Arrived in two lots: 17 coins in 1956 (2 denarii intruders), 78 coins in 1957

Coins found during excavations of the Pula necropolis. The hoard was found in the grave no. 63, outside of the excavation zone during machine digging along the Medulin street. The glass urn with the human remains was found in a stone urn together1985 with many ornamental1986 objects.

Near finder’s house. Spread among "friends".

The exact location of the find is unknown as well as any other details.

field walking; metal detection during diggingn by the Smas

Turf-cutting Mining.

Mining

IPP / ROB excavation; vicus near fort Vechten; WP14/VL1 no. 45 1996 Auctioned in two lots: VStockum 16-10-1990 (282-336) and 19-11-1991 (1-26). Coins purchased by the NMB were sold through the price list (November 1991). The auction: J.H. Evers bought 6 coins for individuals (NUMIS 1065294-99), J.C. Wage 1 coin. Meadow, in or near Zoutkamp on the Lauwerszee Found by digging a pit in the garden.

Found by metal detection in a clump of clay on the meadow of the Polderpark Cronesteyn.

Researching few hundreds meters of the Roman aqueduct supplying Lugdunum, from the eastern slope of the des Noyeraies. 1991 1991 1904 1904

1995 1995

Old excavations of the 1870s. Information from Fiorelli’s diary of excavation.

Found below a floor in House III. Originally 24 denarii and one aureus were found, but in 1970 seven more denarii were found in a lump of soil from the same immediate area. Found in an ancient marble quarry in the woods, near a Roman inscription on the rock and Roman stone-crusher tools made of iron.

It seems, that the coins were mixed with the single finds from the excavation of 1955 and thy are no longer identifiable. Also, some pieces are considered lost. 1955

Field prospection using metal detector followed by an archaeological investigation. The coins were found scattered around a burnt treeroots. 20-30 coins were dispersed. No ther items were found. 2009

1969 1969

Poor documentation of the hoard. 2008

After the hoard was found it was bought by the two museums. The 203 coins in the Požarevac museum were twice stolen - after the first theft the 80 missing specimens were recovered, none after the second. Data about the hoard is available because of previously taken photographic evidence. Found by a farmer during work with a plough on his field. Although the farmer said the coins were not in a container Pitner is of opinion that the container existed but was accidentally broken during work because the coins were not in such a bad condition one would have expected if they were left in the ground by themselves.

Courtyard of the university 1986 2004 Found during archaeological investigations at the Dacian citadel.

1968 1968

5 archaeologySiteComment archaeologyContextDate1 archaeologyContextDate2

The hoard was discovered in a room of a wooden building of Period II (late first-second century AD), which lay beneath Building 5 of the later stone-built Insula XIV. It had been buried in the edge of a clay floor up against a wooden partition which divided175 two rooms. 200

Retentura dextra; barrack, trench 1/2004 117 138

Found in a ceramic vessel covered by a tile.

The site of Arrabona was both a Roman urban settlement and a military camp.

The hoard was concealed within a cist formed of small stones practically at the modern ground level.

The city lay within the kingdom of Mauretania, which became a Roman client state following the fall of Carthage in 146 BC. The Punic influence lasted for a considerable time afterwards, as the city’s magistrates retained the Carthaginian title of suffete long after the end of Punic rule. Juba II of Numidia was placed on the Mauretanian throne by Augustus in 25 BC and turned his attention to building a royal capital at Volubilis. After Claudius annexed Mauretania in 44 AD, the city grew substantially due to its wealth and prosperity, derived from the fertile lands of the province which produced valuable export commodities such as grain, olive oil and wild animals for gladiatorial spectacles. At its peak in the late 2nd century, Volubilis had around 20,000 inhabitants – a very substantial population for a Roman provincial town – and the surrounding region was also well inhabited, to judge from over 50 villas discovered in the area. Its population was dominated by Romanised Berbers. The city became the administrative centre of the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana. It remained loyal to Rome despite a revolt in 40–44 AD led by one of ’s freedmen, Aedemon, and its inhabitants were rewarded with grants of citizenship and a ten-year exemption from taxes. The city was raised to the status of a municipium and its system of governance was overhauled, with the Punic-style suffetes replaced by annually elected duumvirs, or pairs of magistrates. Rising tensions in the region near the end of the 2nd century led the emperor Marcus Aurelius to order the construction of a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) circuit of walls with eight gates and 40 towers.[8] Volubilis was connected by road to and (modern Tangier) but had no eastwards connections with the neighbouring province of Mauretania Caesariensis, as the territory of the Berber Baquates tribe lay in between. Rome’s control over the city ended following the chaos of the Crisis of the Third Century, when the empire nearly disintegrated as a series of generals seized and lost power through civil wars, palace coups and assassinations. Around 280, Roman rule collapsed in much of Mauretania and was never re-established. In 285, the emperor Diocletian reorganised what was left of the province to retain only the coastal strip between Lixus, Tingis and Septa (modern ). Occupation of the city continued, however, as fine mosaics such as that of a chariot race conducted by animals in the House of Venus can not have been created earlier than the fourth century. The end of the Roman city probably came in the form of an earthquake towards the end of the century, which buried numerous bronze statues in the wreckage of the houses. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volubilis)

Originally, Vindobona was an oppidum (proto-urban settlement) on the Leopoldsberg, just north of what is now the center of modern Vienna. It belonged to the Celtic kingdom of Noricum, but under the emperor Augustus added the oppidum to Pannonia, which became a formal province during the second half of the reign of Claudius (AD 41-54).It is at this stage that a subunit of the Fifteenth Legion Apollinaris, which was stationed at Carnuntum, was sent to Vindobona.The first military settlement must have been constructed out of wood, like all forts in this period. During the second half of the first century, it was occupied by several mounted auxiliary units, like an Ala I milliaria from recently conquered Britain.Late in the first century, probably in AD 89, the emperor Domitian transferred the Thirteenth legion Gemina from Poetovio (modern Ptuj in Slovenia) to Vindobona. War had broken out on the Lower , and Rome needed additional forces in Pannonia to fight against the Dacians and their allies. The soldiers of the Thirteenth constructed the legionary base of circa 18.5 hectares.During Marcomannic wars, Vindobona was sacked. The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius defended the Danube frontier and was able to seize the initiative. Vindobona was rebuilt and seems to have offered accommodation to the headquarters of the imperial forces.Marcus Aurelius died on 17 March 180 died in Vindobona.In the first half of the third century, Vindobona was rebuilt again. In AD 212 received the tile of municipium. This was the beginning of the settlement’s golden age, which continued after 260, when the Germanic tribes became aggressive again. The fortress was an important bulwark against the northern enemies, and the imperial forces were reinforced.In ca. AD 395, Vindobona was sacked again by Germanic warriors of the Marcomannic tribe, and again, the civil and the military settlement were rebuilt, although probably on a smaller scale. In the first decade of the fifth century, a fire destroyed the fortress. The settlement now also boasted a naval base for the Classis Histrica.Alans and Ostrogoths gradually infiltrated the civil settlement, and the soldiers of the fortress were often recruited from these tribes. In AD 433, the East-Roman emperor Theodosius II allowed the Huns to occupy Vindobona. At the beginning of the sixth century, Pannonia and the city of Vindobona were taken over by the Langobards, and in AD 568, by the Avars, who were ultimately defeated by Charlemagne. (Livius.org; Wikipedia)

A skeleton of a horse and a man were discovered at the same time as the hoard. TAF does not connect the hoard with this find.

One of 16 votive deposits from the site of an important Gallo-Roman sanctuary The hoard was found during the excavation of a Gallo-Roman sanctuary and appear to represent one or more small votive deposits.

The hoard was found in a crevice in rocks amongst a large amount of carbonised material and charcoal.

The hoard was found scattered over an area of 0.5m in diameter. 100 300

Insula XXX, trench 106/II

The first settlement in the area of Celje appeared during the Hallstatt era. The settlement was known in the Celtic times and to Ancient Greek historians as Kelea; findings suggest that Celts coined Noric money in the region.Once the area was incorporated in the Roman Empire in 15 BC, it was known as Civitas Celeia. It received municipal rights in AD 45 under the name municipium Claudia Celeia during the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius (41-54).

The stronghold area is known for artefacts dated from 4th BC to 11th century AD. ”from the area of the Aegyssus fortification”. In classical antiquity, it was inhabited by the Histri, a Venetic or Illyrian tribe recorded by Strabo in the 1st century AD. The Istrian peninsula was conquered by the Romans in 177 BC, starting a period of Romanization. The town was elevated to colonial rank between 46–45 BC as the tenth region of the late Roman Republic, under Julius Caesar. During that time the town grew and had at its zenith a population of about 30,000. It became a significant Roman port with a large surrounding area under its jurisdiction. During the civil war of 42 BC of the triumvirate of Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus against Caesar’s assassins Brutus and Cassius, the town took the side of Cassius, since the town had been founded by Cassius Longinus, brother of Cassius. After Octavian’s victory, the town was demolished. It was soon rebuilt at the request of Octavian’s daughter Iulia and was then called Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea. The colony was part of Venetia et Histria, a region of Roman Italy. Great classical constructions were built of which a few remain. A great amphitheatre, Pula Arena, was constructed between 27 BC – 68 AD, much of it still standing to this day. The Romans also supplied the city with a water supply and sewage systems. They fortified the city with a wall with ten gates. A few of these gates still remain: the triumphal Arch of the Sergii, the Gate of Hercules (in which the names of the founders of the city are engraved) and the Twin Gates. During the reign of emperor Septimius Severus the name of the town was changed into "Res Publica Polensis". The town was the site of Crispus Caesar’s execution in 326 AD and Gallus Caesar’s execution in 354 AD. In 425 AD the town became the centre of a bishopric, attested by the remains of foundations of a few religious buildings. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula)

meadow

Found in a mound (terp) north of the Slachtedijk near Wommels (Zuidwest-Friesland/Súdwest-Fryslân) with evidence of a box which had rotten away.

Native-Roman settlement

heath, two km south of Steenwijk.Found in Cultivation, Lay free on the ground, without container

Heath, two km south of Steenwijk. Heath, two km south of Steenwijk Someren-Punderman (field no. 10B; hoard /votive offering?); riverside of the Aa Roman castellum in the province Germania Inferior established in the year 4 or 5 AD.Under emperor Claudius I, Fectio became part of the Limes Germanicus. The archeological site contains the remains of a fort, port, cemetery, and a civilian settlement. (Wikipedia)

During the 1st century BC, the Romans built a military camp on the place where Nijmegen was to appear. An Oppidum Batavorum had formed near the Roman camp. The village was destroyed in the Batavian revolt in AD 69. A bigger camp was later rebuilt and the Legio X Gemina was stationed. Another village formed around this camp. In AD 98, Nijmegen received urban statute. In AD 104 Emperor Trajan renamed the town: Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum. (Wikipedia) During the 1st century BC, the Romans built a military camp on the place where Nijmegen was to appear. An Oppidum Batavorum had formed near the Roman camp. The village was destroyed in the Batavian revolt in AD 69. A bigger camp was later rebuilt and the Legio X Gemina was stationed. Another village formed around this camp. In AD 98, Nijmegen received urban statute. In AD 104 Emperor Trajan renamed the town: Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum. During the 1st century BC, the Romans built a military camp on the place where Nijmegen was to appear. An Oppidum Batavorum had formed near the Roman camp. The village was destroyed in the Batavian revolt in AD 69. A bigger camp was later rebuilt and the Legio X Gemina was stationed. Another village formed around this camp. In AD 98, Nijmegen received urban statute. In AD 104 Emperor Trajan renamed the town: Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum.

During the 1st century BC, the Romans built a military camp on the place where Nijmegen was to appear. An Oppidum Batavorum had formed near the Roman camp. The village was destroyed in the Batavian revolt in AD 69. A bigger camp was later rebuilt and the Legio X Gemina was stationed. Another village formed around this camp. In AD 98, Nijmegen received urban statute. In AD 104 Emperor Trajan renamed the town: Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum. Aqueduct to Lugdunum.The find was made in a look after destruction of the aqueduct’s upper part and the vault and clogging of the pipe with a silt from runoff.

The site of Longueil-Sainte-Marie "Les Gros Grès" is located in the middle valley of the Oise, between Creil and Compiègne. It is established on a sandy plateau, hundred meters from the current bed of the Oise. The particular topographical position of the site suggests an economic function of fording or ferry. (Amandry 2001, p. 35). It was subsequent to its Roman occupation that the chief township of the Redones became known as Condate Riedonum - alternately Civitas Riedonum - the second element, referring to the Redones tribe who had founded it, ultimately yielding the name of the modern city of Rennes. In 275, the threat of barbarians led to the erection of a robust brick wall around Rennes. Threatened by the danger of the peasant marauders designated as bagaudae in the final days of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Armorican peninsula, including Brittany and therefore Rennes, constituted the last stronghold of the western Roman Empire with the Armorican Romans invincible against Clovis I, who occupied most of Alamans, then the Visigoths. (Wikipedia)

An extensive Celtic settlement on the hilltop, which was probably the royal capital of the Celtic kingdom of Noricum. Noricum was from the time of the Roman Republic a friendly ally of Rome. Trade between the two states was intense, particularly from Noricum’s iron, gold, and agricultural produce. "The adjacent trading centre of Magdalensberg consisted of two elements, a native oppidum on the summit of the mountain and a Roman trading colony below. The oppidum was the principal administrative centre of the kingdom and the residence of the royal Noricum family, and as such provided a natural focus for Roman merchants. The Roman colony developed on a south-facing terrace below the oppidum. The earliest buildings were of timber and can be dated to c. 100 BC but by 30 BC the traders’ houses were built in stone and were decorated with murals depicting classical mythological scenes painted by immigrant Roman artists. The focus of the colony was a large open forum where the commercial transactions would have been carried out. The Roman merchants who lived and worked here were representatives of the great business houses, mainly from Aquileia, and like all traders in foreign lands they surrounded themselves with the outward and visible signs of their own culture. The scale of the trade with Rome was considerable and acted as a spur to local production; it also introduced the Roman lifestyle to the natives who, over the decades, increasingly embraced Roman luxuries and Roman manners" (Cunliffe, 2001; Wikipedia). Metal detecting and archaeological investigation.

Covering an area of some 50 ha, the oval-shaped Titelberg plateau is approximately 1 km long (NW to SE) and 500 m wide. It was occupied continuously for 700 years from about 300 BC. There is evidence of sporadic settlements dating back even further, perhaps to 2000 BC or before. From the 1st century BC and during the Gallo-Roman period, foundations of masonry replaced the earlier, less durable constructions. These, together with the 9-m high earthen ramparts around the periphery, clearly demonstrate the importance of the Celtic oppidum which appears to have been the seat of the Treveri chiefs. While there is evidence that the site was probably inhabited as far back as 2000 BC, the beginnings of urban civilization can certainly be traced back to the 2nd century BC when there were bronze-working shops at the site. In the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, the oppidum had become a civilized community trading with other Gallic centres. The Treveri nobles appear to have occupied the dwellings at the centre of the plateau. The Celtic tombs excavated in the vicinity, specifically at Clemency, at Scheierheck near Goeblange and at Kreckelbierg near Nospelt contain a range of articles including wine flagons, spurs, knives, lances and oil lanterns testifying to the aristocracy of those buried. The entire site was originally surrounded by 10 m high, reinforced ramparts, sometimes called a Murus Gallicus, with fortified doors at either end of the road through the site. The ramparts were later largely removed by the Romans except at the SE end where they can still be observed. A deep ditch, 4 m wide, perpendicular to the road, separated the residential space from the public space. The residential area covering about 30 ha consisted of rectangular houses, 14 m long by 8 m wide, built of light masonry. They were equipped with fireplaces and sometimes ovens. In the public space, the remains of a large hall, 14 m square, have been found. This could have been a meeting place for political or religious purposes. About 20 years after the Roman conquest, the Celtic oppidum was completely reworked and two streets perpendicular to the main were constructed. The houses too were replaced with Roman buildings which had stone foundations and cellars. These were however generally demolished two decades later at the time the Romans moved their centre of interest from Titelberg to Trier. The Treveri, despite one early battle, apparently adopted Roman culture and religion fairly easily. Titelberg, though no longer a capital, became a prosperous vicus with a range of activities, especially metal working. In particular, minting of coins and smelting extended at least until around 337 as one of the coins found at the site of the smelter bears the likeness of Constantine II. In the public area, a square-shaped Gallo-Roman temple was built which was later extended with a roofed porch on all sides. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelberg)

The thesaurus was found in the central area of the excavation, bounded by the temenos wall, in front of a small temple presumably built between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC and restructured, with a new pavement, in the late Republican - early Augustan period. The container for votive offerings in coin was placed in front of a monolithic tuff altar of still uncertain chronological attribution, which dates back to the time before the destruction of the city of Volsinii by Fulvio Placco in 264 BC.The excavation of the altar complex highlighted a layer rich in ash and charcoal, a clear remnant of sacrifices. This layer, datable to the first imperial age due to the presence of fragments of Italic and some coins must have rendered the thesaurus unusable, covering more than half of the heavy cover block and blocking the hole for money offers.

Mediolanum was founded around 600 BC by the Celtic Insubres. The Romans, led by consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, fought the Insubres and captured the city in 222 BC. A large stone wall encircled the city in Caesar’s time, and later was expanded50 in the late third century50 AD, by Maximian. Mediolanum was made the seat of the prefect of Liguria (Praefectus Liguriae) by Hadrian, and Constantine I made it the seat of the vicar of Italy (Vicarius Italiae). In AD 259, Roman legions under the command of Emperor Gallienus soundly defeated the Alemanni in the Battle of Mediolanum. In AD 286, Diocletian moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum It was from Milan that the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in AD 313, granting tolerance to all religions within the Empire, thus paving the way for Christianity to become the dominant religion of the Empire. In AD 402, the city was besieged by the Goths and the Imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In AD 452, it was besieged again by Attila, but the real break with its Imperial past came in AD 538, during the Gothic War, when Mediolanum was laid to waste by Uraia, a nephew of Witiges, King of the Goths, with great loss of life. (Wikipedia) Dacian fortress. Sector O, quadrant V/1. Found in the Dacian fortress, terrace 2. The fortress was set on fire. No habitation for the Roman period.

6 archaeologyAssociatedFeatures ratingComment validatedByUser hoardType country province

1 Hoard England; United Kingdom

1 Hoard England; United Kingdom

1 Hoard England; United Kingdom

1 Hoard England; United Kingdom

1 Hoard England; United Kingdom Original deposition of the hoard in unknown receptacle or pit. 1 Hoard England; United Kingdom 1 Hoard Romania Layer of strong fire. 1 Hoard Romania 1 Hoard Romania 1 Hoard Bulgaria 1 Hoard Serbia Although entered here at a summary level, the coins are listed at BMC level in FMRU II. 1 Hoard Hungary

1 Hoard Austria

1 Hoard Romania

1 Hoard Romania

1 Hoard France

1 Hoard Spain

800 coins were only listed by emperors, the others by RIC references. 1 Hoard Turkey

Found on the south side of the aqueduct at a point just before a roughly perpendicular conduit branched off the main channel to supply a fountain. The depth of the discovery was 1.5 meters. 1 Hoard Morocco

During excavations on this area of the civilian settlement of Vindobona on the Limes road to Carnuntum, were found remains from walls, floors with rests of metals, jewlery, pottery. The hoard was found on the south end of a long building 1 Hoard Austria 1 Hoard France List of all of the emperors represented in the hoard, with detail given about some rare coins. 1 Hoard France 1 Hoard France 1 Hoard France 1 Hoard France 1 Hoard France

1 Hoard? France

1 Hoard France

1 Hoard? France

1 Hoard France

1 Hoard France

1 Hoard France

1 Hoard France

1 Hoard Romania 1 Hoard Austria 1 Hoard France 1 Hoard Switzerland 1 Hoard Italy Pictures available in Popović 1975. 1 Hoard Serbia 1 Hoard Slovenia

1 Hoard Spain

1 Group of single finds Slovenia

1 Hoard Slovenia

1 Hoard Romania

1 Hoard Romania

1 Hoard Romania

Campus Martius - necropolis. Urn grave 63 1 Hoard Croatia

1 Hoard Romania Burnt wooden box 1 Hoard Italy Skeleton 1 Hoard? Italy Female skeleton (1.30 m) and fabric bag 1 Hoard? Italy Skeleton and fabric or leather bag 1 Hoard? Italy 1 Hoard Italy coin level data entered 1 Hoard North Macedonia

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands 1 Hoard Netherlands 1 Hoard Netherlands IPP / ROB excavation; vicus near fort Vechten; WP14/VL1 no. 45 1 Hoard Netherlands The coins van be identified based on Sear catalogue. 1 Hoard Netherlands 1 Hoard Netherlands 1 Hoard France

1 Hoard Italy

1 Hoard Italy

1 Single gold coin France

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands

1 Hoard Netherlands 1 Hoard France 1 Hoard Hungary 1 Group of single finds France The coins were found in structure 208 in the first two layers. This structure is 6 m long and 4 m wide and 0.45 m deep. It is a small building with wooden posts. 1 Group of single finds France 1 Group of single finds France A skeleton and various precious metal objects. 1 Hoard Italy

1 Hoard Italy

1 Hoard Denmark

For the preserved coins up to Hadrian 1 Hoard Austria

Pillar edifice, Room m, quadrant 17, sewer mouth. 1 Hoard? Austria

1 Hoard Poland

1 Hoard Poland

Area C [b/6], layer II, around stones that probably were part of a dirt floor. 1 Hoard Luxembourg

1 Hoard Italy Fanum Voltumnae 1 Hoard Italy 1 Hoard England; United Kingdom 1 Group of single finds Czech Republic 1 Hoard Serbia 1 Hoard Bosnia-Herzegovina 1 Hoard Italy

Settore UC VIII, UUSS 7751 e 7752. Mid-1st century AD. The vessel was inserted in a cut in the vicinity of the foundation trench of the north wall of a building 1 Hoard? Italy

1 Hoard Romania

1 Hoard? Romania

1 Hoard Romania

7 findSpotLocationDetail closingReign1 closingReign2 discoveryMethod discoveryLandUse archaeologyRecoveryMethod archaeologySiteContext archaeologySiteContextDetail archaeologyPeriod archaeologyContextNature archaeologyEndPeriod findSpotRating contextualRating rating

Trajan Trajan Controlled archaeological investigation Urban House Roman Floor 4 4 4

Claudius I Claudius I Building work Uncertain 4

Republic Republic Metal detector Cultivated Land 1 4

Metal detector Open Fresh Water: Standing water 1 2

Vespasian Vespasian Metal detector Thoroughfare Rural Uncertain 3 1 4 Libius Severus Libius Severus Metal detector Cultivated land: Minimal cultivation Rural Uncertain 2 3 4 Centred on field Trajan Trajan Agricultural or drainage work Cultivated Land Rural Uncertain 2 2 3 Centred on field Hadrian Hadrian Controlled archaeological investigation (stratified) Cultivated Land Excavation Military Fort Roman Pit Roman 4 4 4 Generated from computer mapping Antoninus Pius Antoninus Pius Unknown Unknown Rural Uncertain 1 1 4 Centred on field Trajan Trajan Agricultural or drainage work Cultivated Land Uncertain 1 2 2 Centred on village/city Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Agricultural or drainage work Unknown Non-archaeological intervention Uncertain 1 1 3 Centred on village/city Hadrian Hadrian Unknown Test pit Military Uncertain Roman Roman 1 1 3

Centred on village/city Antoninus Pius Antoninus Pius Other chance find Mineral extraction Uncertain 1 1 4 Centred on village/city Severus Alexander Severus Alexander Agricultural or drainage work Cultivated Land

Centred on field Gordian III Gordian III Unknown Non-archaeological intervention Rural Uncertain 1 1 2

Augustus Augustus Unknown 1 1 3

Centred on village/city Postumus Postumus Unknown Uncertain Uncertain 2 3 3

Trajan Decius Trajan Decius Unknown Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain 1 1 3

Centred on village/city Hadrian Hadrian Controlled archaeological investigation Archaeological site Excavation Urban Aqueduct Hellenistic Roman 3 2 4

Centred on field Hadrian Hadrian Metal detector during controlled archaeological investigation Built over Metal detecting use Urban Workshop Roman Roman 3 1 4 Centred on village/city Augustus Augustus Other chance find Garden Rural Uncertain 2 1 3 Centred on village/city Commodus Commodus Building work Built over Urban Uncertain 3 1 2 Centred on field Gordian III Gordian III Unknown Unknown Rural Uncertain 1 1 1 Centred on village/city Republic Republic Agricultural or drainage work Wetlands Uncertain Grave 1 1 3 Centred on village/city Republic Republic Unknown Unknown Rural Uncertain 1 1 1 Centred on field Republic Republic Controlled archaeological investigation Archaeological site Rural Temple or shrine Iron Age Roman 2 1 3

Centred on field Republic Republic Controlled archaeological investigation Rural Temple or shrine Roman Roman 1 1 1

Centred on field Augustus Augustus Gardening Garden 1 1 1

Centred on field Republic Republic Unknown Unknown 1 1 4

Centred on field Uncertain Uncertain Other chance find Mineral extraction Rural Quarry 1 1 1

Centred on village/city Republic Republic Unknown Unknown Uncertain Uncertain 1 1 1

Centred on field Republic Republic Agricultural or drainage work Cultivated Land Rural Uncertain 1 1

Centred on village/city Augustus Augustus Other chance find Mineral extraction Uncertain 1 2 2

Centred on field Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Agricultural or drainage work Cultivated Land Rural Uncertain 1 1 3 Centred on village/city Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Railroad construction Built over Non-archaeological intervention Uncertain 1 1 3 Centred on village/city Galba Galba Other chance find Grassland, Heathland Uncertain Uncertain 2 1 3 Centred on field Claudius I Claudius I Controlled archaeological investigation (stratified) Urban Roman 4 4 4 Centred on village/city Augustus Augustus Agricultural or drainage work Cultivated Land Non-archaeological intervention Rural Uncertain Centred on village/city Domitian Domitian Other chance find Built over Non-archaeological intervention Urban Uncertain 3 3 4 Centred on field Nero Nero Controlled archaeological investigation (stratified) Built over Excavation Urban Urban space Roman Courtyard Roman 4 4 4

Augustus Unknown 1 3

Centred on village/city Republic Republic Unknown Uncertain 2 1 3

Centred on village/city Unknown Uncertain Uncertain Iron Age Modern 1 1 3

Centred on village/city Severus Alexander Severus Alexander Unknown Unknown Rural Uncertain 1 1 2

Centred on field Unknown Non-archaeological intervention Military Fort Iron Age Early Medieval 2 1 4

Centred on field Titus Titus Unknown Archaeological site Urban Enclosed settlement Roman Roman 2 1 4

Centred on field Claudius I Claudius I Controlled archaeological investigation Archaeological site Excavation Urban Cemetery Roman Grave Roman 3 1 3

Centred on field Vespasian Vespasian Unknown Built over Non-archaeological intervention Rural Uncertain 1 2 3 Generated from computer mapping Archaeological site Urban Uncertain structure Roman 3 3 4 Generated from computer mapping Archaeological site Urban Garden Roman 3 2 4 Generated from computer mapping Archaeological site Urban House Roman 3 4 4 Generated from computer mapping Archaeological site Urban House Roman 3 4 4 Generated from computer mapping Archaeological site Urban House Roman 3 3 4 Centred on village/city Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Unknown Unknown Non-archaeological intervention Uncertain Uncertain 1 1 4

Centred on field Augustus Augustus Unknown Wetlands Non-archaeological intervention 1 1 4

Generated from computer mapping Augustus Augustus Unknown Unknown Uncertain 1 1 4

Centred on field Tiberius Tiberius Unknown Unknown Rural Tumulus Roman 1 1 4

Generated from computer mapping Postumus Postumus Unknown Unknown Uncertain 1 1 4

Generated from computer mapping Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Metal detector Unknown Metal detecting use Rural Domestic building Roman 1 1 4

Generated from computer mapping Nerva Nerva Metal detector Cultivated Land Metal detecting use Uncertain 1 1 4

Centred on field Augustus Augustus Agricultural or drainage work Cultivated Land Non-archaeological intervention Uncertain 1 2 2

Generated from computer mapping Tiberius Tiberius Other chance find Cultivated land: Minimal cultivation 1 1 4

Centred on village/city Tiberius Tiberius Other chance find Other Uncertain Uncertain 1 1 4 Centred on village/city Augustus Augustus Unknown Unknown Uncertain Uncertain 1 1 4 Centred on village/city Augustus Augustus Metal detector Grassland, Heathland 1 2 4 Centred on field Metal detector during controlled archaeological investigation Archaeological site Excavation Rural Vicus Roman Roman 2 2 4 Augustus Augustus Uncertain 1 1 4 Generated from computer mapping Tiberius Tiberius Metal detector Grassland, Heathland Metal detecting use Uncertain 1 1 4 Centred on field Augustus Augustus Gardening Garden Uncertain Uncertain 1 1

Generated from computer mapping Controlled archaeological investigation Archaeological site Urban House Roman 3 3 4

Generated from computer mapping Titus Titus Controlled archaeological investigation Archaeological site Urban House Roman 3 3 4

Generated from computer mapping Republic Republic Unknown Unknown Urban Uncertain 1 1 3

Centred on field Chance find during metal detecting Grassland, Heathland Metal detecting use Uncertain 1 1 1

Generated from computer mapping Tiberius Tiberius Unknown Grassland, Heathland Military Fort Roman Roman 2 1 4

Centred on field Augustus Augustus Unknown Grassland, Heathland Military Fort Roman Roman 2 1

Centred on field Republic Augustus Unknown Grassland, Heathland Military Roman Roman 2 1 3

Centred on field Augustus Augustus Unknown Grassland, Heathland Military Roman Roman 2 1 4 Centred on village/city Valentinian I Valentinian I Controlled archaeological investigation Built over Excavation Rural Aqueduct Roman Roman 2 2 4 Other chance find Unknown Non-archaeological intervention Uncertain Uncertain Roman Roman Centred on field Augustus Augustus Controlled archaeological investigation Built over Urban 2 2 4 Centred on village/city Augustus Augustus Controlled archaeological investigation (stratified) Other Excavation Rural House Roman Roman 2 2 4 Centred on field Augustus Augustus Building work Subterranean Non-archaeological intervention Urban Uncertain Roman Roman 2 1 4 Centred on field Augustus Augustus Controlled archaeological investigation Archaeological site Excavation Urban Shop Roman Floor Roman 4 4 4

Centred on village/city Augustus Augustus Unknown Unknown Uncertain 1 1 4

Vespasian Uncertain Controlled archaeological investigation Archaeological site House Floor 4 4 4

Centred on field Hadrian Hadrian Other chance find Mineral extraction Rural Natural feature Roman Roman 2 2 3

Centred on field Augustus Augustus Controlled archaeological investigation (stratified) Archaeological site Excavation Urban Iron Age Sewer Roman 3 3 3

Centred on village/city Hadrian Hadrian Metal detector during controlled archaeological investigation Cultivated Land Metal detecting use Uncertain Uncertain 1 1 3

Centred on village/city Uncertain Uncertain Unknown Unknown Rural Uncertain 1 1 1

Centred on field Republic Republic Controlled archaeological investigation Archaeological site Excavation Rural Vicus Roman 4 4 4

Centred on village/city Nero Nero Unknown Unknown Uncertain 1 1 1 Centred on field Augustus Augustus Controlled archaeological investigation (stratified) Archaeological site Excavation Temple or shrine Roman Roman 4 4 4 Metal detector 4 Centred on village/city Hadrian Hadrian Unknown Unknown Uncertain Uncertain 1 1 3 Centred on village/city Domitian Domitian Other chance find Cultivated land: Minimal cultivation Non-archaeological intervention Rural 1 1 4 Centred on village/city Titus Titus Other chance find Cultivated Land Non-archaeological intervention Rural 1 2 3 Centred on village/city Augustus Augustus Unknown Cultivated Land Rural Uncertain 1 1 3

Centred on village/city Augustus Augustus Controlled archaeological investigation (stratified) Courtyard Excavation Urban Domestic building Roman Foundation Roman 4 4 4

Centred on village/city Vespasian Vespasian Controlled archaeological investigation (stratified) Archaeological site Excavation Military Uncertain Iron Age Iron Age 2 2 4

Centred on village/city Vespasian Vespasian Unknown Archaeological site Excavation Military Uncertain Iron Age Iron Age 2 2 4

Centred on village/city Uncertain Uncertain Unknown Unknown Rural Uncertain 1 1 4

8 credit Roberston dataset, imported by J. Mairat. PAS Leicester - British Museum dataset, imported and edited by M. Spoerri (Spring 2019). Coin level data: W.E. Metcalf dataset, K. Huber for data up to and including Nero, edited by W. Christofi (August 2019). Roberston dataset, imported by J. Mairat. PAS Leicester - British Museum dataset, imported and edited by M. Spoerri (Spring 2019). Coin level data: G. Green (Oct. 2017) PAS Leicester - British Museum dataset, imported and edited by M. Spoerri (June 2019). PAS Leicester - British Museum dataset, imported and edited by M. Spoerri (June 2019).

Roberston dataset, imported by J. Mairat. PAS Leicester - British Museum dataset, imported and edited by M. Spoerri (Spring 2019). Roberston dataset, imported by J. Mairat. PAS Leicester - British Museum dataset, imported and edited by M. Spoerri (Spring 2019). Updated by Cristian Gazdac (Aug. 2016). Updated by Cristian Gazdac (Aug. 2016). Updated by Cristian Gazdac (Aug. 2016; Dec. 2019). Varbanov dataset (2017); updated by C. Gazdac (Aug.; Oct. 2017). Updated by C. Gazdac (Oct. 2016). Updated and coin info added by Ž. Zupan (November 2019). Marco Werkmann (6.7.2016); updated by Cristian Gazdac (Jan 2017). Updated by C. Gazdac (November 2018). Updated by C. Gazdac (Jul. 2017). Updated by C. Gazdac (Jul. 2017). Hobbs dataset (2015); uploaded by Jerome Mairat (Nov. 2015); edited P. Walton (Aug. 2016) P.Walton (2014); uploaded by J. Mairat (Nov. 2015) P.Walton (2014); W.E. Metcalf dataset added by M. Spoerri (Sept. 2017), revised by R. Bennett (Aug-Sept. 2018) W. E. Metcalf dataset; K. Huber for data up to and including Nero; updated by C. Gazdac (June 2018; Jan.; Dec. 2019), revised by M. Spoerri (Jan. 2020). Coin level data checked by R. Bennett (Jan. 2020).

K. Huber; updated by C. Gazdac (November 2018). P.Walton (2015); uploaded by Jerome Mairat (Nov. 2015); G. Green (October 2017); updated by C. Gazdac (May 2020). P. Walton (22.3.16), details added by M. Spoerri (June 2020). Updated by C. Gazdac (Apr. 2020). Updated by C. Gazdac (Mar. 2020). Updated by C. Gazdac (Mar. 2020). P.Walton (2015); uploaded by Jerome Mairat (Nov. 2015); updated by C. Gazdac (June 2020). Updated by C. Gazdac (Apr. 2020). Updated by C. Gazdac (Mar. 2020). Updated by C. Gazdac (Apr. 2020). Updated By C. Gazdac (Mar. 2020). Updated by C. Gazdac (Apr. 2020). Updated by C. Gazdac (Apr. 2020). Updated By C. Gazdac (Mar. 2020).

Updated by Cristian Găzdac (Aug. 2016; Jul. 2017; Jan. 2020). Updated by C. Gazdac (November 2018). P.Walton (2015) SICF/IFS/ITMS dataset; uploaded by J. Mairat (Nov. 2015); edited by M. Spoerri (Nov. 2017). Updated by C. Gazdac (Oct. 2019). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Oct. 2016). Updated and coin info added by Ž. Zupan (November 2019); updated by C. Gazdac (May2020). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Oct. 2016). Updated and coin info added by Ž. Zupan (October 2019). David Martínez Chico (26/11/2016) Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Apr. 2017). Uploaded by Cristian Gazdac (May 2017). Uploaded by Cristian Gazdac (June 2017; Jan. 2020). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Jun. 2017). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Jul. 2017). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Jul. 2017). Updated by L. Štefan (Jul. 2019). Updated by Ž. Zupan (April 2020).

Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Jul. 2017). S. Oer de Almeida (August 2017) S. Oer de Almeida (August 2017) S. Oer de Almeida (August 2017) S. Oer de Almeida (August 2017) S. Oer de Almeida (August 2017) Updated by Sanja Bitrak (September 2017). Updated and coin info added by Ž. Zupan (December 2019). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by Wang Banban (Leiden, Apr. 2018). Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018) National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Reference and archaeological context added by Wang Banban (Leiden, Apr. 2018).

National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Location comment and Reference added by Wang Banban (Leiden, Apr. 2018). Updated by C. Gazdac (August 2018). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by Wang Banban (Leiden, Apr. 2018). Updated by C. Gazdac (August 2018). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (August 2018). Updated by H. Khair (May 2019) National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). National Numismatic Collection, De Nederlandsche Bank (NUMIS) Imported from CSV by Dr Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (August 2018). David Swan 08.12.2017. Updated by C. Gazdac (Mar. 2020). S. Glenn (December 2017) S. Glenn (December 2017) Loriot dataset kindly provided by R. Bland. Imported from CSV by Dr. Simon Glenn. Updated by C. Gazdac (Apr. 2020). CM Papatola (April 2018); updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). Marlous Pelger. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). Marlous Pelger. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). Marlous Pelger. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018).

Marlous Pelger. Updated by C. Gazdac (July 2018). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (May 2018). István, Vida May 2018. Uploaded by C. Gazdac (May 2018). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (May 2018). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (May 2018); updated September 2018. Uploaded by C. Gazdac (August 2018). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (October 2018). Dataset: Royal Collection of Coins and Medal at the National Museum of Denmark (1934); uploaded by Rasmus Holst Nielsen (November 2018) Uploaded by C. Gazdac (December 2018). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (December 2018). Arkadiusz Dymowski dataset (February 2019). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (February 2019). Imported from CSV by Dr Cristian Gazdac. Arkadiusz Dymowski dataset (Feb. 2019). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Feb. 2019). Imported from CSV by Dr Cristian Gazdac. Updated by C. Gazdac (Mar.; Dec. 2019). Hoard added by B.D.R. Hellings (Feb 2019). Updated by C. Gazdac (Apr. 2020).

Uploaded by C. Gazdac (April 2019). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (April 2019). PAS Leicester - British Museum dataset, imported and edited by M. Spoerri (June 2019) Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Sep 2019). Imported from CSV by Dr Cristian Gazdac. Created by Ž. Zupan (October 2019). Input by Ž. Zupan (October 2019). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Oct. 2019). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Nov. 2019). Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Feb. 2020). Imported from CSV by Dr Cristian Gazdac. Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Feb. 2020). Imported from CSV by Dr Cristian Gazdac. Uploaded by C. Gazdac (Feb. 2020).

9