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Effective Atomic Number, Electron Density and CT Numbers of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants for Imaging Suresh K C1, Sathish KN2

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Effective Atomic Number, Electron Density and CT Numbers of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants for Imaging Suresh K C1, Sathish KN2 International Journal of Scientific Research in _______________________________ Research Paper . Physics and Applied Sciences Vol.6, Issue.6, pp.116-121, December (2018) E-ISSN: 2348-3423 Effective Atomic Number, Electron Density and CT Numbers of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants for Imaging Suresh K C1, Sathish KN2 1Government College for women, Maddur-571428, Karnataka, India 2Government First Grade College, Chikkaballapur, Karnataka, India Corresponding author email: [email protected] Available online at: www.isroset.org Received: 08/Dec/2018, Accepted: 26/Dec/2018, Online: 31/Dec/2018 Abstract- The Effective atomic numbers Zeff , Electron density Ne and CT numbers of skeletal muscle relaxants tubocurarine chloride, gallamine triethiodide, pancuronium bromide, suxamethonium bromide and mephenesin for total and coherent, incoherent, photoelectric absorption, pair production in atomic and nuclear field photon interaction have been calculated in the wide region 1keV to 100GeV. The molecular, atomic, electronic cross sections are calculated using mass attenuation coefficient of relaxants obtained by running WinXCOM programme and finally Zeff , Ne and CT number of the relaxants have been estimated. The Zeff , and Ne have found to vary with energy and composition of the relaxants and this variation is shown graphically for all photon interaction. Even CT numbers are also not remaining constant with energy. The significance of CT number in visualizing the image of the biological samples is discussed particularly in the low energy region as this region is extensively used in the medical radiology. This helps in cross-sectional image of internal organs in the field of medicine for diagnosing the diseases. The CT number is not only outlining the inhomogeneities of the tissues but also give the direct information of the tissue electron density from which accurate corrections can be made by suitable treatments. Keywords; Effective atomic number, Electron density, CT number, relaxants I. INTRODUCTION: number Zeff, electron density Ne and CT numbers of above relaxants are important in medical diagnostics. Especially Cross-sectional image of internal organs is prime calculation of CT numbers of relaxants is become prime importance in the field of medicine for diagnosing the important as it provide the necessary information about diseases. Computed tomography (CT) measures the accurate relative electron density of relaxants. The contribution of radiographic density of the small parts of the body which these values will find the application in planning and helps in visualizing the image. The CT number is not only treatment of the patient in radiotherapy. Hence the above outlining the inhomogeneities of the tissues but also give the parameters become vital, interesting and exciting field of direct information of the tissue electron density from which research for characterization and visualization of matter accurate corrections can be made by suitable treatments. (biological samples) in medical field. Even dose calculations are made based on the patient Table-1 Composition of skeletal muscle relaxants specific information obtained from X-ray computed Skeletal muscle relaxants Composition tomography. Gallamine triethiodide H:0.067834 In the present study skeletal muscle relaxants tubocurarine C:0.404167 chloride, gallamine triethiodide, pancuronium bromide, N:0.047132 suxamethonium bromide and mephenesin have chosen and O:0.053838 I:0.427030 its composition is given in the table 1 These agents are used Mephenesin H: 0.077441 as adjuvant to anesthesia to get the relaxation of skeletal C: 0.659151 O:0.26340 muscle during the corrections of dislocations, surgery, radiotherapy etc… and used as relieving painful muscle spasms because of various musculoskeletal and Pancuronium bromide H:0.082541 neuromuscular disorders. Hence accurate calculation of C:0.573763 N:0.038234 photon mass attenuation co-efficient, effective atomic O:0.087347 Br: © 2018, IJSRPAS All Rights Reserved 116 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Physics and Applied Sciences Vol.6(6), Dec 2018, E-ISSN: 2348-3423 0.218114 The effective electronic cross section σele are determined by Suxamethonium chloride H: 0.086249 C: 0.423200 N: 0.070503 1 fi Ai O: 0.241598 Cl: ele N Z 0.178451 i i i th Tubocurarine chloride H:0.067916 C: Where, and Zi is the atomic number of i element in a 0.575857 N: 0.036299 molecule respectively. O: 0.228050 Cl: Then effective atomic number is calculated using 0.091878 atm Z eff II. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY: eie The effective electron density is obtained from When electromagnetic radiation passes through matter, their N intensity is attenuated according to the exponential law. If a N e Z eff ni n A i beam of these radiations having an intensity I0 passes i i through a thickness x of an absorber, the transmitted i The CT number is estimated from intensity I is given as CT m w I I0 exp x w where is the density of the material. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: (µ/ρ) is the mass attenuation coefficient & is The Z and N and CT numbers of skeletal muscle relaxants independent of density of the absorber. eff e tubocurarine chloride, gallamine triethiodide, pancuronium bromide, suxamethonium bromide and mephenesin are When a beam of photons passes through an absorber, the determined in the energy region 1keV-100GeV. It is found photons interact with the atoms and are either absorbed that Z and N of relaxants vary with energy and (photoelectric effect, pair and triplet production, photo eff e composition of them. This variation is shown in the nuclear) or scattered away from the beam (Coherent and figures1-12 for total and all partial photon interaction incoherent scattering). The intensity of the transmitted beam (Coherent, Incoherent, Photoelectric absorption, pair of photons is the sum of the cross-sections, per atom for all production in atomic and nuclear field). the above processes. Hence the total molecular cross section σ is determined from the following equation using the mol Total photon interaction: values of mass attenuation coefficient of relaxants using The variation of Z with photon energy for total photon (µ/ρ) obtained by running WinXCOM programme. eff bio interactions is as shown in the figure 1 and this variation is 1 because of dominance of different photon interactions with mol ni Ai skeletal muscle relaxants. In lower energy region, photo N bio i electric interaction dominates, hence Zeff varies similar to Where N is Avogadro number, ni is the number of atoms of photo interaction. Except mephenesin, all other relaxants Z th eff i element and Ai is its atomic weight in a given molecule. increases and becomes maximum and decreases sharply in The effective atomic cross section σatm are determined by the energy region 0.002-025MeV.This variation are due to presence of halogens (Cl, Br and I) in their composition and bio these elemental cross sections varies larger in the energy atm NWi Ai region 0.002-025MeV.The Zeff and found to remain constant i up to 10MeV which shows that scattering (coherent and 1 Incoherent) processes increases. From 10MeV to100MeV, atm fi Ai there is regular increase in the Zeff with photon energy. This N i i is due to the increase in incoherent and pair production Where fi is the fractional abundance (µ/ρ)i is mass th processes. From 100MeV onwards Zeff remains constant attenuation co-efficient of i element. which is due to dominance in pair production processes. The mol Zeff values of relaxants vary from the element with lowest Z atm to the highest Z present in their composition. ni i © 2018, IJSRPAS All Rights Reserved 117 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Physics and Applied Sciences Vol.6(6), Dec 2018, E-ISSN: 2348-3423 with increase in photon energy. This is due to the dominance 50 in photoelectric processes in low energy region i.e. less than 1 1MeV and for the substances of higher atomic number (Z) 40 2 3 than for low Z substances. 4 5 30 eff 60 Z 20 55 50 10 1 45 2 3 0 40 4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 5 Photon energy in MeV 35 eff 30 Z Fig: 1 Variation of Zeff with Photon energy E in MeV for 25 total photon interaction (with coherent) 20 (1)Gallamine triethiodide (2) Mephenesin 15 (3) Pancuronium bromide (4) Suxamethonium chloride (5) 10 Tubocurarine chloride 5 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 The variation of N with photon energy of all relaxants for 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 e Photon energy in MeV total photon interaction processes is similar to that of Z eff and is as shown in the figure 2 Fig: 3 Variation of Zeff with Photon energy E in MeV for photoelectric absorption 3.5x1024 (1)Gallamine triethiodide (2) Mephenesin (3) Pancuronium bromide (4) Suxamethonium chloride (5) 3.0x1024 1 2 Tubocurarine chloride 3 24 2.5x10 4 The variation of Ne with photon energy of all relaxants for 5 2.0x1024 photoelectric absorption processes is similar to that of Zeff e N and is as shown in the figure 4 1.5x1024 1.0x1024 4.00x1024 5.0x1023 3.50x1024 0.0 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 3.00x1024 Photon energy in MeV 2.50x1024 1 2 e 24 3 N 2.00x10 Fig: 2 Variation of Ne with Photon energy E in MeV for 4 total photon interaction (with coherent) 5 24 (1)Gallamine triethiodide (2) Mephenesin 1.50x10 (3) Pancuronium bromide (4) Suxamethonium chloride (5) 1.00x1024 Tubocurarine chloride 5.00x1023 Photo electric absorption: 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 Photon energy in MeV The variation of Zeff with photon energy for photo electric absorption interaction is as shown in the figure 3 and this indicates that Zeff increases up to 0.040MeV for all relaxants Fig: 4 Variation of Ne with Photon energy E in MeV for photo- except for mephenesin which is independent of photon electric absorption energy.
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