Agenda 10/23/2018 The Periodic Table - An Organizational Model with predictive and explanatory power
The Modern Periodic Table - latest additions (student input)
Electrons in the Atom
Homework Who, what, where, when, how? Why, is a good question.
104 Rf Rutherfordium Russia 1964 (Plutonium + neon) 261 amu
105 Dubnium Db 268amu Dubna, Russia 1967 - 1970
106 1974 Berkley and Dubna Seaborgium Sg 263 amu - 266 amu? IUPAC
107 Bh Bohrium Bismuth with chromium ions 1981 Darmstadt, Germany (1976 Dubna, Russia) 270 amu
108 Hassium Hs Germany, 1984 Lead + iron 270 amu
109 Meitnerium Me(?) 1982 Germany bismuth + iron ions Atomic mass?
110 Darmstadium Ds 1994 281 amu lead-208 + nickel-62 Who, what, where, when, how? Why, is a good question. 111 Roentgenium, Rg, 1994 Darmstadt, Germany 280 amu Bismuth, nickel in heavy ion accelerator
112 Copernicium, Cn Darmstadt, 1996, 29 sec half life, lead-208 + Zn-70, 277 amu
113 Nihonium, Nh 286 amu Japan Zinc + bismuth , half life 20 sec
114 Flerovium, Fl, 289 amu, Dubna, Russia 1998/9
115 Moscovium, Mc, 288 amu, Dubna, 2010 Americium + calcium ions
116 Livermorium, Lv, 293 amu Dubna/Livermore calcium-48 + curium-248, 2000
117 Tennessine 2010, Tennessee/Russian 294 amu Calcium+ Berkelium
118 Oganesson 2002 Dubna, 294 amu, californium-249 + Calcium-48 103 Lawrencium Lr, 260 amu Berkeley and Moscow Californium with boron 1965
104 Rutherfordium, Rf, 267 amu Moscow/Berkeley 1964 Plutonium with 113 -115 particles;
105 Dubnium, Db, 268 amu 28 hrs half life, 1968, Dubna, Moscow (later Berkeley)
106 Seaborgium, Sg, 1974 Berkeley 271 amu
107 Bohrium, Bh, 1981, 264 amu (1975 261 isotope in Moscow)
108 Hassium, Hs, 1984 radium + calcium, half life 10 secs
109 Meitnerium,Mt, 268 amu, 1982 Darmstadt, 266 amu half lives 6 mins - 1.7 millisec
110 Darmstadtium, Ds, 281 amu, 10 sec halflife, 1994 lead-208 and nickel-62 111 Roentgenium, Rg, 272 amu, Darmstadt, Germany, 1994 nickel + bismuth ions
112 Copernicium Cn, Germany, half life 29 sec, lead + ions of zinc, 285 amu
113 Nihonium, Nh, Japan, half life 10 secs, 286 amu, 2004
114 Flerovium, Fl, 289 amu, 1998, Dubna, Russia, 4 isotopes 286 -289 2.6 secs
Plutonium + calcium
115 Moscovium, Mc, 2003 Dubna, Russia / Berkeley americium + Calcium ions 288 amu
116 Livermorium, Lv, 292 amu, 2000, Dubna, Russia
117 Tennessine, Ts, 294 amu, 2009-10, Dubna, Russia, berkelium + Ca ions
118 Oganesson, 2002, Dubna, Russia 294amu How are electrons arranged in atoms (electron configurations)? We need a model that explains all the experimental data:
● valency of atoms in groups (or families) in the periodic table ● Periodicity of chemical and physical properties (repeating patterns) observed ● Photoelectric effect ● Spectral line patterns and Flame colors We need a model of the atom that explains experimental data. Nuclear Atom Model
Video of electron in atom Atomic Emission Spectra - light emitted at specific wavelengths
Demonstration - see for yourself Bohr Model to Explain Hydrogen Emission Spectrum
Click here to find out more
Bohr Model of Atom - was a starting point Quantum (wave) mechanical model of atom gives us mathematically predicted probability maps that we call: Atomic orbitals
s p
d f
g Compare this to our Nuclear Atom Model
nucleus
electron cloud Energy level n =1
Contains 1s orbital
Can accommodate n = 1 up to 2 electrons ? +
So for Hydrogen
1+ 1e- 1 counter on n= 1 energy level Energy level n =1
Contains 1s orbital
Can accommodate n = 1 up to 2 electrons ? +
And for Helium
2+ 2e- 2 counters on(in) n= 1 energy level Electrons and PT: Data Table 1, 1st 20 elements
Element Grp # # Valence Electron Electron configuration Lewis electron dot electrons configuration (full) structure (simplified) 1. H 1 1 1. 1s1 H 2. He 18 2 2. 1s2 He:
3. Li 4. Be 5. B
6. C
7. N
8. O
9. F
10. Ne
11. Na
12. Mg
13. Al
14. Si
15. P
16. S
!7. Cl
18. Ar
19. K
20. Ca Quantum (wave) mechanical model of atom gives us mathematically predicted probability maps that we call: Atomic orbitals
s p
d f
g Energy level n =1
Contains 2s orbital + 2p orbital (which has 3 suborbitals)
Can accommodate n = 1 up to 2 electrons + 6 electrons ? + n = 2 = 8 electrons
Li
3+ 3 e- 2 in n = 1 then 1 in/on n= 2 Electrons and PT: Data Table 1, 1st 20 elements
Element Grp # # Valence Electron Electron configuration Lewis electron dot electrons configuration (full) structure (simplified) 1. H 1 1 1. 1s1 H 2. He 18 2 2. 1s2 He: 3. Li 1 1 2.1 1s22s1 Li 4. Be 5. B
6. C
7. N
8. O
9. F
10. Ne
11. Na
12. Mg
13. Al
14. Si
15. P
16. S
!7. Cl
18. Ar
19. K
20. Ca Electrons and PT: Data Table 1, 1st 20 elements
Element Grp # # Valence Electron Electron configuration Lewis electron electrons configuration (full) dot structure (simplified) 3. Li 1 1 2.1 1s22s1 Li 4. Be 2 2 2.2 1s22s2 Be 5. B 13 3 2.3 1s22s22p1 B
6. C
7. N
8. O
9. F
10. Ne
11. Na
12. Mg
13. Al
14. Si
15. P
16. S
!7. Cl
18. Ar
19. K
20. Ca Electrons and PT: Data Table 1, 1st 20 elements
Element Grp # # Valence Electron Electron configuration Lewis electron electrons configuration (full) dot structure (simplified) 6. C 14 4. 2.4 1s22s22p2 C 7. N 15 5 2.5 1s22s22p3 N 8. O 16 6 2.6 1s22s22p4 O 9. F 17 7 2.7 1s22s22p5 F 10. Ne 18 8 2.8 1s22s22p6 Ne
11. Na
12. Mg
13. Al
14. Si
15. P
16. S
!7. Cl
18. Ar
19. K
20. Ca Energy level n =3 (1st pass)
Contains 3s orbital, 3p orbital (3 suborbitals)
So Can accommodate n = 1 ? up to 8 electrons at the + n = 2 moment n = 3 Element Grp # # Valence Electron Electron configuration Lewis electron dot electrons configuration (full) structure (simplified)
11. Na 1 1 2.8.1 1s22s22p63s1
12. Mg 2 2 2.8.2 1s22s22p63s2
13. Al 13 3 2.8.3 1s22s22p63s23p1
14. Si 14 4 2.8.4 1s22s22p63s23p2
15. P 15 5 2.8 5 1s22s22p63s23p3
16. S 16 6 2.8.6 1s22s22p63s23p4
!7. Cl 17 7 2.8.7 1s22s22p63s23p5
18. Ar 18 8 2.8.8 1s22s22p63s23p6
19. K 1 1 2.8.8.1 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
20. Ca 2 2 2.8.8.2 1s22s22p63s23p64s2