Evolution and Understanding of the D-Block Elements in the Periodic Table Cite This: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C
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Treatment Outcome Following Use of the Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium
Treatment outcome following use IN BRIEF • Highlights that successful treatment RESEARCH of peri-implantitis is unpredictable and of the erbium, chromium:yttrium, usually involves the need for surgery. • Outlines a minimalistic treatment approach for peri-implantitis with promising results after six months. scandium, gallium, garnet laser • Suggests that the protocol described may be of use in a pilot study or controlled in the non-surgical management clinical trial. of peri-implantitis: a case series R. Al-Falaki,*1 M. Cronshaw2 and F. J. Hughes3 VERIFIABLE CPD PAPER Aim To date there is no consensus on the appropriate usage of lasers in the management of peri-implantitis. Our aim was to conduct a retrospective clinical analysis of a case series of implants treated using an erbium, chromium:yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser. Materials and methods Twenty-eight implants with peri-implantitis in 11 patients were treated with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (68 sites >4 mm), using a 14 mm, 500 μm diameter, 60º (85%) radial firing tip (1.5 W, 30 Hz, short (140 μs) pulse, 50 mJ/pulse, 50% water, 40% air). Probing depths were recorded at baseline after 2 months and 6 months, along with the presence of bleeding on probing. Results The age range was 27-69 years (mean 55.9); mean pocket depth at baseline was 6.64 ± SD 1.48 mm (range 5-12 mm),with a mean residual depth of 3.29 ± 1.02 mm (range 1-6 mm) after 2 months, and 2.97 ± 0.7 mm (range 1-9 mm) at 6 months. -
Manganese Toxicity May Appear Slowly Over Months and Years
MANGANESE 11 2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH 2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO MANGANESE IN THE UNITED STATES Manganese is a naturally occurring element and an essential nutrient. Comprising approximately 0.1% of the earth’s crust, it is the twelfth most abundant element and the fifth most abundant metal. Manganese does not exist in nature as an elemental form, but is found mainly as oxides, carbonates, and silicates in over 100 minerals with pyrolusite (manganese dioxide) as the most common naturally-occurring form. As an essential nutrient, several enzyme systems have been reported to interact with or depend on manganese for their catalytic or regulatory function. As such, manganese is required for the formation of healthy cartilage and bone and the urea cycle; it aids in the maintenance of mitochondria and the production of glucose. It also plays a key role in wound-healing. Manganese exists in both inorganic and organic forms. An essential ingredient in steel, inorganic manganese is also used in the production of dry-cell batteries, glass and fireworks, in chemical manufacturing, in the leather and textile industries and as a fertilizer. The inorganic pigment known as manganese violet (manganese ammonium pyrophosphate complex) has nearly ubiquitous use in cosmetics and is also found in certain paints. Organic forms of manganese are used as fungicides, fuel-oil additives, smoke inhibitors, an anti-knock additive in gasoline, and a medical imaging agent. The average manganese soil concentrations in the United States is 40–900 mg/kg; the primary natural source of the manganese is the erosion of crustal rock. -
Historical Development of the Periodic Classification of the Chemical Elements
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS by RONALD LEE FFISTER B. S., Kansas State University, 1962 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree FASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physical Science KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 196A Approved by: Major PrafeLoor ii |c/ TABLE OF CONTENTS t<y THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION 0? TEH-IS USED 1 The Problem 1 Statement of the Problem 1 Importance of the Study 1 Definition of Terms Used 2 Atomic Number 2 Atomic Weight 2 Element 2 Periodic Classification 2 Periodic Lav • • 3 BRIEF RtiVJiM OF THE LITERATURE 3 Books .3 Other References. .A BACKGROUND HISTORY A Purpose A Early Attempts at Classification A Early "Elements" A Attempts by Aristotle 6 Other Attempts 7 DOBEREBIER'S TRIADS AND SUBSEQUENT INVESTIGATIONS. 8 The Triad Theory of Dobereiner 10 Investigations by Others. ... .10 Dumas 10 Pettehkofer 10 Odling 11 iii TEE TELLURIC EELIX OF DE CHANCOURTOIS H Development of the Telluric Helix 11 Acceptance of the Helix 12 NEWLANDS' LAW OF THE OCTAVES 12 Newlands' Chemical Background 12 The Law of the Octaves. .........' 13 Acceptance and Significance of Newlands' Work 15 THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LOTHAR MEYER ' 16 Chemical Background of Meyer 16 Lothar Meyer's Arrangement of the Elements. 17 THE WORK OF MENDELEEV AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 19 Mendeleev's Scientific Background .19 Development of the Periodic Law . .19 Significance of Mendeleev's Table 21 Atomic Weight Corrections. 21 Prediction of Hew Elements . .22 Influence -
The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1. -
The Periodic Table of Elements
The Periodic Table of Elements 1 2 6 Atomic Number = Number of Protons = Number of Electrons HYDROGENH HELIUMHe 1 Chemical Symbol NON-METALS 4 3 4 C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be CARBON Chemical Name B C N O F Ne LITHIUM BERYLLIUM = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons* BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON 7 9 12 Atomic Weight 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 SODIUMNa MAGNESIUMMg ALUMINUMAl SILICONSi PHOSPHORUSP SULFURS CHLORINECl ARGONAr 23 24 METALS 27 28 31 32 35 40 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 POTASSIUMK CALCIUMCa SCANDIUMSc TITANIUMTi VANADIUMV CHROMIUMCr MANGANESEMn FeIRON COBALTCo NICKELNi CuCOPPER ZnZINC GALLIUMGa GERMANIUMGe ARSENICAs SELENIUMSe BROMINEBr KRYPTONKr 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 RUBIDIUMRb STRONTIUMSr YTTRIUMY ZIRCONIUMZr NIOBIUMNb MOLYBDENUMMo TECHNETIUMTc RUTHENIUMRu RHODIUMRh PALLADIUMPd AgSILVER CADMIUMCd INDIUMIn SnTIN ANTIMONYSb TELLURIUMTe IODINEI XeXENON 85 88 89 91 93 96 98 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 CESIUMCs BARIUMBa HAFNIUMHf TANTALUMTa TUNGSTENW RHENIUMRe OSMIUMOs IRIDIUMIr PLATINUMPt AuGOLD MERCURYHg THALLIUMTl PbLEAD BISMUTHBi POLONIUMPo ASTATINEAt RnRADON 133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 209 210 222 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 FRANCIUMFr RADIUMRa RUTHERFORDIUMRf DUBNIUMDb SEABORGIUMSg BOHRIUMBh HASSIUMHs MEITNERIUMMt DARMSTADTIUMDs ROENTGENIUMRg COPERNICIUMCn NIHONIUMNh -
An Octad for Darmstadtium and Excitement for Copernicium
SYNOPSIS An Octad for Darmstadtium and Excitement for Copernicium The discovery that copernicium can decay into a new isotope of darmstadtium and the observation of a previously unseen excited state of copernicium provide clues to the location of the “island of stability.” By Katherine Wright holy grail of nuclear physics is to understand the stability uncover its position. of the periodic table’s heaviest elements. The problem Ais, these elements only exist in the lab and are hard to The team made their discoveries while studying the decay of make. In an experiment at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy isotopes of flerovium, which they created by hitting a plutonium Ion Research in Germany, researchers have now observed a target with calcium ions. In their experiments, flerovium-288 previously unseen isotope of the heavy element darmstadtium (Z = 114, N = 174) decayed first into copernicium-284 and measured the decay of an excited state of an isotope of (Z = 112, N = 172) and then into darmstadtium-280 (Z = 110, another heavy element, copernicium [1]. The results could N = 170), a previously unseen isotope. They also measured an provide “anchor points” for theories that predict the stability of excited state of copernicium-282, another isotope of these heavy elements, says Anton Såmark-Roth, of Lund copernicium. Copernicium-282 is interesting because it University in Sweden, who helped conduct the experiments. contains an even number of protons and neutrons, and researchers had not previously measured an excited state of a A nuclide’s stability depends on how many protons (Z) and superheavy even-even nucleus, Såmark-Roth says. -
Darmstadtium, Roentgenium and Copernicium Form Strong Bonds with Cyanide
Darmstadtium, Roentgenium and Copernicium Form Strong Bonds With Cyanide Taye B. Demissie∗and Kenneth Ruudy March 23, 2017 Abstract We report the structures and properties of the cyanide complexes of three super- heavy elements (darmstadtium, roentgenium and copernicium) studied using two- and four-component relativistic methodologies. The electronic and structural properties of these complexes are compared to the corresponding complexes of platinum, gold and mercury. The results indicate that these superheavy elements form strong bonds with cyanide. Moreover, the calculated absorption spectra of these superheavy-element cyanides show similar trends to those of the corresponding heavy-atom cyanides. The calculated vibrational frequencies of the heavy-metal cyanides are in good agreement with available experimental results lending support to the quality of our calculated vibrational frequencies for the superheavy-atom cyanides. ∗Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic Uni- versity of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway yCentre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic Uni- versity of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway 1 Relativistic two- and four-component density-functional theory is used to demonstrate that the superheavy elements darmstadtium, roentgenium and copernicium form stable complexes with cyanide, providing new insight into the chemistry of these superheavy elements. 2 INTRODUCTION The term heavy atom refers roughly to elements in the 4th - -
Spectrophotometric Determination of Praseodymium by 1,4
Arab Journal of Sciences & Research publishing Issue (2), Volume (1) September 2015 ISSN: 2518 - 5780 Spectrophotometric Determination of Praseodymium by 1,4- Dihydroxyanthraquinone after its Selective Separation from Rosetta Monazite Rare Earth Concentrate by Solvent Extraction Abdel Fattah N. A a Sadeek A. S b Ali B. H a Abdo, A. A a Weheish, H. L.a a Nuclear Materials Authority || Egypt b Faculty of Science || Zagazig University || Egypt Abstract: A rare earths concentrate of Rosetta monazite assays about 44, 23, 16.94 and 5.91 % for Ce, La, Nd and Pr respectively. Separation of cerium by air oxidation at 200oC. Selective separation of Pr by D2EHPA at pH1 followed by a sensitive spectrophotometric method which described for the determination of praseodymium (Pr) with l,4- dihydroxyanthraquinone . The calibration curve was linear from 0.1 to 12 µgml -1 praseodymium. The influences of various parameters and reaction conditions for maximum colour development were investigated. The relative standard deviation for determination of 1 µgml-1 praseodymium has found to be 1.3 after 5 repeated determinations; percent error 5.02%, molar absorptivity (ε) was 1.23x106M-1 cm-1and detection limit was 0.1µgml-1. The method for determination of praseodymium showed good accuracy and selectivity. INTRODUCTION Rare earth elements (REEs), represent one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium (Connelly, N.G., et al., 2005). It was discovered of the black mineral Gadolinite by Carl Axel Arrhenius in 1787 (Gschneidner, and Cappellen, 1987). Traditionally, the REEs are divided into two groups on the basis of atomic weight; the light REEs are lanthanum through gadolinium (atomic numbers 57 through 64); and the heavy REEs comprise terbium through lutetium (atomic numbers 65 through 71). -
In-System'' Fission-Events: an Insight Into Puzzles of Exoplanets and Stars?
universe Review “In-System” Fission-Events: An Insight into Puzzles of Exoplanets and Stars? Elizabeth P. Tito 1,* and Vadim I. Pavlov 2,* 1 Scientific Advisory Group, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 2 Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.P.T.); [email protected] (V.I.P.) Abstract: In expansion of our recent proposal that the solar system’s evolution occurred in two stages—during the first stage, the gaseous giants formed (via disk instability), and, during the second stage (caused by an encounter with a particular stellar-object leading to “in-system” fission- driven nucleogenesis), the terrestrial planets formed (via accretion)—we emphasize here that the mechanism of formation of such stellar-objects is generally universal and therefore encounters of such objects with stellar-systems may have occurred elsewhere across galaxies. If so, their aftereffects may perhaps be observed as puzzling features in the spectra of individual stars (such as idiosyncratic chemical enrichments) and/or in the structures of exoplanetary systems (such as unusually high planet densities or short orbital periods). This paper reviews and reinterprets astronomical data within the “fission-events framework”. Classification of stellar systems as “pristine” or “impacted” is offered. Keywords: exoplanets; stellar chemical compositions; nuclear fission; origin and evolution Citation: Tito, E.P.; Pavlov, V.I. “In-System” Fission-Events: An 1. Introduction Insight into Puzzles of Exoplanets As facilities and techniques for astronomical observations and analyses continue to and Stars?. Universe 2021, 7, 118. expand and gain in resolution power, their results provide increasingly detailed information https://doi.org/10.3390/universe about stellar systems, in particular, about the chemical compositions of stellar atmospheres 7050118 and structures of exoplanets. -
Yttrium Från Ytterby Och Litium Från Utö – Del 1 En Topografisk Karta Stockholm Vid 1200-Talets Slut
Grundämnenas upptäckt Grundämnenas upptäckt Exkursioner till Ytterby och Utö 6-7 juni eller 8-9 juni 6 juni Färje 1371: Strömkajen 08:30 Ytterby 09:30 09:45 – 10:45 Ytterby gruva Buss 682: Ytterby 11:03 Engarn 11:07 Buss 670: Engarn 11:09 Tekniska högskolan 11:44 Buss 4: Östra station 11:52 S:t Eriksplan 12:02 12:15 – 14:00 Rörstrands slott (lunch och visning) 14:00 – 16:00 Birkastan 7 juni Tåg 43: Stockholm City 08:16 Västerhaninge station 08:48 Buss 846: Västerhaninge station 09:09 Årstra brygga 09:22 Färje 2173: Årsta brygga 09:30 Gruvbryggan (Utö) 10:10 10:15 – 14:15 Rävstavik och Utö gruvor (matsäck) Färje 2178: Gruvbryggan (Utö) 14:30 Årsta brygga 15:25 Buss 846: Årstra brygga 15:32 Västerhaninge station 15:50 Tåg 43: Västerhaninge station 15:57 Stockholm City 16:29 Grundämnenas upptäckt Exkursioner till Ytterby och Utö 6-7 juni eller 8-9 juni 8 juni Färje 951: Strömkajen 09:15 Ytterby 10:40 10:55 – 11:45 Ytterby gruva Buss 682: Ytterby 12:03 Engarn 12:07 Buss 670: Engarn 12:09 Tekniska högskolan 12:44 Buss 4: Östra station 12:52 S:t Eriksplan 13:02 13:15 – 15:00 Rörstrands slott (lunch och visning) 15:00 – 17:00 Birkastan 9 juni Tåg 43: Stockholm City 08:16 Västerhaninge station 08:48 Buss 846: Västerhaninge station 09:09 Årstra brygga 09:22 Färje 2173: Årsta brygga 09:30 Gruvbryggan (Utö) 10:10 10:15 – 14:15 Rävstavik och Utö gruvor (matsäck) Färje 2178: Gruvbryggan (Utö) 14:30 Årsta brygga 15:25 Buss 846: Årstra brygga 15:32 Västerhaninge station 15:50 Tåg 43: Västerhaninge station 15:57 Stockholm City 16:29 -
Diffusion of Carbon in Niobium and Molybdenum
Materials Transactions, Vol. 55, No. 12 (2014) pp. 1786 to 1791 ©2014 The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials Diffusion of Carbon in Niobium and Molybdenum Jun-ichi Imai1, Osamu Taguchi2,+, Gyanendra Prasad Tiwari3 and Yoshiaki Iijima1 1Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Miyagi National College of Technology, Natori 981-1239, Japan 3Department of Information Technology, Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology, Vidya Nagri, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400709, India Diffusion coefficients of carbon in niobium and molybdenum have been determined by the residual activity method with radioactive tracer 14C in the temperature ranges between 1168 and 1567 K for niobium and between 1271 and 1669 K for molybdenum. The temperature dependences of the diffusion coefficient of carbon in niobium and molybdenum are expressed by D/m2 s¹1 = 2.2 © 10¹6 exp(¹152 kJ mol¹1/ RT) and D/m2 s¹1 = 5.2 © 10¹6 exp(¹163 kJ mol¹1/RT), respectively. Since the solubility of carbon in molybdenum is very small, the diffusion of carbon in molybdenum is strongly influenced by carbide precipitation at lower temperatures. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2014277] (Received July 31, 2014; Accepted September 30, 2014; Published November 8, 2014) Keywords: carbon diffusion, niobium, molybdenum, carbon solubility, precipitate effect 1. Introduction 2. Experimental Procedure Iron, nickel and cobalt based superalloys appear to have 2.1 Material achieved full potential in relation to their use as structural Niobium metal rod arc-melted and machined to 12.5 mm in materials for corrosive environments as well as high diameter was supplied by Materials Research Corporation, temperatures.1) The strength of these alloys comes partly USA. -
United States Patent (19) 11 4,412,981 Kubicek 45) Nov
United States Patent (19) 11 4,412,981 Kubicek 45) Nov. 1, 1983 54 CONVERSION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE TO 3,103,411 9/1963 Fuchs .............................. 423/224 X SULFUR BY DIRECT OXDATION 3,516,793 6/1970 Renault.... ... 42.3/573 3,914,309 10/1975 Beazley ............ ... 42.3/573 (75) Inventor: Donald H. Kubicek, Bartlesville, 4,313,916 2/1982 Jones et al. ......................... 423/226 Okla. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 73) Assignee: Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Okla. 1080530 7/1957 Fed. Rep. of Germany ...... 423/573 1492797 8/1967 France ................................ 423/573 597655 5/1945 United Kingdom ... ... 42.3/571 21 Appl. No.: 302,942 84.1610 7/1960 United Kingdom.... ... 42.3/573 (22 Filed: Sep. 16, 1981 1182255 2/1970 United Kingdom................ 423/573 51) Int. Cl........................ C01B 17/04; B01D 53/34 Primary Examiner-Earl C. Thomas 52 U.S.C. ................................ 423/573 R; 423/224; 57) ABSTRACT 423/226; 210/758; 208/235 58) Field of Search ............... 423/224, 226,571, 573; In a process wherein hydrogen sulfide is converted to 208/235; 55/73; 210/758, 763 elemental sulfur in the presence of oxygen, an improve ment is made by employing an alcoholic solution of an 56 References Cited alkali metal hydroxide, free of iron-group salts or other U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS heterogeneous catalysts. High yields of pure sulfur are 2,556,836 6/1951 Browder et al. obtained from such reactions begun at room tempera 2,600,328 6/1952 Riesenfeld et al. ............. 423/226X ture, without a requirement for heterogeneous catalysts 2,972,522 2/1961 Urban .