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UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas ALEJANDRO RAMÍREZ JAIMES. “ENFERMEDAD OCCIDENTAL

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UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas ALEJANDRO RAMÍREZ JAIMES. “ENFERMEDAD OCCIDENTAL UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas ALEJANDRO RAMÍREZ JAIMES. “ENFERMEDAD OCCIDENTAL SE CURA CON MEDICINA OCCIDENTAL”: AUTONOMÍA INDÍGENA, TERRITORIALIDADES Y LA CREACIÓN DEL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL YAIGOJÉ APAPORIS EN LA AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA. “DOENÇA OCIDENTAL É CURADA PELA MEDICINA OCIDENTAL”: AUTONOMÍA INDÍGENA, TERRITORIALIDADES E A CRIAÇÃO DO PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL YAIGOJE APAPORIS NA AMAZÔNIA COLÔMBIANA. CAMPINAS 2018 ALEJANDRO RAMÍREZ JAIMES “ENFERMEDAD OCCIDENTAL SE CURA CON MEDICINA OCCIDENTAL”: AUTONOMÍA INDÍGENA, TERRITORIALIDADES Y LA CREACIÓN DEL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL YAIGOJÉ APAPORIS EN LA AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA. “DOENÇA OCIDENTAL É CURADA PELA MEDICINA OCIDENTAL”: AUTONOMÍA INDÍGENA, TERRITORIALIDADES E A CRIAÇÃO DO PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL YAIGOJE APAPORIS NA AMAZÔNIA COLÔMBIANA. Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em antropologia Social. e Disertación presentada al Instituto de Filosofía y Ciencias Humanas de la Universidad Estadual de Campinas como parte de los requisitos exigidos para la obtención del título de Maestría en Antropología Social. Orientadora: EMILIA PIETRAFESA DE GODOI. ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO ALEJANDRO RAMIREZ JAIMES, E ORIENTADA PELA DRA. EMÍLIA PIETRAFESA DE GODOI. CAMPINAS 2018 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas A Comissão Julgadora dos trabalhos de Defesa de Mestrado, composta pelos Professores Doutores a seguir descritos, em sessão pública realizada em 23 de agosto de 2018, considerou o candidato Alejandro Ramírez Jaimes aprovado. Professora Emília Pietrafesa de Godoi (Orientadora) Professor Luis Abraham Cayón Durán (membro externo) Professor Antonio Roberto Guerreiro Junior (membro interno) A Ata de Defesa, assinada pelos membros da Comissão Examinadora, consta no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. Dedico esta disertación a mi hija Sulue Maiara y a mi esposa Maya Sian. Su fuerza y sonrisas llenan mi vida de alegría para seguir caminando nuestros sueños. Hasta el final de los sueños mis amores. AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, debo agradecer a mi familia Sulue Maiara y Maya Sian, por hacer más dulce la vida en el día a día. A mi padre Javier y a mi madre Eugenia, su ejemplo de trabajo, fuerza y amor incondicional nos alimenta diariamente. A Tito y Tita, gracias por la linda compañía y el apoyo constante en todo el momento del camino: esta disertación es tan suya como nuestra. Nona Hercilia, gracias por ese camino de oraciones. A mis hermanos Monica, Cristina, Javier, Javitxu, Gustavo, Marco y Juan José y a toda la “familia grande”, porque a pesar de la distancia siempre han tenido un corazón abierto para compartir sus logros y alegrías. A mi orientadora Emilia Pietrafesa de Godoi, quien siempre estuvo alentándome con una palabra dulce y un pensamiento afinado. A los funcionarios del Servicio de Apoyo Estudiantil SAE de la UNICAMP. Un agradecimiento especial al tradicional Benjamín Tanimuca, a su esposa Emília Eduria, a su hijo Edilberto y su hija Ana Patricia, quienes junto con sus hermanos Tarcisio, Yolanda, Gloria y sus familias me recibieron en su maloca y sus casas, me contaron sus historias, compartieron conmigo un momento de sus vidas y me enseñaron los desafíos que actualmente viven como pueblos indígenas. A Alfonso Macuna, su esposa, sus hijas y especialmente a su hijo Gonzalo Macuna, su hermano Jesús, Katy su esposa y su segro Leonardo, quienes compartieron conmigo sus conocimientos del baile y me han acompañado en todo el proceso de investigación. Al tradicional Joaquin Macuna y sus hijos el capitán Fernando, Jairo, Gerardo, Robin y su nieto Aldemar de Centro Providencia por su gran amistad y confianza. En memoria del finado capitán Tomas Lopez en Bocas del Pirá y con agradecimeinto a sus familiares. A los tradicionales Rondón Tanimuca y Daniel Hea~yara por sus curaciones. En general, a todos los amigos y habitantes del bajo Apaporis quienes compartieron conmigo su palabra, su hospitalidad y sus historias en algún momeno del camino: espero que nuestros caminos se crucen más veces. Al equipo de funcionarios de parques nacionales, especialmente al entonces jefe del área Diego Muñoz, a Edgar Castro, Hernán Montero, David Novoa, Daniel Giraldo, Julia Herrera, Edgar Tanimuca, Oscar, Alex Cutia, Fausto Mutis y Gilberto Tukano. A Martín Von Hildebrand, director de la Fundación Gaia Amazonas y al coordinador del programa de investigación endógena Nelson Ortiz. En Pedrera a Sandra Cardona por su hospitalidad y buena compañía. En Leticia a Elizabeth Balcazar y familia. En Bogotá a Leandro García, y a German D. Mejía de Puerto Rastrojo. En São Paulo a Carlos Suares y a Juan Felipe Calderón. A mis compañeros Enernek Mejía, Marco Tobón y Adriana Villalón gracias por su atenta lectura y recomendaciones. A Germán Moriones, Roberto Rezende, Diego Amoedo, José Cândido, Flavio Bocarde, Ana de Francesco y Augusto Postigo en el LATA con quienes compartimos el gusto por el conocimiento cartográfico como herramienta política. A Max Packer, Mariana Petroni y Amaru, Oscar, Mei y familia; Juan Felipe Maite, Sarita e Isaac; Dario y Carol, Elena y Gualtiero, Fer y Lukas, Eduardo, Evelin y Rafaela, José Quidel y a los miembros de la geopelada por la buena compañía. Ao pessoal do curso de antropologia social e da sociologia o “Neto” Antonio P. Oliveira e a Erika Almeida; Luis, Houri e família; Murilo, Sandra, Mariana, Kati e Pepé: camaradas, obrigado por ter disposto seu coração tão abertamente para a nossa família e pelos maravilhosos almoços de domingo, embora para a Colômbia ! ―The universe is made of stories, Not of atoms‖. ―El universo está hecho de historias, no de átomos”. Muriel Rukeyser. The Speed of Darness. 1968. “La historia es brujería, la historia es curación” Ekuyabi. Comunidad de Bellavista, bajo rio Apaporis. 2015 RESUMEN El propósito de esta disertación es analizar los desdoblamientos de la autonomía territorial de los pueblos indígenas tanimuca, letuama, macuna, yauna, cabiyari y yujup del bajo Apaporis reunidos en la Asociación de Capitanes Indígenas del Yaigojé Apaporis – ACIYA-, como consecuencia de sobreponer un área protegida al territorio de su resguardo indígena para proteger su territorio y su cultura del desarrollo de un proyecto minero a gran escala, dando origen al actual Parque Nacional Natural Yaigojé Apaporis, localizado en la región fronteriza entre Colombia y Brasil en el noroeste amazónico. Partiendo de un ejercicio etnográfico en las comunidades de Bellavista y Bocas del Pirá y del análisis y participación en los espacios interculturales de co-manejo constituidos para la gestión compartida del área, el autor busca analizar las respuestas políticas de estos pueblos indígenas frente a las políticas de desarrollo minero a gran escala y conservación ambiental, que se transforman en desafíos para el ejercicio de la autonomía territorial indígena. Palabras Claves: pueblos indígenas; autonomía; política ambiental – amazonas; oro –mineración y minas; Parque Nacional Natural Yaigojé Apaporis. RESUMO O propósito da pesquisa foi analisar os desdobramentos da autonomía territorial dos povos indígenas tanimuca, letuama, macuna, yauna, cabiyari e yujup do baixo rio Apaporis reunidos na Asociación de Capitanes Indígenas del Yaigoje – Bajo Apaporis - ACIYA-, como consequência da sobreposição de uma área protegida sobre o seu território de resguardo indígena, com o intuito de proteger o seu território e a sua cultura de um projeto de mineração de grande porte, dando origem ao atual Parque Nacional Natural Yaigojé Apaporis, localizado na região fronteiriça entre a Colômbia e o Brasil, no noroeste amazônico. Partindo de uma prática etnográfica na comunidade multiétnica de Bellavista com um segmento maioritario de indígenas yairimara (tanimucas), e da análise e participação em espaços de intermediação intercultural constituídos para a gestão compartilhada da área, procuro analisar as respostas políticas dos indígenas perante políticas de desenvolvimento mineiro de grão calado e no campo da conservação ambiental, espaços de disputa que se transformam em desafios para o exerciso da autonomia indígena. Palavras chaves: povos indígenas; autonomia; política ambiental – amazônia; ouro – mineração e mineiro; Parque Nacional Natural Yaigojé Apaporis ABSTRACT The purpose of this research work is to analyze the unfolding of the territorial autonomy of the indigenous groups Tanimuca, Letuama, Macuna, Yauna, Cabiyari and Yujup from the region of the Low Apaporis river, who belong to the Asociación de Capitanes Indígenas del Yaigojé Apaporis -ACIYA-, resulted as a consequence of their decision to superimpose a protected area on their indigenous reservations to protect their territory and culture from a large scale mining project; thus, creating the current National Natural Park called the Yaigojé Apaporis, located on the border region between Colombia and Brazil on the Amazonian Northwest. Through an ethnographic exercise in the Bellavista Community with a majority group of Yairimara (Tanimucas) indigenous people and the analysis and participation in the intercultural spaces of co-management created for the protected area, the author to analyze the political responses of these indigenous people towards the policies of large scale mining development and environmental conservation, which are the current challenges to their indigenous
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