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Autonomía Indígena AUTONOMÍA INDÍGENA FRENTE AL ESTADO NACIÓN Y A LA GLOBALIZACIÓN NEOLIBERAL AUTONOMÍA INDÍGENA FRENTE AL ESTADO NACIÓN Y A LA GLOBALIZACIÓN NEOLIBERAL Ileana Almeida Nidia Arrobo Rodas Lautaro Ojeda Segovia 2005 Autonomía Indígena frente al Estado nación y a la globalización neoliberal Ileana Almeida Nidia Arrobo Rodas Lautaro Ojeda Segovia Proyecto Latautonomy – Capítulo Ecuador Auspiciado por la Unión Europea Contraparte Nacional Fundación Pueblo Indio del Ecuador 1ra. Edición: Ediciones ABYA-YALA 12 de Octubre 14-30 y Wilson Casilla: 17-12-719 Teléfono: 2506-247/ 2506-251 Fax: (593-2) 2506-267 E-mail: [email protected] Sitio Web: www.abyayala.org Quito-Ecuador Impresión: Docutech Quito - Ecuador Foto de portada: Rolf Bloomberg Foto de contraportada: Joan Guerrero ISBN: 9978-22-490-4 Impreso en Quito-Ecuador, 2005. Nuestro agradecimiento a los espacios autonómicos que nos brindaron su apoyo y colaboración: Conaie, Ecuarunari, Pueblo de Sara Yaku, Dineib, Codenpe- Prodepine, Dnspi, Comisión de Asuntos Indígenas del Congreso Nacional, Municipios de Cotacachi, Guamote y Otavalo y comunidades indígenas de Cotopaxi, Chimborazo e Imbabura. ÍNDICE ANTECEDENTES .......................................................................................... 11 PRIMERA PARTE Multiplicar los espacios de la Autonomía Indígena ..................................... 15 INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................................... 17 El proceso organizativo de los pueblos indígenas del Ecuador ................... 21 ESTADO ECUATORIANO Y PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS................................ 25 Estado, economía y sociedad ......................................................................... 25 Estado y cultura.............................................................................................. 27 Estado y lengua............................................................................................... 32 Estado y territorio .......................................................................................... 36 Estado y leyes .................................................................................................. 37 Estado y ecología ............................................................................................ 38 Estado y globalización.................................................................................... 40 AUTONOMÍA INDÍGENA Criterios para determinar los espacios de autonomía.................................. 43 1. Determinación del sistema......................................................................... 43 2. Delimitacion del análisis ............................................................................ 47 AUTONOMÍA POLÍTICA La CONAIE: autogobierno en proceso ......................................................... 51 Fortalecimiento de las Nacionalidades y Pueblos indígenas a través de la organización............................................................................. 51 8 Ileana Almeida, Nidia Arrobo Rodas, Lautaro Ojeda Segovia AUTONOMÍA DE HECHO .......................................................................... 61 REGIÓN SIERRA ................................................................................................. 61 La comunidad kichwa como fenómeno histórico y cultural independiente ................................................................................................. 61 Análisis de aspectos subjetivos....................................................................... 71 Exteriorización de lo interno..................................................................... 71 Percepciones respecto a la autonomía........................................................... 71 Reacciones frente a la identidad y a los símbolos propios....................... 72 Visualización respecto al autogobierno .................................................... 73 Resolución de conflictos ............................................................................ 74 Sobre el accionar de los partidos políticos .............................................. 75 Apreciaciones sobre cultura-interculturalidad ............................................. 76 Lo religioso penetra el pensamiento kichwa............................................. 76 Lengua y educación.................................................................................... 76 Saberes propios: sabiduría milenaria ........................................................ 78 Comunicación interna y externa............................................................... 79 Accionar de las Iglesias............................................................................... 79 Reacciones frente al racismo y a la discriminación.................................. 81 Versiones frente al “desarrollo”...................................................................... 82 Servicios de atención a la salud ..................................................................... 82 Situación de la vivienda ................................................................................. 83 Conciencia ecológica ...................................................................................... 83 Visión respecto a la calidad de los servicios públicos .................................. 84 Los kichwa sienten que la tierra es su madre................................................ 85 Consideraciones respecto a los recursos naturales....................................... 86 Posiciones frente al ALCA y al capital........................................................... 86 REGIÓN AMAZÓNICA......................................................................................... 88 El Pueblo de Sara Yaku, sentido de sustentabilidad y alerta al peligro global .............................................................................................. 88 AUTONOMÍA DE DERECHO ..................................................................... 99 Educación Intercultural Bilingüe: autonomía del pensamiento indígena........................................................................................................... 99 CODENPE-PRODEPINE: contradicción entre los mecanismos del capital internacional y el desarrollo con identidad de los pueblos indígenas ...........................................................................................105 Dirección Nacional de Salud de los Pueblos Indígenas: intento de despenalizar las prácticas tradicionales.......................................109 Poderes locales: el caso de los Municipios Indígenas ...................................112 GUAMOTE: iniciativas novedosas en diferentes ámbito.........................113 OTAVALO: el sentido de la interculturalidad ...........................................115 Autonomía Indígena 9 KOTA KACHI: enriquecimiento de funciones en un municipio participativo................................................................................................118 Comisión de asuntos indígenas del Congreso..............................................120 CONCLUSIONES...........................................................................................125 Avances científicos para una teoría de las autonomías indígenas ...............127 CRONOLOGÍA DEL MOVIMIENTO INDÍGENA DEL ECUADOR .............................................................................................131 BIBLIOGRAFÍA..............................................................................................135 Equipo de asesoría metodológica..................................................................138 Asesoria internacional presencial ..................................................................139 Entrevistas personales ....................................................................................139 Equipo de encuestadores................................................................................140 Leyes ................................................................................................................140 SEGUNDA PARTE Análisis politológico del proceso de construcción de la Autonomía Multicultural en el Ecuador ...................................................141 INTRODUCCIÓN .........................................................................................143 CONTEXTO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL DE LOS PUEBLOS Y NACIONALIDADES INDÍGENAS ...............................................................147 La pobreza.......................................................................................................147 Grupos sociales más pobres.......................................................................149 La pobreza en la población indígena ........................................................150 Principales problemas de la población indígena..................................151 Inequidad y exclusión ............................................................................153 Población indígena.....................................................................................154 La comuna como eje histórico de las autonomías indígenas ..................158 Incidencia de la Reforma Agraria y de la política de colonización en la tenencia de la tierra ..........................................................................160 Lo indígena como “problema”...................................................................163 PLURINACIONALIDAD, AUTODETERMINACIÓN Y AUTONOMÍA INDÍGENA ...........................................................................171
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