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WHOSE AUTONOMY? AN ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF AUTONOMY IN BOLIVIA, AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE AUTONOMY REGIME by MARIA POMÉS LORENCÉS A THESIS Presented to the Department of International Studies and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 2019 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Maria Pomés Lorencés Title: Whose Autonomy? An Analysis of the Different Meanings of Autonomy in Bolivia, and their Impact on the Autonomy Regime. This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of International Studies by: Derrick Hindery Chairperson Erin Beck Member Will Johnson Member and Janet Woodruff-Borden Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2019 ii © 2019 Maria Pomés Lorencés This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial United States License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Maria Pomés Lorencés Master of Arts Department of International Studies June 2019 Title: Whose Autonomy? An Analysis of the Different Meanings of Autonomy in Bolivia, and their Impact on the Autonomy Regime. This thesis explores the diverse meanings attached to the concept of autonomy in Bolivia. Different sectors of society at the state level, and individuals from indigenous nations at the local level –in particular the Monkoxt of Lomerío–, attach different meanings, expectations and hopes to autonomy. This thesis analyzes how the different understandings have impacted the implementation of the autonomy system, and it also explores how they may influence the future of the autonomy model in Bolivia. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Maria Pomés Lorencés GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene University of California, Berkeley Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts, International Studies, 2019, University of Oregon Graduate Certificate in Nonprofit Management, 2019, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, Journalism, 2013, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Indigenous Rights; Human Rights Gender and development PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Oregon, 2017-2019 ESL Teacher, International House Montevideo, 2014-2016 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Tinker Field Research Grant, CLLAS, University of Oregon, 2018 Slape Award, University of Oregon, 2018 Promising Scholar Award, University of Oregon, 2017 University Access Distinction, Generalitat de Catalunya, 2008 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express sincere appreciation to the members of my committee, Derrick Hindery, Erin Beck, and Will Johnson. I particularly want to thank professor Erin Beck for her guidance and assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. I would not have been able to write this thesis without her. In addition, special thanks are due to the Monkoxt community members that welcomed me in Lomerío, and agreed to participate in my research. Their kindness and openness in discussing their personal experiences and political ideas with me were essential for the writing of this thesis. I also want to thank Miguel González, from CEJIS, José Martínez, professor at the University of Santa Cruz, the lawyer Miguel Aragón, and professor Elisa Saldías. Thank you for sharing your insights with me. I would also like to thank my friends here in Oregon, Youssef Benasser, Michelle Nikfarjam, Nino Dgebuadze, and Lourdes Ginart for their support and encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Francesc Pomés Martorell, and Margarida Lorencés Barrús. Despite having a continent, an ocean, and a whole peninsula between us, they have been at my side every day. Their unconditional support throughout my pursuit of a master of arts, a graduate certificate, and the writing of this thesis, has been incommensurable. Thank you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 Research Question ................................................................................................. 5 Methods ................................................................................................................. 10 Positionality ........................................................................................................... 16 II. AUTONOMY FROM THE STATE’S PERSPECTIVE ........................................ 19 The Demand for a Constituent Assembly – Alliances, Opposition, and Conflicting Views of Autonomy ........................................................................... 20 (1) A Social Movement’s Assembly ............................................................... 20 (2) An Indigenous Assembly ........................................................................... 24 (3) No Constituent Assembly: Santa Cruz’s Departmental Autonomy .......... 28 The Constituent Assembly – Conflicts, Violence, and Concessions .................... 32 The 2009 Constitution – Between Classical Liberalism and Plurinationalism ..... 35 Decolonization and Development – A Divided Government ............................... 38 (1) The Indigenista Sector ............................................................................... 38 (2) The Populista Sector ................................................................................. 40 (3) The Estatista Sector ................................................................................... 41 Autonomy versus Extractivism – The IDH ........................................................... 42 Autonomy versus State Control – The Case of the Municipalities ....................... 45 III. THE IMPACT OF THE STATE’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE MONKOXI AUTONOMY ........................................................................................................ 49 The LMAD – Contradictions of a Centralizing State ........................................... 49 Autonomy and the Monkoxt – A Process vis a vis State Bureaucracy ................. 54 vii Chapter Page The Estatuto Autonómico de Lomerío ................................................................... 58 (1) Resource Management .............................................................................. 59 (2) Rejection of Political Parties ..................................................................... 63 (3) Freedom ..................................................................................................... 65 (4) Cultural Conservation ................................................................................ 66 IV. WHOSE ESTATUTO? .......................................................................................... 69 CICOL and CEJIS’ Estatuto? ............................................................................... 69 Women’s Estatuto? ............................................................................................... 76 V. AUTONOMY AS IDENTITY ............................................................................... 83 Autonomy as Resource Management .................................................................... 85 Autonomy as Rejection of Political Parties ........................................................... 89 Autonomy as Freedom .......................................................................................... 92 Autonomy as Cultural Conservation ..................................................................... 101 (1) Language – Bésiro ..................................................................................... 103 (2) Farming Lifestyle ...................................................................................... 106 (3) Traditional Tales and Practices .................................................................. 110 VI. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 115 APPENDIX: SUPPLEMENTAL SOURCES ............................................................. 131 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................... 134 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The Monkoxi Autonomy Process as a Hurdle Race ............................................. 73 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Autonomy in Bolivia: Main Actors and their Understanding of Autonomy ......... 9 2. LMAD, Steps and Requirements .......................................................................... 53 x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In 2005, after continued unrest and social mobilizations, the Bolivian people elected their first indigenous president: Evo Morales. Since then, indigeneity has become an integral part of how the Bolivian state defines itself and explains its policies and objectives. There are many indigenous groups in Bolivia. Some indigenous nations have traditionally lived in the highlands, in the Andes, from where the federal government operates. However, many other indigenous peoples have their ancestral territories in the lowlands, in the East of the country and far from the heights of the Andes. Their lands are located in hilly dry forests, and even further east, in the Amazon basin. These lowland nations have been an essential part of the coalition that brought Evo Morales’ government to power, and that passed a new Bolivian Constitution
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