DOCSLIB.ORG

Evidences of Culture Contacts Between Polynesia and the Americas in Precolumbian Times

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evidences of Culture Contacts Between Polynesia and the Americas in Precolumbian Times Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1952 Evidences of Culture Contacts Between Polynesia and the Americas in Precolumbian Times John L. Sorenson Sr. Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Sorenson, John L. Sr., "Evidences of Culture Contacts Between Polynesia and the Americas in Precolumbian Times" (1952). Theses and Dissertations. 5131. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5131 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. e13 ci j rc171 EVIDENCES OPOFCULTURE CONTACTS BETWEEN POLIIESIAPOLYNESIA AND tiletlleTIIETHE AMERICAS IN preccluivibianPREC olto4bian TIMES A thesthesisis presented tobo the department of archaeology brbrighamighambigham Yyoungoung universityunivervens 1 ty provo utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of arts n v rb hajbaj&aj by john leon sorenson july 1921952 ACmtodledgiventsackiiowledgments thanks are proffered to dr M wells jakenjakemjakemanan and dr sidney B sperry for helpful corencoxencommentsts and suggestions which aided research for this thesis to the authors wife kathryn richards sorenson goes gratitude for patient forbearance constant encouragement and secretarial help for help in providing books or other material aid recognition is given to mr ross T christensen mrs hattie knight of the brigham young university library staff mr glen horspool and mrmroamro cecil reinsch others unnariedunvariedunnamedunnaried have been of assistance by showing their extextremenenierentenemie interest in this fascinating subject thus pro- viding needed encouragement iii ONTENTSCONTENTSC chapter page I1 introductionINTR ODUC TlonION 1 the problem of diffusion 1 the development of thought on the problem 3 criteria for establishing culture contact 8 the scope and arrangement of the thesis 12 LANGUAGE AND II11 EMICATIONcommunicationCO 0 0 0 0 18 vocabulary 0 19 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 stylistics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 & 9 0 0 ft 37 writing 37 the quipu 39 other communication systems 10401.0loio illIII111 FOOD acquisition AND USE 1242 agricultural tools i2ia 2 methods of cultivation 42 attitudes and beliefs on agriculture 45 flora 0 0 0 5.5 0 10 a 0 0 46 faunaFauna 0 0 0 0 0 2 fishing 0 0 533 fish poisoning 0 0 0 55 food preparation 566 cooking 577 8 vessels 0 58 storage 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 61 kava 0 0 61 IV CLOTHING AND ADORNMENTADORNIVENT 63 clothing 0 & 0 63 headdresses 6461 ornaments 66 accessories 67 body painting 68 mutilation 0 9 49 68 V exploitive activities aindANDAITD manufacturing 71 textiles 0 0 a 0 6 0 9 0 71 stone industry 747 metals 77 implements 9 0 it 6 0 78 iv chapter page VI HOUSING AND construction 79 domestic and civil 79 religious 80 military 86 VII RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES 89 general nature of polynesian religions 89 Ggods0 ds 0 0 0 Is ID 0 0 0 0 1 10 90 guardian spirit 0 0 0 0 0 94 idols 0 0 40 0 94 religious beliefs about nature 949 eschatology 0 0 0 98 cosmology 16 0 100 mortuary practices 10 101 ritual a a 0 ioslos10510 sacrifice 10510 cannibalism 107 fingersacrificefinger saarifsacrifsacrificeice 108 circumcision 108 rain sacrifice 108 turning the mat 109 childhood and puberty ceremonies 110 avoidance and taboo & 0 112 confession 0 0 113 divination and astrology 1lih114 firefineFlreireirewalkingfirewalkingwaikingwalking 0 0 0 10 0 1ilg1161 priesthood 0 0 0 0 116i VIII leisuretimeLEISURE TIME AND intellectual activities 118 ganesgames and sports 0 118 gamblingGanbling 0 9 10 121 decorative art 121 representative art 123 music 0 0 126 dance and dranadrama a 128 numbers 0 0 9 0 0 0 & 0 0 0 130 ordering of time 131 education 0 0 133 IXEC TRAVEL AND transportation W13 51 water craft 13513 litters 0 0 138 carrying pole 0 Is ad4d 139 roadways 139 v chapter page HUMAN 10 X BIOLOGYBICLOGY0 5 9 0 ihilipilg141 somatologySomafsomafcologycology 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 ihiiki141 genetics 0 0 0 0 0 10 1433433.43 XI conclusions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14514 bibliography 0 0 10 0 if 9 9 0 0 0 & f 0 0 0 14154 vi0 CHAPTER I1 introduction the problem of diffusion of the great unsettled prob- lems of archaeology and anthropology perhaps the most hotly debated has been the relative iniimiinqportanceimportance of migration didiffu-afuffu sion and independent invention in the origin of culture ele- ments the question has obvious importance both for a proper understanding of man and culture that ambitiously comprehen- sive goal of modern anthropology and for historical recon- structionstruction the latter a necessary preliminary of the former the concern of this thesis is with culture movement in the eastern pacific ocean area the pacific area as a whole has ionglongbeen the geographical center of tthee diffusion problem if we may so territernternitennterm it over the years advocates of the old world origin of the ancientanc lent high cultures of the hewmew world by migration or diffusion have advanced a large number of simila- rities common to asia or oceania on the one hand and the americas on the other as evidence in support of their views so far there has been no comprehensive recapitulation of the evidence As a result independent inventionistinventinventionisfclonistionistcriticism has limited itself to a correspondingly unconvincing level As a matter of fact it is not unwarranted to claim that the problem is still virtually unexplored on a systematic basis it is the purpose of this work to begin such a systematic approach 1 2 by setting forth a large body of the evidence for culture con- tacts across the pacific for critical evaluation by students of culture the magnitude of the cultural comparisons in- volved in such a project obviously requires that only certain portions of the general fleidfield be examined in this thesis restriction of the geographical area to the eastern pacific polynesia developed in part because of the writwriterserts personal acquaintance with that region as a result of resi- dence of two and onethirdone third years in the cook islands and new zealand as a missionary of the church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saints 19471947194919471919 1949igligi9 an additional1 consideration was that previous diffusionist comparative work had emph-entphadentpha asized melanesia to the westwesty seemingly leaving a broad cul- tural gap between that region and the americas if culture traits had actually moved into or out of the pacific in this area geographicallybograeograchicphic allyailyproximate polvnesiapolynesia should show evidence of it A third reason for choosing polynesia was that its relatively homogeneous people physicallyghysphysicallaically and culturally pos- sessessedsed a culture consconsiderablyiderlderiderablyably higher than might be expected in view of the geographic isolation of these islands kroeber and others have commented on the air about polynesian culture of its having been derived by a dwindling process from som- ething higher and this in direct contrast to most oceanic cul i tures which show little evidence of having seen better days IA L kroeber anthropology rev ed new yorkyork194819u1948 8 appp 7676061760061ogi0.6161 K P emory the native peoples of the pacificpacipaclficfle geographyge ography of the pacific ed by 0 W freeman new york igi1911951 pop 1 55565656.56 E tregear the maori race wanganuiWang anui 190491904.919041904. ppeappp i2715272715.27154550 3 this rather elaborate content of the culture plus the now abundant though not of course exhaustive source material linguistic traditional ethnological and archaeological held out the hope that a search for correspondences to ameri- can traits would at least have a satisfactory range of mat- erials to examine other reasons could be cited for this choice such as for example the problem of polynesian cul- ture history itself for americanist studies the significance of the prob- lem is obvious the failure of americananerameramen I1can archaeolarchaanchaarchaeologyeolagyogy to indffind any direct evidence of the development of high precolumbianprecolumbian culture from the early hunters cerro prieto notwithstanding has been a thorn in the scholarly side which is being made no more bearable by an increasing ambernmbernumber of elbow jabs to the academic ribs by such f heretics as ladwingladwinG As a result the time seems ripe for a new attack on the problem of diffusion and migration in relation to ancient american origioriginsns this study alone cannot of course solve the problem however the lines it takes may suggest other studies which taken to- gether may give us a clearer answer to the diffusion problem in the americanist field the development of thought on the problem As early as samuel Mitchemitchellmitche1212 there was supposition that at least some 2sasS L mitchell the original inhabitants of america consisted of the same races with the malays of australasiaaustralasialaustralasianAustraustnAustral alasiaasial and the tartars of the north t ArchaearchaeolarchaeologiaarchaeologicArchaeolologiaa americana trans- actions and collections of the american antiquarian society I1 1820 321ff321ffe 4 of the american indians were of oceanic derivation in gen- though was 1 a eral little serious study givenc1ca oceania as cul- turaloraluralturaltoralturaitupal or populational source
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1 Elena Phipps University of California, Los Angeles, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln PreColumbian Textile Conference VII / Jornadas de Centre for Textile Research Textiles PreColombinos VII 11-13-2017 Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1 Elena Phipps University of California, Los Angeles, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/pct7 Part of the Art and Materials Conservation Commons, Chicana/o Studies Commons, Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, Latina/o Studies Commons, Museum Studies Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Phipps, Elena, "Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1" (2017). PreColumbian Textile Conference VII / Jornadas de Textiles PreColombinos VII. 10. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/pct7/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Centre for Textile Research at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in PreColumbian Textile Conference VII / Jornadas de Textiles PreColombinos VII by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1 Elena Phipps In PreColumbian Textile Conference VII / Jornadas de Textiles PreColombinos VII, ed. Lena Bjerregaard and Ann Peters (Lincoln, NE: Zea Books, 2017), pp. 162–175 doi:10.13014/K2V40SCN Copyright © 2017 by the author. Compilation copyright © 2017 Centre for Textile Research, University of Copenhagen. 8 Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1 Elena Phipps Abstract The development of rich and complex Andean textile traditions spanned millennia, in concert with the development of cul- tures that utilized textiles as a primary form of expression and communication.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons 1926 to Circa 1990
    A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons 1926 to circa 1990 TT King TT King A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons, 1926 to circa 1990 TT King Society Archivist 1 A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons, 1926 to circa 1990 © 2017 The Society of British Neurological Surgeons First edition printed in 2017 in the United Kingdom. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permis- sion of The Society of British Neurological Surgeons. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the infor- mation contained in this publication, no guarantee can be given that all errors and omissions have been excluded. No responsibility for loss oc- casioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by The Society of British Neurological Surgeons or the author. Published by The Society of British Neurological Surgeons 35–43 Lincoln’s Inn Fields London WC2A 3PE www.sbns.org.uk Printed in the United Kingdom by Latimer Trend EDIT, DESIGN AND TYPESET Polymath Publishing www.polymathpubs.co.uk 2 The author wishes to express his gratitude to Philip van Hille and Matthew Whitaker of Polymath Publishing for bringing this to publication and to the British Orthopaedic Association for their help. 3 A History of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons 4 Contents Foreword
    [Show full text]
  • Resumen Final 2010 Restos De Fauna Y Vegetales De Huaca Prieta Y
    RESUMEN FINAL 2010 RESTOS DE FAUNA Y VEGETALES DE HUACA PRIETA Y PAREDONES, VALLE DE CHICAMA Por Víctor F. Vásquez Sánchez1 Teresa E. Rosales Tham2 1 Biólogo, Director del Centro de Investigaciones Arqueobiológicas y Paleoecológicas Andinas – “ARQUEOBIOS”, Apartado Postal 595, Trujillo-PERÚ- URL: www.arqueobios.org 2 Arqueólogo. Director del Laboratorio de Bioarqueología de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Perú. E-mail: [email protected] - Trujillo, Septiembre 2010 - 1 CONTENIDO Pág. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 3 2. MÉTODOS DE ESTUDIO 4 a. DESCRIPCIÓN Y FILIACIÓN CULTURAL DE LA MUESTRAS 4 b. ANÁLISIS ARQUEOZOOLÓGICO 4 i. Identificación Taxonómica: Invertebrados 4 ii. Distribuciones Geográficas y Ecología 6 iii. Abundancia Taxonómica mediante NISP, NMI y Peso, Biometría y Estadísticas Descriptivas 6 iv. Alometria: Cálculo de la biomasa de Donax obesulus 8 v. Paleoecología: Especies Bioindicadoras 10 b. ANÁLISIS ARQUEOBOTÁNICO 10 i. Restos Macrobotánicos: Identificación Taxonómica, Frecuencia y Cantidad de Restos, Clasificación Paleoetnobotánica 10 ii. Restos Microbotánicos: Flotación Manual Simple, Acondicionamiento e identificación taxonómica, frecuencia y cantidad de restos. Carpología biometría de semillas, estadísticas descriptivas y análisis paleoetnobotánico. 11 iii. Antracalogía 12 3. RESULTADOS 13 a. ARQUEOZOOLOGÍA 13 i. MOLUSCOS 23 Sistemática y Taxonomía, Distribuciones Geográficas y Ecología, Abundancia Taxonómica mediante NISP, NMI y peso, Biometría y estadísticas descriptivas, Alometría de Donax obesulus, Diversidad y Equitatividad ii. CRUSTÁCEOS, EQUINODERMOS Y ASCIDIAS 37 Cuantificación: NISP y Peso 38 ii. PECES, AVES Y MAMÍFEROS: 41 Sistemática y Taxonomía 41 Distribuciones Geográficas y Ecología 44 Abundancia Taxonómica mediante NISP y Peso 46 2 b. ARQUEOBOTÁNICA 58 i. SISTEMÁTICA Y TAXONOMÍA 58 ii. MACRORESTOS: Frecuencia y Cantidad de Restos 60 iii.
    [Show full text]
  • Mānoa Heritage Center
    Mānoa Heritage Center Teacher’s Information and Resources Kūka‘ō‘ō Heiau Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………….……..3 Background Information for Teachers…………………………….….4-10 Mana, Kapu and Heiau…………………………………………….…11-12 Oli……………………………………………………………………….…13 Secondary Sources………………………………………………………..14 Mānoa Valley Timeline (Secondary Source)…………………………….14-18 Timeline Activities…………………………………………………….18-20 Primary Sources………………………………………………………20-21 Oral traditions: Kapunahou I (Primary Sources)……………….……...22-23 Suggested Questions for Kapunahou I………………………………….24 Oral traditions: Kapunahou II (Primary sources) ……………………..25-26 Suggested questions for Kapunahou II…………………………………27 Oral History: A Walk Through Old Mānoa (Primary Source)………..28-31 1820 Map and Activities (Primary Source)…………………………………31 DOE Standards……………………………………………………….32-35 About the Mānoa Heritage Center……………………………………...36 Planning Your Visit………………………………………………………37 2 Kōnāhuanui Introduction In the heart of Mānoa valley, the Mānoa Heritage Center invites you to step back in time and explore our living connections to Hawai‘i‘s past. Kūka‘ō‘ō stands as the last intact walled heiau in the greater ahupua‘a of Waikīkī. Believed to have been built by Menehune, the heiau is interpreted today as an agricultural temple. Surrounding the heiau are native Hawaiian gardens that feature an extraordinary collection of rare and endangered species, as well as plants introduced by Polynesian settlers. Our site also tells the story of Mānoa valley, once a rich agricultural area that Hawaiians farmed for centuries. Foreign contact brought many changes to the valley including immigrant resident farmers from various ethnic groups. Today Mānoa is known as one of the most desirable residential areas in Hawai‘i, but its strong sense of place endures. 3 Background Information for Teachers Mānoa Valley As part of the Ko‘olau range, the large amphitheater valley of Mānoa was carved out through wind, rain and erosion.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.10 Material Culture of the Hawaiian Islands
    2.10 Introduction to Pacific Review of Pacific Collections Collections: Material Culture in Scottish Museums of the Hawaiian Islands Produced as part of Pacific Collections in Scottish Museums: Unlocking their knowledge and potential project 2013-2014. For full information and resources visit www.nms.ac.uk/pacific The following material culture styles have particularly distinctive elements but broad collections are not commonly found in Scottish museums. Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of volcanic origin located in north east Polynesia. There are eight main islands as well as smaller islands, atolls and islets. The largest island is Hawai’i. The other main inhabited islands are: O’ahu, Maui, Kaua’i, Moloka’i, Lana’i, Ni’hau, and Kaho’olawe. The islands were first settled in 1,300 from the south, most likely the Society Islands. The distance from other parts of Polynesia meant that Hawaiians developed distinctive forms of chieftainship, religious practices and material culture. The first European recorded to have visited the Hawaiian Islands was Captain James Cook in early 1778 on his third voyage, who named the archipelago the Sandwich Islands after his patron the Earl of Sandwich. Cook met his death there in February 1779. Kamehameha, who was a late 18th century Chief on the island of Hawai’i, attempted to gain control over the whole island group. By 1810 he had established a monarchy which ruled for most of the 19th century. At this time the Hawaiian Islands were recognised by foreign powers as a sovereign nation. Kamehameha’s son Liholiho (Kamehameha II) and Queen Kamamalu visited London on a state visit to George IV where they tragically died in 1824 after contracting measles.
    [Show full text]
  • Portrayals of the Moriori People
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. i Portrayals of the Moriori People Historical, Ethnographical, Anthropological and Popular sources, c. 1791- 1989 By Read Wheeler A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, Massey University, 2016 ii Abstract Michael King’s 1989 book, Moriori: A People Rediscovered, still stands as the definitive work on the Moriori, the Native people of the Chatham Islands. King wrote, ‘Nobody in New Zealand – and few elsewhere in the world- has been subjected to group slander as intense and as damaging as that heaped upon the Moriori.’ Since its publication, historians have denigrated earlier works dealing with the Moriori, arguing that the way in which they portrayed Moriori was almost entirely unfavourable. This thesis tests this conclusion. It explores the perspectives of European visitors to the Chatham Islands from 1791 to 1989, when King published Moriori. It does this through an examination of newspapers, Native Land Court minutes, and the writings of missionaries, settlers, and ethnographers. The thesis asks whether or not historians have been selective in their approach to the sources, or if, perhaps, they have ignored the intricacies that may have informed the views of early observers. The thesis argues that during the nineteenth century both Maori and European perspectives influenced the way in which Moriori were portrayed in European narrative.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Leadership in the Constitution of the Marshall Islands
    TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS by C. J. LYNCH Working Papers Series Pacific Islands Studies Center for Asian and Pacific Studies in collaboration with the Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii Joe Lynch is a consultant on legislation and constitutional drafting whose long experience in the Pacific encompasses island areas in Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. Robert C. Kiste, Director Pacific Islands Studies Program Center for Asian and Pacific Studies University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (With Comparative Notes) C. J. Lynch 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface v Introductory 1 Part I. THE COUNCIL OF IROIJ l. The precursors 3 2. Functions of the Council 4 (a) General 4 (b) Relations with the Nitijela 6 ( c) The Council in action 9 3. Composition of the Council 10 4. Procedures of the Council 13 5. Miscellaneous matters 14 6. Comparisons 16 (a) Palau 16 (b) The Federated States of Micronesia 17 (c) Yap 18 (d) Vanuatu 21 (e) Western Samoa 22 (f) The Cook Islands 22 (g) Comment 24 Part II. THE TRADITIONAL RIGHTS COURT 7. The Traditional Rights Court and the judicial system 27 ADDENDUM: Two problems of interpretation 8. Comparisons and comment 34 Part III. CONCLUSION 9. General comments 35 10. Is a traditional input desirable? 37 APPENDIX 42 NOTES 43 iii PREFACE It hardly needs to be said that this paper is written by a lawyer and from a lawyer's point of view. This fact, however , necessarily means that it is selective, firstly in the aspects of its subject that are considered and secondly in the detail (especially on non-legal aspects) into which it goes.
    [Show full text]
  • Gordon Ramsay Uncharted
    SPECIAL PROMOTION SIX DESTINATIONS ONE CHEF “This stuff deserves to sit on the best tables of the world.” – GORDON RAMSAY; CHEF, STUDENT AND EXPLORER SPECIAL PROMOTION THIS MAGAZINE WAS PRODUCED BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CHANNEL IN PROMOTION OF THE SERIES GORDON RAMSAY: CONTENTS UNCHARTED PREMIERES SUNDAY JULY 21 10/9c FEATURE EMBARK EXPLORE WHERE IN 10THE WORLD is Gordon Ramsay cooking tonight? 18 UNCHARTED TRAVEL BITES We’ve collected travel stories and recipes LAOS inspired by Gordon’s (L to R) Yuta, Gordon culinary journey so that and Mr. Ten take you can embark on a spin on Mr. Ten’s your own. Bon appetit! souped-up ride. TRAVEL SERIES GORDON RAMSAY: ALASKA Discover 10 Secrets of UNCHARTED Glacial ice harvester Machu Picchu In his new series, Michelle Costello Gordon Ramsay mixes a Manhattan 10 Reasons to travels to six global with Gordon using ice Visit New Zealand destinations to learn they’ve just harvested from the locals. In from Tracy Arm Fjord 4THE PATH TO Go Inside the Labyrin- New Zealand, Peru, in Alaska. UNCHARTED thine Medina of Fez Morocco, Laos, Hawaii A rare look at Gordon and Alaska, he explores Ramsay as you’ve never Road Trip: Maui the culture, traditions seen him before. and cuisine the way See the Rich Spiritual and only he can — with PHOTOS LEFT TO RIGHT: ERNESTO BENAVIDES, Cultural Traditions of Laos some heart-pumping JON KROLL, MARK JOHNSON, adventure on the side. MARK EDWARD HARRIS Discover the DESIGN BY: Best of Anchorage MARY DUNNINGTON 2 GORDON RAMSAY: UNCHARTED SPECIAL PROMOTION 3 BY JILL K.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes and References
    NOTES AND REFERENCES PREFACE 1 In the period of history covered by the present work, the words most commonly used to describe the type of society studied by anthropologists were "primitive" and "savage". Since however, neither of these words can be used without strongly pejorative overtones, I have done my best to avoid them, substituting instead more emotionally neutral words like "aboriginal", "indigenous" and "preliterate". None of these words is perfectly suited to the job at hand and the result may sometimes come out sounding rather oddly. Nonetheless, I would rather be guilty of minor offences of usage than of encouraging Eurocentric prejudice. 2 Peter Lawrence, "The Ethnographic Revolution", Oceanill45, 253-271 (1975). 3 A recent work which makes a start in this direction is Perspectives on the Emergence of Scientific Disciplines, Gerard Lemaine, Roy MacLeod, Michael Mulkay and Peter Weingart (eds.), (The Hague and Chicago, 1977). From our point of view the most inter­ esting contribution is Michael Worboy's study of British tropical medicine, a discipline which, largely because of its relationship to British imperialism, exhibited a maturation process which bore many similarities to that of British Social Anthropology. 4 Jairus Banaji, ''The Crisis of British Social Anthropology", New Left Review 64, 75 (Nov.-Dec. 1970). 5 E. E. Evans-Pritchard's famous 1940 ethnography on The Nuer, for example, often regarded as the ultimate achievement of British Social Anthropology, presents the Nuer as a self-contained, static and harmoniously-operating group. However, it is evident from a number of things which Evans-Pritchard mentions in passing that, in fact, the Nuer interact so substantially with the neighbouring Dinka people that, instead of reifying "the Nuer" as a self-contained social entity, it may well have been more sensible to write a book about the Nuer-Dinka complex.
    [Show full text]
  • And Taewa Māori (Solanum Tuberosum) to Aotearoa/New Zealand
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Traditional Knowledge Systems and Crops: Case Studies on the Introduction of Kūmara (Ipomoea batatas) and Taewa Māori (Solanum tuberosum) to Aotearoa/New Zealand A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of AgriScience in Horticultural Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand Rodrigo Estrada de la Cerda 2015 Kūmara and Taewa Māori, Ōhakea, New Zealand i Abstract Kūmara (Ipomoea batatas) and taewa Māori, or Māori potato (Solanum tuberosum), are arguably the most important Māori traditional crops. Over many centuries, Māori have developed a very intimate relationship to kūmara, and later with taewa, in order to ensure the survival of their people. There are extensive examples of traditional knowledge aligned to kūmara and taewa that strengthen the relationship to the people and acknowledge that relationship as central to the human and crop dispersal from different locations, eventually to Aotearoa / New Zealand. This project looked at the diverse knowledge systems that exist relative to the relationship of Māori to these two food crops; kūmara and taewa. A mixed methodology was applied and information gained from diverse sources including scientific publications, literature in Spanish and English, and Andean, Pacific and Māori traditional knowledge. The evidence on the introduction of kūmara to Aotearoa/New Zealand by Māori is indisputable. Mātauranga Māori confirms the association of kūmara as important cargo for the tribes involved, even detailing the purpose for some of the voyages.
    [Show full text]
  • Visibility Analysis of Oahu Heiau
    Visibility Analysis of Oahu Heiau A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY May 2012 By Kepa Lyman Thesis Committee: Matthew McGranaghan, Chair Hong Jiang William Chapman Keywords: heiau, intervisibility, viewshed analysis Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... III LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... IV INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER OUTLINE ..................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER I. HAWAIIAN HEIAU ............................................................................................................ 8 HEIAU AS SYMBOL ..................................................................................................................................... 8 HEIAU AS FORTRESS ................................................................................................................................. 12 TYPES ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Learning to Build a Wood Fired Earth Oven
    Learning To Build A Wood Fired Earth Oven Dedicated to all lovers of planet Earth 1 | P a g e www.apieceofrainbow.com 3 weeks ago I attended an earth oven building class taught by one of the best teachers in this field, Kiko Denzer, at the fabulous Grain Gathering. Kiko and the event organizers graciously allowed me to share my amazing class experience. This article is not meant to be used as a building manual. If you are planning to build one, make sure to check out the indispensable resources here http://www.apieceofrainbow.com/build-a-wood- fired-earth-oven/#Helpful-Resources as well as safety and local building codes. During the 6 hour long class, we built 2 portable earth ovens, which were auctioned the next day. I learned so much about building with earth and other readily available materials. There's such simplicity and beauty to the process that I find deeply inspiring. The wood fired earth ovens(aka- cob ovens) are easy to build, and can give 12 hours of cooking after each firing, to make super delicious goodies from pizzas, bread, cookies to casseroles. 2 | P a g e www.apieceofrainbow.com Above is a top section of an earth oven. Materials, Design and Foundation The ovens we made measure about 24" in finished diameter, and have an inside cooking area of 12" diameter by 14" high. They each weigh about 250 lbs, and each took about two 5-gallon buckets of clay and sand mixture to build. If you want a larger oven, please adjust the materials accordingly.
    [Show full text]