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Ancient Titicaca http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=kt429019vf&chunk.id=0&doc.v... Preferred Citation: Stanish, Charles. Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, c2003 2003. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt429019vf/ Ancient Titicaca The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia CHARLES STANISH UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London 2003 ― v ― [Dedication] This book is dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams, an inspiration to two generations of students at the University of Chicago and beyond. Preferred Citation: Stanish, Charles. Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, c2003 2003. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt429019vf/ ― v ― [Dedication] This book is dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams, an inspiration to two generations of students at the University of Chicago and beyond. ― vii ― Contents List of Figures IX List of Maps XI List of Tables XIII Foreword XV 1 of 300 7/22/2006 2:12 AM Ancient Titicaca http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=kt429019vf&chunk.id=0&doc.v... Preface XIX Acknowledgments XXI 1 Ancient Collasuyu 1 2 The Evolution of Political Economies 18 3 The Geography and Paleoecology of the Titicaca Basin 30 4 The Ethnography and Ethnohistory of the Titicaca Basin 44 5 The History of Archaeological Research in the Titicaca Basin 72 6 The Origins and Elaboration of Rank in the Early and Middle Formative Periods 99 7 The Rise of Competitive Peer Polities in the Upper Formative Period 137 8 The First State of Tiwanaku 165 9 The Rise of Complex Agro-Pastoral Societies in the Altiplano Period 204 10 Conquest from Outside: The Inca Occupation of the Titicaca Basin 236 11 The Evolution of Complex Society in the Titicaca Basin 278 APPENDIX: Selected Terms from the 1612 Aymara Dictionary of Ludovico Bertonio 295 Notes 301 References Cited 307 Index 331 ― ix ― Figures 1.1. Ideal settlement pattern for Altiplano-period pukaras and related settlements 16 5.1. Earlier chronologies utilized in the Titicaca region 81 5.2. Chronologies of the Titicaca region 90 5.3. Slab-cist tomb 93 5.4. Igloo chulpa 94 5.5. Adobe chulpa at Sillustani 94 5.6. Late Horizon chulpa near Pilcuyo 94 5.7. Major pukara 97 5.8. Major pukara walls at Tanka Tanka 97 5.9. Minor pukara 98 6.1. Pasiri pottery 103 6.2. Qaluyu pottery 103 6.3. Chiripa pottery 104 6.4. Petroglyph from San Bartolomé-Wiscachani 104 6.5. Site size distribution of Middle Formative sites in the Juli-Pomata survey area 111 6.6. Site of Canchacancha-Asiruni 112 6.7. Stela from Canchacancha-Asiruni 113 6.8. Uncarved stela from Canchacancha-Asiruni 113 6.9. Site of Qaluyu 114 6.10. Sunken court at Qaluyu 115 6.11. Uncarved stela at the site of Tariachi 130 6.12. A hypothetical sequence of elite stelae in the Titicaca Basin 131 6.13. Variable motifs on Yaya-Mama stelae 133 7.1. Pucara pottery 139 7.2. Site size distribution of Upper Formative sites in the Juli-Pomata survey area 141 7.3. Site of Pucara 143 2 of 300 7/22/2006 2:12 AM Ancient Titicaca http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=kt429019vf&chunk.id=0&doc.v... 7.4. Sunken court at Pucara 144 7.5. Hoyt monolith 146 ― x ― 8.1. Tiwanaku pottery 169 8.2. Andean cross 173 8.3. Sunken court at Tiwanaku 174 8.4. Site size distribution of Tiwanaku settlements in the Juli-Pomata survey region 185 9.1. Altiplano-period pottery 227 9.2. Pre-Inca chulpa near Pajchiri, Bolivia 230 9.3. Chulpas from the site of Sillustani, Peru 232 10.1. Inca pottery 238 10.2. Inca pottery 239 10.3. Inca walls at the site of Carpa 248 10.4. Plans of Hatuncolla and Chucuito 250 10.5. Population curve for the Juli-Pomata survey area 252 10.6. Site size distributions for the Juli-Pomata survey area for the Inca period 253 10.7. Inca-period bridge near the Pajchiri Peninsula, Bolivia 262 10.8. Inca road segment near Moho, Peru 268 10.9. Inca cut stone in Copacabana 273 ― xi ― Maps 1.1. Political map of western South America 2 1.2. Extent of Inca empire at its height 3 1.3. Hypothesized late Middle Formative–period polities, with selected regional centers 5 1.4. Hypothesized Upper Formative–period polities at the height of Pucara, with selected regional centers 6 1.5. Hypothesized late Upper Formative–period polities after Pucara collapse and prior to Tiwanaku state expansion 8 1.6. Hypothesized areas under direct Tiwanaku control at its height 9 1.7. Hypothesized pattern of political control and influence of the Tiwanaku state at its height 10 3.1. Quechua and Aymara cultural areas 32 3.2. The circum-Titicaca region 33 3.3. Rainfall isohyets in the Titicaca Basin 34 3.4. Mean temperature gradients in the Titicaca Basin 34 4.1. The Titicaca Basin 52 4.2. Distribution of Quechua in the sixteenth century 53 4.3. Distribution of Pukina in the sixteenth century 57 4.4. Distribution of Uruquilla in the sixteenth century 60 4.5. Distribution of raised-field areas in the Titicaca Basin 64 6.1. Selected Formative-period sites mentioned in text 105 6.2. Pasiri-period settlement patterns in the Juli-Pomata survey area 106 6.3. Early Formative settlement pattern on the Island of the Sun 107 6.4. Early Sillumocco settlement pattern in the Juli-Pomata survey area 123 3 of 300 7/22/2006 2:12 AM Ancient Titicaca http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=kt429019vf&chunk.id=0&doc.v... 6.5. Middle Formative–period settlement on the Island of the Sun 127 7.1. Hypothesized distribution of Pucara control and influence at its height 147 7.2. Late Sillumocco settlement distribution in the Juli-Pomata survey area 150 7.3. Late Titinhuayani settlement pattern on the Island of the Sun 153 ― xii ― 8.1. Distribution of settlement in the Tiwanaku Valley during Tiwanaku's height 176 8.2. Known Tiwanaku sites in the Peruvian Titicaca Basin 183 8.3. Tiwanaku settlement patterns in the Juli-Pomata survey area 184 8.4. Tiwanaku settlement pattern on the Island of the Sun 186 9.1. Sixteenth-century political and ethnic boundaries in the Titicaca Basin 205 9.2. Major pukaras in the south 210 9.3. Altiplano-period settlement pattern in the Juli-Pomata survey area 217 9.4. Altiplano-period settlement pattern on the Island of the Sun 218 9.5. Hypothesized migration routes of Aymara-speakers in the post-Tiwanaku period 223 9.6. Distribution of languages circa A.D. 500, according to Torero 223 10.1. Inca-period settlement pattern in the Juli-Pomata survey region 251 10.2. Inca-period settlement pattern on the Island of the Sun 257 10.3. Towns required to provide gold as tribute in the sixteenth century, according to the Toledo Tasa 265 ― xiii ― Tables 3.1. Soil types according to Aymara informants 37 3.2. Agro-ecological zones in the Titicaca Basin 38 3.3. Wetter and drier periods, A.D. 540–1984 41 3.4. Periods of low lake levels 42 4.1. Census of Lupaqa tribute payers from the Diez de San Miguel Visita in 1567 48 4.2. Lupaqa census of Alonso de Buitrago in the Diez de San Miguel Visita in 1567 49 4.3. Sixteenth-century settlement hierarchy as suggested by entries in Bertonio's dictionary 50 4.4. Prices of selected commodities in the Diez de San Miguel Visita 70 5.1. Site types in the Titicaca Basin for all time periods 91 5.2. Chart of tomb types per period in the Titicaca Basin 96 6.1. Habitation site types per period in the Titicaca Basin 111 6.2. Population table from the Juli-Pomata survey 124 6.3. Middle Formative sites from the Juli-Pomata survey area 125 7.1. Estimated size of selected Upper Formative regional centers 149 7.2. Population per habitation site type per period in the Juli-Pomata survey area 151 8.1. Major Prehispanic urban centers in the Americas 178 Selected secondary and tertiary urban centers in the Titicaca Basin during 10.1. 240 the Inca occupation 10.2. Census of selected towns from the Toledo Tasa and the Diez de San Miguel Visita 241 10.3. Selected towns and their tribute items as listed in the Toledo Tasa 266 ― xv ― 4 of 300 7/22/2006 2:12 AM Ancient Titicaca http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=kt429019vf&chunk.id=0&doc.v... Foreword Joyce Marcus, University of Michigan The unfortunate peculiarity of the history of man is, that although its separate parts have been examined with considerable ability, hardly anyone has attempted to combine them into a whole, and ascertain the way in which they are connected with each other. Henry T. Buckle, The History of Civilization in England, 1857 Henry T. Buckle would have applauded this book. Many of the world's great civilizations—Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman—have been the subject of books, but few of those books connect the parts into a whole as this one does. Charles Stanish combines empirical archaeological data with a wide range of models, showing us how society could be transformed from autonomous village to expansionist empire over the course of three millennia. The fact that this book covers Andean civilization, a culture far less known than the four mentioned above, makes it rarer still.
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  • Assemblages of Bird and Mammal Communities in Two Major Ecological Units of the Andean Highland Plateau of Southern Peru

    Assemblages of Bird and Mammal Communities in Two Major Ecological Units of the Andean Highland Plateau of Southern Peru

    Ecología Aplicada, 6(1,2), 2007 Presentado: 05/07/2007 ISSN 1726-2216 Aceptado: 08/12/2007 Depósito legal 2002-5474 © Departamento Académico de Biología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima – Perú. ASSEMBLAGES OF BIRD AND MAMMAL COMMUNITIES IN TWO MAJOR ECOLOGICAL UNITS OF THE ANDEAN HIGHLAND PLATEAU OF SOUTHERN PERU ESTRUCTURA DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE AVES Y MAMÍFEROS EN DOS UNIDADES ECOLÓGICAS DE LOS ANDES DEL SUR DEL PERÚ Oswaldo Ramirez1, Margarita Arana1, Enrique Bazán1, Angel Ramirez2 y Asunción Cano2 Abstract Grasslands in the Andean highlands plateau of southern Peru have been considered as a single and homogeneous dry habitat also known as Puna. However, in some regions, a highest rainfall regimen is found, and the name of wet puna has begun to be used by some authors. Since no studies have been carrying out specifically to test if dry and wet puna are different ecological units, we chose two representative localities of each one of these habitat to evaluate assemblages of bird and mammal communities and their continuity or independence between these apparently similar habitats. Our results suggest that wet puna has different mammal diversity than dry puna, and a heterogeneous bird community with species that have been previously reported exclusively in paramo or exclusively in puna. In spite of the apparent uniform flora in the Andean highlands of South Peru, data suggest that rainfall regimens produce a mosaic of habitats that will be determining ecological barriers for terrestrial mammals, in particular for small mammals. Key words: Andean grasslands, Andean plateau, Cuzco, Oriental Cordillera, paramo, puna, Puno. Resumen Los Pajonales de los Andes del sur del Perú, también conocidos como Puna, son considerados como hábitats homogéneos y secos.