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Les Poissons De Mangrove Du Lagon Sud-Ouest De Nouvelle-Calédonie Représente La Principale Démarche De Cette Analyse

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Les Poissons De Mangrove Du Lagon Sud-Ouest De Nouvelle-Calédonie Représente La Principale Démarche De Cette Analyse Pierre THOLLOT LES POISSONS DE MANGROVE DU LAGON SUD-OUEST, DE NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE OR5TOM Éditions INSTITUTFRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT EN COOPÉRATION Collection ÉTUDES et THÈSES PARIS 1996 Cet ouvrage a fait l'objet d'une thèse de doctorat (nouveau régime) soutenue le 31 janvier 1992 à l'Université d'Aix-Marseille Il (Centre Océanologique de Marseille - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers) pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en Océanologie. La loi du 11 mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 41, d'une part, que les «copies ou repro­ ductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective» et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration, «toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l'auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite» (alinéa1 er de l'article 40). Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon sanc­ tionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code pénal. ISSN : 0767-2888 © ORSTOM Éditions 1996 ISBN: 2-7099-1310-0 SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE 3 RESUME - ABSTRACT .4 INTRODUCTION 5 Premierchapitre PRESENTATION DEL'EcoSYSfEME EnJOlE 1.- LES MANGROVES 9 2.- LA NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE 13 3.- LESMANGROVES DE NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE 18 Deuxièmec/rapitre CARACfERISATlON Du MIUEU 1.- INTRODUCTION 25 2.- TELEDETECTION DES MANGROVES DU LAGON SUD-OUEST 25 3.- LES PARAMETRES DU MILIEU 34 4.- CONCLUSIONS 52 Troisième c/rapitre INVENTAIRE QUALITATIF ETAFFINITES BIOGEOGRAPHIQUES 1.- INTRODUCTION 57 2.- MATERIEL ET METHODES 58 3.- RESULTATS 64 4.- DISCUSSION 75 5.- CONCLUSIONS 78 Quatrième c/rapitre ANALYSE QUANTITATIVE DES PECHES 1.- INTRODUCTION 83 2.- MATERIELET METHODES 83 3.- RESULTATS 87 4.- DISCUSSION 117 5.- CONCLUSiONS 126 Cilrquième c/rapitre STRUcrURES ETFoNcrJONNEMENT DEL'IcHTYOFAUNE DES MANGROVES PRE"'UERE PAR11E: STRUcrURE SPATIALE 129 DEUXIEME PAR17E: STRUcrURE'rEMPORElLE 149 TROISfEME PAR17E: RELATIONS ENTRE L'ICHTYOFAUNE ET LES FACfEURS Du MIUEU 171 QUATRIEME PAR17E: STRUcrURE TROPHIQUE 187 Sixième chapitre STRUcrURES ETFONcrJONNEMENT DEL'ICHTYOFAUNE DES MANGROVES 1.- INTRODUCTION 223 2.- LIENSICHTYOLOGIQUES ENTRE MANGROVES. FONDSMEUBLES. RECIFSCORALLIENS 223 3.-ROLEDE LA MANGROVE POURLESESPECES LAGONAIRES 231 4.-EBAUCHE DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES PEUPLEMENTS ICHTYOLOGIQUES LAGONAIRES 241 5.- CONCLUSiONS 243 CONCLUSION 245 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES 249 ANNEXE1 273 ANNEXE 11. 283 ANNEXEIll : 293 ANNEXEIV : , 303 ANNEXEV: 319 - 3· LFsPoISSONS DE MANGROVE Du LAGONSun-OUEST DE NOUVELLE-CALEOONlE RESUME L'échantillonnage des poissons de mangrove du lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie, réalisé à l'aide de filets rnaillants, de capéchades et d'empoisonnements à la roténone. a permis l'identification de 262 espèces de poissons réparties en 64 familles. Les Gobiidae, les Apogonidae, les Carangidae, les Serranidae, les Lethrinidae, les Clupeidae et les Mugilidae représentent les familles les plus diversifiées et sont caractéristiques de ces communautés. L'inventaire des poissons de mangroves de Nouvelle-Calédonie possède de fortes affinités avec les recensements effectués aux Fidji et à Vanuatu en raison de l'absence de Sciaenidae et d'Ariidae et de la fréquentation des mangroves par des espèces récifales. d'herbiers ou de fonds meubles. Les communautés sont très hétérogènes et dominées par un petit nombre d'espèces de petite taille et de juvéniles. dont certains possèdent un intérêt économique. Les structures spatiales des communautés sont régies par l'importance de la turbidité et de la nature du substrat. Les mangroves de bordure CÔtière accueillent principalement des espèces passagères alors que les formations estuariennes abritent des espèces résidentes. La structure temporelle est très dynamique en raison d'importants phénomènes de successions et de migrations. Le réseau alimentaire de l'ichtyofaune est basé. soit sur les microalgues benthiques dans les mangroves de bordure CÔtière. soit sur le phytoplancton et les détritus dans les estuaires. Indépendamment de la principale source de carbone, le fonctionnement trophique est similaire. les espèces résidentes participant au cycle de la matière interne aux mangroves et les espèces passagères exportant de l'énergie vers les eaux côtières adjacentes. En fait. les liens ichtyologiques existant entre les mangroves et le lagon sont limités. Us concernent seulement 15% des espèces recensées dans la baie de Saint-Vincent. Les mangroves constituent une zone de nurserie pour un petit nombre d'espèces récifales et de fonds meubles. notamment dans les estuaires. Les mangroves représentent un biotope où des poissons adultes de fonds meubles viennent s'alimenter. Globalement. cela représente une perte d'énergie (non mesurée et sans doute faible) pour les mangroves, elle semble être dirigée principalement vers les fonds meubles. L'indépendance de ces communautés de poissons suggère qu'elles pourraient. dans une certaine mesure. être auto-suffisantes. L'impact direct de la modification des mangroves sur les poissons des milieux avoisinants devrait, à court terme. être limité. En revanche. des effets néfastes secondaires sont envisageables. notamment une diminution de la qualité de l'environnement lagonaire en cas de destructions massives de mangroves. MOTS CLES : Poissons. Mangrove. Ecologie. Interactions ichtyologiques, Nouvelle-Calédonie. TITLE: Mangrovefishesfrom the south-west lagoon of New Caledonia. Community structure. Relationships with lagoon fishfauna. ABSTRACT Mangrove fishes from the south-west lagoon of New Caledonia were sampled using gill nets. fyke nets and rotenone poisonings. 262 species and 64 familles of fish were censused. Gobiidae, Apogonidae, Carangidae, Serranidae, Lethrinidae, Clupeidae and Mugilidae are the most diversified familles and characterize the fish assemblage. High zoogeographie affinities exist between New Caledonia mangrove fish inventory and those from Fidji and Vanuatu. These species lists share together the absence of Scianidae and Ariidae and the presence in the mangrove of reef, seagrass bed and soft bottom fish species. Small species or juveniles. sorne of them being of commercial interest, usually highly dominate the catch. Spatial variations of species composition and distribution are related to turbidity and substrate. Transient species are numerous within fringing mangroves while resident species live in estuarine mangroves. Temporal structure show high fluctuations due to species migrations and abundance variations. Small benthic algae in fringing mangroves. phytoplankton and detritus in estuaries are at the base of the food webs. Resident species enter the mangal energy cycle while transient species export energy to adjacent ecosystems. Links between mangrove and lagoon fish fauna are less pronounced than it is usually thought. Only 15% of the species richness of the Saint Vincent bay fish fauna are concerned by such interactions. Juveniles of a small number of reef and soft bottoms fish species use mangroves. mainly estuarine ones, as nurseries. Mangroves represent a rich feeding ground for sorne soft bottoms fish species. A net export of energy (unquantified) from mangroves to adjacent waters. essentially soft bottoms, occurs. To a certain extent, coastal fish communities appear to be relatively independant and self-sufficient, Modifications of the mangroves should not lead rapidly to great changes in the nearby fish communities. However, secondary negative effects can be suspected, such as a lowering of environmental conditions in case of massive mangrove destructions. KEYWORDS : Fish, Mangal, Ecology, Fish fauna interactions. New Caledonia. - 4 - INTRODUCTION Depuis plusieurs années. les lagons de Nouvelle-Calédonie font l'objet de nombreux travaux scientifiques. En 1984.I'ORSTOM a lancé le programme "LAGON". une étude multi-disciplinaire intégrée des milieux lagonaires de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Celle-ci est orientée d'une part vers la description des structures et la compréhension des fonctionnements de ces milieux et d'autre part vers le recensement et l'exploitation des ressources halieutiques. la protection et la gestion de l'environnement. Les communautés ichtyologiques constituent une composante importante des peuplements lagonaires. Elles ne sauraient être ignorées. tant par leur diversité et leur rôle dans les flux énergétiques que par leur intérêt économique. L'étude des peuplements de poissons de mangrove de Nouvelle-Calédonie s'inscrit dans le cadre du programme LAGON. en collaboration avec les travaux concernant les poissons récifaux menés par M. Kulbicki et les poissons de fonds meubles cbalutables effectués par L. Wantiez. Jusqu'à présent. seule l'étude préliminaire à ce travail. décrivant l'organisation de l'ichtyofaune de la mangrove de Déama (THoLLOT. 1987. 1988. 1989). avait été réalisée. Compte-tenu de l'importance des mangroves sur le littoral néo-calédonien. il convenait de poursuivre cette démarche et d'étendre la zone d'étude à l'ensemble du lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie. La description des peuplements ichtyologiques des mangroves de Nouvelle-Calédonie présente un intérêt scientifique d'autant plus élevé que cet écosystème est resté relativement vierge. Cette action de recherche pourrait donc constituer un état de référence. un point zéro. permettant d'apprécier les conséquences des activités anthropiques (destruction. aménagement du littoral. pollution.
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