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Home , Acanthurus lineatus, Acanthurus nigricauda, Acanthurus polyzona, Amblycirrhitus, Amblyglyphidodon, Amblyglyphidodon curacao

781

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-781

.<°:x An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Samoa

Richard C. Wass

May 1984

Marine Biological I Laboratory |

LIBRARY j

OCT 14 1992 !

Woods Hole, Mass

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adnninistration National Marine Service .

NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS

National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries

The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the enforcement resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance

and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report— Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibhographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Repons NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained from D822, User Services Branch, Environ- mental Science Information Center, NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852. Recent SSRF's are:

722. Gulf menhaden, Brevoorlia patronus, purse seine fishery: Catch, fishing 733. Possible management procedures for increasing production of sockeye activity, and age and size composition, 1964-73. By William R. Nicholson. salmon smolts in the Naknek River system, Bristol Bay, Alaska. By Robert J.

iii 4 figs., II tables. March 1978, iii + 8 p., 1 fig., 12 tables. Ellis and William J. McNeil. April 1979, + 9 p.,

723. Ichthyoplankton composition and volumes from inland coastal 734. Escape of king , Paralithodes camtschatica, from derelict pots. By waters of southeastern Alaska, April-November 1972. By Chester R. Mattson William L. High and Donald D. Woriund. May 1979, iii -f 11 p., 5 figs., 6 and Bruce L. Wing. April 1978, iii + II p., 1 fig.. 4 tables. tables.

724. Estimated average daily instantaneous numbers of recreational and com- 735. History of the fishery and summary statistics of the sockeye salmon, On- mercial fishermen and boaters in the St. Andrew Bay system, Florida, and adja- cnrhynchus nerka. runs to the Chignik Lakes, Alaska, 1888-1956. By Michael cent coastal waters, 1973. By Doyle F. Sutherland. May 1978, iv + 23 p., 31 L. Dahlberg. August 1979, iv + 16 p., 15 figs., 11 tables. figs. 11 tables. 736. A historical and descriptive account of Pacific coast anadromous salmonid 725. Seasonal bottom-water temperature trends in the Gulf of Maine and on rearing facilities and a summary of their releases by region, 1960-76. By Roy iv H- 16 15 figs., 25 tables. Georges Bank, 1963-75. By Clarence W. Davis. May 1978, iv -i- 17 p., 22 figs., J. Wahle and Robert Z. Smith. September 1979. p., 5 tables. 737. Movements of pelagic dolphins {Slenella spp.) in the eastern tropical Pa- 726. The Gulf of Maine temperature structure between Bar Harbor, Maine, and cific as indicated by results of tagging, with summary of tagging operations, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, June 1975-November 1976. By Robert J. Pawlowski. 1969-76. By W. F. Perrin, W. E. Evans, and D. B. Holts. September 1979, iii

December 1978, iii -i- 10 p., 14 figs., 1 table. + 14 p., 9 figs., 8 tables.

727. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD 738. Environmental baselines in Long Sound, 1972-73. By R. N. Reid, Ship of Opportunity Program for 1975. By Steven K. Cook, Barclay P. CoUins. A. B. Frame, and A. F. Draxler. December 1979, iv + 31 p., 40 figs.. 6 tables. and Christine S. Cany. January 1979, iv -¥ 93 p., 2 figs., 13 tables, 54 app. figs. 739. Bottom-water temperature trends in the Middle Atlantic Bight during spring

728. Vertical sections of semimonthly mean temperature on the San Francisco- and autumn, 1964-76. By Clarence W. Davis. December 1972, iii + 13 p., 10 Honolulu route: From expendable bathythermograph observations, June 1%6- figs., 9 tables.

Deceraber 1974. By J. F. T. Saur, L. E. Eber, D. R. McLain, and C. E. Dorman.

January 1979, iii + 35 p., 4 figs., 1 table. 740. Food of fifteen northwest Atlantic gadiform . By Richard W. 729. References for the indentification of marine on the southern Langton and Ray E. Bowman. February 1980, iv + 23 p., 3 figs., 11 tables.

Atlantic coast of the United States. By Richard E. Dowds. April 1979, iv -i- 37 p. 741. Distribution of gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea) in the Middle At-

730. Surface circulation in the northwest Gulf of as deduced from lantic Bight region. By John J. Dickinson, Roland L. Wigley, Richard D. Bro- drift bottles. By Robert F. Temple and John A. Martin. May 1979, iii + 13 p., deur, and Susan Brown-Leger. October 1980, iv + 46 p.. 26 figs., 52 tables.

8 figs., 4 tables. 742. Water structure at Ocean Weather Station V, northwestern Pacific Ocean, 731. Annotated bibliography and subject index on the shortnose .sturgeon, Aci- 1966-71. By D. M. Husby and G. R. Seckel. October 1980, 18 figs., 4 tables. penser brevirostrum. By James G. Hoff. April 1979, iii -t- l6 p. 743. Average density index for walleye pollock, Theragra chakogamma, in the

732. Assessment of the Northwest Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, stock Bering Sea. By Loh-Lee Low and Ikuo Ikeda. November 1980, iii + II p..

By Emory D. Anderson. April 1979, iv + 13 p., 9 figs., 15 tables. 3 figs., 9 tables. NOAA Technical Report SSRF-781

An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Samoa

Richard C. Wass

May 1984

' Marine Biological Laboratory \ LIBRARY

OCT 14 1992

Woods Hole, Mass.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

John V. Byrne, Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service

William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material or mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, sales pro- to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Geography and physiography 1

Literature review 1 Collection and identification of fishes 2 Samoan names 2 Format 2 Summary of contents 3 List of fishes 3 Hexanchidae (Bulldog sharks) 3 Orectolobidae (Nurse sharks) 3 Lamnidae (Mackerel sharks) 3 Alopiidae (Thresher sharks) 3 Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks) 3 Sphymidae (Hammerhead sharks) 3 Squalidae (Dogfish sharks) 4 Rhynchobatidae (Narrow-snouted shovelnose rays) 4 Dasyatididae (Sting rays) 4 Mobulidae (Mantas) 4 Myliobatidae (Eagle rays) 4 Elopidae (Ladyfishes) 4 Megalopidae (Tarpons) 4 Albulidae (Bonefishes) 4 Anguillidae (Freshwater ) 4 Moringuidae (Worm eels) 4 Xenocongridae (False morays) 4 Muraenidae (Morays) 5 Congridae (Conger and garden eels) 6

Ophichthidae (Snake eels) 6 Clupeidae (Herrings) 6 Engraulididae (Anchovies) 7 Synodontidae (Lizardfishes) 7 Chanidae (Milkfishes) 7 Plotosidae ( catfishes) 7 Gobiesocidae (Clingfishes) 7 Antennariidae () 7 Ophidiidae (Brotulas and cusk eels) 7 Bythitidae 7 Carapidae (Pearlfishes) 7 Exocoetidae (Flyingfishes) 8 Hemiramphidae () 8 Belonidae (Needlefishes) 8 Poeciliidae (Mollies 8 Atherinidae (Silverfishes) 8 Isonidae (Surf-fishes) 9 Anomalopidae (Lantern-eyes) 9 Holocentridae (Squirrelfishes) 9 Lampridae (Moonfish family) 10 Aulostomidae (Trumpetfishes) 10 Fistulariidae (Cornetfishes) 10 Macrorhamphosidae (Snipefishes) 10 ( and sea horses) 10 (Scorpionfishes) 10 Caracanthidae (Dwarf rockfishes) 11 Platycephalidae (Flatheads) 11 Dactulopteridae (Flying gurnards) 11 Centropomidae (Perchlets) 11 Percichthyidae (Temperate basses) 11 ( and sea basses) 11 Grammistidae (Soapfishes) 12 Pseudochromidae (Basslets) 12 Plesiopidae (Prettyfins) 12 Pseudogrammitidae (Reef basslets) 13 Teraponidae (Terapon perches) 13 Kuhliidae (Mountain basses) 13 Priacanthidae (Big-eyes) 13 (Cardinalfishes) 13 Malacanthidae (Tilefishes) 14 Echeneididae (Remoras) 14 (Jacks) 14 Coryphaenidae (Dolphins) 15 (Ponyfishes) 15 Bramidae (Pomfrets) 15 Caesionidae (Fusiliers) 15 (Snappers) 15 Nemipteridae (Monocle breams) 16 Gerreidae (Mojarras) 16 (Grunts and sweetlips) 17 (Emperors) 17 MuUidae (Goatfishes) 17 Monodactylidae (Silver batfishes) 17 Pempherididae (Sweepers) 17 Kyphosidae (Rudderfishes) 18 Ephippididae (Spadefishes) 18 Chaetodontidae () 18 (Anglefishes) 18 Cichlidae (Tilapia) 19 (Damselfishes) 19 (Hawkfishes) 20 Mugilidae (Mullets) 20 Sphyraenidae (Barracudas) 20 Polynemidae (Threadfins) 21 Labridae () 21 Scaridae (Parrotfishes) 23 Opistognathidae (Jawfishes) 24 Mugiloididae (Sandperches) 24 Creediidae (Sand burrowers) 24 Uranoscopidae (Stargazers) 24 Blenniidae (Blennies) 24 Tripterygiidae (Triplefms) 25 Callionymidae (Dragonettes) 26 (Gobies) 26 Eleotrididae (Sleepers) 29 (Sand lances) 30 () 30 Zanclidae ( family) 30 (Surgeonfishes and unicomfishes) 30 Siganidae (Rabbitfishes) 31 Gempylidae (Snake mackerels) 31 Scombridae (Mackerels and ) 31 Xiphiidae (Swordfish family) 31 Istiophoridae () 31 Nomeidae (Man-of-war fishes) 31 Bothidae (Lefteye flounders) 31 Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) 31 Soleidae (Soles) 31 Balistidae (Triggerfishes) 32 Monacanthidae (Filefishes) 32 Ostraciontidae (Trunkfishes) 32 (Puffers) 32 Triodontidae (Three-toothed puffers) 33 Diodontidae (Porcupinefishes) 33 Acknowledgments 33 Addendum 33 Literature cited 33 Index to scientific and common names of families 36 Index to Samoan names 38

An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Samoa

RICHARD C. WASS'

ABSTRACT

All Hshes currentfy known from the Samoa are listed by their scientiTK and Samoan names. en<

tries are annotated to include the initial Samoan distributional record, synonyms used in earlier publications deating with Samoan Tishes, and comments relating to , ecology, and distribution. New species records resulting from recent collections by the author and others are included. Brief diagnoses are provided for undescribed and

unidentified species. The list totals 991 species representing 113 families; 284 of the species are previously unrecorded from Samoa and 38 of the entries are unconfirmed records derived mostly from 19th century publications.

INTRODUCTION is high and their marine habitats are relatively pristine. A sub- marine ridge 2-3 km offshore and shoaling to 15 m parallels much The need to update and consolidate existing lists and records of of the southern coast. Reef flats are a less conspicuous feature of Samoan fishes as a basis for biological study and resource the northern coast of Tlituila and are limited primarily to the inner management became evident while the author was engaged in ex- margins of bays and coves. Steeply sloping basaltic terrain tensive collection efforts during 1974-79. The present list of all characterizes the exposed shoreline and the bottom drops rapidly known inshore and pelagic surface species is an attempt to meet to depths of 30 m or more. this need. The fish fauna of TUtuila is characteristic of the entire ar- chipelago though physiographic differences do result in minor GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY variation. Upolu has greater freshwater runoff, more extensive

estuaries, wider reef flats, and deep sandy in-

The Samoa Islands consist of a chain of 10 islands located at side the reef. Rose Atoll has no basaltic substrate or freshwater lat. 14° S and ranging from long. 168° to 173° W. From east to runoff. west the islands are generally of increasing size and more recent geological origin. Rose Island, at the easternmost end of the LITERATURE REVIEW chain, is a low atoll. The islands to the west are high and of basaltic composition. They are divided politically into Western Samoan fishes have been collected and studied since 1840 when Samoa, comprised principally of the two largest and westernmost Hombron and Jacquinot (1853) described Diagramma gibbosus islands of Savai 'i and Upolu, and comprised of from Apia, Western Samoa. The Museum Godeffroy Catalogs

Rituila, Aunu'u, Ofu, Olosega, Ta'u, and Rose Islands.' (Schmeltz 1865-79) and Giinther's ( 1873-1910) Fische der SUdsee

The collections upon which the present paper is based were include many early references to Samoan fishes. Other significant made primarily around "Rituila at the midpoint of the Samoan ar- 19th century studies are summarized by Jordan and Scale (1906) chipelago. Fishes were also collected at Rose and Upolu where ef- who noted that 164 fishes were recorded from Samoa by 1902. fort was concentrated in habitats not well developed around Their Fishes of Samoa lists 475 species for the archipelago and

Tlituila. is the first comprehensive survey of Samoan ichthyofauna. It is

The southern coast of Tlituila is bordered by a more or less con- based on a collection of fishes made in 1902 by David S. Jordan tinuous fringing reef flat which is partially exposed at low tide. and Vernon L. Kellogg under the sponsorship of the U.S. Bureau

Four prominent bays indent the coastline. Pago Pago Bay is the of Fisheries. Steindachner (1906), Fowler and Silvester (1922), largest and is bordered by the most populous and developed area Fowler (1925, 1932, 1940), Jordan (1927), and Seale (1935) of the island. Port facilities, cannery and domestic wastes, and recorded additional fishes from Samoa. shoreline runoff contribute toward a considerable decline in water A second extensive listing of Samoan fishes is foimd in Fishes quality within the bay (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers'). Pala oflhe Phoenix and Samoan Islands by Leonard P. Schuhz (1943). is a shallow, mangrove-fringed bay with limited circula- While most of Jordan and Kellogg's fishes were collected aroimd tion. Its waters are turbid and polluted with human and Upolu, the 270 species that Schultz collected were taken from agricultural wastes (Helfrich et al. 1975). Larsen and Fagatele 1\ituila, Ta'u, and Rose. He listed 171 additional species Bays are deep and exposed to wind and swell. Their water quality deposited at the U.S. National Museum by earlier collectors in- cluding the Wilkes Exploring Expedition and Jordan and Kellogg for a total of 441. Schultz included keys for the identification of 'Office of Marine Resources, American Samoa Government, Pago Pago, Samoan fishes though most are superseded by the more recent American Samoa %799. and comprehensive keys in his Fishes of the Marshall and 'Swains Island, located at lat. 11 °S and long. 171 °W, is also governed by

American Samoa. Geographically, however, it belongs with the Tokelau Islands Marianas Islands (Schultz et al. 1953, 1960, 1966). so its fishes will not be considered herein. A complete listing of the taxonomic literature pertaining to Sa- 'U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1979. Baseline water quality survey in moan fishes through 1945 is given by Fowler (1928, 1931a, 1934, American Samoa, American Samoa water resources study, 117 p. Report 1949). Additional fishes have subsequently been recorded from prepared by M & E Pacific, Inc. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Shafter, Honolulu. HI 96858. Samoa in species descriptions and generic revisions, but tax- onomic lists are lacking excepting that of Helfrich et al. (1975) dated. Jordan and Scale's (1906) list is the most widely used but which records the fishes of Pala Lagoon, and a list of freshwater many of their names were deemed incorrect or were not recogniz- fishes from TUtuila by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.' ed by the committee formed by the author to obtain Samoan names. Jordan and Seale's volume includes a "Glossary of the COLLECTION AND IDENTEnCATION Principle Words Composing Native Names of Samoan Fishes" by

OF nSHES W. E. Safford which is still very useful, however. The best

reference for Samoan names is that of Demandt (1913). He in- Collections were made in a wide range of marine, brackish, and cluded an alphabetical listing of Samoan names and their applica- freshwater habitats during the present study. Smaller fishes were tion plus a phylogenetic listing of the scientific names and cor- taken primarily with an ichthyocide (rotenone) while large ones responding Samoan names for different size categories. Kramer were usually speared. Specimens were also obtained through the (1903) also listed Samoan names. use of nets and hook-and-line as well as by purchase from local The Samoan fish names listed herein were obtained primarily markets and donation from fishermen. Because the efforts of Jor- from a committee of four older fishermen from Tutuila, Ta'u, dan, Kellogg, Schultz, and other early collectors were confined and Savai'i who are known for their fishing expertise. The group largely to tidepools, streams, and shallow inshore areas, collecting was chaired by a younger fisherman who etlso acted as translator. efforts for the present study were concentrated in deeper water at Fishes were identified from original and published photographs in depths of 10 to 75 m using scuba and to 500 m with hook-and- conjunction with an examination of preserved specimens. line. Comments on size, habitat, distribution, color, and behavior Care was taken to obtain accurate and current identification for were provided by the author. A short discussion generally resulted each species. The assistance of individuals specializing in the tax- in agreement on the proper name or names. Names listed by onomy of certain families or genera was sought at every oppor- Demandt (1913), Jordan and Scale (1906), and others were also tunity. Taxonomic specialists were also asked to review species discussed and are included if not rejected by the committee. lists, update synonymies, and provide additional species records There is seldom a one-to-one relationship between fish species for Samoa. Their participation is an essential part of this study and Samoan names. Except for distinctive and common species, a because the taxonomy of Indo-Pacific fishes is fragmentary and single Samoan name generally applies to a group of related species under constant revision as evidenced by the number of recent with similar shapes and color patterns. Names which apply to species descriptions and generic revisions cited at the end of this smaller species groups or to individual species may vary between paper. islands or even from village to village. The more general names

The list recorded herein is still preliminary and subject to applicable to larger species complexes and families, however, tend nomenclatural change resulting from future taxonomic research. to be uniform. Many species possess two or more names related to

It is also incomplete in that numerous species are identified only size or color pattern. Again, the names are often shared with to and because many fishes, particularly those inhabiting closely related species of similar size and color. All names are in- deeper water and restricted habitats, probably remain un- cluded in the present list with comments relative to geographic collected. usage and their application to color variations and size ranges.

Most of the specimens upon which this study is based are hous- ed in the Jean P. Haydon Museum of American Samoa. FORMAT Undescribed and rare species, as well as those of questionable Species composing the checklist are listed under their respective identity, were donated to the taxonomists who assisted with their families which are arranged in approximate phylogenetic order ac- identification. Subsequently, these and other specimens have been cording to the system of Greenwood et al. (1966). The common deposited within the collections of larger museums where they are English name for the family is listed in association with its scien- accessible for wider study. tific name. Samoan names which apply to the family as a whole Several species recorded from Samoa by earlier authors were and taxonomic comments and assistance are included and not collected or observed during the present study. The records of acknowledged under the family heading. Jordan and Scale (1906) and Schultz (1943) were confirmed through examination of specimens deposited at the U.S. National Genera and species are listed alphabeticcilly within their respec- Museum. The records of Scale (1935) were verified at the Califor- tive families and in association with the species author and date of nia Academy of Sciences. Samoan specimens were also examined description. An asterisk (*) in the left margin indicates the present

at the B. P. Bishop Museum. Unfortunately, it was not possible to author's inability to confirm the validity of the published record. examine the specimens upon which the unconfirmed records of Samoan names are listed in boldface immediately following Schmeltz (1865-79), Kner and Steindachner (1866), Kner (1868), the scientific name. If previously recorded from Samoa, the

Steindachner (1870, 1901, 1906), Giinther (1871-1910), and Pohl species name is followed by a reference to the first record in-

(1884) are based. Correspondence with taxonomic specialists has cluding the name listed in the publication even if it was a misiden-

resulted in the synonymy and invalidation of many of these tification. Synonyms used by Jordan and Seale (1906) and Schultz records and most of those remaining probably deserve a similar (1943) are noted for easy reference to these important studies. Ad-

fate. ditional synonyms are also listed for some entries but the reader is referted to Jordan and Seale (1906), Fowler (1928, 1931a, 1934, SAMOAN NAMES 1949), and the recent literature listed in the Literature Cited of this report for comprehensive synonymies.

Existing lists of Samoan fish names are incomplete and out- Recent taxonomic opinions and changes are also noted under the species headings. Many have not been published but are in- 'U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1981. American Samoa stream mventory, cluded in an attempt to make the list as current as possible. For island of Tutuila, American Samoa water resources study, 122 p. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Shafter, Honolulu, HI %858. species with color patterns that vary with age and sex, synonyms are linked with color if appropriate. Comments relative to the This deepwater species is occasionally caught by handline fish- ecology and distribution of a species may also be included. ermen. Though every effort was made, species identification was not always possible because the species may be undescribed, because Orectolobidae (Nurse Sharks) types have been damaged or lost, or simply because additional

study of related material is necessary. In these cases the fishes are Nebrius fermgineus {Lesson, 1830). Moemoeao. listed as sp. or spp. under the proper genus. Collection data in- Cinglymostoma mulleri—Schmehz, 1877. cluding number collected, range of standard lengths, and depth of Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783). Ta'aneva, moemoeao. capture are noted. A short diagnosis of key characteristics, in-

cluding life colors, is given to facilitate subsequent identification. Museum catalog numbers are listed for most of the unidentified Lamnidae (Mackerel Sharks) and for some of the uncommon species. The following abbrevia- tions are used: Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810. Aso-polota.

AMS — The Australian Museum, Sydney, Alopiidae (Thresher Sharks) ANSP — Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Penn. BPBM — Bemice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Thresher sharks are occasionally caught in Samoan waters by CAS — California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif. longline vessels though no specimens were available for ex- GMBL — Grice Marine Biological Laboratory, Charleston, S.C. amination. MU— Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia NMB — Naturhistoriches Museum, Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany Carcharhinidae (Requiem Sharks) WAM — Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia

USNM— U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. The general name for sharks in Samoa is malie. J. A. F. Gar- rick provided comments regarding the taxonomy of this family. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Carcharhinus a/bimarginalus (Riippeti, 1837). Aso. The checklist includes 566 species collected and identified by Carcharhinus amblyrhvnchos (Bleeker, 1856). Malie-aloalo. the author, 225 species collected by the author and identified by a Garrick has found that menisorrah, as used by Schultz (in recognized authority for the species complex, 27 species recorded Schultz et al. 1953) and subsequent authors, is a misidentifica- from Samoa in the literature with the identifications confirmed by tion. the author through examination of museum specimens, 36 species Carcharhinus falciformis (WoTon in Miiller and Henle, 1841). recorded from Samoa in the literature and validated through per- Carcharhinus galapagensis (Snodgrass and Heller, 1905). sonal communication with knowledgeable taxonomists, 1 1 species Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes in Miiller and Henle, 1841). recorded from Samoa in the literature since 1957, and 7 species Carcharhinus Umbatus (Valenciennes in Miiller and Henle, 1841). recently collected and identified by recognized authorities. An ad- Eulamia Umbatus—Steindachner, 1906. ditional 38 unconfirmed records from the older literature are also Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861). Apoapo. listed with their uncertainty denoted by an asterisk. They are listed Carcharhinus melanoplerus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824). Apeape, by the name currently accepted as valid for the name under which malie-alamata. they were originally recorded. Carcharias melanoplerus— Jordan and Evermann, 1905. Including the 78 species identified only to family or genus, the Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron and LeSueur in LeSueur, 1822). Naiufi.

list totals 991 species; 1 13 families are represented and 284 species Negaprion aculidens (Riippell, 1837). are listed which have not been previously recorded from Samoa. Prionace glauca {Linnaeus, 1758). Aso-polota.

Of the total, 890 are considered shallow-water or reef-inhabiting This record is based on an observation by Patrick Bryan and species (generally found at depths <60 m); 56 are considered Roger Pfium of a shark caught near the surface on a handline deeper bottom fishes (associated with the bottom at depths of about 12 km offshore. 60-500 m); and 45 are considered pelagic siu"face species (frequent- Triaenodon oftffiws (Riippell, 1837). Malu. ing the offshore waters above the thermocline at depths < 200 m). Triaenodon obesus— Randall, 1977. None of the listed species are true deepwater fishes. About 40 fishes are presently known only from Samoa and Sphymidae (Hammerhead Sharks) most are undescribed. The majority of these will probably be found in neighboring archipelagos as more extensive collections Sphyrna tew/n; Griffith and Smith in Cuvier, Griffith, and Smith, are made. Excepting the relatively isolated Hawaiian fauna in 1834. Mata'itaUga. which about 29% of the species are endemic (Randall 1976), most The young of this species are commonly captured by gillnet in of the marine fishes of Oceania are rather widely distributed and Pago Pago Bay. species composing the Samoan fauna are no exception. 'Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758). Mata'italiga. Sphyrna zygaena— ioxdan and Seale, 1906.

LIST OF nSHES The two specimens upon which this record is based were not cataloged and could not be found within the collection of the Hexanchidae (Bulldog Sharks) U.S. National Museum. This species may occur in Samoa but

Jordan and Seale probably confused it with lewini which is cer- Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788). tainly the more abundant of the two. Squalidae (Dogfish Sharks) >lwg«///(7 <7uy/TO/is Richardson, 1841. Anguilla sidat—Schmeltz, 1869. Bottom handline fishermen have reported catches of spiny As A. australis and A. sidat, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as dogfish (Squalus) at depths of 100 m or more though no Muraena australis, Schultz, 1943. specimens were available for examination. Likewise, Isislius Anguilla celebesensis Kaup, 1856.

brasitiensis was not seen by the author though its presence off- Anguilla megastoma— Jordan and Seale, 1906. shore is indicated by characteristic feeding scars ("plugs'* of flesh As Muraena celebesensis, Schultz, 1943. removed) on tunas and other pelagic fishes. Anguilla mauritiana Bennett, 1831. Anguilla marmorata^Schmellz, 1866. Rhynchobatidae (Narrow-Snouted Shovelnose Rays) As Muraena mauritiana, Schultz, 1943.

Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forsskal, 1775). Moringuidae (Worm Eels)

This record is based on photographs taken by Stanley N.

Swerdloff in Fagatale Bay at a depth of 30 m. Worm eels are called fafa in Samoa. Peter H. J. Castle con- siders "the nomenclature of the Indo-Pacific species of Moringua

to be in a state of complete flux" and is unable to identify Sa- Dasyatididae (Sting Rays) moan specimens at present. He concludes that moringuids are sexually dimorphic and that there may be distinctive vertebral name for rays is fai. The Samoan numbers for males and females in some species. Samoan eels were collected which key (Schultz's key to the genus Moringua, in Dasyatis kuhlii (Miiller and Henle, 1841). Fai-tala, fai-malie. Schultz et al. 1953) to each of the species listed below. However, Trygon kuhlii Giinther, 1910. — counts of pores (which correlate with vertebral Himanlura Seale, 1906. fai Jordan and numbers) in combination with measurements of relative head Himantura Seale, fai— Jordan and 1906. length and body depth reveal only three groupings for Samoan This species is synonymized under Dasyatis gerrardi by some moringuids. The following list should be considered in the light of authors. these comments.

Mobulidae (Mantas) Moringua abbreviata (Bleeker, 1863). Moringua abbreviata—Schultz, 1943. Some Samoans refer to mantas as fai-malie. No specimens were Moringua bicolor Kaup, 1856 obtained. Moringua bicolor—Schultz, 1943. Castle believes that bicolor may be the male of javanica. Myliobatidae (Eagle Rays) Moringua javanica (Kaup, 1856). Moringua javanica—Giinther, 1910. Moringua macrocephala (Bleeker, Aetobatis narinari (Euphrasen, 1790). Fai-pe'a, fai-manu. 1863). Moringua macrocephala Schultz, 1943. Aetobatis narinari—Giinther, 1910. — Moringua macrochir Bleeker, 1853. Moringua macrochir— Schultz, 1943. Elopidae (Ladyfishes) Moringua microchir Bleeker, 1853. Moringua macrocephala— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Elops hawaiiensis Regan, 1909. Elops saurus—Jordan and Seale, 1906. Xenocongridae (False Morays)

Megalopidae (Tarpons) John E. McCosker assisted with the identifications of Kaupichthys. This genus seems to be unusually well represented in Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782). Ana'analagi, fa. Samoa though its presence was not recorded until 1943. Megalops cyprinoides— Jordan and Seale, 1906.

Kaupichthys atronasus Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. Albulidae (Bonefishes) Kaupichthys brachychirus Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. Kaupichthys hyoproroides (Stromann, 1896).

Albuta sp. Ava. Kaupichthys diodontus—Schultz, 1943. Albula conorhynchus—Schmehz, 1877. Kaupichthys sp. Recent authors have treated this genus as monotypic and have TVo specimens collected at Fagasa Bay at 13 m. Pectoral long, identified all specimens as vulpes. Based on his biochemical about five eye diameters in length; distance from snout to anus

studies, James B. Shaklee believes there may be as many as six about 3.5 in total length. Body of larger specimen gray brown,

species in the genus. Further research is necessary before Sa- smaller specimen pale; both overlaid with tiny brown specks. moan specimens can be identified with assurance. (CAS 40907.) Kaupichthys sp.

AnguilUdae (Freshwater Eels) Two specimens, 104 and 1 10 mm TL; collected at Upolu Island

at 6 m. Pectoral short, its length about five times in eye

Members of this family, which are usually found in fresh or diameter; eye large, its diameter about six in head; mouth short brackish water, are known as tuna in Samoa. with rictus under hind margin of eye; posterior nasal flap lack- truncate. McCosker has also ing; caudal well developed and Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker and Randall, 1982. seen specimens from Yap. (CAS 44281.) Gymnothorax reliculatus—SchmtXtz, 1866. As G. ruppelli, Schultz, 1943. McCosker and Randall (1982) Muraenidae (Morays) noted that this species is listed as ruppeli by most authors. Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett, 1831). Pusi-pulepule, papata- in is pusi. Small in- The general name for moray eels Samoa pulepule. dividuals are sometimes termed to 'e, large ones are called Gymnothorax stellatus—ioTdan and Seale, 1906. maoa 'e, and very large specimens are referred to as atapanoa. Gymnothorax/lavimarginatus(KuppeU, 1828). Tafi-laotalo, pusi- 'aulu small pale eels Small brown eels may also be labled u and gatala. may be called apeape. John E. McCosker assisted with the iden- Gymnothorax favagineus—Schmeltz, 1 869. tifications of Cymnothorax and Uropterygius. He also provided As G. flavomarginatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. confirmation of published synonymies and revealed several that Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953). are unpublished. James E. Bohlke is considering the retention of Gymnothorax gracilicaudus (Jenkins, 1903). the generic name Gymnothorax for only those species with ser- Gymnothorax gracilicauda—Schultz, 1943. rated tooth margins. The species listed below under Gymnothorax Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rilppell, 1828). without serrated teeth would then possess the generic name Muraena hepatica— Schmeltz, 1879. Lycodontis. Gymnothorax javanicus (B\ee]f.ei, 1859). Pusi-gatala, maoa'e. Gymnothorax javanicus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Anarchias allardicei Jordan and Starks, 1906. Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker, 1864. Pusi-a'au. Anarchias allardicei— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Gymnothorax talofa—Jordan and Seale, 1906. As Uropterygius allardicei, Schultz, 1943. Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. Anarchias leucurus (Snyder, 1904).

Uropterygius leucurus—Schultz, 1943. Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw and Nodder, 1795). Puali'i,

Randall and McCosker (1975) discussed the confusion between 'ai'aiivi. this species and seychellensis. The present identification is, Gymnothorax meleagris— Jordan and Seale, 1906. therefore, provisional. As G. leucostictus, Schultz, 1943. Anarchias spp. Gymnothorax monostigmus (Regan, 1909). Anarchias needs revision. Samoan specimens belonging to Gymnothorax monosligma— Schultz, 1943. possibly three additional species have been collected. One form Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl, 1789). Onea. is tan with pale rectangular specks over most of the body; variegata—Schmeltz, 1866. another is a uniform fawn color with the dorsal originating only As Gymnothorax favaginea, G. litus, G. pictus, and G. poly- slightly behind the anus and the third is pale with irregular ophthalmus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. brown bars and saddles on the body and brown bars on the Gymnothorax pindae Smith, 1962.

lower Up. (CAS 47044^7047.) This species is incorrectly identified as moluccensis by some re- Echidna delicatula (Kaup, 1856). cent authors. Echidna delicatula and E. trossula—Jordan and Seale, 1906. *Gymnolhorax reevesii (Richardson, 1844). Echidna leucotaenia Schultz, 1943. Mutupu'u. Thyrsoidea reevesii— Schmeltz, 1865. Echidna leucotaenia— Schultz, 1943. Gymnothorax richardsoni (Bleeker, 1852). Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789). Ai'aiuga. Muraena richardsonii— Steindachner, 1906. Echidna nebulosa—Fowler, 1900. As Gymnothorax lineatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Echidna polyzona (Richardson, 1844). Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland, 1845). Papata-tusitusi. Poecilophus polyzonus—Schmeltz, 1865. Gymnothorax petelli— Jordan and Evermann, 1905. Echidna unicolor Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. As G. petelli, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. Echidna xanthospila (Bleeker, 1859). Randall (1973) examined the lectotype of this species and found Echidna xanthospila—Steindachner, 1906. it to be the species most recent authors have identified as, petelli. McCosker questions the validity of this species. Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson, 1844). Echidna zebra (Shaw, 1797). To'etapu. Thyrsoidea arenala—Schmeltz, 1865. Echidna zebra—Schmeltz, 1866. Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede, 1803). Pusi-pulepule. Enchelycore bayeri (Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953.) Thyrsoidea cancellata—Schmeltz, 1865. Auvaeloloa-uli. Gymnothorax zonipectus Seale, 1906. Pulenini'i. Gymnothorax schismatorhynchus (part) —Schultz, 1943. *Muraena pardolis Sch\ege\, 1846. Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (B\eeker, 1853). Auvaeloloa. Muraena pardalis—GiJnther, 1910. Gymnothorax schismatorhynchus (part) —Schultz, 1943. Rhinomuraena quaesita Carman, 1888. Enchelynassa canina (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) Auvaeloloa-sina. Rhinechidna eritomia— Jordan, 1927. Enchelynassa bleekeri—Jordan and Snyder, 1904. As E. canina and Rhinamuraena eritima. Jordan and Seale, Strophidon brummeri (Bleeker, 1859). Asulu. 1906. Muraena taenioides— Giinther, 1871. Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker, 1857). As Gymnothorax taenioides, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Gymnothorax buroensis— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Uropterygius bennetti (Giinther, 1870).

Gymnothorax chilospilus (Bleeker, 1865). McCosker has determined that sealei is a junior . Gymnothorax detactus— Jordtm and Seale, 1906. Uropterygius concolor Riippell, 1837. Gymnothorax elegans Bliss, 1883. Uropterygius concolor— Jordan and Seale, 1906.

(CAS 44192.) Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. .

Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepede, 1803). Muraenichthys gymnotus Bleeker, 1864. Uropterygius marmoraius—Jordan and Scale, 1906. Muraenichthys fowleri—Schultz, 1943. Uropterygius micropterus (Bleeker, 1852). Pusi-sulalulu. Muraenichthys laticaudata (Ogilby, 1897). Uropterygius macrocephalus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Muraenichthys laticaudata—Schultz, 1943. Uropterygius necturus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882). Muraenichthys macropterus Bleeker, 1857. Anarchias knighti—Jordan and Scale, 1906. Muraenichthys macropterus— Scale, 1935. As Uropterygius reidi, Schultz, 1943. McCosker has found that Muraenichthys macrostomus Bleeker, 1864.

knighti is a junior synonym. Muraenichthys schulizei Bleeker, 1857. Uropterygius polyspilus (Regan, 1909). Muraenichthys schultzei— Helfrich et al. 1975. Uropterygius polyspilus—Schultz, 1943. Muraenichthys sibogae Weber and dcBcaufort, 1916. Uropterygius supraforatus (Regan, 1909). Pusi-le 'a. Muraenichthys cookei—Helfrich et al. 1975.

U. dentatus is a junior synonym. Myrichthys colubrinus (Boddaert, 1781). Gatamea. Uropterygius tigrinus (Lesson, 1829). Pusi-solasulu. Leiuranus colubrinus—Schmeltz, 1866. Gytnnomuraena tigrina—Schmeltz, 1869. As Chlevastes colubrinus and C. fasciatus, Jordan and Scale, As Scuticaria tigrina, Jordan and Scale, 1906. 1906. Uropterygius xanthopterus Bleeker, 1859. Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier, 1817). Uropterygius xanthopterus—Schultz, 1943. Myrichthys maculosus—Schultz, 1943. Myrophis uropterus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1842). Congridae (Conger and Garden Eels) (CAS 38565.) Ophichthus melanochir Bleeker, 1864.

Ariosoma scheelei (Stromman, 1896). Collected from Aunu 'u Island by John E. Randall. (BPBM (CAS 44193.) 16794.) Conger cinereus Riippell, 1828. I'aui, pusi-solasulu. Phyllophichthus xenodontus Gosline 1951. Leptocephalus marginatus—Jordan and Evermann, 1905. * Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson, 1844). As Congrellus guttulatus and Leptocephalus marginatus, Jor- Ophichthys cancrivorus—Giinther, 1910. dan and Scale, 1906 and as Conger noordzeike, Schultz, 1943. Schismorhynchus labialis (Scale, 1917).

Conger sp. Schultzidia johnstonensis (Schuhz and Woods, 1949).

One specimen, 839 mm TL; caught at 440 m. Pectoral' 19; 36 Yirrkala sp. lateral line pores anterior to anus. Dorsal origin slightly anterior McCosker plans to describe the single Samoan specimen of this

to pectoral tip; pupil centered over rictus. Measurements ex- striped species as new. (CAS 46677.) pressed in thousandths of TL: head 168, tip of snout to origin of dorsal 232, tip of snout to anus 393, snout 42, diameter of eye 23, length of pectoral 62. David G. Smith examined the Clupeidae (Herrings) specimen but was unable to identify it. (ANSP 146127.) Gorgasia naeocepaea (Bohlke, 1951). Members of this family are known generally as pelupelu. Peter (BPBM 17457.) J. Whitehead provided synonymies and confirmed identifications. Heteroconger hassi (Klausewitz and Eibl-Eibcsfcldt, 1959). He indicates that the four species listed with an asterisk may all be (BPBM 17456.) valid records.

Ophichthidae (Snake Eels) 'Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847. Again, John E. McCosker provided identifications and un- Dussumieria acuta— Scale, 1935. published synonymies for several of the species listed below. Scale's specimens of acuta were never cataloged so the author was unable to confirm this record. * Bascanichthys filaria (Giinther, 1872). Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus (Riippell, 1837). Ophichthys filaria—CmtheT, 1910. Herklotsichthys punctata— Fowler, 1932. * Brachysomophis crocodilinus (Bennett, 1833). Whitehead writes that his student, Thosaporn Wongratana, Ophichthys crocodilinus— Giinther, 1910. has found punctatus to be restricted to the and that the

Brachysomophis sauropsis Schultz, 1943. Ati 'ati, I 'aui. widespread species hitherto called by this name (Whitehead

Brachysomophis sauropsis—Schultz, 1943. 1972) is quadrimaculatus. Callechelys marmorata (Bleeker, 1853). *Sardinella albella (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Callechelys marmoratus— Schultz, 1943. 1847). Ichthyapus vulturis fWeber and deBcaufort, 1916). Clupea zunasi— Schmeltz, 1879. Glenoglossa wassi McCosker, 1982. * Sardinella fimbriata (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Glenoglossa wassi— McCosker, 1982. 1847).

(CAS 47048, 47049.) Spratella fimbriata—Schmeltz, 1 865 'Lamnostoma polyophthalma (Bleeker, 1853). 'Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849). Ophichthys punctulatus— Giinther, 1910. Clupea gibbosa—C'unlheT, 1909. Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett, 1839). Gatauli. Sardinella melanura (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). Sphagebranchus longipinnis—Schmeltz, 1866. Salala, pua. As Dalophis longipinnis and Leiuranus semicinctus, Jordan Clupeonia commersoni— Schmeltz, 1865. and Scale, 1906. As Harengula commersoni, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Sardinella sirm (Walbaum, 1792). (Lesson, 1831). Sardinella sirm— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Antennarius coccineus—Schultz, 1964. Spratelloides delkatulus (Bennett, 1831). Poi, nefu. Antennarius commersonii (Shaw, 1804). Spralelloides alburnt4s—Schme\tz, 1874. Antennarius commersonii—Gijnther, 1877. As Stotephorus delkatulus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Antennarius Jordan and Evermann, 1903. Spratelloides gracilis (Schlegel, 1846). Poi, nefu. Antennarius drombus—Jordan and Seale, 1906. Spratelloides atrofasciatus—Schultz, 1943. Antennarius nummifer Cuvier, 1817. Antennarius nummifer—C'unlher, 1876. (Anchovies) Engraulididae Antennarius rosaceus (Smith and Radcliffe, 1912). The single Samoan specimen was collected from Larsen Bay at Anchovies are called nefu or file in Samoa. Peter J. Whitehead 60 m. has provided identifications and synonymies. Antennatus tuberosus (Cuvier, 1816).

Stolephorus buccaneeri Strasburg, 1960. OphidiJdae (Brotulas and Cusk Eels) Stotephorus buccaneeri—Whitehead, 1972. Stolephorus devisi (Whitley, 1940). Brotula multibarbata Temminck and Schlegel, 1846. Tafuti. This is the most common anchovy in Pago Pago Bay. It is Brotula lownsendi Fowler, 1900. Tafuti. sometimes confused with heterolobus from which it is distin- Ophidian sp. guished by a lower count and longer head. One of the three Samoan specimens was collected in Faga'alu Stolephorus indicus (Van Hasselt, 1823). Bay at 33 m. C. Richard Robins has informed the author that Anchovia apiensis Jordan and Seale, 1906. — this material represents an undescribed species currently known Thrissina baelma 1775). (Forsskal, only from these specimens. (BPBM 18719.) Anchovia evermanni—Jordan and Seale, 1906. Bythitidae Synodontidae (Lizardfishes)

Daniel M. Cohen assisted with the identifications and diagnoses Samoans refer to lizardfishes as ta'oto. Roger F. Cressey has for members of this family. confirmed Samoan distributions for the three species of Synodus listed below. Brosmophysiops pautzkei Schultz in Schultz et al., 1960. Dinematichthys sp. Tapotopoto. Saurida gracilis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824). Dinematichthys iluocoeleoides (part)—Jordan and Seale, 1906. Seale, 1906. Saurida gracilis— Jordem and As D. iluocoeleoides (part), Schultz, 1943. Synodus binotatus Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. Several specimens collected; 27-93 mm SL. Dorsal 73-87 (8 of 9 Synodus englemani Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. specimens with 77 or more rays); anal 59-73 (8 of 9 with 61 or Synodus variegatus (Lacepede, 1803). more rays). Eye diameter 2-3 times in interorbital distance and Synodus varius Schmeltz, 1869. — 8-10 times in head length. Bleeker's type of iluocoeleoides ap- As S. varius, Jordan and Seale, 1906. parently is no longer extant and there is considerable confusion as to which species the name applies (Cohen and Nielsen 1978). Chanidae (Milkfishes) Though only one has been described, there appear to be numerous species in the genus. (BPBM 24123, USNM 222480.) C/ia«os c/ianos (Forsskid, 1775). Avali'i, ava. Dinematichthys sp. Tapotopoto. chanos Chanos — Jordan and Seale, 1906. Dinemathichthys iluocoeleoides (part)— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Plotosidae (Eel Catfishes) As D. iluocoeleoides (part), Schultz, 1943. Several specimens; 53-60 mm SL. Dorsal 73-75; anal 58-61. Eye Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch, 1794). Apoa. diameter 4-6 times in interorbital distance and 16-23 times in Plotosus anguillaris— Jordan and Seale, 1906. head length. Cohen suspects that two species may be

represented by these specimens. One group (USNM 222481) is Gobiesocidae (CUngfishes) pale (in preservative) with no obvious papillae on the snout and tip of lower jaw and with scales on the opercles. The other

Conidens samoensis (Steindachner, 1906). Taiuli. (USNM 222483) is darker brown with papillae more or less Crepidogaster samoensis—Steindachner, 1906. developed on the snout and tip of lower jaw and without scales As Aspasmagaster samoensis, Schultz, 1943. on the opercles (but present farther forward).

Microbrotula randalli Cohen and Wourms, 1976. Microbrolula randalli—Cohen and Wourms, 1976. Antennariidae (Frogfishes) Carapidae (Pearlfishes) Members of this family are known by the same general names as the scorpaenids in Samoa. Individuals <8 cm TL are called Carapus homei (Richardson, 1846). I'aui. la'otale; larger fish are nofu. Theodore W. Pietsch confirmed the Fieras/er homei—Schmeltz, 1866. identifications and provided most of the synonymies. As Fieras/er homei, Jordan and Seale, 1906. This species was found within the body cavities of the sea Abantennarius analis Gosline, 1957. cucumbers Slichopus chloronaius and Bohadschia argus. Carapus parvipinnis (Kaup, 1856). Hemiramphus lutkei—Parin, CoUette and Shcherbachev, 1980. Fierasfer parvipinnis—Schmeltz, 1874. Hyporhamphus acutus acutus (Giinther, 1871). Encheliophus gracilis (Bleeker, 1856). Odontorhamphus chancellori—Schultz, 1943. Jordanicus gracilis—Giinther, 1909. Hyporhamphus affinis (Giinther, 1866). As Jordanicus gracilis, Schultz, 1943. Most of the published records of this species are misidentifica- Samoan specimens were taken from the body cavities of tions of Hyporhamphus dussumieri. Collette has seen only one Bohadschia argus. specimen (USNM 152263) from Samoa. Onuxodon margarili/erae (Rendahl, 1921). Hyporhamphus balinensis (Bleeker, 1859). Samoan specimens were collected from the jewelbox clam Hemiramphus pacificus—Jordan and Seale, 1906. Spondylus sp. As Hemirhamphus pacificus, Schultz, 1943. Hyporhamphus dussumieri (Valenciermes in Cuvier and Valen- Exocoetidae (Flyingfishes) ciennes, 1846). Hyporhamphus samoensis—Steindachner, 1906.

The Samoan name for flyingfishes is malolo. Only four species As Hemiramphus affinis, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, were collected by the author. However, N.V. Parin, who has been 1943. engaged in revisional studies of the family for the past 20 yr, has Zenarchopterus dispar (Valenciennes /" Cuvier and Valenciennes, kindly listed the following as occuring in the vicinity of Samoa. 1846). Zenarchopterus vaisiganis—Jordan and Seale, 1906. Cheilopogon atrisignis (Jenkins, 1904). Cheilopo^on nigricans (Bennett, 1840). Parin onsiders nigricans as a species group of which at least Belonidae (Needleflshes) two species are represented in the vicinity of Samoa.

Cheilopogon spilonotoplerus (Bleeker, 1866). Needlefishes with a total length of less than about 40 cm are Cypselurus quindecimradiatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. called ise. Larger ones are known as a'u. Again, Bruce B. Collette As Cypsilurus spilonopterus, Schultz, 1943. provided synonymies. Cheilopogon spilopterus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- nes, 1846). Ablennes hians (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846). Cheilopogon sutioni (Whitley and Colefax, 1938). Platybelone argalus platyura (Bennett, 1832). Belone platyura Jordan Cheilopogon unicolor (Valenciermes in Cuvier and Valencien- — and Evermann, 1905. As Belone platyura, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. nes, 1846). Strongylura incisa (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Cypselurus unicolor— Jordan and Scale, 1906. 1846). Cypselurus angusticeps Nichols and Breder, 1935. Tylosurus leiuroides Jordan and Seale, 1906. Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- — As Tylosurus incisa, Schultz, 1943. nes, 1846). Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Peron and LeSueur, 1821). Cypselurus poecilopterus—Jordan and Seale, 1906. Belone crocodilus Schmeltz, 1866. As Cypsilurus poecilopterus, Schultz, 1943. — As Tylosurus giganteus, Jordan and Seale, 1906, and as T. in- monocirrhus Richardson, 1846. dica. Schultz, 1943. Giinther, 1866. Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758. Poeciliidae (Mollies) Exocoetus evolans—Giinther, 1909. Hirundichthys albimaculatus (Fowler, 1934). Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1866. F6-vai. Danichthys gilberti Schultz, 1943. — This species was introduced into the freshwaters of American Hirundichthys speculiger (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Samoa many years ago by the Department of Public Health to nes, 1846). control mosquitos. Exocoetus speculiger Giinther, 1909. — * Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859. Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson, 1846). Lebistes reticulatus—Fow\eT, 1932. Prognichthys sealei Abe, 1955.

Hemiramphidae (Halfbeaks) Atherinidae (Silversides)

The Samoan name for halfbeaks is i'usila. Bruce B. Collette The Samoan name for members of this family is sali. Walter

provided synonymies and confirmed existing records. He states Ivantsoff is credited with the synonymies. that Oxyporhamphus micropterus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and

Valenciennes, 1846) is also likely to occur in Samoan waters. Atherinomorus lacunosus (Schneider, 1801). Atherina pinguis— Schmeltz, 1866. Euleptorhamphus viridis (Van Hasselt, 1824). As Hepsetia pinguis, Schultz, 1943. Hemiramphus archipelagicus Collette and Parin, 1978. Jordan and Starks, 1901. Hemiramphus archipelagicus—Collette and Parin, 1978. Hypoatherina ovalaua (Herre, 1935). (FoissV.°ai, 1775). Allanetia ova/auo— Helfrich et al., 1975.

Hemiramphus /ar—Steindachner, 1 906. Hypoatherina temminckii (Bleeker, 1835). SaJi, uisila. Hemiramphus lutkei Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Atherina uisila— Jordan and Seale, 1906. 1846. As Atherina uisila, Schultz, 1943. Isonidae (Surf-Fishes) Myripristis murdjan (Forsskal, 1775). Myrispristis parvidens—Greenfield, 1974. Iso sp. Randall and Guez6 (1981) have just completed an examination Thirty-one specimens; 18-27 mm SL; collected at Fagasa and of this species complex.

Sailele. Dorsal V-VI + 1,14-16; anal 1,21-22; pectoral 12-13. Myripristis pralinius Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829. Teeth present but not externally on maxilla. Silvery lateral band Malau-va'ava'a, malau-mamo. continuous and terminating on anterior portion of caudal Myripristis praslinus and M. sanguineus— Jordan and Seale, peduncle just behind axil of . This species occurs at 1906. the surface amidst turbulence and bubbles near wave-washed As M. sanguineus, Schultz, 1943.

rocks. It will probably be described as new by Walter Ivantsoff. Myripristis randalli Greenfield, 1974. (MU 1-181.) David W. Greenfield confirmed the identification. This species was previously known only from the Austral Islands and Pit- cairn Island. Anomalopidae (Lantern-Eyes)

Myripristis violaceus ^Xtey^x , 1851. Malau-tuauli. Anomalops katoptron Bleeker, 1856. Myripristis micropthalmus— Jordan and Seale, 1906.

This species is occasionally caught by handline fishermen at As M. micropthalmus, Schultz, 1943.

depths >300 m. Its identity was confirmed by John E. Mc- Myripristis vittatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. Cosker. (CAS 44373.) Greenfield also identified this species. Myripristis woods! Greenfield, 1974. Holocentridae (Squirrelfishes) Myripristis intermedius (part) and M. murdjan (part)—Jordan and Seale, 1906. Squirrelfishes are known as malau in Samoa. Matsuura and As M. murdjan (part), Schultz, 1943. Shimizu (1982) have recently found that Sargocentron must Ostichthys delta Randall, Shimizu and Yamakawa, 1982. replace the generic name Adioryx as used by most recent authors. Ostichthys delta— Randall, Shimizu and Yamakawa, 1982. John E. Randall provided several of the identifications and (BPBM 28107.) assisted with the synonymies. Ostichthys kaianus (Giinther, 1880). This identification was confirmed by John E. Randall. (BPBM Flammeo argentens (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 28906.) 1831). Plectrypops lima (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Holocentrum laeve—Giinther, 1875. 1831.) Malau-mutu. As Holocentrus laevis, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, Myripristis humilis— Kner and Steindachner, 1866. 1943. As Holotrachys lima, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. Flammeo aurolineatus (Lienard, 1839). Malau-va'a. Sargocentron caudimaculatum (Riippell, 1835). Malau-i'usina,

Randall writes that scythrops is a common synonym. tamalau-mumu, tameno-mumii. Flammeo opercularis (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Holocentrum caudimaculatum—Schmeltz, 1865. 1831). Malau-loa. As Holocentrus caudimaculatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Holocentrum operculare—Giinther, 1875. Schuhz, 1943. As Holocentrus opercularis, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Sargocentron diadema (Lacepede, 1801). Malau-tui, malau- Schultz, 1943. talapu'u, malau-lusitusi, malau-pauli. Flammeo sammara (Forsskal, 1775). Malau-tui, malau-pe'ape'a. Holocentrum diadema—Schmeltz, 1865. Holocentrum sammara—Schmeltz, 1865. As Holocentrus diadema, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, As Holocentrus sammara, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. 1943. Sargocentron ensiferum (Jordan and Evermann, 1903).

Myripristis adustus Bleeker, 1853. Malau-tuavela, malau-'uo. This species is handlined from deep water. Myripristis adustus—Schmeltz, 1866. Sargocentron lacteoguttatum (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Myripristis amaenus (Castelnau, 1873). 1829). Malau-faiumu. Myripristis argyromus—Schultz, 1943. Holocentrum punctatiss—Schmeltz, 1865. Myripristis berndti Jordan and Evermann, 1903. Malau-ugatele, As Holocentrus punctatissimus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as malau-va'ava'a. H. lacteo-guttatus, Schultz, 1943. Myripristis murdjan— Jordan and Evermann, 1905. Sargocentron melanospilos (Bleeker, 1858). As M. intermedius (part) and M. murdjan (part), Jordan and A specimen was handlined from 90 m. The identity was con-

Seale, 1906 and as, M. berndti and M. murdjan (part), Schultz, firmed by Randall who reports that cornutum, the name often 1943. applied to this species, has an Indo-Malayan distribution. Myrispristis chryseres Jordan and Evermann, 1903. (BPBM 27764.) Randall confirmed the identification of this species which Sargocentron microstoma (Giinther, 1859). Malau-tianiu. generally frequents depths > 30 m. Holocentrum microstoma—Schmeltz, 1874. Myripristis hexagonus (Lacepe'de, 1802). As Holocentrus microstomus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Myripristis hexagonus—Schmeltz, 1865. Schultz, 1943. Myripristis kuntee Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskal, 1775). Malau-pu'u. Holocentrum rubrum —Giinther, 1874. Myripristis multiradiatus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. As Holocentrus praslin, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as H. As M. multiradiatus, Schultz, 1943. ruber, Schultz, 1943. Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskal, 1775). Taiiiabu(< 30 cm TL), Dunkerocampus doctyliophorus (Blecker, 1853). Festucalex wassi Dawson, 1977. mu-malau ( > 30 cm TL), mabu-toa. Holocentruw spiniferum—Schmeltz, 1865. Festucalex wassi— Dawson, 1977b. As Holocentrus binotatus and H. spinifer, Jordan and Scale, Hippichthys spicifer (Riippell, 1838). 1906 and Schultz, 1943. Syngnathus spicifer—Scale, 1935. Sargoceniron Here (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). 'Hippocampus kuda Blecker, 1852.

Holocentrum erythraeum—Schmeltz, 1874. Hippocampus guttulatus \ai . kuda—Schmeltz, 1874. As Holocentrus erythraeus and H. liere, Jordan and Scale, Micrognathus brevirostris (Riippell, 1840). 1906 and as H. erythraeus, Schultz, 1943. Micrognathus mataafae (Jordan and Scale, 1906). Sargocentron tiereoides (Blecker, 1853). Corythroichthys mataafae— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Sargocentron violaceum (Blecker, 1853). Malau-tifa, malau-uli. Microphis retzii (Blecker, 1856). Holocentrum violaceum—Schmeltz, 1869. Microphis caudatus and M. lorrentius— Jordan and Scale, As Holocentrus violaceus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, 1906. 1943. This species is usually found in brackish or freshwater. Oostethus brachyurus brachyurus (Blecker, 1853). Lampridae (Moonflsh Family) Microphis brachyurus—Jordan and Scale, 1906. As Doryichthys brachyurus, Schultz, 1943. Lampris guttatus (Brunnich, 1788). Koko. Adults are usually found in fresh or brackish water. This is a pelagic species commonly caught by tuna longline Phoxocampus diacanthus (Schultz, 1943). vessels. Ichthyocampus diacanthus— Schultz, 1943. Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785). Aulostomidae (Trumpetfishes) Gasterotokeus biaculeatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906.

Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766). Taoto-ena (brown phase), taoto-sama (yellow phase), 'au'aulauti, (aotito. Scorpaenidae (Scorpionfishes) Aulostomus chinense—Schmeltz, 1865. As A. valeniini, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Scorpionfishes < 8 cm TL arc called la'otale. Those > 8 cm TL are referred to as nofu or i'atala. William N. Eschmeyer has con- Fistulariidae (Cornetfishes) firmed the identifications of the new Samoan records and provid- ed synonymies. Fistularia commersonii Riippell, 1838. Taoto-ama, taotao. Fistularia tabaccaria— Schmeltz, 1865. As F. petimba, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. biocellatus (Fowler, 1938). Dendrochirus sausaulele Jordan and Scale, 1906. Sausau-lele. Macrorhamphosidae (Snipefishes) Pterois zebra—Schmeltz, 1866. As Dendrochirus brachypterus, Schultz, 1943. Macrorhamphosus scolopax (Linnaeus, 1758). Pontinus macrocephalus (Sauvage, 1882). Centriscus brevisptnus— Kner and Steindachncr, 1866. This species is occasionally caught by fishermen at depths As Macrorhamphosus brevispinus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. around 200 m. A Samoan specimen taken from a fish stomach was identified Pterois anlennala (Bloch, 1787). Sausau-lele. by Alwyne Wheeler. Additional synonyms are gracilis and Pterois radiata Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829. Sausau-

velitaris. lele. Pterois cincta—Schmeltz, 1866. Syngnathidae (Pipefishes and ) Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758). Sausau-lele. Pterois volitans—Schmeltz, 1866. C. E. Dawson has confirmed the identifications and Samoan Scorpaena albobrunnea Giinther, 1874. records and assisted with the synonymies. Scorpaenopsis albobrunneus— Schultz, 1943. 'Scorpaena asperellu Bennett, 1829. cinctus Dawson, 1976. Scorpaenopsis asperella—Schultz, 1943. Choeroichthys sculptus (Giinther, 1870). Scorpaena ballieui Sauvage, 1875. Choeroichthys sculptus—Schultz, 1943. Scorpaena nuchalis—Schultz, 1943. amplexus Dawson and Randall, 1975. Scorpaena laotale (Jordan and Scale, 1906). Corythoichthys amplexus— Dawson, 1977a. Sebastapistes laotale— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Corythoichthys flavofasciatus (Riippell, 1838). 'Scorpaena oglinus (Smith, 1947). Corythroichthys sealei— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Scorpaena haplodactylus—Schmeltz, 1866. As Corythoichthys conspicillatus, Schultz, 1943. The only Samoan record for this species is the original. Corythoichthys intestinalis (Ramsey, 1881). Scorpaenodes brocki (Schultz in Schultz et al., 1966). Corythroichthys waitei— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824). As Corythoichthys fasciatus, Schultz, 1943. Scorpaena guamensis—Giinther, 1874. Cosmocampus maxweberi (Whitley, 1933). As Sebastopsis guamensis and S. scabra, Jordan and Scale, (BPBM 17483.) 1906. hirsutus (Smith, 1957). Doryrhamphus excisus (Kaup, 1856 . Scorpaenodes Doryrhamphus melanopleura— Schultz, 1943. Scorpaenodes parvipinnis (Garrett, 1864). Scorpaenopsis diabolus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829. Percichthyidae (Temperate Basses) Scorpaenopsis gibbosa—Jordan and Scale, 1906. As S. gibbosus (part), Schultz, 1943. Neoscombrops paciftcus Mochizuki, 1979. Scorpaenopsis fowleri (Pietschmann, 1934). (BPBM 27767.) Scorpaenopsis fow/eri—Eschmeyer and Randall, 1975. macrochir Scorpaenopsis Ogilby, 1910. Serranidae (Groupers and Sea Basses) Scorpaenopsis gibbosus (part)—Schultz, 1943. Scorpaenopsis novae-guineae (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valencien- Groupers <30 cm TL are generally known as gatala. Those nes, 1829). 30-90 cm TL arc called 'ata'ata and very large individuals may be Scorpaenopsis novae-guineae Jordan and Scale, 1906. — termed vaolo. John E. Randall assisted with the identifications. Scorpaenopsis sp. Anlhias dispar (Herre, 1955). Segasega-moaiia. One specimen, 35 mm SL. Dorsal X1I,9; anal 111,5; pectoral 18; Anlhias dispar—Rdj\Aa& and Lubbock, 1981. about 40 vertical scale rows. Suborbital ridge with three spines. Anlhias lori Lubbock and Randall in Fourmanoir and Laboute, A dark blotch on soft anal. (CAS 44530.) 1976. Synanceia verrucosa Bloch and Schneider, 1801. /I n//!/05 /on— Randall and Lubbock, 1981. Synanceia verrucosa— Schmcltz, 1866. Anlhias pascalus (Jordan and Tanaka, 1927). Segasega-moana. As Synanceja verrucosa, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, Anlhias pascalus~Raxida& and Lubbock, 1981. 1943. Anthias pleuroiaenia Bleeker, 1857. Taenianotus iriacanthus Lacepede, 1802. Anlhias sp. Taenianotus triacantus— Schmcltz, 1865. Two specimens, 75 and 84 mm SL; collected at 47-50 m. Dorsal Caracanthidae (Dwarf Rockfishes) X,16-17; anal 111,7; pectoral 17-18; lateral line pores 46^8. Four scale rows between lateral line and spinous mid-dorsal;

Caracanlhus maculatus (Gray, 1831). Tapua. third dorsal spine elongate. These and the following uniden- Caracanthus maculatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. tified Anlhias are deposited in the California Academy of Caracanlhus unipinna (Gray, 1831). Tapua. Sciences. (CAS 44374-44377.) Caracanlhus unipinna— Schultz, 1943. Anlhias sp. (Subgenus Pseudanlhias). One specimen, 67 mm SL. Dorsal X,16; anal 111,7; pectoral 19;

gill rakers 1 -I- = Platycephalidae (Flatheads) 1 1 + 24 36; lateral line pores 5 1 . Prominent ser- rations on preopercle.

The flatheads, which arc called tolo in Samoa, were identified Anlhias sp. (Subgenus Pseudanlhias). by Leslie W. Knapp who plans to revise the family. One specimen, 24 mm SL. Dorsal X,16; anal 111,7; pectoral 19; gill rakers 8 -H -1-24 = 33; lateral line pores 47. Prominent

Plalycephalus chillonae (Schultz in Schultz ct al., 1966). spines at angle of preoperculum and angle of operculum. Plalycephalus maylayanus Bleeker, 1853. Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- Plalycephalus variolosus—Giinther, 1876. ciennes, 1828). Gatala-aleva. As P. variolosus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Knapp also places Anyperodon leucogrammicus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Thysanophrvs papillolabium in synonymy. argus Bloch and Schneider, 1801. Gatala-uli, loi. Plalycephalus oligolepis Regan, 1908. Serranus myriasler—Schmeltz, 1865.

Plalycephalus sp. Randall has found that guiiaius is an older name for this species but he and Ben-Tuvia have petitioned Five specimens, 90-98 mm SL. Dorsal Vlll + 1 1; anal 12; lateral the International Commission to retain argus. line pores 51-52. Snout in SL 8.9-9.6. This species is similar to chillonae but has a shorter snout. (BPBM 18722.) Cephalopholis igarashiensis Katayama, 1957. GataJa-sama. This species is IVakiyus welanderi Schultz in Schultz ct al., 1966. occasionally handlined from deep water. Cephalopholis A single individual was collected at Larsen Bay on sandy bot- indelibitis (Fowler, 1904). Gatala-sega. Randall has recently tom at 40 m. determined this to be an older name for a species he (1964a) had identified as oblusaurus. (BPBM 27768.) Dactylopteridae (Flying Gurnards) Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacepede, 1801). Ga(ala-$ina, mata'ele.

Epinephelus leopardus— Siemdachner , 1906. * Cephalopholis minialus Dactyloplena orienlalis (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). (Forsskal, 1775). Serranus minialus—G'untUer, 1873. Centropomidae (Perchlets) Samoan records may be misidentifications as the species has

been confused in the past with sexmaculaius which is herein recorded A mbassis miops Giinther, 1871. Lafa. from Samoa for the first time. Ambassis la/a— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Cephalopholis sexmaculaius (SMppeil, 1828). Gatala-mumu. As A. lafa, Schultz, 1943. Cephalopholis sonnerali (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- This species is usually found in freshwater. nes, 1828). Velo, mata'ele. Ambassis safga (FoTsskai, 1775). Lafa. Epinephelus sonnerali— Boulenger, 1895. Ambassis commersonii—Schmcltz, 1869. As A. vaivasensis, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. Cephalopholis urodelus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Mata'ele. Serranus urodelus Schmeltz, 1866. This species is recorded only from Western Samoa where its —

preferred habitat (bays, estuaries, and freshwater streams) is ex- Cephalopholis sp.

tensive. Seven specimens, 48-126 mm SL. Dorsal IX, 15; anal 111,9; pec- .

toral 18; vertical sceile rows above lateral line 98-104. Head, Plectranthias yamakawai Yoshino, 1972. body, and fins reddish orange; posterior edge of caudal pale This identification was confirmed by John E. Randall. (BPBM with pale coloration broader dorsally and ventrally; four red 28902.) spots on lower Up, two bordering the symphysis and the others Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepede, 1802). Ata'ata-utu. midway between the symphysis and corners of mouth. This Paracanthistius maculatus—Jordan and Seale, 1906. species is common in Samoa and Randall indicates it is As Paracanthistius maculatus, Schultz, 1943. widespread in Ocearua and the western Pacific. (BPBM 17495.) Plectropomus melanoleucus (Lacepede, 1802). Epinephelus diciyophorus (Bleeker, 1856). Ata'ata-uli. The author has collected and observed this distinctive species The single specimen collected was caught at a depth of about only in Pago Pago Bay. 100 m. (BPBM 22720.) Plectropomus truncatus Fowler and Bean, 1930. Ata'a(a-utu. Epinephelus fario (Thunberg, 1792). Gatala-pule'ena. (BPBM 22718.) Epinephelus coralticola— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Promicrops lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790). Ata'ata-uli, vaolo. As E. coralticola, Schultz, 1943. Individuals weighing more than 100 kg have been observed. Epinephelus fasciatus (PoTssk°a\, 1775). Fausi. Saloplia powelli Smilh, 1963.

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskal, 1775). Gatala-aloalo. This species was observed on only one occasion. It was handlin- Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (part) — Jordan and Scale, 1906. ed from an offshore bank at a depth of about 140 m. (BPBM Randall (1964a) indicated horridus as a probable junior 27858.) synonym of fuscoguttatus but Schultz (/" Schultz et al. 1966) Variola louti (Forsskkl, 1775). Papa-tuauli (juveniles), velo (sub- distinguished between the two species on the basis of pectoral adults), papa (adults).

ray and gill raker count. Samoan specimens agree with Epinephelus /om?/— Boulenger, 1895. Schultz's diagnosis of horridus. As Variola flavimarginata, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Epinephelus hexagonatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Gatala- Grammistidae (Soapfishes) a'au. Serranus hexagonatus— Schmeltz, 1869. Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler and Bean, 1930. Apoua. As Epinephelus stellans, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Randall et al. have shown this species to be a grammistid Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch, 1790). Gatala-puleuli. (1980) than serranid previously classified. Epinephelus maculatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. rather a as Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg, 1792). Taili, tusiloa. Epinephelus medurensis is a junior synonym. Grammistes orientalis Schmeltz, 1869. Epinephelus melanostigma Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. Gatala- — Gramrnistops ocellatus Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. Anaoso. puletasi, gatala-tane. Pogonoperca punctata (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Epinephelus merra— Bloch, 1793. Gatala-aloalo, galala-pulepule. Gutunofu. Serranus merra— Schmeltz, 1866. 1830). The single Samoan specimen was handlined from deep water. Epinephelus microdon (Bleeker, 1856). Gatala-nifoli'i, gatala- aloalo. Pseudochromidae (Basslets) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (part) — JordeUi and Seale, 1906. Randall (1964a) discussed the confusion between this species Members of this family are generally called tiva. None were and fuscoguttatus. known from Seunoa prior to 1943. All are small and found sub- Epinephelus morrhua Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, tidally. 1833. Ata'ata-tusitusi.

This species is common at depths of 1(X) m or more. Chlidichthys sp. Epinephelus socialis (Giinther, 1873). Three specimens, 24^ mm SL; collected at 43 and 66 m. Dor- Serranus socialis—Giinther, 1873. sal 11,25; anal 11,15; pectoral 17; pelvic 1,4; scales 62-63. Body Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskal, 1775). Galala-tane. dusky rose or orange; nape, snout, and lips bright rose. (BPBM Serranus tauvina—Schmeltz, 1865. 24118.) Epinephelus elongatus Schultz is a recent synonym. Pseudochromis jamesi Schultz, 1943. Epinephelus sp. Gatala-pulesama. Pseudochromis jamesi Schultz, 1943. One specimen, 190 mm SL; taken by handline at 200 m. Dorsal — The bright reddish orange coloration of mature males is not XI, 16; anal 111,8; gill rakers 8+1 + 14 = 23. Head and body mentioned by Schultz in his species description. light brown; yellow spots on head and nape; five broad but in- Pseudochromis porphyreus Lubbock sind Goldman, 1974. distinct darker bars on sides and peduncle. (BPBM 24129.) Pseudochromis porphyreus Lubbock and Goldman, 1974. Gracila albomarginata (Fowler and Bean, 1930). — Pseudoplesiops rosae Schultz, 1943. Liopropoma susumi (Jordan and Seale, 1906). Susumi. Pseudoplesiops rosae Schultz, 1943. Chorististium susumi— Jordan and Seale, 1906. — Pseudoplesiops sp. Liopropoma sp. Three specimens, 25-27 mm SL; collected at 43 m. Dorsal John E. Randall and Leighton Taylor are describing this red- 28-29; anal 18; pectoral 16-17; pelvic 1,3; scales 33-36. No and-white striped species. (BPBM 18723.) lateral line. Head and body greenish yellow; underside of head Plectranthias fourmanoiri Randall, 1980. F6-tala. rosy; alternate dorsal and anal rays dusky at base. (BPBM Plectranthias fourmanoiri— Randall , 1 980a 24121.) Plectranthias kamii Randall, 1980.

This species is occasionally handlined from deep water. (BPBM 22721.) Plesiopidae (Prettyfins) Plectranthias nanus Randall, 1980. Fo-tala. Plectranthias nanus— Randall, 1980a. Prettyfins are generally termed aneanea or tafuti. Plesiops coeruleoUneatus Ruppell, 1835. Priacanthus sp. Pharopteryx melas—Jordan and Scale, 1906. One specimen, 192 mm SL; handlined from 100 m. Dorsal Plesiops corallicola Bleeker, 1853. X,14; anal 111,15; lateral line pores 55 + 5 Oeft side) and 56 + 6 Plesiops nigricans—Schmeltz, 1866. (right side) =60-62; gUl rakers 5 + 1 + 15 = 21. Caudal slightly Pharopteryx nigricans, Jordan As and Scale, 1906 and as rounded. Central portion of pelvics and distal portions of soft Plesiops nigricans, Schultz, 1943. dorsal and anal yellow; black spot at base of pelvics; membrane Plesiops sp. between dorsal spines I and III dusky. Stames plans to describe specimens, Two 22 and 26 mm SL. Dorsal IX, 9; anal 111,7; this species which has a wide Indopacific distribution. (USNM pectoral ii,13-14,ii-iii= 18; pelvic 1,4; scales 23; gill rakers 236936.)

5 + 1+7 = 13. Lower pectoral rays with only two branches; Pristigenys muttifasciata Yoshino and Iwai, 1973. pelvics extend beyond axil of anal in larger individuals. Head A specimen was handlined from 160 m. (BPBM 27766.) and body pale with brown bars; medial fins with dark brown bars and pale edges. (BPBM 17524, 20012, 24110.) Apogonidae (Cardinalfishes)

Pseudogrammitidae (Reef Basslets) The general name by which cardinalfishes are known in Samoa is fo. Many of the species groups in this family are poorly Pseudogramma bilinearis (Schultz, 1943). Ateate. understood and will likely undergo changes in nomenclature when Aporops bilinearis— Schultz, 1943. subjected to comprehensive review. At present, Lachner (in Pseudogramma polyacantha (Bleeker, 1856). Schultz et al. 1953) is probably the best source for species names

Gnalhypops samoensis— Fowler and Silvester, 1922. and descriptions and, unless otherwise noted, is followed in this Pseudogramma sp. checklist. One specimen, 80 mm SL; collected at 33 m. Dorsal Vll,22; anal 111,18; pectoral 14; pelvic 1,5; scales 49; lateral line pores angustalus (Smith and Radcliffe, 1911). Fo-tusiloloa.

22; gill rakers 5+1 + 11 = 17. No spine on rear margin of *Apogon asaedae Scale, 1935. preopercle. Body brown with yellow-brown blotches; fins red- Apogon asaedae— Scale, 1935. dish. (BPBM 24128.) Thomas H. Eraser writes that the types are in poor condition

and their identity is uncertain. Teraponidae (Terapon Perches) Apogon bandanensis Bleeker, 1854.

Apogon bandanensis—S,{emdachr\er , 1901. coccineus Terapon jarbua (^orssVM, 1775). Ava'ava. Apogon Riippell, 1838. Fo-si'umu. Apogon erythrina— Jordan and Therapon servus—Schmeltz, 1866. Evermann, 1905. As Amia erythrina, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as Apogon doryssa (part), Schultz, 1943. Kuhliidae (Mountain Basses) Apogon dammermani Weber and deBeaufort, 1929. Fo-malau. Amia crassiceps and A. fusca— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Kuhiia marginata (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). Apogon crassiceps Lalele. As (part), Schultz, 1943. Apogon edekataenia Bleeker, 1852. Dules mo/o—Schmeltz, 1866. Apogon edekataenia Fraser, 1972. Kuhtia mugil (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Safole. — Apogon exostigma (Jordan and Starks, 1906). Fo-loloa. Kuhtia laeniura— Jordan and Evermann, 1905. Amia exostigma— Jordan and Scale, 1906. As K. taeniura, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. As Apogon frenatus (part), Schultz, 1943. Kuhiia rupestris (Lacepede, 1802). Sesele (<15 cm TL), inato Apogon fragilis Smith, 1961. ( >15 cm TL). This species was collected from the saltwater Dules rupestris—Schmeltz, 1866. pond enclosed by runways at the Pago Pago International Airport. This species is often found in freshwater. Kuhiia salelea Schultz, 1943. Salele. Apogon fraenatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Kuhtia marginata— E\ermann and Scale, 1923. 1832. Fo-loloa. This species is often found in freshwater. Apogon frenatus (pan)—Schu\tz, 1943. Apogon guamensis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Priacanthidae (Big-Eyes) 1832.

Amia savayensis (part)—Jordan and Scale, 1906. All species of Priacanthus are known as matapula in Samoa. As Apogon bandanensis (part), Schultz, 1943.

Wayne C. Stames, who is revising the genus, made or confirmed Apogon nubilis is a junior synonym. the identifications. Apogon hypselonotus Bleeker, 1855. Fo-si'umiT. Amia doryssa—Jordan and Scale, 1906. Priacanthus blochii Bleeker, 1853. As Apogon doryssa (part), Schultz, 1943. This species is fairly common in Pago Pago Bay. (BPBM Apogon kallopterus Bleeker, 1856. Fo-aialo. 17485.) Amia snyderi— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede, 1801). As Apogon frenatus (part), Schultz, 1943. Priacanthus cruentatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Apogon lateralis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832. Priacanthus hamrur (ForsskaJ, 1775). Amia lateralis— Jordan and Scale, 1906. A specimen was handlined from 60 m. (BPBM 27765.) As Apogon ceramensis, Schultz, 1943.

13 Apogon leplacanihus Bleeker, 1856. Fowleria isostigma (Jordan and Seale, 1906). Fo-gatala. Apogon leptacanthus—Schmeltz, 1866. Apogonichthys isostigma—Jordan and Seale, 1906. As Mionorus graeffei, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as Apogon As Apogon isostigma, Schultz, 1943. graeffei, Schultz, 1943. Fowleria marmorata (Ailcyne and Maclcay, 1876). Fo-mumu. Apogon nigrofasciatus Lachner in Schultz et al., 1953. Fo-tuauB. Apogonichthys marmoratus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Amia aroubiensis— Jordan and Scale, 1906. As Apogon auritus (part), Schultz, 1943. As Apogon aroubiensis, Schultz, 1943. Fowleria variegata (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Apogon novemfasciatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828. 1832). Apogon novemfasciatus—Schmeltz, 1865. Apogonichthys variegatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. As Amia novemfasciata (part), Jordan and Scale, 1906. As Apogon auritus (part), Schultz, 1943. Apogon robustus (Smith and Radcliffe, 1911). urospitotus Lachner in Schultz et al., 1953. Amia novemfasciata (part)— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Pseudamia potystigma (Bleeker, 1859). As Apogon novemfasciata (part), Schultz, 1943. Pseudamia sp. Apogon savayensis Giinther, 1871. Fo-tala. Two specimens, 46 and 47 mm SL; collected at Larsen Bay Apogon savayensis—Giinther, 1871. at 70 m. Dorsal VI + 1,8; anal 11,8; pectoral 16; gill rakers 8 As Amia savayensis (part), Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as developed + 9 or 10 undeveloped; lateral line scales Apogon bandanensis {pan), Schultz, 1943. 5-1-18 = 23; a ventral row of 19 notched scales from below Apogon trimaculatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828. pectoral base to caudal peduncle. Scales cycloid and well Amia koilomatodon— Jordan and Scale, 1906. developed; no flap on anterior nostrils; a few serrations on Apogon sp. Fo-talamemea. angle of preoperculum. Color in alcohol: body pale yellow,

Lachner (in Schultz et al. 1953) referred to this species as novae- almost entirely overlaid with yellow-brown pigment; brown

guineae. He has since determined it to be undescribed, spots on preoperculum, lips, and chin; caudal dusky; all

however, and plans to describe it with John E. Randall. other fins pale. (BPBM 24116.) Apogon sp. Pseudamiops gracilicauda (Lachner in Schultz et al., 1953). Two specimens, both 25 mm SL; collected at 37 m. Dorsal Rhabdamia sp.

Vll + 1,9; anal 11,8; pectoral 14; lateral line pores 22. Head, Several specimens, largest is 33 mm SL; collected at depths body, and fins with rosy brown and pale mottling. (USNM of 20-33 m. Dorsal VI + 1,9; anal 11,12-14; pectoral 10; gill 220060.) rakers 14. One weak suborbital spine at angle and 2-5 weak preopercular spines. Translucent with pale orange spots on bigutlata Lachner, 1951. head. Color in alcohol; pale yellow with dusky specks on Archamia fucata {Cantor, 1850). Fo-manifi. preoperculum, lips, and chin. (BPBM 18724, USNM Apogon bleekeri Schmeltz, 1866. — 220059.) As Archamia lineolata, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, Malacanthidae (TUeflshes) 1943. macrodon (Laccpede, 1802). Fo-taoto, luganini These fishes are generally known as mo'o or nio'otai. (Savai'i). Chilodipterus octovittatus—Schmeltz, 1866. Malacanthus brevirostris Guichenot, 1848. As Paramia macrodon, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as Cheilo- Malacanthus latovittatus (Lacepede, 1801). Mo'o-moana. dipterus lineatus, Schultz, 1943. Oceanops latovitlata—Jordan and Seale, 1906. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1828. Fo-tusiloloa. Echeneididae (Remoras) Paramia quinquelineata— Jordan and Seale, 1906. As Paramia quinquelineata, Schultz, 1943. Remoras are called talitaliuli in Samoa.

Foa fo Jordan and Seale, 1906. Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758. Foa fo— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Echeneis naucrates— Fowler, 1900. As Apogon brachygramma (part), Schultz, 1943. As Leptecheneis naucrates, Jordan and Seale, 1906. *Foa vaiulae Jordan and Seale, 1906. Phtheirichthys lineatus (Menzies, 1791). Foa vaiulae— Jordan and Seale, 1906. This fish was associated with a hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys As Apogon brachygramma (part), Schultz, 1943. imbricata, when collected. Schultz (1943) placed this species in synonymy with/o. Remora remora (Linnaeus, 1758). Schmeltz, 1865. *Fowleria aurita (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831). Echeneis remora— Remoropsis pallidus (Schlegel, 1850). Apogon auritus (part) —Schultz, 1943. taken from the gills of a black marlin, Makaira Considerable difference of opinion exists regarding the tax- A specimen was indica. onomy of this genus. Schultz (1943) placed marmoratus and Rhombochirus osteochir (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, variegatus in the synonymy of auritus but retained isosligma as a valid species. Smith (1961) recognized only auritus. All four 1829). This specimen was associated with a blue marlin, Makaira forms are given specific status by Lachner {in Schultz et £il. nigricans. 1953). The present author was readily able to identify isostigma, marmorata, and variegata from recently collected Carangidae (Jacks) material. Samoan specimens at the U.S. National Museum labeled aurita were examined but their faded condition made Many of the jacks are not knowTi by specific Samoan names. identification impossible. Size classes, however, are labeled as follows: lupo (<8 cm TL), Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793). Nato (<10 cm TL), lupota (8-20 cm TL), malaiiU (20-50 cm TL), ulua (50-80 cm TL), atule (10-20 cm TL), laupapa (>20 cm TL). and sapo'anae (>80 cm TL). Frank Williams assisted with the crumenophthalmus—Schmeltz, 1865. identifications and synonymies of most Carangoides and Uraspis. As Trachurops crumenophthalma, Jordan and Seale, 1906 Decapterus and some Carangoides were identified by William F. and as T. crumenophthalmus, Schultz, 1943. Smith-Vaniz who also furnished or confirmed most of the re- Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810). maining synonymies. Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833. Tafala, palu-kata, tavai.

Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787). Noasami (juvenile), to'ulo'u (sub- This identification was confirmed by Smith-Vaniz. adult). (ANSP 145118.) Alectis ciliaris—Jordan and Scale, 1906. Trachinotus baillonii (Lacepede, 1802). Lalafutu, lai. Atule mate (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833). Tachynolus bailloni—Giinther, 1876. Decapterus lundini—Jordan and Scale, 1906. Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1802). Alalafutu, lalafutu. As Caranx lundini, Schultz, 1943. Trachynotus ovatus— Schmeltz, 1866. Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (Riippell, 1830). Lalafutu, fUu. As Trachinotus ovatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, Carangoides dinema (Bleeker, 1851). 1943. A specimen was handlined from 80 m. Uraspis secunda (Poey, 1860). Malauli-gulupa'e, lufi. Carangoides ferdau (Forsskal, 1775). Carangoides ferdau—Jordan and Evermann, 1905. Coryphaenidae (Dolphins) As Caranx ferdau and C. gilberti, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as C. ferdu, Schultz, 1943. hippurus Linnaeus, 1758. Masimasi. Carangoides hedlandensis (Whitley, 1934). Coryphaena hippurus—Schultz, 1943. Caranx plumbeus—Jordan and Scale, 1906. As Caranx armatus, Schultz, 1943. This species has been refer- Leiognathidae (Ponyfishes)

red to as ciliaris which is a nomen dubium (Williams et al. 1980). in Samoa. Carangoides orthogrammus Jordan and Gilbert, 1881. Ponyfishes are known as mumu Junior synonyms are jordani, nitidus, and the subspecies gym- minuta (Bloch, 1795). nostethoides evermanni. (ANSP 144898.) Cazza Gazza equuliformis— Borodin, 1932. Carangoides plagiotaenia (Bleeker, 1857). *Leiognathus equula (Forsskal, 1775). Williams lists this as the "probable" identity for the Samoan Equula edentula— Steindachner, 1906. specimen he examined. Junior synonyms include vomerinus, This species is recorded only from Upolu. compressus, and brevicarinatus. Leiognathus fasciatus (Lacepede, 1803). Caranx ignobilis (Forsskal, 1775). Sapo'anae. Equula filigera—Schmeltz, 1865. Caranx ignobilis (part) and C. marginatus—}ordan and Scale, 1906. Bramidae (Pomfrets) Caranx lugubris Poey, 1861. Tafauli. Caranx adscensionis—Schultz, 1943. Taractichthys longipinnis (Lowe, 1843). Manifi-moana. caught by tuna longline Caranx melampygus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833. This is a pelagic species commonly in deep Malauli-apamoana, atugaloloa. vessels and occasionally by local handline fishermen Caranx melampygos—Schmeltz, 1879. water. Caranx papuensis Alleyne and Macleay, 1877. Malauli-sinasama. Caesionidae (Fusiliers) Caranx ignobilis (part)— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard, 1825. Malauli- Members of this family, known as atule-tolo or ulisega, occupy matalapo'a. the midwater habitat and seldom take a baited hook. They are, Caranx hippos—Gmthex , 1876. thus, difficult to collect except by a diver with a spear which ex- As C. forsteri, Jordan and Seale, 1906. plains why only two species were previously recorded from Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833). Samoa. Gerald R. Allen confirmed the identifications. Atuleau, namuauli.

Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker, 1851. Atuleau, namuauli. Caesio caerulaureus Lacepede, 1801. lajang Most recent authors have misapplied the name to this Caesio caerulaureus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. species according to Smith-Vaniz. Caesio xanthonotus Bleeker, 1853. Elegatis bipinnulatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825). Samani. Caesio erythrogaster—Schmeltz, 1869. Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskal, 1775). Lupovai (juveniles). Pterocaesio chrysozona (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1906. Caranx speciosus— Jordan and Seale, 1830).

As Caranx speciosus, Schultz, 1943. Pterocaesio kohleri Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. cordyla 1758). Atualo. Megalaspis (Linnaeus, Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830). Caranx rottleri—Giinther, 1876. Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal, 1775). Lai. Chorinemus toloo—Schmeltz, 1866. Lutjanidae (Snappers) As Scomberoides sancti-petri, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. The general name for shallow water snappers in Samoa is mu. Large, deepwater species are known as palu. Sixteen of the 17 new Paracaesio sordidus Abe and Shinohara, 1%2. records for this family were taken by local handline fishermen in (GMBL 81-64.) relatively deep water (>100 m). Paracaesio xanthurus Bleeker, 1875. Palu-tuasama, palu-tua- vela. (GMBL 77-258.) Aphareus furcatus (Lacepede, 1801). Palu-aloalo. Paracaesio sp. Palu-mutu. Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830. One specimen, 440 mm SL; handlined from relatively deep Palu-gutusiliva, palu-sina, palu-makomako. water. Dorsal X,10; anal 111,8; pectoral 16; gill rakers Aprion virescens Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830. 104-1-1-17 = 28; lateral line pores 48. No scales on maxillary. Asoama, utu. Body pale with four triangular-shaped, olive-colored saddles on Aprion virescens—Schultz, 1943. back, lateral line also olive-colored; head pale, darker dorsally; Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828. dorsal fm and ventral portion of caudal pale yellow, remaining Palu-malau. fms pale with a dusky tinge. P. Fourmanoir believes this to be

Anderson (1981) concluded that marshi is a synonym. an undescribed species. He has also seen specimens from Fiji Etelis coruscans Valenciennes, 1862. Palu-loa, palu-malau, palu- and Vanuatu (New Hebrides). (GMBL 81-65.) atu. Pristipomoides amoenus (Snyder, 1911). Palu-tusimoana, palu- Etelis radiosus Anderson, 1981. ula, palu-sega. Harry T. Kami identified the spyecimen.

This recently described species is caught less frequently in Pristipomoides auricilla (Jordan, Evermaim and Tanaka, 1927). Samoa than the other two members of the genus. Its ap- Palu-i'usama, palu-ave.

pearance is similar to coruscans though the caudal fin lobes are Pristipomoides filamentosus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Val-

shorter and the gill rakers more numerous. enciennes, 1830). Palu-ena'ena, palu-sina, palu-pa'epa'e. argentimaculalus (FoTssk°al, 1775). Mu-laiva. Pristipomoides flavipinnis Shinohara, 1%3. Palu-sina, palu- Mesophon gembra—Schmeltz, 1869. pa'epa'e. As Lutianus argentimaculatus and L. lineatus, Jordan and Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1870). Palu-sina-ugatele, palu- Scale, 1906 and as L. argentimaculatus, Schultz, 1943. sina, palu-pa'epa'e. *Lutjanus biguttatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, A specimen was identified by Harry T. Kami. 1830). Pristipomoides zonatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Mesoprion bleekeri—Schmeltz, 1869. 1830). Palu-sega, palu-ula. Lutjanus bohar (Forsskal, 1775). Mu, mu-a'a (dark phase), mu-mea (red phase). Lutianus bohar— Jordan and Seale, 1906. (Monocle Breams) As Lutianus bohar, Schultz, 1943. Nemipteridae * Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forssk^il, 1775). caninus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830). Mesoprion fulviflamma— Schmeltz, 1874. *Pentapodus xanthopleura Schmeltz, 1865. Lutjanus fulvus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Tamala, taiva. Heterognathodon — Genyoroge marginata— Schmeltz, 1865. Pentapodus sp. Tivao-sugale. Russell believes Samoan specimens represent a new As Lutianus marginatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as L. Barry C. species. 24120, P26987-001.) vaigiensis, Schultz, 1943. (BPBM WAM *Scolopsis cancellatus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830). Lutjanus gibbus (FoTisk'al, 1775). Mala'i. cancellatus Schmeltz, 1869. Genyoroge botlonensis—Schmeltz, 1869. Scolopsis — S. lineata, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Jordan and Seale based As Lutianus gibbus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. As of this species on Giinther's (1874) record. Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal, 1775). Savane. their record Tivao. Diacope octolineata—Schmeltz, 1865. Scolopsis trilineatus Kner, 1868. Scolopsis trilineatus Kner, 1868. As Lutianus kasmira, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. — Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828). Gerreidae (Mojarras) Taiva, feloitega. Lutianus monostigma— Jordan and Seale, 1906. for members of this family is matu. The As Lutianus monostigma, Schultz, 1943. The general name were not collected during the present study are Lutjanus rivulalus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828). three species which recorded only from Western Samoa where their preferred habitat Mu-mafalaugutu . or freshwater) is much more extensive. Genyoroge rivulata—Schmeltz, 1877. (shallow brackish As Lutianus rivulatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, Bleeker, 1851. 1943. *Gerres kapas Gerres Aropos— Fowler, 1929. Lutjanus rufolineatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, *Gerres macrosoma Bleeker, 1854. Savane-ulasama. 1830). Gerres macrosoma—Steindachner, 1906. in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828. Lutjanus sanguineus Cuvier As Xystaema macrosoma, Jordzm and Seale, 1906. Jordan and Mala'i-pa'epa'e. Seale based their Samoan record on that of Kner (1868). Macolor niger (Forsskal, 1775). Nfatala'oa. Gerres oblongus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830. Mesoprion macolor—Giinther, 1873. Matu-loa. As Lutianus niger, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Gerres macrosoma— Kner, 1868. Paracaesio kusakarii Abe, 1960. Palu-tuauli, mu-sina. As Xystaema gigas, Jordan and Seale, 1906. This species was identified by William D. Anderson, Jr. Gerres oyena (ForsskSil, 1775). (GMBL 76^18.) Gerres argyreus—Schmeltz, 1865.

16 * Genes setifer (Buchanan-Hamilton, 1822). Sphaerodon grandoculis—Giinther, 1874. Genes lucidus—^orodm, 1932. Wattsia mossambicus (Smith, 1957). Filoa-mutumutu.

MuUidae (Goatflshes) Haemulidae (Grunts and Sweetlips)

Mulloides flavolineatus (Lacepede, 1801). I'asina (< 8 cm Pleclorhynchus nigrus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830). TL), vete, afulu, afolu. Misimisi. Mulloides samoensis—Giinther, 1874. Diagramma gibbosus— Hombron and Jacquinot, 1853. As Mulloides samoensis, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as As Euelatichthys crassispinus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as Mulloidichthys samoensis, Schultz, 1943. Ptectorhinchus nigrus, Schultz, 1943. Mulloides vanicolensis (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- Pleclorhynchus orientalis (Bloch, 1793). Mutumutu, ava'ava- ciermes, 1831). I'asina «8 cm TL), vete, afulu, afolu. moana. Mulloides vanicolensis—Schmeltz, 1866. Diagramma lessonii—Schmeltz, 1866. As Mulloides auriflamma, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as As Pleclorhinchus diagrammus, Schultz, 1943. Mulloidichthys auriflamma, Schultz, 1943.

Pleclorhynchus punctatissimus (P\ayiw , 1867). Tamai-moana. Parupeneus barberinoides (Bleeker, 1852). Tulausaena, ta'uleia. Pleclorhynchus chaetodonoides— Jordan and Scale, 1906. (Jpeneus alrocingulalus—Steindachner, 1870. Juveniles are sometimes referred to as picus according to R. J. As Pseudupeneus alrocingulalus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. McKay. Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepede, 1801). Tusia. Upeneus barberinus—Giinther, 1874. Lethrinidae (Emperors) As Pseudupeneus barberinus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Parupeneus bifasciaius (Lacepede, 1801). Matulau-moana. Juvenile emperors < 15 cm TL are referred to as mala'ele'ele. Upeneus bifasciaius—Giinther, 1874. Those 15-30 cm TL are ulamalosi, and individuals >30 cm TL As Pseudupeneus bifasciaius, Jordan and Seale, 1906. are called fUoa. Torao Sato, who has recently (1978) revised Parupeneus chryserydros (Lacepede, 1801). Moana. , assisted with the identification of members of this Upeneus cyclosioma—Schmeltz, 1866. genus. As Pseudupeneus chryserydros and P. cyclostomus, Jordan and Seale, 1906.

Gnalhodeniex aureolineaius {Lacepede, 1803). Mumu, tolai. Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803). Ta'uleia. Penlapus aurolineatus—Giinther, 1874. Upeneus indicus—Giinther, 1874. As Gnalhodeniex aurolineatus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. As Pseudupeneus indicus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as Paru- Gymnocranius lelhrinoides (Bleeker, 1849). Filoa-mu. peneus malabaricus, Schultz, 1943. Gymnocranius rivulatus (Rijppell, 1835). Filoa-gutupu'u. Parupeneus pleurospilos (Bleeker, 1853). Moana-ula, vete-rau.

This species was identified by P. Fourmanoir who states that This species generally occurs at depths beyond 25 m.

robinsoni is a junior synonym. It is caught in deep water. Parupeneus pleurosligma {Bennett, 1830). Matulau-ilamutu. Lelhrinus amboinensis Bleeker, 1854. Filoa-gutumumu. Parupeneus porphyreus (Jenkins, 1903). Lelhrinus amboinensis—Schultz, 1943. Parupeneus porphyreus— Helfrich et al., 1975. Lelhrinus elongalus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Paul Gueze writes that two different species carry this name.

1830. Filoa-va'a, nioa-ava. One is considered a Hawaiian endemic by John E. Randall; the Lethrinus miniatus—Giinther, 1874. other has an Indo-Pacific distribution. The latter is not a com- As Lethrinella miniata, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as mon species in Samoa. It was observed by the author only in Lethrinus miniatus, Schultz, 1943. John E. Randall has recent- the vicinity of the fuel dock in Pago Pago Bay.

ly discovered that miniatus is the senior synonym for the species Parupeneus irifascialus (Lacepede, 1801). Matulau, moana. currently known as chrysostomus. Upeneus irifascialus—Schmeltz, 1866. Lethrinus harak (Forsskal, 1775). FUoa-val. As Pseudupeneus moana, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Lethrinus harak and L. bonhamensis— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Upeneus laenioplerus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829. Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker, 1856. Filoa-apamumu. Ula'oa. Lethrinus amboinensis— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Paul Gueze has found arge to be a synonym. Lelhrinus mahsena (Forsskal, 1775). Filoa-ulumato. Upeneus vittatus Lacepede, 1801. Ula'oa. Lelhrinus mahsena— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Upeneoides vitiaius—Schmeltz, 1865. Lelhrinus nebulosus (Forsskal, 1775). Ulusa'o, mulogo. Lelhrinus nebulosus—Schmeltz, 1879.

Lelhrinus fraenalus is a junior synonym. Monodactylidae (Silver Batfishes) Lelhrinus ramak (Forsskal, 1775). Lauloa. Lelhrinus ramak—Giinther, 1874. Monodaclylus argenleus (Linnaeus, 1758). Vavale, valevale. Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato, 1978. Filoa-pa'o'omumu, filoa- Pseltus argenleus—Schme\tz, 1869. ulutele. Lethrinus moensii—Giinther, 1874. Pempherididae (Sweepers)

Though only recently described, this species is common in

Samoa. Pempheris mangula Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829. A/onotov«grartrfoc«/tr (Forsskal, 1775). Mu-matavaivai, matamu Manifi. (<15 cm TL), matamatamu (>15 cm TL), loalia. Pempheris mangula—Fowler, 1931b. Pempheris oualensis Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. pelewensis Kner, 1867. Tifitifi-tusiloloa. Manifl. Chaetodon pelewensis— Schmeltz, 1869. Pempheris mangula—Giinther, 1875. Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Gray, 1831. Tifitifi-segasega. Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Giinther, 1874. As P. otailensis, Schultz, 1943. — Chaetodon rafflesii Bennett, 1830. Tlfitifi-pule. Chaetodon rafflesi— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Kyphosidae (Rudderfishes) Chaetodon reticulatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. Tifitifi-maono. * bigibbus (Lacep^de, 1802). Chaetodon reticulatus—Schmeltz, 1866. Pimelepterus fuscus— Kner, 1868. Chaetodon semeion Bleeker, 1855. Tifitifi-si'o. The only Samoan record of this species is Kner's from Chaetodon semeion—Schmeltz, 1866. "Savay." Chaetodon trifascialis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825). Tifitifi-sae'u. (Forsskal, 1775). Nanue, mata-mutu Chaetodon strigangulus—Schmeltz, 1869. (Manu'a Islands), mutumutu. As Megaprotodon trifascialis, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as — Jordan and Seale, 1906. M. strigangulus, Schultz, 1943. Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825). Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park, 1797. Tifitiri-maniri. Pimelepterus waigiensis—Schmeltz, 1874. Chaetodon trifasciatus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. Ephippididae (Spadefishes) Tifitifi-gutu'uli. Chaetodon falcula—Sc\\me\iz, 1869. C. falcula, Schultz, 1943. *Drepane punctata (Linnaeus, 1758). As Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787. Tifitiri-pulesama. Drepane punctata—Schmeltz, 1869. Chaetodon unimaculatus Schmeltz, 1865. Platax orbicularis (Forsskal, 1775). Pe'ape'a (< 10 cm TL), — Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus, 1758. Tifltiri-matapua'a. pe'ape'a-uli (>10 cm TL). Chaetodon vagabundus Schmeltz, 1866. Platax orbicularis—Schmeltz, 1866. — Forcipiger flavissimus Jordan and McGregor, 1898. Gutumanu. Forcipiger longirostris (part) Jordan and Seale, 1906. Chaetodontidae (Butterflyfishes) — Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet, 1782). Gutumanu. Forcipiger longirostris— Jordan and Evermann, 1905. The general name for butterflyfishes in Samoa is tifitifl. Both normal and dark color phases have been collected. polylepis (Bleeker, 1857). Alosina. Chaetodon auriga Forsskal, 1775. Si'u, i'usamasama. Hemitaurichthys thompsoni Fowler, 1923. Chaetodon setifer—Schmeltz, 1869. This uncommon species was observed along the edge of the As C. setifer, Jordan and Seale, 1906. drop-off at Steps Point and on the outer edge of Nafanua Chaetodon bennelti Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. Bank. Tiritifi-lega. acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Laulaufau-laumea. Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. Heniochus macrolepidolus—Schmeltz, 1866. Tifitifi-moamanu (Am. Samoa), tifitifi-muamai (W. Samoa). Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Chaetodon citrinellus— Schmeltz, 1865. 1831. Laulaufau-laumea. Fowler's (1928) Samoan record of miliaris probably belongs to Heniochus chrysostoma— Schmeltz, 1874. this species as miliaris is known only from Hawaii. As H. permutatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. Tifitifi-tuauli. Laulaufau-laumea. Chaetodon ephippium—Schmeltz, 1869. Heniochus monoceros—Schmeltz, 1866. Chaetodon flavirostris Giinther, 1874. Heniochus singularis Smith and Radcliffe, 1911. A single spiecimen was speared at Rose Island and identified by (Cuvier m Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). John E. Randall. (BPBM 27779.) Laulaufau-laumea. Chaetodon kleinii Bloch, 1790. Heniochus varius— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Chaetodon kleinii— Fowler and Bean, 1929.

Chaetodon lineolatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1 83 1 .

Tifltifi-laui'a. (Angelfishes) Chaetodon lineolatus—Giinther, 1874. Pomacanthidae Chaetodon lunula (Lacepede, 1802). Tiritifl-laumea. in Samoa Chaetodon lunula—Schmeltz, 1866. Members of this family are referred to as tu'u'u damselfishes. Chaetodon melannotus Bloch and Schneider, 1801. Tifitifl- which is the same general name used for pa'ipa'i (Am. Samoa), tifitin-laumoli (W. Samoa). and Wass, 1974. Chaetodon dorsalis—Schmeltz, 1865. aurantius Randall Randall and Wass, 1974. Chaetodon merlensii Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. Centropyge aurantius— 1787). Tu'u'u-matamalu. Tifitiri-sega'ula. Centropyge bicolor (Bloch, Chaetodon mertensi— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Holacanthus bicolor— Schmeltz, 1866. 1860). Tu'u'u-alomu. Chaetodon ornatissimus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Centropyge bispinosus (Giinther, bispinosus Jordan and Evermann, 1905. 1831. Tifitifi- 'ava'ava. Holacanthus — and Seale, 1906. Chaetodon ornatissimus— Schmeltz, 1866. As Holacanthus bispinosus, Jordan Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner, 1933. Tu'u'u-uluvela. Amphiprion perideraion Bleeker, 1855. Tu'u'u-lumane. Centropyge flavissimus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831). acares Randall and Swerdloff, 1973. Tu'u'u-fo. Tu'u'u-sama, tu'u'u-lega. Chromis acares— RandaXi and Swerdloff, 1973. Holacanthus cyanolus—Schmeltz, 1866. Chromis agilis Smith, 1960. As Holacanihus flavissimus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Chromis amboinensis (Bleeker, 1873). Tu'u'u-palevai. Centropyge heraldi Woods and Schultz in Schultz et al., 1953. Chromis amboinensis— Men, 1975. Tu'u'u-atugauli. Chromis atripectoralis Welander and Schultz, 1951. Samoan specimens do not show the normal color pattern. The Tu'u'u-segasega. distal half of the soft dorsal is abruptly black instead of Chromis caeruleus— Scale, 1935. uniformly yellow. Chromis caerulea (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830). Centropyge loriculus (Giinther, 1874). Tu'u'u-tusiuli. ralanumoana, tu'u'u-segasega. Centropyge multifasciatus (Smith and Radcliffe, 1911). Heliastes lepidurus—Schmeltz, 1866. Tu'u'u-manini. Chromis iomelas Jordan and Scale, 1906. Tu'u'u-i'usina. Centropyge multifasciatus— Smith-Vaniz and Randall, 1974. Chromis iomelas— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Holacanthus trimaculatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, As C dimidiatus, Schultz, 1943. 1831. Chromis margaritifer Fowler, 1946. Tu'u'u-i'usina. Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch, 1787). Tu'u'u-vaolo Ouvenile, Chromis ternatensis (Bleeker, 1856). Am. Samoa), tu'u'u-nuanua (juvenile, W. Samoa), tu'u'u- Chromis Cerware^j-is—Steindachner, 1906. moana (adult). Chromis vanderbilti (Fov/\eT, 1941). Tu'u'u-fo. Holacanthus nicobariensis—Schmeltz, 1866. Chromis weberi Fowler and Bean, 1928. As Holacanthus nicobariensis, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Chromis xanthura (Bleeker, 1854). Tu'u'u-i'usina. Fowler and Bean's (1929) record of Pomacanthus semicir- Chromis sp. "A".

culatus probably belongs to this species. This species is recorded from Samoa by Allen (1975) who label-

Pygoplites diacanthus {Boddaen, 1772). Tu'u'u-moana. ed it Chromis sp. "A". Holacanthus diacanthus— Schmeltz, 1866. Chrysiptera biocellata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825). Tu'u'u-ulavapua. Cichlidae (Tilapia) Glyphidodon antjeriusSchmehz, 1866.

As Abudefduf antjerius and A. zonatus, Jordan and Scale, Tilapia mossambica (Peters, 1852). 1906 and as A. biocellatus and A. zonatus, Schultz, 1943. This is a fresh and brackish water species native to east . Chrysiptera caeruleolineata (Allen, 1973). It was introduced several years ago and is plentiful in the swam- Glyphidodontops caeruleolineatus— Allen, 1975. py areas on Aunu'u Island. Chrysiptera cyanea (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825). Tu'u'u-mo'o, Pomacentridae (Damselfishes) vaiuli-sama. Glyphidodon azureus and G. uniocellatus— Schmeltz, 1866. The general name for damselfishes is tu'u'u. As Abudefduf taupou and A. uniocellatus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as /I. taupou, Schultz, 1943. Abudeefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Chrysiptera glauca (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830). 1830.) Mutu. Glyphidodon modestus— Schmeltz, 1866. Abudeefduf septemfasciatus— Steindachner, 1906. As Abudefduf glaucus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, Abudefduf sexfasciatus {Lacepede, 1801). Mamo. 1943. Glyphidodon coelestinus—Schmeltz, 1874. Chrysiptera leucopoma (Lesson 1830). Tu'u'u-tulisegasega (blue As Abudefduf coelestinus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. and yellow phase), tu'u'u-alamu (brown phase). Abudefduf sordidus (FoTssk'ai, 1775). Mulu. Glyphidodon leucopoma— Giinther, 1881. Glyphidodon sordidus—Giinther, 1881. As Abudefduf amabilis and A. leucopomus, Jordan emd Scale, Abudefduf vaigiensis {Quay and Gaimard, 1825). Mamo. 1906 and Schultz, 1943. Glyphidodon coelestinus var. waigiensis— Schmeltz, 1866. Chrysiptera tricincta (Allen and Randall, 1974). As Abudefduf saxatilis, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, Glyphidodontops tricinctus—Allen and Randall, 1974. 1943. aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758). Mamo. curacao (Bloch, 1787). Dascyllus aruanus—Schmeltz, 1866. A mblyglyphidodon curacao—Allen, 1975. Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson, 1846). Tu'u'u-koko. This species was not observed by the author. Dascyllus trimaculatus (RiippeW, 1828). Tu'u'u-pulelua. Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster (Bleeker, 1847). Tu'u'u-mamo. Dascyllus trimaculatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Chromis anoto— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Lepidozygus tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1856). As Abudefduf curacao, Schultz, 1943. Neopomacenlrus metalticus (Jordan and Scale, 1906).

Amphiprion chrysopterus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Tu'u'u-segi, pipi. 1830. Tu'u'u-lumane. Abudefduf metallicus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Amphiprion chrysopterus—Aihen, 1975. As Abudefduffilamentosus, Schultz, 1943. Amphiprion melanopus Bleeker, 1852. Tu'u'u-lumane. Plectroglyphidodon dickii [Lienard, 1839). Tu'u'u-i'usina. Amphiprion ephippium var. melanopus—Giinther, 1881. Glyphidodon unifasciatus— Schmeltz, 1866. Allen (1978) considered rubrocinctus to be a color variation of As Abudefduf dicki, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as A. dickii, this species. Schultz, 1943. . .

Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis (Vaillant and Sauvage, 1875). Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829).

A budefduf imparipennis— Schultz, 1 943 Lausiva. This species was collected only at Rose Island. Cirrhites arcatus—Kner, 1868. Plectroglyphidodon Johnslonianus Fowler and Ball, 1924. As Amblycirrhites arcatus, Schultz, 1943. Tu'u'u-i'uuli. Paracirrhites forsteri (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Lausiva. Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus (Quoy and Gaiitiard, 1825). Cirrhites forsteri— Kner, 1868. Tu'u'u-lau, i'usamasama. Paracirrhites hemistictus (Giinther, 1874). Lausiva, a'a. Glyphidodon lacrymatus—Schmeltz, 1866. Amblycirrhites hemistictus and A. polystictus—Schultz, 1943. As A budefduf lacrymatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. Mugilidae (Mullets) Plectroglyphidodon leucozona (Bleeker, 1859). Tu'u'u-

sf'ugutusina. The general name for mullet in Samoa is 'anae and it is usually A budefduf behnii— Jordan and Seale, 1906. applied to fishes measuring 20-40 cm TL. Other names are moi (< As A budefduf behnii, Schultz, 1943. 5 cm TL), poi (5-8 cm TL), aua (8-12 cm TL), fuafua (12-15 cm Plectroglyphidodon phoenixensis (Schultz, 1943). Tu'u'u-popouli. TL), popoto or manase (15-20 cm TL), and afomatua (>40 cm

A budefduf phoenixensis— Schultz, 1 943 TL). J. M. Thomson confirmed some of the identifications and Pomacentrus brachialis Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830. furnished most of the synonyms. Tu'u'u-faga. Pomacentrus melanopterus— Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Chaenomugil leuciscus (Giinther, 1871). Schultz, 1943. Neomyxus chaptali— Fowler and Sylvester, 1922.

Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan and Starks, 1901. Tu'u'u-segasega. Thomson writes that the type of chaptalii is a juvenile Mugil

Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch, 1787). Tu'u'u-segasega, teatea. cephatus so the species generally referred to as chaptalii is cor- Pomacentrus pavo—Schmeltz, 1869. rectly known as leuciscus. Pomacentrus vaiuli Jordan and Seale, 1906. Tu'u'u-vaiuli. Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskal, 1775). Pomacentrus vaiuli— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Mugil crenilabis— Schultz, 1943. Pomachromis richardsoni (Snyder, 1909). Tu'u'u-malaumalaputa. Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1849). Pomachromis richardsoni—Allen, 1975. Mugil compressus— Giinther, 1881. As Liza troscheli, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as Mugil Stegastes albifasciatus (Sc\\\ige\ and Miiller, 1839^14). Tu'u'u-pa, troscheli, Schultz, 1943. Schultz (1943) also synonymized ulavapua. Agonostomus dorsalis, which was described from Samoa, with Pomacentrus albofasciatus—Schmeltz, 1877. this species. As Pomacentrus albofasciatus and P. ecliplicus, Jordan and Liza subviridis (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836). Seale, 1906 and as P. albofasciatus, Schultz, 1943. Mugil argenleus— Schmeltz, 1869. Stegastes faciolalus (Og\\by, 1889). Tu'u'u-palea. As Mugil argenteus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Pomacentrus inornatus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Liza vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824). Fuilogo (<10cm TL), As Pomacentrus inornatus, Schultz, 1943. Pomacentrus 'afa (10-25 cm TL), and 'anaeafa (>25 cm TL). jenkinsi is a common synonym. Mugil waigiensis— Steindachner, 1906. Stegastes lividus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Tu'u'u-moi. As Liza melinoptera, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as Mugil Glyphisodon cyanospilus— Schmeltz, 1865. vaigiensis, Schultz, 1943. As Pomacentrus lividus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, Valamugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858). 1943. Mugil kellartii—Steindachner, 1906. Stegastes nigricans CLdicepedi, 1803). Tu'u'u-moi. As Mugil caldwelli, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as M. engeli, Pomacentrus scolopsis— Schmeltz, 1866. Schultz, 1943. Mugil rechingen, which was described from As Pomacentrus nigricans, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Samoa, is also a synonym. Schultz, 1943. Valamugil seheli (Forsskal, 1775). Mugil axillaris—Giinther, 1877. Cirrhitidae (Hawkfishes) As Liza caeruleomaculaia, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as Mugil seheli, Schultz, 1943.

Amblycirrhitus bimacuta (Jenkins, 1903). La'o. Paracirrhites bimacula—Schultz, 1943. Amblycirrhitus unimacula (Kamohara, 1957). I.a'o. Sphyraenidae (Barracudas) John E. Randall confirmed the ideniification ot this species which was previously known only from the Ryukyu Islands and Barracudas are known as sapatii in Samoa. Donald P. de Sylva southern Taiwan (Randall 1963a). (BPBM 22723.) confirmed the identifications. Cirrhitichthys falco Randall, 1963. La'o-gatala. Cirrhitus pinnulalus {Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Ululu'i. Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792). Saosao (large indivi- Cirrhites punctatus— Kner, 1868. duals). As Cirrhitus marmoralus and Paracirrhites punctatus, Jordan Sphyraena snodgrassi— Schultz, 1943. and Seale, 1906. Sphyraena flavicauda Riippell, 1835. Neocirrhites armatus Castelnau, 1873. Sphyraena obtusata— Jordan and Seale, 1906.

This fish commonly occurs within coral (Pocillopora) heads at Sphyraena forsteri (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). shallow depths along exposed portions of the Tuiuila coastline. Sphyraena forsteri— Jordan and Seale, 1906.

20 Sphyraena helleri Jenkins, 1901. Cheilinus unifasciatus Streets, 1877. Lalafi. Sphyraena hellen~ScUuU.z, 1943. Cheilinus unifasciatus—Schultz, 1943. de Sylva believes this species may prove to be a synonym of This species has been misidentified as rhodochrous by most

acutipinnis. authors. Randall has found that rhodochrous is an Indian Sphyraena genie Klunzinger, 1870. Ocean species different from the Pacific unifasciatus.

Cheilio inermis (Forsskal, 1775). Sugale-mo'o. Polynemidae (Threadfins) Cheilio inermis—Jordan and Scale, 1906.

Choerodon jordani (Snydei , 1909). In American Samoa these fishes are known as 'umi'umia when Cirrhilabrus sp.

less than about 15 cm TL and i'ausi when larger. The name This is the color form mentioned by Randall and Shen (1978)

'umi'uinia is used for all sizes in Western Samoa. which may be a geographic variant of their melanomarginatus. Samoan specimens have a reddish blotch laterally behind the Polynemus plebeius Broussonet, 1782. pectoral fin, a spiny dorsal with a dark blue band marginally Polynemus taeniatus— Schmeltz, 1866. which slants to the dorsal axil posteriorly and a soft dorsal with As Polydaciylus plebeius, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, a yellow-orange margin. In the largest specimen (104 mm SL), 1943. the blue dorsal band terminates at the second soft dorsal ray.

Polynemus sexfilis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831. The anal of this specimen is fiesh colored with a dark blue Polydaciylus sexfilis—Schultz, 1943. blotch basally on the last four rays. The anal of smaller

specimens is largely dark blue with a flesh colored base. (BPBM 17461, 24124.) Labridae (Wrasses) Cirrhilabrus sp. Three specimens, 36-46 mm SL; collected at 12 m. Dorsal XI,9; anal 111,9; pectoral 15; lateral line pores 15 or 16-1-6 or Wrasses are generally called sugale. John E. Randall identified 7 = 21-23. Body and head dusky pink paling to yellow dorsally or confirmed the author's identifications for most of the new and to white ventrally; pectoral base dark and records. He also examined the unidentified specimens. brown one or two dark brown specks on upper half of caudal peduncle; dor-

sal yellow orange, first three spines AnampsescaeruleopunctatusKuppe}!, 1828. Sugale-mafalaugutu. membrane between dark brown; anal pinkish orange; caudal yellow. Randall writes Anampses coeruleopunctatus—Schmeltz, 1865. that As A. coeruleopunctatus and A. diadematus, Jordan and the species "seems to be in the temminckii complex." It was

observed only within the lagoon at Rose Atoll where it is Scale, 1906. Anampses diadematus refers to the terminal male abun- dant. 27780.) color phase (Randall 1972). (BPBM Cirrhilabrus sp. Anampses melanurus Bleeker, 1857. Four specimens, 24-72 mm SL; collected at 50-70 m. Dorsal Anampses melanurus—Giinther, 1881. XI,9; anal 111,9; pectoral 15; lateral line pores 17 + 7 = gill Anampses meleagrides Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 24; rakers 18; predorsal scales 5. Caudal rounded; pelvics of largest 1839. Sugale-tatanu (initial color phase). specimen long, extending to base of 4th anal ray Anampses twistii Bleeker, 1856. Sugale-tatanu. when de-

pressed. scale rows cheek; the largest 1 Bodianus anthioides (Bennett, 1831). Two on specimen has (right) and 3 fleft) scales on either side in the upper row and 9 or A single specimen was collected at Rose Atoll. (BPBM 27986.) 10 scales in the lower row which continues to a point Bodianus axillaris (Bennett, 1831). Sugale-vaolo. on up directly posterior to the middle of the eye; the smaller Bodianus diana (Lacepede, 1801). specimens (aU< 33 have 4 to 6 scales in the Bodianus loxozonus (Snyder, 1908). Sugale-a'a. mm) upper row and 5 to 8 scales in the lower row which is restricted to below the Cheilinus arenatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, level of the eye. Color of largest specimen: with faint 1840). body pink purple lines along centers of scale rows; (BPBM 24119.) head purple with two greenish yellow lines through eye, yellow dots on lower part of Cheilinus chlorourus (B\och, 1791). Lalafi-malapua'a. head and breast, upper part of head and nape greenish yellow; Cheilinus chlorusus— Schmeltz, 1865. distal half of dorsal red, then a thin dusky blue line and a As Thalliurus chlorurus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. yellow-pink base, a dusky spot at base of first two dorsal Cheilinus digrammus (Lacepede, 1801). Lalan-gulu'umi. spines; anal dusky yellow with purple mottling; caudal yellow Chilinus radiatus—Giinther, 1881. with two purple crescents; pelvics dusky. Color of smaller As Cheilinus digrammus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. specimens: body and lower portion of head pink; snout and nape greenish yellow; dorsal yellow, spiny dorsal with a red Cheilinus fasciatus (B\och, 1791). Lalafi-pulepule. band distally and a dusky spot at base of first two spines; a Cheilinus fasciatus—Schmeltz, 1 866. dusky spot on upper caudal peduncle; anal and caudal mostly Cheilinus orientalis Giinther, 1862. yellow. (BPBM 20000, 20003, 24124.) A single specimen was collected at 70 m and identified by Mar- Coris aygula Lacepede, 1801. Sugale-uluto'i (terminal male). tin F. Gomon. (BPBM 24117.) Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853. Coris cingulum—Schme\tz, 1874. Cheilinus trilobaius Lacepede, 1801. Lalari-maiamuniQ. As C. angulata, Schultz, 1943. Cheilinus trilobatusSchmeltz, 1869. Coris gaimard (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824). Sugale-mumu, sugale- Cheilinus undulalus Riippell, 1835. LalaH «30 cm TL), tagafa tala'ula. (30-75 cm TL), and malakea (>75 cm TL). Coris pulcherrima—SchmeXtz, 1874.

Cheilinus undulatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. As Julis greenovii and J. pulcherrima, Jordan and Scale, 1906

21 . .

and as Coris gaimard and C. greenovi, Schultz, 1943. Coris the dorsal and ventral edges of the caudal. At depths greater greenovi has long been applied to the juvenile color phase. than about 10 m, however, the dark band becomes bright Epibulus insidialor (Pallas, 1770). Lapega (Am. Samoa), yellow under the soft dorsal through the basal portion of the si'umutu (W. Samoa), lalafi-tua'au. caudal. Epibulis insidiator—Schmehz, 1866. Labroides rubrolabiatus Randall, 1958. Gomphosiis varius Lacepede, 1801. Gutusi'o, gutu'umi, sugale- Labroides rubrolabiatus— KandaW and Springer, 1975. lupe. Labropsis australis Randall, 1981. Gomphosus cepedianus—Schmeltz, 1865. Labropsis australis— Randal, 1981. As C. varius and G. tricolor, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Labropsis xanthonota RandaHl, 1981. Schultz, 1943. Gomphosus tricolor has been applied to the ter- Labropsis xanthonota—RanddXX, 1981. minal male color phase. Macropharyngodon meleagris (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- biocellatus Schultz in Schultz et al., 1960. ciennes, 1839). Sugale-puletasi. Halichoeres hartzjeldii (Bleeker, 1852). Sugale-tatanu. Platyglossus geoffroyii—SchmeXiz, 1866. Halichoeres hortulanus (Lacepede, 1801). Sugale-a'au, sugale- As Macropharyngodon meleagris and Leptojulis pardalis, Jor- pagota, ifigi. dan and Seale, 1906 and as Macropharyngodon goeffroyi and

Halichoeres centrinquadra—Steindachner, 1906. Leptojulis pardalis, Schultz, 1943. The initial color phase has As Halichoeres cenliquadrus and H. noloplhalmus, Jordan been referred to as pardalis. and Seale, 1906 and as H. centriquadrus and H. noloplhalmus, Macropharyngodon negrosensis Herre, 1932. Schultz, 1943. Macropharyngodon negrosensis— Randall, 1978. Halichoeres margaritaceus (Valenciennes m Cuvier and Valen- Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepede, 1801). Sugale-la'o (juve-

ciennes, 1839). Sugale-uluvela. nile), sugale-taili (adult), sugale-gasufi. Halichoeres pseudominiatus—Schmehz, 1 865 Novacula vanicolensis— Schmeltz, 1866. As H. daeldatma and H. opercularis, Jordan and Seale, 1906. As Novaculichthys kallosomus and N. taeniurus, Jordan and Halichoeres marginatus RuppeU, 1835. Sugale-lalafi. Seale, 1906. Plaiyglossus marginalus—Schmehz, 1866. Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan and Evermann, 1903. Sugale- As Platyglossus marginatus and P. notopsus, Jordan and tusilusi (Am. Samoa), sugale-manifi (W. Samoa). Seale, 1906 and as Halichoeres marginatus and H. notopsus, Pseudocheilinus hexataenia (Bleeker, 1857). Sugale-tusitusi (Am. Schultz, 1943. Samoa), sugale-manifi (W. Samoa). Halichoeres melanurus (Bleeker, 1851). Pseudocheilinus psilticula—Schmeltz, 1869. Platyglossus kallochroma—Schmehz, 1869. Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins, 1900. Sugale-tusitusi (Am. As Platyglossus flos-corallis and P. hoevenii, Jordan and Seale, Samoa), sugaie-manifl (W. Samoa).

1 906 and as Halichoeres hoevenii and H. kallochroma, Schultz, Pseudocoris yamashiroi (Schmidt, 1930).

1943. The initial phase is sometimes referred to as hoevenii and Pseudocoris awayae is a junior synonym according to William

the terminal male as kallochroma (Randall 1980b). F. Smith-Vaniz who is revising the genus with Randall. (ANSP Halichoeres melasmapomus Randall, 1980. 145970.) Halichoeres melasmapomus— Randal], 1980b. Pseudodax moluccanus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- (BPBM 17552, 24112.) nes, 1839). Sugale-siva. (Bleeker, 1853). Pseudojuloides cerasinus (Snyder, 1904). Halichoeres prosopeion— Randall, 1980b. Pseudojuloides cerasinus— Randall and Randall, 1981. Halichoeres trimaculalus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834). Lape, (BPBM 17541.) sugale-pagola. Pteragogus sp.

Guntheria trimaculata—Schmeltz, 1865. One specimen, 37 mm SL. Dorsal X,10; anal 111,9; pectoral 13;

Hemigymnus fasciatus {Sloih, 1792). Sugale-gutumafia. lateral line pores 16 -i- 2 + 8 = 26; gill rakers 3+1-1-5 = 9. Head Hemigymnus fuliginosus—SoTdan and Seale, 1906. and body orange with brown speckling dorsally; brown oval Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch, 1791). Sugale-laugutu, sugale- spot on operculum; dusky nostrils. This species will also be uli, sugale-aloa, sugale-lupe. described by Randall (BPBM 24126.) Hemigymnus melanopterus—Schmehz, 1869. Stethojulis bandanensis (Bkeker, 1851). Lape-a'au. doliatus (Lacepede, 1802). Sugale-lape. Stethojulis a.xillaris— Schmeltz, 1866. Lahrichthys unilineatus (Guichenot, 1847). Sugale-tafuti, As S. axillaris, Schuhz, 1943. Randall and Kay (1974) have

atamamala. found that axillaris is a junior synonym of balteata, a species

Thysanocheilus ornalus— Kner, 1864. endemic to the Hawaiian Islands with an initial color phase As Lahrichthys cyanotaenia, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and similar to that of bandanensis. Schultz, 1943. The terminal male phase has been referred to as 'Stethojulis inierntpta (Bleeker, 1851). cyanotaenia. Stethojulis inlerrupia— Schmeltz, 1869. Labroides bicolor Fowler and Bean, 1928. Sugale-i'usina. Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett, 1832). Lape-a'au. Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Stethojulis strigiventer— Giinther, 1881. 1839). Sugale-mo'olai. As 5. renardi and S. strigiventer, Schultz, 1943. Randall (1955) Labroides dimidiatus—Gijnther, 1881 has found that renardi represents the terminal color phase. Mature Samoan specimens exhibit two color phases. At Stethojulis trilineata (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Lape-a'au. shallow depths they show the normal pattern with a thin dark Stethojulis casturi and 5. phekadopleura— Jordan and Seale, stripe beginning al the lips and continuing through the eye to 1906.

the caudal, gradually broadening posteriorly to include all but As S. casturi, S. phekadopleura, and S. trilineata, Schultz,

22 1943. Slethojulis phekadopleura has been applied to the initial Bolbomelopon muricalum (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- color phase and casturi to the terminal phase (Randall and Kay, nes, 1839). Uluto'i (<20 cm TL), laea-uluto'i (20-50 cm TL), 1974). galo uluto'i (>50 cm TL).

Calolomus sandwicensis (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Thalassoma amblycephatum (Bleeker, 1856). Sugale-aloama. Fuga-valea. Julis melanochirus—Schmeltz, 1865. nes, 1839). Callyodon molluccensis Schmeltz, 1869. As Thalassoma marnae (juvenile color phase), Schultz, 1943. — Callyodon spinidens is junior synonym. Thalassoma melanochir has been used for the adult phase. a Cetoscarus bicolor (Riippell, 1829). Fuga-sina (juvenile), mamanu Thalassoma fuscum (Lacepede, 1802). Uloulo-gatala (initial (initial 25 TL), laea-mamanu (initial phase, >25 cm phase), iiata'ota'o (terminal male). phase, < cm TL), laea-usi (terminal phase). Julis trilobaia— Schmeltz, 1866. Chlorurus bicolor Schultz, 1958. As Thalassoma fuscum and T. umbrosligma (pan), Jordan and — Hipposcarus longiceps (Valenciennes Cuvier and Valenciennes, Scale, 1906 and as T. trilobata and T. umbrosligma (part), m 1839). Ulapokea (<25 TL), laea-ulapokea (>25 cm TL). Schultz, 1943. The initial color phase of this species is similar to cm Pseudoscarus harid Giinther, 1909. that of purpureum and both have been labeled umbrosligma. — *Leploscarus vaigiensis Thalassoma hardwickei {Bennelt, 1830). Sugale-a'au, lape-ele'ele. (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824). Scarichlhys coendeopunclalus Schmeltz, 1874. Julis schwanfeldii— Schmeltz, 1869. — As Thalassoma dorsale, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as T. hard- Scarus atropecloralis Schultz, 1958. wicke and T. schwanenfeldii, Schultz, 1943. This species was observed only at Rose Atoll. Randall writes Thalassoma luiescens (Lay and Bennett, 1839). Sugale-samasama. that Schultz (1969) incorrectly placed the species in synonymy Julis aneitensis—GiJnther, 1909. with caudofascialus. an species. Scarus brevifilis (Giinther, 1909). Laea-sina. Thalassoma purpureum (Forsskal, 1775). Uloulo-gatala (initial Callyodon prasiognalhus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. phase), patagaloa (terminal male). As Scarus brevifilis and S. chlorodon, Schultz, 1958. The initial Thalassoma purpureum, T. cyanogasler, and T. umbrosligma color phase has been referred to as brevifilis and the terminal (part) Jordan and Scale, 1906. — phase as chlorodon. As T. purpureum and T. umbrosligma (part), Schultz, 1943. Scarus dimidialus Bkeker, 1859. Fuga-alosama. Thalassoma quinqueviltatum (Lay and Bennett, 1839). Lape- Callyodon fumifrons (initial phase) and C. zonularis (terminal moana. male)— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Julis gunlheri—Schme\tz, 1866. As Scarus caudofascialus (terminal male) and S. dimidialus As Thalassoma g'unlheri, Jordan and Scale, 1906. (initial phase), Schultz, 1943. Wetmorella albofasciala Schultz and Marshall, 1954. La'ofia.

(BPBM 28132.) Scarus feslivus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840. fVelmorella nigropinnata (Seale, 1901). La'ofia. Scarus lunula is a synonym. Xyrichlys aneitensis (Giinther, 1862). Scarus frenalus Lacepede, 1802. Laea-mea (initial phase), laea- Sugale-tatanu (Am. Samoa), ulumalo (W. Samoa). si'umoana (terminal phase). Randall believes that niveilalus is a junior synonym. (BPBM Callyodon upolensis— Jordan and Scale, 1906. 17455, 22717.) Terminal males have been referred to as frenalus and ver-

Xyrichlys celebicus (Bleeker, 1856). Sugale-tatanu (Am. Samoa), miculalus, and se.\'\'illatus has been used for the initial color ulumalo (W. Samoa). phase (Randall 1963b). Scarus frontalis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839. Callyodon laia.x— Jordan and Scale. 1906. Scaridae (Parrotfishes) As Scarus Jonesi, Schultz, 1943. Scarus ghobban (Forsskal, 1775). Fuga-alova.

Fuga is the general name for small to medium sized parrot- Scarus maculosus— Schmeltz, 1865.

fishes. Reddish brown individuals are sometimes referred to as Scarus gibbus Riippell, 1828. Fugausi (<25 cm TL), laea (25-40 fugamea and greenish blue species are called fugausi. Larger in- cm TL), ulumalo (40-50 cm TL), galo (>50 cm TL).

dividuals are termed laea (20-50 cm TL) or galo ( > 50 cm TL). Scarus microcheilos — Schmeltz, 1865. Because of the relative uniformity amongst the meristic and other As Callyodon ullramarinus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as characteristics (except live coloration) of parrotfishes, the tax- Scarus microrhinos, Schultz, 1943. onomy of this family has long been confused. Initial and terminal Scarus globiceps Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840. color phases were usually assigned different names and numerous Scarus globiceps— Fowler, 1900. synonyms have accumulated over the years for most species. As Callyodon spilonotus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Underwater observations of courtship and reproductive behavior, Scarus japanensis (Bloch, 1789). Fuga-si'umu (initial phase), color photographs of live and fresh-dead specimens, and extensive laea-ulusama (terminal phase). collection efforts, however, have resulted in considerable Callyodon abacurus and C. pyrrhurus— Jordan and Scale, 1906.

synonymy and revision beginning with the work of Schultz (1958) Scarus capistratoides is a junior synonym (Randall and Choat and continuing through the present. For many species, further 1980).

study is still required. The list which follows reflects the curtent Scarus niger (Forsskal, 1775). Fuga-pala «25 cm TL), laea-pala opinion of John E. Randall who also assisted with the identifica- (>25 cm TL). tions. Included are the results of the study by Randall and Choat Callyodon niger— Steindachner, 1906. (1980) of central and South Pacific Scarus and the review by Ran- As Callyodon maoricus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as Scarus dall and Bruce (in press) of Western Indian Ocean parrotfishes. nuchipunctatus, Schultz, 1943.

23 Scams oviceps Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839. Mugiloididae (Sandperches)

Fuga-alosina (initial phase), laea-tuavela (terminal phase).

Callyodon oviceps (initial phase) and C. lazuiinus (terminal Parapercis cephalopunctata (Seale, 1901). Ta'oto. male)— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Parapercis letracanthus (part) — Jordan and Seale, 1906. As Scants oviceps and S. pectoralis (terminal male), Schultz, As P. letracanthus, Schultz, 1943. 1943. Parapercis clalhrata Ogilby, 1910. Ta'oto. Scarus psillicus (Forsskal, 1775). Fuga-malapua'a «15 cm XL), Percis letracanthus— Kner and Steindachner, 1866. fugausi-matapua'a (15-25 cm XL), laea-matapua'a (>25 cm As Parapercis letracanthus (part), Jordan and Seale, 1906. XL). Parapercis sp. Scams viridis—Fowler, 1900. This species may be schauinslandi which is recorded only from As Callyodon bataviensis (terminal male), Jordan and Seale, the Hawaiian Islands. It is common on the sandy bottom 1906 and as Scams forsieri, Schultz, 1943. seaward of Taema Bank at 35 m where it often shelters in dead Scams mbroviolaceus Bleeker, 1849. Laea-mea (initial phase), and broken helmet shells. Cassis cornuta. (BPBM 24127.) laea-mala (terminal phase). Pseudoscams mbroviolaceus—Schmeltz, 1865. Creediidae (Sand Burrowers) As Callyodon jordani (terminal male) and C. mberrimus (in-

itial phase), Jordan and Seale, 1906. Chalixodyles tauensis Schultz, 1943. I'atolo. Scams schlegeli (Bleeker, 1861). Fuga-matapua'a (initial phase), Chalixodytes tauensis—Schukz, 1943. laea-tusi (terminal phase). Crystallodytes cookei Fowler, 1923. I'atolo.

Scams venosus is used by Schultz (1958) for the initial color Crysiallodyles coo^e;—Schultz, 1943. phase (Randall and Choat 1980). LImnichthys donaldsoni Schultz in Schultz et al., 1960. Scams sordidus (Forsskal, 1775). Fuga-gutumu (initial phase), I'atolo. fugausi-tuavela or laea-tuavela (terminal phase). Pseudoscams sumbavensis—Schmeltz, 1865. As Callyodon cyanogrammus (terminal male), C purpureus Uranoscopidae (Stargazers)

(initial phase), and C. bennelli (initial phase), Jordan and in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Seale, 1906 and as Scams purpureus, Schultz, 1943. Uranoscopus sulphurus Valenciennes Scams spinus (Kner, 1868). Fuga-a'au. 1831. on Pseudoscams spinus— Schmeltz, 1869. A single specimen of this rare species was collected at night As Callyodon kelloggii (terminal male), Jordan and Seale, the reef fiat at Nu'uuli. (BPBM 18729.) 1906. Randall and Choat (1980) concluded that formosus should be replaced by this name. Blenniidae (Blennies) Scams tricolor Bleeker, 1847. Fuga-alomu (initial phase). Pseudoscarus cyanognalhus—Schmeltz, 1879. The general name for blennies in Samoa is mano'o. Bruce Carlson assisted with the identification and synonymies of species Opistognathidae (Jawfishes) belonging to Cirripectes. Victor G. Springer assisted with the re- maining species.

Previous to the colleaion of the specimens listed below, the Alticus saliens (Lacepede, 1800). Mano'o-papa. easternmost record for this family in the central Pacific was New Allicus saliens Seale, 1906. Caledonia. Both species will be described by William F. Smith- — Jordan and Rupiscarles saliens, Schultz, 1943. Vaniz in a forthcoming revision of Indo-Pacific jawfishes. As Aspidontus dussumieri (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien-

Opislognalhus sp. "A". nes, 1836). dussumieri Smith-Vaniz and Randall, 1973. Seventeen specimens, 16-26 mm SL; collected at 31, 34, and 62 Aspidontus — laenialus and Gaimard, 1834. Mano'o-mo'o, m. Body dusky yellow; head lighter, a brown bar crossing Aspidontus Quoy preoperculum behind eye and another below eye to top of max- mo'otai. Pelroscirles azureus Jordan and Seale, 1906. illa, opercular edge bright yellow; fins dusky yellow, a large — The mimetic relationship between this species and Labroides black ocellus between dorsal spines I and V, Smith-Vaniz writes dimidialus is well known. It is of interest to note that specimens that this species is known only from these specimens. (ANSP have altered their color pattern 133404, 133405.) of laenialus from deeper water deeper water pattern of L. dimidialus as Opislognalhus sp. "B". to match that of the above. Xhree specimens, one measured 29 mm SL; collected at 40 m. described fuscogutlalus Strasburg and Schultz, 1953. Mano'o- Body dusky yellow with two rows of pale roundish blotches, Cirripectes the upper row from nape to base of caudal and irregularly con- sofe. brevis Schultz, 1943. nected, the lower from pectoral axil to base of caudal and not Cirripectes — (Fowler and Ball, 1924). connected; head of similar coloration with a brown blotch at Cirripectes quagga variolosus (part) Schultz, 1943. posteriodorsal corner of eye more or less connected across the Cirripectes — Some Samoan specimens have a bright yellow caudal peduncle. occiput with its fellow, another brown blotch at opposite cor- sebae (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836). ner of eye extending across premaxilla and under tip of lower Cirripectes jaw; dark brown ocellus between dorsal spines 111 and VII. Xhe Mano'o-la'o. Salarias sebae GiJnther, 1877. known distribution of this species Includes only Samoa and — stigmaticus Strasburg and Schultz, 1953. Mano'o-la'o. Borneo. (ANSP 133406.) Cirripectes

24 Cirripectes variolosus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Salarias /meaCuj— Steindachner, 1906. 1836). As Salarias lineatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. Salarias variolosus—Schmeltz, 1874. Istiblennius paulus (Bryan and Herre, 1903). As Alliens variolosus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Istiblennius sp. Cirrisalarias bunares Springer, 1976. Springer believes that kellersi (Fowler, 1932) may apply to these

Ecsenius bicolor {Day, 1888). Mano'o-i'usama. specimens but that at least one or two older names also exist. Ecsenius oculus Springer, 1971. (USNM 221475.) Ecsenius opsifrontalis Chapman and Schultz, 1952. Meiacanthus atrodorsalis {Gunther, 1877). Mano'o-si'umaga. (USNM 236063.) Petroscirtes atrodorsalis— Steindachner, 1906. Enchelyurus ater (Gunlhex , 1877). As Petroscirtes atrodorsalis, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Enchelyurus ater— Jordan and Evermann, 1905. Meiacanthus ditrema Smith-Vaniz, 1976. As Hypleurochilus vaillanli, Jordan and Seale, 1906. This species is common in protected parts of Pago Pago Bay at caudofascialus Entomacrodus (Regan, 1909). Mano'o-fala. 3-15 m. Entomacrodus caudofascialus Springer, 1967. — Nannosalarias nativitatus (Regan, 1909). Entomacrodus decussatus (Bleeker, 1858). Mano'o-fala. Omobranchus rotundiceps (Macleay, 1881). Salarias atkinsoni— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Petroscirtes obliquus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. As Salarias aneilensis, Schultz, 1943. Parenchelyurus hepburni (Snyder, 1908). Parenchelyurus hepburni Springer, 1972. Entomacrodus epalzeocheilus (Bleeker, 1859). Mano'o-fala. — Petroscirtes mitratus Riippell, 1830. Entomacrodus epalzeocheilus—Springer, 1967. Petroscirtes longifilis Schmeltz, 1866. Entomacrodus niuafoouensis (Fowler, 1932). Mano'o-fala. — As P. longifilis, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Entomacrodus sealei Bryan and Herre, 1903. Mano'o-fala. Petroscirtes xestus Jordan and Seale, 1906. Entomacrodus incisolabiatus—Schultz and Chapman in Petroscirtes xestus Jordan and Seale, 1906. Schultz et al., 1960. — Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852). Mano'o-lo'ito'i. Entomacrodus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard in Cuvier and Valen- Plagiolremus lapeinosoma (Eleeket, 1857). Mano'o-lo'ilo'i. ciennes, 1836). Mano'o-fala, mano'o-a'au. Petroscirtes tapeinosoma Giinther, 1877. Alticus striatus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. — As Petroscirtes tapeinosoma, Jordan and Seale, 1906. As Salarias marmoratus, Schultz, 1943. Entomacrodus plurifil- Praealticus bilineatus (Peters, 1868). Mano'o-papa. is, which was described from Samoa, is a junior synonym. Salarias biseriatus Jordan and Seale, 1906. Entomacrodus thalassinus (Jordan and Seale, 1906). — margaritatus, Mano'o-fala. As Salarias Schultz, 1943. Springer terms this a tentative identification. This species is commonly found above Alticus thalassinus and A. rnusilae— Jordan and Seale, 1906. the water line on lava rocks in the splash zone. As Salarias thalassinus, Schultz, 1943. Rhabdoblennius rhabdotrachelus (Fowler and Ball, 1924). Exallias brevis (Kner, 1868). Mano'o-lau, mano'o-gatala. Blennius rhabdotrachelus Schultz, 1943. Salarias brevis— Kner, 1868. — Salarias albogultatus Kner, 1867. As Cirripectes leopardus, Schultz, 1943. Salarias albogultatus— Kner, 1867. Istiblennius bellus (Giinther, 1861). As Alticus albogultatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Specimens collected by Robert Snider are deposited at the B. P. Salarias fascialus (B\oc\\, 1786). Mano'o-sofe. Bishop Museum. (BPBM 12541.) Salarias semilinealus— Kner, 1867. * Istiblennius biseriatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Salarias guttatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836. 1836). Alticus gultaius— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Salarias biseriatus—Steindachner, 1906. Stanulus seychellensis Smith, 1959. Istiblennius coronalus {G'mlher, 1872). Mano'o-a'au. Xiphasia matsubarai Okada and Suzuki, 1952.

Salarias nitidus—Giinther, 1877. Specimens were collected on the surface at night under a light As Alticus evermanni, Salarias bryani, and S. coronatus, while anchored at 40 m and from the stomachs of dolphins Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as 5. nitidus, Schultz, 1943. (Coryphaena hippurus) caught offshore. William F. Smith- Istiblennius cyanostigma (Bleeker, 1849). Vaniz writes that Samoan specimens represent the easternmost Salarias periopthalmus—Schmeltz, 1869. distributional record for the species. As Alticus caudolineatus and A. periopthalmus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as Salarias caudolineatus and 5. periop- Tripterygiidae (Triplefins) thalmus, Schultz, 1943.

*Isliblennius dussumieri (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Triplefins are known as mano'o-taolo in Samoa. The nes, 1836). systematics of the Samoan members of this family are confused Salarias dussumieri— Borodin, 1932. and several species appear to be undescribed. Jordan and Seale (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). (1906) listed seven species of Enneapterygius from Samoa in- Salarias edentulus—Schmeltz, 1874. cluding five described as new. Schultz (1943) placed four of Jor-

As Salarias edentulus, S. garmani, S. rivulatus, and .S. sin- dan and Scale's new species in synonymy and listed only three donis, Jordan and Seale, 1906. species for Samoa. The author collected 12 additional triplefins. * Istiblennius interruptus (Bleeker, 1857). Three of these were described in 1960. The others are unidentified Salarias interruptus— Schmeltz, 1869. at present. (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836). Enneapterygius bruchylepis (Schultz in Schultz et al., 1960).

25 Enneapterygius hemimelas (Kner and Steindachner, 1866). Helcogramma capidata Rosenblatt in Schultz et al., 1960. Tripterygium hemimelas—Schmeltz, 1866. Helcogramma chica Rosenblatt in Schultz et al., 1960. As Enneapterygius cerasinus and E. hemimelas, Jordan and Helcogramma c/i/ca— Rosenblatt in Schultz et al., I960. Scale, 1906. Helcogramma hudsoni (Jordan and Scale, 1906). Enneapterygius minutus (Giinther, 1877). Enneapterygius hudsoni— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Tripterigium minutus—Giinther, 1877. As Enneapterygius hudsoni, Schultz, 1943. As Enneapterygius minutus, E. pardochir, E. tusitalae, and Helcogramma sp. E. tutuilae, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Three specimens, 29-37 mm SL; collected at 43 m. Dorsal Enneapterygius sp. III + XIII + 12-14; anal 1,21-22; lateral line scales 10 + 29 = 39. Eight specimens, 32 mm maximum SL; collected at 20 m. Dor- Four or five scales between lateral line and third spine of second

sal III -(-XVI + 9-10; anal 11,20-21; lateral line scales dorsal; 4-6 scales between lateral line and fifth ray of anal, tip 17-18-1- 22-24 = 40-42. One scale row between pored and notch- of lower jaw projecting beyond upper jaw. Body pale with ed rows of lateral line. About six wide dusky yellow bars on about 10 orange bars on sides continuous with oblique orange

body; first dorsal dusky; caudal and pectorals yellow. (USNM bands on second and third dorsals; distinct dark spot on middle 220065.) of second dorsal; a few dusky spots on cheeks, chin, snout, and Enneapterygius sp. base of pelvics. (USNM 220062.) Twenty-four specimens, 28 mm maximum SL; collected at 3 m. Lepidoblennius sp.

Dorsal III + XIV-XV -(- 8-9; anal 11,18-20; lateral Une scales One specimen, 25 mm SL; collected at 10 m. Dorsal III +

20-21 -I- 17-18 = 37-39. No scale rows between pored and notch- XIII + 11; anal 1,20; lateral line scales 38 (anterior 25 pored). ed rows of lateral Une. Body and head pale with dusky orange Reddish orange bars on body. (USNM 220064.) spotting and bars; caudal black with orange spot at midbase; pelvics pale, other fins salmon colored. Some specimens with body dusky anteriorly and dusky orange or yellow bars Callionymidae (Dragonettes) posteriorly. (USNM 220066.) Enneapterygius sp. Ronald Fricke identified the new record and provided synonymies. Two specimens, 20 mm maximum SL. Dorsal III + XII + 8-9;

anal 1,17; lateral line scales 17-18 + 14-15 = 31-33. One scale row Callionymus between pored and notched rows of lateral line. Body and fins xanthosemeion Fowler, 1925. reddish orange; central portion of caudal black; lower fxartion (NMB 37010.) goramensis of head and pectoral base black; corner of jaws reddish orange. Diplogrammus (Bleeker, 1858). Dermosteira dorotheae (USNM 220067.) —Schultz, 1943. Synchiropus morrisoni in et al., Enneapterygius sp. Schultz Schultz 1960. Synchiropus morrisoni 1981. Five specimens, 23 mm maximum SL; collected at 3 m. Dorsal — Fricke, 37009.) III + Xlll + 9; anal 1,18-19; lateral line scales 15-17 + 18 = 33-35. (NMB Synchiropus ocellatus (Pallas, 1770). Mano'o-lele, mano'o-tolo. One scale row between pored and notched rows of lateral line. Synchiropus lili 1906. Body red with posterior third black; head and chin red, throat — Jordan and Scale, dusky. (USNM 220068.) Enneapterygius sp. Gobiidae (Gobies) Five specimens, 27 mm maximum SL; collected at 3 m. Dorsal III-IV + XI + 9-10; anal 1,15-17; lateral line scales Gobies are known as mano'o which is the same general name 17-18 + 16-17 = 33-34. One scale row between pored and notch- used for blennies. This is the best represented family in Samoa ed rows of lateral line. Body and head orange; dusky line from with 100 species listed herein. It is also the most poorly known as eye to tip of snout, operculum dusky; dusky pectoral base and 26 species are unidentified either because they are undescribed or one or two dark spots at base of caudal. Some specimens with because their taxonomy is so confused that it is presently impossi- red body; ventral two-thirds of head and pectoral base black; a ble to assign a name of assured validity. Members of the family white spot under eye and one or two dark spots at base of are small and often show strong preferences for restricted habitats caudal. (USNM 220069.) which account for their diversity and limited occurrence in collec-

Enneapterygius sp. tions. Douglass F. Hoese assisted with the identifications and pro- Three specimens, 17 mm maximum SL; collected at 33 m. Dor- vided synonymies for most of the species. Some of the names are revised their full sal III + XI-XII + 9; anal 1,16; lateral line scales 11+21=32. uncertain but must suffice until genera are and characteristics for One scale row between pored and notched rows of lateral line. complement of species is described. Diagnostic Head and body pale with orange and white spotting; posterior unidentified species of Asterropteryx, Cabillus, Fusigobius, third of body becoming greenish yellow; black spot on second Istigobius, and Valenciennea were derived from his unpublished dorsal. keys. Hoese's numbering system is used for unidentified species Enneapterygius sp. since the numbers will be included as synonyms in his future Eighteen specimens, 26 mm maximum SL; collected at 23 m. publications. Susan J. Kamella confirmed the identifications of unidentified Dorsal III + XII-XV + 9-10; anal 1,19; lateral line scales and supplied diagnostic characteristics for 15-17 + 16-19 = 32-36. One scale row between pored and notch- species. Ernest A. Lachner and she will describe some or all of the publications. Larson ed rows of lateral line. Body pale or dusky orange with five red new species from Samoa in future Helen K. pro- bars on sides and back; dusky red spots on snout, operculum, examined the Pleurosicya and Tenacigobius specimens and characteristics for unidentified species. James F. and pectoral base; first and second dorsal, caudal, and anal vided diagnostic . may also be dusky. (USNM 220070.) McKinney identified

26 Amblyeleotris fasciata (Herre, 1953). Mano'o-popo. cyctopterus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Amblyeteotris guttata (Fowler, 1938). Mano'o-popo. nes, 1837). Mano'o-apofusami. Amblyeleotris periopthalma (Bkeker, 1853). Mano'o-popo. Mapo crassiceps—Jordan and Seale, 1906. (AMS 1.21990-001.) As Bathygobius crassiceps, Schultz, 1943. Amblyeleotris steinitzi {Klausewitz, 1974). Mano'o-popo. (KuppeH, 1830). Mano'o-apofusami. Cryptocentrus steinitzi— Polunin and Lubbock, 1977. Mapo fuscus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Amblyeleotris sp. 17. Mano'o-popo. Cabillus sp. 5. Collected at 36 m. Dorsal VI + I,13; anal 1,13; pectoral 19. Five specimens, 18-26 mm SL; collected at 30-33 m. Dorsal

Caudal pointed w^th central rays more than twice the length of VI + 1,9; anal 1,8; pectoral 19-20; scales 26-28. Prepelvic area outer rays. Body light tan with five major fawn-colored saddles heavily scaled; a lateral canal tube over operculum; midline of and smaller, less distinct markings between; a pair of distinct nape with a single row of scales. Body white with four pale red- black spots on chin; branch iostegals blue and orange; spiny dish brown saddles or bars with dusky margins; tiny orange dorsal pale with dark margin; anal, lower rays of caudal and specks on head and body. (AMS 1.21996-001.) pelvics with blue and orange lines. (AMS 1.21991-001.) Callogobius centrolepis Weber, 1909.

Amblyeleotris sp. 20. Mano'o-popo. Callogobius maculipinnis (Fowler, 1918). Callogobius sclateri (Steindachner, 1880). Two specimens, 43 and 51 mm SL; collected at 36 m. Dorsal Cobiomorphus sclateri and Drombus tutuilae Jordan and VI + 1,13; anal 1,13; pectoral 20. Body pale with four pale — Seale, 1906. orange bars on sides, yellow reticulations dorsally in in- sclateri tutuilae, Schultz, 1943. terspaces; head with yellow reticulations, chin orange, bran- As Mucogobius and Drombus the tutuilae, small and chiostegEil membrane with dusky blue bar on edge; dorsal pale McKJnney has examined holotype of a with blue and yellow lines and spots basally; anal pale, orange poorly preserved specimen, and considers it to be a synonym.

line margined with dusky blue distally; perimeter of caudal with Cryptocentrus leucostictus (G\xiM\&! , 1871). Mano'o-popo. orange line margined in dusky blue venirally, becoming almost Heiereleotris phaenna— Jordan and Seale, 1906. black dorsally. (AMS 1.21994-001.) As Heiereleotris phaenna, Schultz, 1943.

Cryptocentrus strigilliceps (Jordan and Seale, 1906). Amblygobius nocturnus (Hene, 1945). Mars strigilliceps— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Hoese terms this identification "provisional." As Mars strigilliceps, Schultz, 1943. A iblygobius phalaena (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Cryptocentrus sp. 28. nes, 1837). Mano'o-fugafuga. One specimen, 36 mm SL. Dorsal VI + 1,10; anal 1,10; pectoral Gobius phalaena—Giinther, 1877 17; gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 9. Color in alcohol: Asterropteryx semipunctatus Riippell, 1830. Mano'o-palea. body pale with about nine vertical bars; head with pale spot- Asterropteryx semipunctatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. ting. Hoese writes this species may be leptocephalus. (AMS Asterropteryx sp. 3. 1.21987-004.) Sw specimens, 14-22 mm SL; collected at 13 m. Four to six Ctenogobiops aurocingulus (Herre, 1935). Mano'o-popo. preopercular spines, two or three above mid-preopercular pore, Ctenogobiops aurocingulus Lubbock and Polunin, 1977. lowermost spine thickened and longer than others; fourth dor- — Ctenogobiops tangaroai Lubbock and Polunin, 1977. sal spine longest and usually prolonged. Head, body, and fins Ctengobiops tangaroai Lubbock and Polunin, 1977. blotched with dusky orange; a dark transverse bar under eye; a — Ctenogobiops sp. small dark spot centered on caudsil peduncle. (AMS Twenty-six specimens, 22-39 SL; collected at 15 m. Dorsal L22000-001, 1.22004-001.) mm VI + 1,1 1-12; anal 1,11; scales 45-48; gill rakers 11. Gill opening Asterropteryx sp. 4. extends far forward to a point anterior of the vertical through Seven specimens, 14-23 mm SL; collected at 20-23 m. Two to the hind margin of the preopercle. This species is closely related six preopercular spines, one to three above mid-preopercular to tangaroai. (AMS 1.22006-001.) pore, lowermost spine about equal to or smaller than those Eviota afelei Jordan and Seale, 1906. Mano'o-moi. above; head scales largely cycloid; fourth dorsal spine longest, Eviota afelei Jordan and Seale, 1906. generally not prolonged. A smaU dark spot centered on caudal — Eviota disrupta Kamella and Lachner, 1981. Mano'o-moi. peduncle; a narrow dark bar under eye. (AMS 1.22004-002.) Eviota disrupta—Kamella and Lachner, 1981. Asterropteryx sp. 7. (USNM 220996.) Six specimens, 23-28 mm SL; collected at 15-20 m. Two to six Eviota distigma Jordan and Seale, 1906. Mano'o-moi. preopercular spines, one to three above mid-preopercular pore, Eviota distigma Jordan and Seale, 1906. lowermost spine about equal to or smaller than those above; — Eviota herrei Jordan and Seale, 1906. Mano'o-moi. head scales largely cycloid. Body and head pale with orange Eviota herrei Jordan and Seale, 1906. spotting; no bar under eye; a large dark spot on caudal pedun- — Eviota melasma Lachner and Kamella, 1980. Mano'o-moi. cle. (AMS 1.21995-001.) Eviota melasma— Lachner and Kamella, 1980. Awaous ocellaris (Bxous&onel, 1782). Mano'o-apofu. Eviota prasites Jordan and Seale, 1906. Mano'o-moi, mano'o-lele. Awaous ocellaris— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Eviota prasites Jordan and Sejde, 1906. As Chonophorus ocellaris, Schultz, 1943. This species inhabits — Eviota pseudostigma Lachner and Kamella, 1980. Mano'o-moi. freshwater. Eviota pseudostigma— Lachner and Kamella, 1980. Bathygobius cocosensis (Bleeker, 1854). Eviota sebreei Jordan and Seale, 1906. Mano'o-moi. Bathygobius cocosensis—MAnXo and Meguro, 1980. Eviota sebreei— Jordan and Seale, 1906.

Bathygobius cotticeps (Sl^mdachntr , 1879). Mano'o-apofusami. Eviota smaragdus Jordan and Seale, 1906. Mano'o-moi. Bathygobius cotticeps—Schultz, 1943. Eviota smaragdus— Jordan and Seale, 1906.

27 Eviota zonura Jordan and Scale, 1906. Mano'o-moi. Istigobius sp. Eviota zonura— Jordan and Scale, 1906. This species is similar to /. sp. 5 but differs in having a black As E. epiphanes (part), Schultz, 1943. spot between fifth and sixth dorsal spines and no spot between Eviota sp. Mano'o-moi. first two dorsal spines, and in having oval, rather than elongate Three specimens, 14-17 mm SL; collected at 30 m. Dorsal spots on the midside. (AMS 1.22005-002.)

VI + 1,9; anal 1,8; pectoral 18-20, rays 4-18 may be branched; Kelloggella cardinalis Jordan and Scale, 1906. pelvic 1,4 1/10-2/10. Body pale but almost always with some Kelloggelta cardinalis— Jordan and Scale, 1906. pigmentation on upper head and nape; anal dark. (USNM Macrodontogobius wilburi Herre, 1936. 222520-22.) Mugilogobius fontinalis (Jordan and Scale, 1906). Eviota sp. Mano'o-moi. Vaimosa fontinalis—Jordan and Scale, 1906. Several specimens, 9-18 mm SL; collected at 17 m. Dorsal As Vaimosa fontinalis, Schultz, 1943. This species inhabits

VI + 1,9; anal 1,8; [sectoral 17-18, rays 11-17 may be branched; freshwater. pelvic 1,4 7/10-8/10. Two vertically elongated rectangular Nemateleotris decora Randall and Allen, 1973. Mano'o-sugale. marks laterally on head posterior to eye. Nemateleotris helfrichi Randall and Allen, 1973. Mano'o-sugale. Eviota sp. Mano'o-moi. Nemateleotris magnifica Fowler, 1938. Mano'o-sugale.

Twelve specimens, collected at 20 m. Dorsal VI + 1,9-10; anal Opiopomus oplopomus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes,

1,9. Pectoral rays unbranched. Body pale with dusky streak at 1837). Mano'o-lape.

insertion of anal; basal pigmentation through dorsal fins. This species is abundant in the saltwater ponds enclosed by run- (USNM 222523.) ways at Pago Pago International Airport. Oxyurichthys tentacularis (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Exyrias puntang (SAeek&[, 1852). nes, 1837). Fusigobius neophytus (Giinther, 1877). Pselaphias ophthalmonemus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Rhinogobius neophytus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Palutris pruinosa (Jordan and Scale, 1906). Fusigobius sp. 2. Eviota pruinosa— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Two specimens, 24 and 25 mm SL; collected at 33 m. Dorsal As Pandaka pruinosa, Schultz, 1943. Hoese provisionally Palutris. VI + 1,8-9; anal 1,8; scales 25. Body pale with yellow spots con- assigns this species to Mano'o-ulutu'i. taining tiny black specks; round dark spot above pectoral base Paragobiodon echinocephala (RuppcU, 1828). and a dusky spot at caudal base; dusky orange bar under eye; Gobius amiciensis—Kner and Steindachner, 1866. 1911). anterior portion of first dorsal dusky; no dark spots on dorsal Paragobiodon lacunicola (Kendall and Goldsborough, or dark streak on snout. (AMS 1.21990-002.) Mano'o-ulutu'i. Paragobiodon echinocephalus (part)— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Glossogobius biocellaius (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Paragobiodon xanthosoma (Bleeker, 1859). Mano'o-ulutu'i. nes, 1837). Paragobiodon xanthosomus— Jordan and Seale, 1906. Glossogobius vaisiganus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Periophthalmus koelreuleri (Pallas, 1770). Pa'ofu, talae. This is a freshwater species. Periophthalmus argentilineatus—Schmeltz, 1866. Gnatholepis anjerensis (Bleeker, 1850). As P. barbarus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Gnatholepis deltoides— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Pleurosicya muscarum (Jordan and Seale, 1906). There is no type of anjerensis but Hoese suspects it is "close" Rhinogobius muscarum— Jordan and Scale, 1906. to what Scale later described as deltoides. This genus needs revi- As Glossogobius biocellaius (part), Schultz, 1943. sion. Pogonoculius zebra Fowler, 1938. Tilotai. Gnatholepis sp. Priolepis semidolialus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Five specimens, 25-37 mm SL; collected at 25 m. Dorsal nes, 1837). VI + 1,11; anal 1,11. Body pale with orange lateral band extend- Gobius semifascialus— Kner, 1868. ing from operculum through pectoral base to midbase of As Zonogobius semidolialus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and caudal, four fainter orange lines between this band and dorsals, Schultz, 1943. diffuse dusky blotch above pectoral base; head with dusky bar Plereleoiris evides (Jordan and Hubbs, 1925). Ma'ulu. extending through eye and orange lines on snout and oper- Ptereleolris heleropterus (Bleeker, 1855). Ma'ulu. culum; dorsals and anal pale with orange line near base. (AMS Plereleoiris microlepis (Bleeker, 1856). Ma'ulu. 1.22003-001.) Quisquillius cinclus (Regan, 1908). Gobiodon cithnus (Rijppell, 1838). Mano'o-ulutu'i, moemimi. Pleurogobius naraharae—Schultz, 1943. Pseudogobiodon citrinus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Quisquillius sp. Gobiodon rivulalus (Riippell, 1830). Mano'o-ulutu'i, moemimi. Two specimens, collected at 33 m. Dorsal VI + I,11; anal 1,9. Gobiodon ceramensis— Schmeltz, 1866. Body pale with 1 1 yellow brown bars extending onto dorsal and Istigobius ornalus (Riippell, 1830). anal fins. Gobius ornatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Redigobius pagoensis (Schultz, 1943). As Gobius ornatus, Schultz, 1943. Mahidolia pagoensis— Schultz, 1943. Istigobius sp. 5. Mano'o-va'a. A freshwater species. Twelve specimens, 18-59 mm SL. This species is common in Sicyoplerus pugnans (Ogilvie-Grant, 1884). sandy reef areas at depths of 3-27 m and is similar in meristics Sicydium pugnans—Ogilvie-Grant, 1884. and color pattern to ornalus which lives in mangrove areas. A freshwater species. However, it lacks filamentous pectoral rays and has one or two Sicyoplerus laeniurus {Gunther, 1877). Mano'o-vai. laterally curved and enlarged teeth at each angle of the lower jaw. (AMS 1.22005-001.) Sicydium macrostetholepis—Kner, 1868.

28 As Sicyopterus taeniurus and S. tauae, Jordan and Scale, 1906. 1.21988-001.)

A freshwater species. Trimma sp. 14. Mano'o-moi.

Stenogobius geniviitatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Two specimens, both 15 mm SL; collected at 20 m. Dorsal

nes, 1837). Mano'o-vai. VI -I- 1,8; anal 1,8; scales 25. Body orange brown with dark Gobius geniviitatus—Gunther, 1877. brown caudal peduncle; dorsals, anal, and pelvics orange As Awaous geniviitatus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as Chono- brown with pale edges; caudal pale yellow. (AMS 1.21998-002.) phorus genivittalus, Schultz, 1943. A freshwater species. Trimma sp.l7. Mano'o-moi. Stiphodon elegans (Steindachner, 1879). Mano'o-vai. Seven specimens, 16-21 mm SL; collected at 30 m. Dorsal Stiphodon elegans—Schultz, 1943. VI -I- 1,9; anal 1,8; pectoral 17-18; scales 26-28; predorsal scales A freshwater species. 0-3. Interorbital distance much less than pupil width; interor- Tenacigobius erythrops (Jordan and Scale, 1906). bital and postorbital grooves present but not well developed. Chaenogobius erythrops— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Body pale purplish gray with large yellow spots dorsally and As Chaenogobius erythrops, Schultz, 1943. According to Lar- yeUow bars laterally. (AMS 1.21996-002.) son, this species has a longer gill opening than other Samoan Trimma sp. 21. Mano'o-moi.

members of the genus. It extends anteriorly to a point beneath Thirteen specimens, 12-21 mm SL; collected at 20 m. Dorsal 1.20725-001.) the eye. (AMS VI -I- 1,9; anal 1,9; pectoral 18; scales 25-26; predorsal scales Tenacigobius yongei (Davis and Cohen, 1968). usually but occasionally 1 or 2. Interorbital distance much less (AMSI.2I389-001.) than pupil width; interorbital and postorbital grooves present Tenacigobius sp. 7. but not well developed. Body pale pink with dusky yellow One specimen, 20 mm SL; collected from a sea fan at 25 m. cross-hatches; yellow spotting on dorsals, anal, and caudal. The gill opening extends to a point halfway between the (AMS 1.21987-001.) prcopcrcular border and the hind edge of the eye; pclvics Trimma sp. 27. Mano'o-moi. relatively small inserted distinctly and posterior to pectoral One specimen, 22 mm SL; collected at 20 m. Dorsal VI + 1,8; base. This species has a characteristic blotch on the lower half anal 1,8; pectoral 14; scales 27; predorsal scales 9. Interorbital of the caudal base which varies in size and intensity but is distance about equal to pupil width; no interorbital or postor- always present. (AMS 1.21388-001.) bital grooves. Body yellow to brown; lips reddish; underside of Tenacigobius sp. 9. head and belly pale, caudal bright yellow. (AMS 1.21998-001.) The gill opening of this species is restricted to the pectoral base; Vailima stevensoni Jordan and Seale, 1906. Mano'o-vai. the maxillary extends only to a point below the anterior edge of Vailima stevensoni— Jordan and Seale, 1906. the pupil and the largest known specimens are only 15 mm SL. Schultz (1943) confused this species with Stiphodon elegans.

(AMS 1.21892-001.) This is a freshwater species. Tomiyamichthys sp. Valenciennea puellaris (Jomiyama, 1955). Mano'o-sina.

One specimen, 35 mm SL; collected at 36 m. Dorsal VI + 1,9; Vatenciennea sexguttatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien-

anal 1,9; pectoral 17. Second and third dorsal rays elongated. nes, 1837). Mano'o-sina. Body bluish tan with three large orange blotches and two rows Valenciennea v/o/i/era— Jordan and Seale, 1906. of smaller irregular white blotches laterally; head darker with As V. violifera, Schultz, 1943. yellow spotting; yellow line with dusky margins on bran- Valenciennea strigatus (Broussonet, 1782). Mano'o-sina. chiostegals; first dorsal dusky with yellow spots, second pale Eleotris strigata—Schmeltz, 1869. with yellow spots; anal pale with a row of yellow spots basally Valenciennea sp. Mano'o-sina. and yellow line distally; caudal pale becoming yellow distally; Seven specimens, 29-34 mm SL; collected at 15 m. Dorsal yellow spots on pectoral base. (AMS 1.21993-001.) VI + 1,12; anal 1,12; pectoral 19; scales 67-80. No black spot on

Trimma caesiura Jordan and Seale, 1906. Mano'o-moi. first dorsal; two faint longitudinal stripes connected by narrow Trimma caesiura— Jordan and Seale, 1906. crossbars on sides of body. Trimma eviotops Schultz, 1943. Mano'o-moi. Vanderhorstia ambanoro (Fourmanoir, 1957). Mano'o-p5po. Trimma eviotops— Schultz, 1943. (AMS 1.21989-001.) Trimma tevegae Cohen and Davis, 1969. Mano'o-moi. Vanderhorstia ornatissima Smith, 1959. Mano'o-popo. (AMS 1.21988-002.) Vanderhorstia ornatissima— Helfrich et al., 1975. Trimma sp. 2. Mano'o-moi. Waitea stomias ^m\\\\, 1941. Eighteen specimens, 17-20 SL; collected at 30^ m. Dorsal mm Waitea mystacma—ioxdan and Seale, 1906. VI + 1,9; anal pectoral 18-19; scales 26-28; predorsal scales 1,8; Yongeichthys nebutosus (Forsskdl, 1775). Mano'o-gatala. 5-6. Interorbital distance much less than pupil width; interor- Rhinogobius corallinus and R. nebulosus— Jordan and Seale, bital postorbital grooves well developed. Body dusky and 1906. yellow orange with orange spots dorsally; head with reddish As Rhinogobius corallinus and R. nebulosus, Schultz, 1943. orange spots and bars on cheeks and chin; dorsal and caudal 1.21992-001.) with orange spots. (AMS Eleotrididae (Sleepers) Trimma sp. 4. Mano'o-moi. Eleven specimens, 12-23 mm SL; collected at 17-70 m. Dorsal Douglass F. Hoese assisted with identifications and is credited

-I- anal pectoral 18-19; scales 26-27; predorsal scales VI 1,10; 1,9; with most of the synonymies. 0. Interorbital distance much less than pupil width; interorbital and p>ostorbital grooves well developed. Body pink with yellow Bostrychus sinensis Lacepede, 1802. spots and reticulations; snout, cheeks, and underside of head Eleotris sinensis— Herre, 1927. reddish orange; medial fin rays orange. (AMS 1.21986-002, (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Mano'o-pala, pa'ofa, I.21988-00I.) pa'ofu, apofu.

29 Eteotris fusca—iordan and Scale, 1906. maculiceps (Ahl, 1923). Fagasa tuluitae, a larval eleotrid described by Schultz (1943), Acanthurus mata (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). belongs to the genus Eleotris and probably to the species /i«ca. Acronurus argenteus—Schmeltz, 1874. species lives in fresh brackish water. This and As Acanthurus umbra, Schultz, 1943. Eleolris melanosoma Sleeker, 1852. Mano'o-pala, pa'ofa, pa'ofu, Acanthurus nigricauda Duncker and Mohr, 1929. Pone-i'usina. apofu. //apa/us gfl/i/n—Steindachner, 1906. Schmeltz, 1866. — As Hepatus nigricans, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as Acan- fresh brackish water species. A and thurus nigricans, Schultz, 1943. Randall has recently concluded Hypseleolris guenlheri (B\eekeT, 1875). Mano'o-fovai, maluvai. that nigricans is a Red Sea endemic and that gahhm is a junior Eleotris oxycephala—Schmeltz, 1866. synonym of nigricans. Hypseleotris cyprinoides, Schultz, 1943. As Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Forsskal, 1775). Ponepone. This is a freshwater species. Acanthurus nigros—Schmehz, 1866. Xenisthmus clara (Jordan and Scale, 1906). Mano'o-taotao. As Hepatus elongatus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and as Acan- Hetereleotris clara — Jordan and Scale, 1906. thurus elongatus (pan), Schultz, 1943. Hetereleotris clara, Schultz, 1943. As Acanthurus nigroris Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Xenisthmus polyzonatus (Klunzinger, 1871). 1835. Ponepone. Hepatus atramentatus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Kraemeriidae (Sand Lances) As Acanthurus elongatus (part), Schultz, 1943. Bloch and Schneider, 1801. Pone-apasama, aflnamea. Kraemeria samoensis Steindachner, 1906. Acanthurus olivaceus Kraemeria samoensis—Steindachner, 1906. Gunther, 1875. As Hepatus olivaceus, Scale, 1906. As Vitreota sagitta, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Jordan and Acanthurus pyroferus KillUlz, 1834. Pone-i'usama. Acanthurus thompsoni (Fowler, 1923). Pone-i'usina. {Linnaeus, 1758). Manini. Microdesmidae (Wormfishes) Acanthurus triostegus—Schmeltz, 1866. As Hepatus triostegus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Gunnellichthys monostigma Smith, 1958. Mano'o-ui. Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- Gunnellichthys pleurotaenia Bleeket , 1858. Mano'o-ui. nes, 1835. Gunnellichthys pleurotaenia— Helfrich et al., 1975. Acanthurus matoides—Schmeltz, 1866. As Hepatus matoides and H. aquilinus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 Zanclidae (Moorish Idol Family) and as Acanthurus fuliginosus, Schultz, 1943.

Ctenochaetus binotatus Randall, 1955. Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pe'ape'a, laulaufau. hawaiiensis Randall, 1955. Zanclus cornutus—Schmeltz, 1865. 17553). As Z. canescens, lordan and Scale, 1906. (BPBM Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 18. 5). Pone (adults), Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes and Unicornfishes) pala'ia or logoulia (schooling juveniles). Ctenochaetus striatus (part)—Jordan and Scale, 1906. C. strigosus (part), Schultz. The general name for Acanthurus spp. <15 cm TL is pone. As Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett, 1828). Larger individuals are called palagi. Naso spp. are generally Ctenochaetus strigosits (part) Schultz, 1943. termed ume; smaller individuals are called 'iii'ilia or umelei. — Several of the identifications listed below were confirmed by John *Naso annulalus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825). E. Randall. Naseus annulalus—Schmeltz, 1869. Naso brevirostris (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835). Acanthurus achilles Shaw, 1803. Maikolama, kolama, pone- Ume-ulutao. i'umumu. Naso brevirostris— Steindachner, 1906. Acanthurus achilles—Schmeltz, 1866. As Acanthurus incipiens, Jordan and Scale, 1906. As Hepatus achilles and H. aterrimus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker, 1855). Acanthurus auranticavus Randall, 1956. Naso lituratus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Di'ilia (<15 cm TL), This species is recorded only from the Philippine Islands and TL). the East Indies by Randall (1956) in his review of the genus. umelei (>15 cm 1866. Acanthurus bleekeri Gunlhet, 1861. Palagi-si'usina. Naseus lituratusS,Q\\me\iz, lituratus and A. garretti, Jordan and Scale, Acanthurus glaucopareius Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, As Acanthurus 1829. I'usina (Am. Samoa), laulama (W. Samoa), gaitolama. 1906. in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835). Acanthurus glaucopareius—Schmeltz, 1866. Naso thynnoides (Valenciennes PoM, 1884. As Hepatus aliala, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Naso thynnoides— Llme-uluto'i. Acanthurus gutlalus Bloch and Schneider, 1801. Maogo. Naso tuberosus (Laccpede, 1801). Ume-isu. Acanthurus gullatus— Schmeltz, 1866. Naso ivn/cor/its (Forsskal, 1775). Schmehz, 1874. As Hepatus guttatus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Naseus unicornis— unicornis, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Alogo. As Acanthurus in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835). Acanthurus strialus—Schmeltz, 1865. Naso vlamingii (Valenciennes As Hepatus lineatus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Ume-masimasi.

30 Paracanthuna hepatus (Linnaeus, 1766). Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788). Asiasi (< about 18 kg);

This fish is rare around Tutuila and was observed in only two to'uo (Am. Samoa), ta'uo (W. Samoa) ( > about 18 areas. Both are on the north coast at depths of about 6 m. kg). Zebrasoma roslralum (Giinther, 1873). Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839). Asiasi (< about 18 kg);

This species was observed only at Rose Atoll. (BPBM 27987.) to'uo (Am. Samoa), ta'uo (W. Samoa) ( > about 18 Zebrasoma scopas (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). kg). Pitopito, pe'ape'a. Acanthurus rhombeus—Schmeltz, 1866. Xiphiidae (Swordfish Family) As Zebrasoma rhombeum and Z. rostratum, Jordan and Scale, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758. 1906 and as Z. flavescens, Schultz, 1943. Xiphias gladius— Jordan, 1927. Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch, 1797). Diii. Acanthurus velifer—Schmeltz, 1866. Istiophoridae (Billfishes)

Siganidae (Rabbitfishes) The general name for billfishes is sa'ula.

Istiophorus platypierus (Shaw and Nodder, 1792). Sa'ula-lele. The general name for rabbitfishes in Samoa is lo.This name Makaira indica (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831). also refers to a large school of juveniles. David J. Woodland con- Sa'ula-oso. firmed the identifications of some Samoan specimens and provid- Makaira nigricans Lacepede, 1803. Sa'ula-oso. ed synonymies and comments on the distribution and identifica- Tetrapturus angustirostris Tanaka, 1914. tion of uncollected siganids with Samoan distributional records. Telrapturus audax (Philippi, 1887).

Siganus argenleus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825). Loloa{<5 cmTL), Nomeidae (Man-of-War Fishes) 'ofe'ofe (5-10 cm TL), malava (>10 cm TL). Teuthis argentea—Schmeltz, 1866. Psenes cyanophrys Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, As Siganus roslratus, Jordan and Scale, 1906 and Schultz, 1833. 1943. A specimen was speared under a buoy anchored at 2,000 m 'Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn, 1782). about 3 mi off Pago Pago Bay. Teuthis albopunctatus—Steindachner, 1906. Siganus punctatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Tito, loele'ele. Teuthis hexagonata—Giinther, 1874. Bothidae (Lefteye Flounders) Siganus ip/m« (Linnaeus, 1758). Anefe (<5 cm TL), pa'ulu (>5 cm TL). Arnoglossus sp. Teuthis striolata—Giinther, 1874. One specimen, 39 mm SL; collected at 33 m. Dorsal 77; anal As Siganus marmoratus, Jordan and Scale, 1906. 65; lateral line pores, 64. Depth 2.05 in SL; interorbital 0.25 in

eye diameter; first dorsal ray expanded and prolonged. (BPBM 24111.) Gempylidae (Snake Mackerels) Bothus mancus (Broussonet, 1782). Ali. Plalophrys mancus— Jordan and Scale, 1906. handline fishermen in deep water. These species are caught by Bothus pantherinus (9mpx>^\^< 1830). Ali. Rhomboidichihys pantherina—Schmeltz, 1865. Promethichlhys prometheus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831). Palu-kamuro, palu-tomalo. Ruveilus pretiosus Cocco, 1829. Palu-talatala. Pleuronectidae (Righteye Flounders)

Scombridae (Mackerels and l^nas) Samariscus triocellatus Woods in Schultz et al., 1966. Ali.

Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831). Paala. Soleidae (Soles) Acanthocybium solandri— Schultz, 1943. Auxis ihazard (Lacepede, 1801). Atualo. The Samoan name for all species of fiatfish is all. Euthynnus affmis (Cantor, 1849). Atualo, kavalau. Grammatorcynus bicarinatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824). Aesopia heterorhinos (Bleeker, 1856). Namuauli. Solea heterorhina—Schmeltz, 1865. Gymnosarda unicolor (Riippell, 1838). Tagi. As Soleichthys heterorhinos, Jordan and Scale, 1906. Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758). Atu «40 cm TL), faolua Aseraggodes melanostictus (Peters, 1876). (40-50 cm TL), ga'ogo (>50 cm TL). Aseraggodes sp. Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851). Ga. One specimen, 48 mm SL; collected at 23 m. Dorsal 75; anal Samoan specimens were collected by John E. Randall. (BPBM 51; scales 76. Right pelvic with three rays and shorter base than 6214.) left pelvic with five rays. (BPBM 24113.) Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829). Aseraggodes sp. Ga. Two specimens, 26 and 27 mm SL; collected at 37 m. Dorsal Scomber loo—Jordan and Scale, 1906. 74; anal 52; scales 70. Five rays in both pelvics which are sym- Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788). Apakoa. metrical. (BPBM 24130.) Balistidae (Triggerfishes) Amanses scopas (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valencieimes, 1829). Pa'umalo, ^ala.

Triggerfishes are known as sumu. Amanses scopas—Schmeltz, 1866. Canthertiines dumeriti (Hollard, 1854). Pa'umalo. Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park, 1797). Sumu-aimaunu. Canttierhines sandwichiensis (part) —Schultz, 1943. Batistes Itneatus—Schmeltz, 1865. Canthertiines pardalis (Riippell, 1835). Pa'umalo, falala, aimeo. As Batistes undutatus, Schultz, 1943. Monacanttius sandwichiensis—Steindachner, 1906. Batistoides conspicittum (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Sumu-papa. As Cantherhines sandwichensis, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as Batistoides viridescens (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). C. sandwichiensis, Schultz, 1943. Randall (1964b) has found Sumu-laulau (<20 cm TL), umu (>20 cm TL). that sandwichiensis is limited to the Hawaiian Islands. Batistes viridescens—Schmeltz, 1866. * Monacanthus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765). Canthidermis macutatus (Bloch, 1786). Sumu-va'a. Monacanthus chinensis— Schmeltz, 1865. Batistes senticosus—Giinther, 1910. Oxymonacanthus longirostris (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). This species frequents the epipelagic zone and often occurs Pa'umalo-gutuumi. around drifting objects. Monacanthus tongirostris— Schmeltz, 1866. Pervagor metanocephatus (Bleeker, 1853). Pa'umalo, falala. Metictittxys niger (^Xooh, 1786). Sumu-uli. Monacanthus metanocephatus—Schmeltz, 1869. Batistes armatus—Schmeltz, 1866. As Monacanthus metanocephatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Metichthys vidua (Solander, 1844). Sumu-'apa'apasina, sumu- Schultz, 1943. si'umuniu. Batistes vidua— Jordan and Scale, 1906. Ostraciontidae (Tninkfishes) As Batistes vidua, Schultz, 1943. OrfonM5 n/ger (Riippell, 1837). Sumu-pe'a. The Samoan name for trunkfishes is moamoa. Pseudobatistes ftavimarginatus (Riippell, 1828). Sumu-laulau «20 cm TL), umu (>20 cm TL). Lactoria cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758). Moamoa-ulutao, moamoa- Batistes ftavimarginatus—Schmeltz, 1 874. uluto'i. As Batistes ftavomarginatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906. Ostracion cornutus— Schmeltz, 1866. Pseudobatistes fuscus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus, 1758. Moamoa-lega. Sumu-laulau «20 cm TL), umu (>20 cm TL). Ostracion argus—Schmeltz, 1869. Rtiinecanttius acuteatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Sumu-uo'uo. Ostracion meteagris Shaw, 1796. Moamoa-uU (initial phase), Batistes acuteatusSchmtXlz, 1866. moamoa-sama (terminal phase). As Batistapus acuteatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as Batistes Ostracion meteagris—Schmeltz, 1866. acuteatus, Schultz, 1943. As O. tentiginosus (initial phase) and O. sebae (terminal phase), Rhinecanthus rectangutus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Sumu- Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, 1943. aloalo. Batistes erythropterus—SzhmAiz, 1869. As Batistapus rectangutus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and as Batis- tes rectangutus, Schultz, 1943. Tetraodontidae (Puffers)

Rhinecanttius sp. Sumu-aloalo.

This species is similar to cinereus and can probably be separated Puffers are referred to as sue. ventrally on the from it only by color. It has a large black area body centered above the origin of the anal (lacking in cinereus) Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758). Sue-vaolo. and a black crescent on the caudal flacking in cinereus). John Crayracion taterna—Schmeltz, 1869. Schultz, E. Randall plans to describe it. (BPBM 24458, 24459.) As Tetraodon hispidus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Sufflamen bursa (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Sumu-pa'epa'e. 1943. Batistes bursa— Schmeltz, 1869. Arothron immacutatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Sue-va'a. Sufftamen ctirysoptera (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Tetrodon v/rgorMi—Schmeltz, 1865. Sumu-gasemoana. As Tetraodon immacutatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Batistes niger—Schmeltz, 1874. Schultz, 1943. As Batistes ctirysopterus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Schultz, Arothron mappa (Lesson, 1830). 1943. Tetrodon wappo—Schmeltz, 1874. Sufftamen fraenatus (haXTKVit, 1804). Sumu-gase'ele'ele. Arothron meteagris (Lacepede, 1798). Sue-puleuli Xanthictithys caeruteotineatus Randall, Matsuura and Zama, (dark phase), sue-lega (yellow phase). 1978. Sumu-palu. Tetraodon me/eagra—Schmeltz, 1869. Several juveniles of this recently described species were ob- Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). served near Steps Point at depths of 40-60 m. Sue-uli (dark phase), sue-lega (yellow phase). Crayracion nigropunctatus—Schmeltz, 1866. Tetraodon nigropunctatus, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and Monacanthidae (Filefishes) As Schultz, 1943. Arothron stettalus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Sue-gatala, Members of this family are known as a pa'umalo. sue-va'a. Crayracion /wearus—Schmeltz, 1869. Atuterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765). Llme-aleva, falala. Arothron atboreticutatus may be a junior synonym. Atuteres taevis—Schmeltz, 1866.

32 amboinensis (Bleeker, 1865). Sue-lape. tional Museum, and William N. Eschmeyer and John E. Mc- Canthigaster psegma—Jord. '• and Evermann, 1905. Cosker of the California Academy of Sciences assisted my ex- As C. psegma, Jordan and S -, 1906. amination of fishes at their respective institutions. Mary-Melissa Hutchins, Fuasami A. Sa'umani, Titiula M. To'omata, and Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker, ..-'afa. Caroline P. Umebayashi typed the manuscript. I would also like Canthigaster bennetii—Schultz, i. ^. to thank my wife, Carol, for tolerating the deposition of fish Canthigaster janthinoptera (Bleeker, ^). Sue-sugale. specimens in the kitchen sink and family freezer. The project was Canthigaster solandri (VtiAaidson, 18h4). Sue-mimi. funded by the Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act (P. L. 81-681) Tetrodon solandri—Schmeltz, 1865. Project No. F-2-R. Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker, 1853). Su?-mu. Canthigaster valentini— Jordan, 1927. ADDENDUM Gastrophysis sceleratus (Gmelin, 1788). A specimen was hsindllned from 100 m by a local fishennan. Three of the unidentified species listed above have been described (BPBM 28185.) or identified since the checklist went to press. Cephalopholis sp. on Sphoeroides hypselogeneion (Bleeker, 1852). Sue-mo'o, sue-mimi. page 1 1 has been identified as C. analis (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Tetrodon hypselogeneion—Schmeltz, 1877. Valenciennes, 1828) by John E. Randall; Paracaesio sp. on page 16 As Spheroides hypselogeneion, Jordan and Seale, 1906 and has been described as P. stonei Raj and Seeto, 1983; and Pteragogus Schultz, 1943. sp. on page 22 has been described as P. cryptus Randall, 1981. *Sphoeroides oblongus (Bloch, 1786). Eight new species distribution records have also been subsequent- Gastrophysus oblongus—Schmeltz, 1866. ly docimiented for Samoa. The alphonsin Beryx decadactylus Sphoeroides pachygaster (Miiller and Troschel, 1848). Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciermes, 1829 was caught by a handline Some authors refer to this circumtropical species as Liosaccus fisherman at 160 m. This Sf)ecies also represents a new family record cutaneus. A specimen was handlined from 250 m. (BPBM (Berycidae) for Samoa. Three new serranids were handlined at 27769.) 180-220 m. Their identities were confirmed by John E. Randall and include Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Triodontidae (Three-Toothed Puffers) Valenciennes, 1828); Epinephelus truncatus Katayama, 1957; and Holanthias tapui Randall, Mauge, and Plessis, 1979. Two labrids Triodon macropterus Lesson, 1829. Sue-moemimi. can be added to the list. praetextatus (Quoy and This species is caught by handline fishermen at depths >200 m. Gaimard, 1834) (BPBM 28935) was speared at 1 m and Polylepion russelli (Gomon and Randall, 1975) was handlined at 100 m. The Diodontidae (Porcupinefishes) gempylid Epinnula magistralis Poey, 1854 was handlined from 150 m. Finally, John E. Randall has written that the recently described Diodon eydouxii Brissout de Barneville, 1846. holocentrid Sargocentron legros (Allen and Cross, 1983) is Diodon eydouxii— Leis, 1978. represented by Samoan specimens (BPBM 17500) in the Bemice P. A specimen was captured about 100 mi north of the Manu'a Bishop Museimi collection which were collected at Fagatele Bay at Islands. This species is pelagic during its entire life history. 30 m. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758. Taula, taulu. Including the above additions, the list now totals 999 species Diodon /i.vsrm— Schmeltz, 1869. representing 1 14 families and 294 species previously unrecorded Diodon liturosus Shaw, 1804. Tauta, lautu. from Samoa. Chilomycterus orbicularis—Schmeltz, 1874. As Diodon holocanthus, Schultz, 1943. LITERATURE CITED ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AKIHITO, P., and K. MEGURO.

1980. On the six species of the genus Balhygobius found in Japan. |ln Jpn..

1 am grateful for the generous assistance of 40 taxonomists Engl, summ.] Jpn. J. Ichthyol. 27:215-236. cited above in association with the families and genera they have ALLEN, G. R. 1975. Damselfishes of the south seas. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune studied. John E. Randall deserves special thanks for his help with City, N.J., 240 p. a wide range of taxonomic problems and for his guidance at every 1978. Anemonefische. Mergus Press, Melle. West Germany, 106 p. phase of this endeavor. Barry Goldman, Roger Lubbock, William ALLEN, G. R., and J. E. RANDALL. D. Pedro, Henry S. Sesepasara, D. Ian Swan, Stanley N. 1974. Five new species and a new genus of damselfishes (Family Pomacen- tridae) from the South Swerdloff, and Gordon S. Yamasaki are acknowledged for their Pacific Ocean. Trop. Fish Hobbyist 22(9):36-46, 48^9. diving assistance in collecting fishes. Peter Batty, Patrick G. ANDERSON, W. D., Jr. Bryan, Fa'atauva'a L. Kitiona, Ronald Needham, Melvin 1981. A new species of Indo-wesl Pacific fW/is (Pisces: Lutjanidae). with com- Makaiwi, Paul Pedro, William D. Pedro, Roger Pflum, and ments on other species of the genus. Copeia 1981:820-825. Wallace Thompson donated fishes. A. L. Phillipp provided BORODIN, N. A. 1932. Scientific results of the yachl "Alva" world cruise, July, 1931 to March, equipment and support for collecting efforts in Western Samoa. 1932, in command of William K. Vanderbilt. Bull. Vanderbill Mar. Mus. Fanene Laulu, Ti'eti'e Leo, Ponapati Liolio, and Mamae U. Poti 1(3):65-I0I. were members of the committee providing Samoan fish names. BOULENGER, G. A

The committee was chaired by William D. Pedro. Tupuola Leuta 1895. Catalog of the fishes in the Bntish Museum. 2d ed. Vol 1, 394 p. Br. and Lua'itaua P. Vili also provided Samoan names. Palauni Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Lond. COHEN, D. M., and J. G. NIELSEN. Tuiasosopo assisted with the spelling and punctuation of Samoan 1978. Guide to the identification of genera of the fish order Ophidiiformes with names. John E. Randall and Arnold Y. Suzumoto of the B. P. a tentative classification of the order. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Bishop Museum, Victor G. Springer and staff of the U.S. Na- Rep. NMFS Circ. 417, 72 p.

33 1881. Andrew Garrett's COHEN, D. M., and J. P. WOURMS. fische der Siidsee. J. Mus. Godeffroy 7(15):217-256. 1909. Andrew Garrett's 1976. Microbrotula randalti, a new viviparous ophidioid fish from Samoa and fische der Siidsee. J. Mus. Godeffroy 8(16):261-388. 1910. Andrew Garrett's New Hebrides, whose embryos bear trophotaeniae. Proc. Biol. Sec. Wash. fische der Siidsee. J. Mus. Godeffroy 9:389-519. 89:81-98. HELFRIC:H, p., J. L. ball, Jr., P. BIENFANG, M. FOSTER, B. GALLAGHER, E. COLLETTE, B. B., and N. V. PARIN. GUINTHER, G. KRASNICK, J. MACIOLEK. and J. MARAGOS. 1 975 An assessment of 1978. Five new species of haUbeaks (Hemiramphidae) from the Indo-west . the expected impact of a dredging projea proposed for Pala Lagoon, Pacific. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 91:731-747. American Samoa. Univ. Hawaii Sea Grant Tech. Rep., DAWSON, C.E. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-76<«2, 76 p. HERRE, A. W. 1976. Review of the Indo-Padfic genus Choeroichlhys (Pisces: Syn- 1927. Gobies of the gnathidae), with descriptions of two new species. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. and the China Sea. Philip. Bur. Sci. Monogr. 89:39-^6. 23, 352 p. H.. and V. 1977a. Review of the pipefish genus Corylhoichlhys with description of three HOMBRON, JACQUINOT. new species. Copeia 1977:295-338. 1853. Voyage au Pole Sud et dans I'Oceanic, sur L Astrolabe et La Zele-. pendent 1977b. Synopsis of syngnathine pipefishes usually referred to the genus Iclhv- 1837^. Zool. 3(2):29-56.

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27:595-650. 1927. Shore fishes of Samoa. Pan-Pac. Inst. J. 2(4):3-ll. DEMANDT, E. JORDAN, D. S.. and B. W. EVERMANN.

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35 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC AND eagle rays 4 COMMON NAMES OF FAMILIES Echeneididae 14

eel catfishes 7 Eleotrididae 29 Acanthuridae 30 Elopidae 4 Albulidae 4 emperors 17 AJopiidae 3 Engraulididae 7 anchovies 7 Ephippididae 18 angelfishes 18 Exocoetidae 8 Anguillidae 4 Anomalopidae 9 false morays 4 Antennariidae 7 filefishes 32 Apogonidae 13 Fistulariidae 10 Atherinidae 8 flatheads 11 Aulostomidae 10 flyingfishes 8 flying gurnards 11 freshwater eels 4 Balistidae 32 frogfishes 7 barracudas 20 fusiliers 15 basslets 12 Belonidae 8 garden eels 6 big-eyes 13 Gempylidae 31 biUfishes 31 Gerreidae 16 blennies 24 goatfishes 17 Blenniidae 24 gobies 26 bonefishes 4 Gobiesocidae 7 Bothidae 31 Gobiidae 26 Bramidae 15 Grammistidae 12 brotulas 7 groupers 11 bulldog sharks 3 grunts 17 butterflyfishes 18 Bythitidae 7 Haemulidae 17 halfbeaks 8 hammerhead sharks 3 Caesionidae 15 hawkfishes 20 Callionymidae 26 Hemiramphidae 8 Caracanthidae 11 6 Carangidae 14 herrings Hexanchidae 3 Carapidae 7 Holocentridae 9 Carcharhinidae 3 cardinalfishes 13 Isonidae 9 Centropomidae II Istiophoridae 31 Chaetodonlidae 18 Chanidae 7 14 CichUdae 19 jacks jawfishes 24 Cirrhitidae 20 clingfishes 7 Kraemeriidae 30 Clupeidae 6 Kuhliidae 13 conger eels 6 Kyphosidae 18 Congridae 6 cometfishes 10 Labridae 21 Coryphaenidae 15 ladyfishes 4 Creediidae 24 Lamnidae 3 cusk eels 7 Lampridae 10 lantern-eyes 9 Dactylopteridae 11 lefteye flounders 31 damselfishes 19 Leiognathidae 15 Dasyatididae 4 Lethrinidae 17 33 Diodontidae lizardfishes 7 dogfish sharks 4 Lutjanidae 15 dolphins 15 dragonettes 26 mackerels 31 dwarf rockfishes 11 mackerel sharks 3 1

Macrorhamphosidae 10 remoras 14 Malacanthidae 14 requiem sharks 3 man-of-war fishes 31 Rhynchobatidae 4 mantas 4 righteye flounders 31 Megalopidae 4 rudderfishes 18 Microdesmidae 30 milkfishes 7 sand burrowers 24 Mobulidae 4 sand lances 30 mojarras 16 sandperches 24 mollies 8 Scaridae 23 Monacanthidae 32 Scombridae 31 monocle breams 16 Scorpaenidae 10 Monodactylidae 17 scorpionfishes 10 moonfish 10 sea basses 1 moorish idol 30 seahorses 10 morays 5 Serranidae 1 Moringuidae 4 Siganidae 31 mountain basses 13 silversides 8 Mugilidae 20 silver batfishes 17 Mugiloididae 24 sleepers 29 mullets 20 snake eels 6 Mullidae 17 snake mackerels 31 Muraenidae 5 snappers 15 Myliobatidae 4 snipefishes 10 soapfishes 12 narrow-snouted shovelnose rays 4 Soleidae 31 needlefishes 8 soles 31 Nemipteridae 16 spadefishes 18 Nomeidae 31 Sphyraenidae 20 nurse sharks 3 Sphymidae 3 Squalidae 4 Ophichthidae 6 squirrelfishes 9 Ophidiidae 7 stargazers 24 Opistognathidae 24 sting rays 4 Orectolobidae 3 surf-fishes 9 Ostraciontidae 32 surgeonfishes 30 sweepers 17 parrotfishes 23 sweetlips 17 pearlfishes 7 swordfish 31 Pempherididae 17 Syngnathidae 10 perchlets 11 Synodontidae 7 Percichthyidae 11 pipefishes 10 tarpons 4

Platycephalidae 11 temperate basses 11 Plesiopidae 12 Teraponidae 13 Pleuronectidae 31 terapon perches 13 Plotosidae 7 Tetraodontidae 32 Poeciliidae 8 threadfins 21 Polynemidae 21 three-toothed puffers 33 Pomacanthidae 18 thresher sharks 3 Pomacentridae 19 tilapia 19 pomfrets 15 tilefishes 14 ponyfishes 15 triggerfishes 32 porcupinefishes 33 Triodontidae 33 prettyfins 12 triplefins 25 Priacanthidae 13 Tripterygiidae 25 Pseudochromidae 12 trumpetfishes 10 Pseudogrammitidae 13 trunkfishes 32 puffers 32 tunas 31

rabbitfishes 31 unicomfishes 30 24 reef basslets 13 Uranoscopidae

37 1

wormfishes 30 Xenocongridae 4 worm eels 4 Xiphiidae 31 wrasses 21 Zanclidae 30

INDEX TO SAMOAN nSH NAMES a'u 8 aua 20 a'a 20 'au'aulauti 10 auvaeloloa 'afa 20 5 afinamea 30 auvaeloloa-sina 5 afblu 17 auvaeloloa-uU 5 afomatua 20 ava 4 afulu 17 'ava'ava 13

'ai'aiivi 5 'ava'ava-moana 17 7 'ai'aiuga 5 avali'i aimeo 32 alalafutu 15 fa 4

ali 31 fafa 4 alogo 30 fai 4 alosina 18 fai-malie 4 'ana'analagi 4 fai-manu 4 'anae 20 fai-pe'a 4 'anaeafa 20 fai-tala 4 anaoso 12 f alala 32 aneanea 12 faolua 31 anefe 31 fausi 12 apakoa 31 feloitega 16 apeape 3,5 file 7 apoa 7 filoa 17 apoapo 3 filoa-apamumu 17 apofu 30 filoa-ava 17 apoua 12 filoa-gutumumu 17

asiasi 31 filoa-gutupu'u 17 aso 3 filoa-mu 17 asoama 16 filoa-mutumutu 17 aso-polota 3 filoa-pa'o'omumu 17 asulu 5 filoa-ulumato 17

'ata'ata 1 filoa-ulutele 17

'ata'ata-tusitusi 12 filoa-va'a 17

'ata'ata'uli 12 filoa-vai 17 'ata'ata-utu 12 filu 15 atamamala 22 fo 13 atapanoa 5 fo-aialo 13 ateate 13 fo-gatala 14

'ati'ati 6 fo-Ioloa 13 atu 31 fo-tnalau 13 atualo 15,31 fo-manifi 14 atugaloloa 15 fo-mumu 14 atule 15 fo-si'umu 13 atuleau 15 fo-tala 12,14 atule-toto 15 fo-talamemea 14 fo-taoto 14 i'usamasama 18,20 fo-tuauli 14 i'usila 8 fo-tusiloloa 13,14 i'usina 30 fo-vai 8 fuafua 20 kavalau 31 fuga 23 koko 10 fuga-a'au 24 kolama 30 fuga-alomu 24 fuga-alosama 23 iaea 23 fuga-alosina 24 laea-mala 24 fuga-alova 23 laea-mamanu 23 fuga-gutumu 24 laea-matapua'a 24 fuga-matapua'a 24 laea-mea 23,24 fugamea 23 laea-pala 23 laea-sina fuga-pala 23 23 fuga-sina 23 laea-si'umoana 23 fuga-si'umu 23 laea-tuavela 24 fuga-valea 23 laea-tusi 24 fugausi 23 laea-ulapokea 23 fugausi-matapua'a 24 laea-ulusama 23 fugausi-tuavela 24 laea-uluto'i 23 fuitogo 20 laea-usi 23 lafa 11

ga 31 lai 15 gaitolama 30 lalafi 21 galo 23 lalafi-gutu'umi 21 galo-uluto'i .23 lalafi-matamumu 21 ga'ogo 31 lalafi-matapua'a 21

gatala 11 lalafi-pulepule 21 gatala-a'au 12 lalafi-tua'au 22 lalafutu gatala-aleva 11 15 gatala-aloalo 12 lalele 13 la'o gatala-mumu 11 20 gatala-nifoli'i 12 la'ofia 23 gatala-pule'ena 12 la'o-gatala 20 gatala-pulepule 12 la'otale 7,10 gatala-pulesama 12 lape 22 gatala-puletasi 12 lape-a'au 22 gatala-puleuli 12 lape-ele'ele 23

gatala-sama 11 lapega 22

gatala-sega 11 lape-moana 23 laulama gatala-sina 11 30 gatala-tane 12 laulaufau 30

gatalauli 11 laulaufau-laiunea 18 gatamea 6 lauloa 17 gatauli 6 tausiva 20 gutumanu 18 lo 31 gutunofu 12 loalia 17 gutusi'o 22 loele'ele 31 gutu'umi 22 logoulia 30 loi 11 i'alanumoana 19 loloa 31 i'amai-moana 17 lufi 15 i'asina 17 lupo 15 i'atala 10 lupota 15 i'atolo , 24 lupovai 15 i'aui 6,7 i'ausi 21 maikolama 30 iHgi 22 mala'i 16

'ili'ilia 30 mala'i-pa'epa'e 16 iliu 31 malakea 21 inato 13 malau 9 malau-faiumu 9

39 1

malau-i'usina 9 mano'o-taoto 25 malauli 15 tnano'o-to'ito'i 25 malauli-apamoana 15 mano'o-tolo 26 malauli-gutupa'e 15 mano'o-ui .30 malauli-matalapo'a 15 mano'o-ulutu'i 28 malauli-sinasama 15 mano'o-va'a 28 malau-Ioa 9 mano'o-vai 28,29 malau-mamo 9 maoa'e 5 malau-mutu 9 maogo 30 malau-pauli 9 masimasi 15 malau-pe'ape'a 9 mata'ele 1 malau-pu'u 9 mata'ele'ele 17 malau-talapu'u 9 mata'italiga 3 malau-tianiu 9 matala'oa 16 malau-tifa 10 matamatamu 17 malau-toa 10 matamu 17 malau-tuauli 9 mata-mutu 18 malau-tuavela 9 matapula 13 malau-tui 9 matu 16 malau-tusitusi 9 matulau 17 malau-ugatele 9 matulau-ilamutu 17 malau-uli 10 matulau-moana 17 malau-'uo 9 matu-loa 16 malau-va'a 9 ma'ulu 28 malau-va'ava'a 9 misimisi 17 malava 31 moamoa 32 malie 3 moamoa-lega 32 malie-alamata 3 moamoa-scima 32 malie-aloalo 3 moamoa-uli 32 malolo 8 moamoa-ulutao 32 malu 3 moamoa-uluto'i 32 maluvai 30 moana 17 mamanu 23 moana-ula 17 mamo 19 moemimi 28 manase 20 moemoeao 3 manifi 17,18 moi 20 manifi-maona 15 mo'o 14 manini 30 mo'o-moana 14 mo'otai 14,24 tnano'o 24,26 15,16 mano'o-a'au 25 mu 16 mano'o-apofu 27 mu-a'a 17 mano'o-apofusami 27 mulogo mu-mafalaugutu 16 mano'o-fala 25 10 mano'o-fovai 30 mu-malau mu-matavaivai 17 mano'o-fugafuga 27 16 mano'o-gatala 25,29 mu-mea 15,17 mano'o-i'usama 25 mumu mu-sina 16 mano'o-Ia'o 24 mu-taiva 16 mano'o-lape 28 mutu 19 mano'o-lau 25 mutumutu 17,18 mano'o-lele 26,27 mutupu'u 5 mano'o-moi 27,28,29 mano'o-mo'o 24 naiufi 3 mano'o-pala 29,30 namuauli 15,31 mano'o-palea 27 nanue 18 mano'o-papa 24,25 noasami 15 mano'o-popo 27,29 nato 15 mano'o-sina 29 nefu 7 mano'o-si'umaga 25 nofu 7,10 mano'o-sofe 24,25 31 mano'o-sugale 28 'ofe'ofe * mano'o-taotao 30 onea

40 1

paala 31 safole 13 pala'ia 30 salala 6 palagi 30 salele 13

palagi-si'usina 30 sail 8 palu 16 samani 15 palu-aloalo 16 saosao 20 palu-atu 16 sapatu 20 15 palu-ave 16 sapo'anae 31 palu-ena'ena 16 sa'ula 31 palu-gutusiliva 16 sa'ula-lele 31 palu-i'usama 16 sa'ula-oso 10 palu-kamuro 31 sausau-lele '^ palu-kata 16 savane palu-loa 16 savane-ulasama 16 palu-makomako 16 segasega-mocuia 1 palu-malau 16 sesele 13 18 palu-mutu 16 si'u palu-pa'epa'e 16 si'umutu 22 palu-sega 16 sue 32 palu-sina 16 sue-'afa 33 palu-sina-ugatele 16 sue-gatala 32 33 palu-talatala 31 sue-lape palu-tomalo 31 sue-lega 32 palu-tuasama 16 sue-mimi 33 palu-tuauli 16 sue-moemimi 33 sue-mo'o 33 palu-tuavela 16 sue-mu 33 palu-tusimoana 16 sue-puleuli 32 palu-ula 16 sue-sugale 33 pa'ofa 29,30 sue-uli 32 pa'ofu 28,30 sue-va'a 32 papa 12 sue-vaolo 32 papata-pulepule 5 sugale 21 papata-tusitusi 5 sugale-a'a 21 papa-tuauli 12 sugale-a'au 22,23 patagaloa 23 sugale-aloa 22 pata'ota'o 23 sugale-aloama 23 pa'ulu 31 sugale-gasufi 22 pa'umalo 32 sugale-gutumafia 22 pa'umalo-gutuumi 32 sugale-i'usina 22 pe'ape'a 18,30,31 sugale-lalafi 22 pe'ape'a-uli 18 sugale-la'o 22 pelupelu 6 sugale-lape 22 pipi 19 sugale-laugutu 22 pitopito 31 sugale-lupe 22 poi 7,20 sugale-mafalaugutu 21 pone 30 sugale-manifi 22 pone-apasama 30 sugale-mo'o 21 ponepone 30 sugale-mo'otai 22 pone-i'umumu 30 sugale-mumu 21 pone-i'usama 30 sugale-pagota 22 pone-i'usina 30 sugale-puletasi 22 popoto 20 sugale-samasama 23 pua 6 sugale-siva 22 puali'i 5 sugale-tafuti 22 pulenini'i 5 sugale-taili 22 pusi 5 sugale-tala'ula 21 pusi-a'au 5 sugale-tatanu 21 ,22,23 pusi-gatala 5 sugale-tusitusi 22

pusi-le'a 6 sugale-uli 22 pusi-pulepule 5 sugale-uluto'i 21 pusi-solasulu 6 sugale-uluvela 22 pusi-sulalulu 6 sugale-vaolo 21 sumu 32 tifitifi-sae'u 18 sumu-aimaunu 32 tifitifi-segasega 18 sumu-aloalo 32 tifitifi-sega'ula 18 sumu-'apa'apasina 32 tifitifi-si'o 18 sumu-gase'ele'ele 32 tifitifi-tuauli 18 sumu-gasemoana 32 tifitifi-tusiloloa 18 sumu-laulau 32 tilotai 28 sumu-pa'epa'e 32 tito 31 sumu-palu 32 tiva 12 sumu-papa 32 tivao 16 sumu-pe'a 32 tivao-sugale 16 sumu-sfumumu 32 to'e 5 sumu-uli 32 to'etapu 5 sumu-uo'uo 32 tolai 17 sumu-va'a 32 tolo 11 susumi 12 to'uo 31 to'uto'u 15 ta'aneva 3 tuganini 14 tafala 15 tulausaena 17 tafauU 15 tuna 4 tafi-laotalo 5 tusia 17 tafuti 7,12 tusiloa 12 tagafa 21 tu'u'u 18,19 ta^ 31 u-alamu 19 taili 12 u-alomu 18 taiuli 7 u-atugauli 19 taiva 16 u-faga 20 talae 28 u-fo 19 talitaliuli 14 u-i'usina 19 tamala 16 u-i'uuli 20 tamalau 10 u-koko 19 tainalau-mumu 9 u-lau 20 tameno-mumu 9 u-lega 19 taotao 10 u-lumane 19 10 taotito u-malaumataputa 20 ta'oto 7,24 u-mamo 19 taoto-ama 10 u-manini 19 taoto-ena 10 u-matamalu 18 taoto-sama 10 u-moana 19 tapotopoto 7 u-moi 20 tapua 11 u-mo'o 19 ta'uleia 17 u-nuanua 19 31 ta'uo u-pa 20 taupapa 15 u-palea 20 tauta 33 u-palevai 19 tautu 33 u-popouli 20 tavai 15 u-pulelua 19 teatea 20 u-sama 19 18 tifitifi u-segasega 19,20 tifitifi-'ava'ava 18 u-segi 19 18 tifitifi-gutu'uli u-si'ugutusina 20 18 tifitifi-laui'a u-iulisegasega 19 tifitifi-laumea 18 u- tusiuli 19 tifitifi-laumoli 18 u-ulavapua 19 tifitifi-lega 18 u-uluvela 19 tifitifi-manifi 18 u-vaiuli 20 tifitifi-maono 18 tu u-vaolo 19 tifitifi-matapua'a 18 tifitifi-moamanu 18 u'aulu 5 tifitifi-muanicu 18 uisila 8 tifitifi-pa'ipa'i 18 ulamalosi 17 tifitifi-pule 18 ula'oa 17 tifitifi-pulesama 18 ulapokea 23 ulavapua 20 ume-ulutao 30 ulisega 15 ume-uluto'i 30 uloulo-gatala 23 'umi'uinia 21 ulua 15 umu 32 ulumalo 23 utu 16 ulumato 23 ulusa'o 17 uluto'i 23 vaiuli-sama 19 ulutu'i 20 valevale 17 ume 30 vaolo 11,12 ume-aleva 32 vavale 17 ume-isu 30 velo 12 umelei 30 vete 17 ume-masimasi 30 vete-mu 17

WHOI Librarv , ^.'l";'^.

5 WHSE 04531

43

— NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS NMFS Circular and Special Scientific Report — Fisheries

Guidelines for Contributors

CONTENTS OF MANUSCRIPT Literature cited. In text as: Smith and Jones (1977) or (Smith

and Jones 1977); if more than one author, list according to

First page. Give the title (as concise as possible) of the paper years (e.g.. Smith 1936; Jones et al 1975; Doe 1977). All pa- and the author's name, and footnote the author's affiliation, pers referred to in the text should be listed alphabetically by mailing address, and ZIP code. the senior author's surname under the heading "Literature

Cited"; only the author's surname and initials are required in

Contents. Contains the text headings and abbreviated figure the author Hne. The author is responsible for the accuracy of legends and table headings. Dots should follow each entry and the literature citations. Abbreviations of names of periodicals page numbers should be omitted. and serials should conform to Biological Abstracts List ofSer- ials with Title Abbreviations. Format, see recent SSRF or Cir- Abstract. Not to exceed one double-spaced page. Footnotes cular. and literature citations do not belong in the abstract. Abbreviations and symbols. Common ones, such as mm, m,

Text. See also Form of the Manuscript below. Follow the g, ml, mg, °C (for Celsius), "Its, %o, etc., should be used. Ab- U.S. Governmeni Printing Office Style Manual, 1973 edition. breviate units of measures only when used with numerals; Fish names, follow the American Fisheries Society Special periods are rarely used in these abbreviations. But periods are

Publication No. 12, A List of Common and Scientific Names used in et al., vs., e.g., i.e.. Wash. (WA is used only with ZIP ofFishesfrom the United States and Canada, fourth edition, code), etc. Abbreviations are acceptable in tables and figures

1980. Use short, brief, informative headings in place of where there is lack of space. "Materials and Methods."

Measurements. Should be given in metric units. Other equi- Text footnotes. Type on a separate sheet from the text. For valent units may be given in parentheses. unpublished or some processed material, give author, year,

title of manuscript, number of pages, and where it is filed

agency and its location. FORM OF THE MANUSCRIPT

Personal communications. Cite name in text and footnote. Original of the manuscript should be typed double-spaced on Cite in footnote: John J. Jones, Fishery Biologist, Scripps In- white bond paper. Triple space above headings. Send good du- stitution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037, pers. com- plicated copies of manuscript rather than carbon copies. The mun. 21 May 1977. sequence of the material should be:

Figures. Should be self-explanatory, not requiring reference FIRST PAGE to the text. All figures should be cited consecutively in the text CONTENTS and their placement, where first mentioned, indicated in the ABSTRACT left-hand margin of the manuscript page. Photographs and TEXT line drawings should be of "professional" quality—clear and LITERATURE CITED balanced, and can be reduced to 42 pices for page width or to TEXT FOOTNOTES 20 picas for a single-column width, but no more than 57 picas APPENDIX high. Photographs and line drawings should be printed on TABLES (provide headings, including "Table' ' and Arabic glossy 1. paper—sharply focused, good contrast. Label each numeral, e.g.. Table — , Table 2.—, etc.) figure. DO NOT SEND original figures to the Scientific Edi- LIST OF FIGURE LEGENDS (entire legend, including tor; Scientific 1. NMFS Publications Office will request these if "Figure" and Arabic numberal, e.g.. Figure — , Figure they are needed. 2.—, etc.) FIGURES Tables. Each table should start on a separate page and should be self-explanatory, not requiring reference to the text. Headings should be short but amply descriptive. Use only ADDITIONAL INFORMATION horizontal rules. Number table footnotes consecutively across the page from left to right in Arabic numerals; and to avoid Send ribbon copy and two duplicated copies of the manuscript confusion with powers, place them to the /e// of the numerals. If the original tables are typed in our format and are clean and legible, these tables will be reproduced as they are. In the text Dr. William J. Richards, Scientific Editor all tables should be cited consecutively and their placement, Southeast Fisheries Center Miami Laboratory where first mentioned, indicated in the left-hand margin of the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA manuscript page. 75 Virginia Beach Drive Miami, FL 33149

Acknowledgments. Place at the end of text . Give credit only to those who gave exceptional contributions and not to those Copies. Fifty copies will be supplied to the senior author and whose contributions are part of their normal duties. 100 to his organization free of charge. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION POSTAGE AND FEES PAID NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OFFICE COM-210 7600 SAND POINT WAY N E. BIN CI 5700 THIRD CLASS SEATTLE, WA 981 15 BULK RATE OFFICIAL BUSINESS

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