COMPONENT 2A - Project 2A1 PCC development

February 2009

TRAINING COURSE REPORT

CCapture,apture, iidentidentifi c cationation aandnd ccultureulture ttechniquesechniques ooff ccoraloral rreefeef fi shsh larvaelarvae ((FrenchFrench PPolynesia)olynesia)

AAuthor:uthor: ViliameViliame PitaPita WaqalevuWaqalevu Photo credit: Eric CLUA The CRISP Coordinating Unit (CCU) was integrated into the Secretariat of the Pacifi c Community in April 2008 to insure maximum coordination and synergy in work relating to reef management in the region.

The CRISP programme is implemented as part of the policy developed by the Secretariat of the Pacifi c Regional Environment Programme for a contribution to conservation and sustainable development of coral reefs in the Pacifi c

he Initiative for the Protection and Management The CRISP Programme comprises three major compo- T of Coral Reefs in the Pacifi c (CRISP), sponsored nents, which are: by France and prepared by the French Development Agency (AFD) as part of an inter-ministerial project Component 1A: Integrated Coastal Management and from 2002 onwards, aims to develop a vision for the Watershed Management future of these unique ecosystems and the communi- - 1A1: Marine biodiversity conservation planning ties that depend on them and to introduce strategies - 1A2: Marine Protected Areas and projects to conserve their biodiversity, while de- - 1A3: Institutional strengthening and networking veloping the economic and environmental services - 1A4: Integrated coastal reef zone and watershed that they provide both locally and globally. Also, it is management designed as a factor for integration between deve- Component 2: Development of Coral Ecosystems loped countries (, New Zealand, and - 2A: Knowledge, benefi cial use and management USA), French overseas territories and Pacifi c Island de- of coral ecosytems veloping countries. - 2B: Reef rehabilitation - 2C: Development of active marine substances The initiative follows a specifi c approach designed to: - 2D: Development of regional data base (ReefBase - associate network activities and fi eldwork projects; Pacifi c) - bring together research, management and develop- Component 3: Programme Coordination and Deve- ment endeavours; lopment - combine the contributions of a range of scientifi c - 3A: Capitalisation, value-adding and dissemina- disciplines, including biology, ecology, economics, law tion of CRISP results and social sciences; - 3B: Coordination, promotion and development - address the various land and marine factors aff ecting of CRISP activities coral reefs (including watershed rehabilitation and - 3C: Support to alternative livelihoods management); - 3D: Vulnerability of ecosystems and species - avoid setting up any new body but supply fi nancial - 3E: Economic task force resources to already operational partners wishing to develop their activities in a spirit of regional coo- peration. This is why the initiative was prepared on CRISP Coordination Unit (CCU) the basis of a call for proposals to all institutions and Programme Manager: Eric CLUA networks. SPC - PO Box D5 - 98848 Noumea Cedex New Caledonia Tel./Fax: (687) 26 54 71 E-mail: [email protected] www.crisponline.net

CRISP is funded by the following partners :

Photos credit: Eric Clua (if no specifi c mention). Printed at SPC • Copyright : CRISP

Ambassade de France à Fidji

UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC

School of Marine Studies, Laucala Campus, Fiji

Capture, Identification and Culture techniques of larvae

(French )

By Viliame Pita Waqalevu

Training course conducted from the 10th January to 15th February 2009

Supervisors: David LECCHINI (IRD - UR 128 CoReUs)

Christophe BRIE (Tropical Fish Tahiti)

Pascal DAYEZ-BURGEON (French Embassy at Fiji Islands)

Institut de recherche pour le développement

Page | 1

REMERCIEMENTS

Au terme de ces deux mois de recherche, je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui, de près ou de loin, scientifiquement, financièrement ou moralement, ont contribué à l'aboutissement de ce rapport.

Je désire remercier David Lecchini, Chargé de recherche à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (UR 128 Coreus) et Christophe Brié (Tropical Fish Tahiti) qui m'ont permis de réaliser ce stage. Je leur sais gré de m'avoir fait confiance tout au long de ce travail.

Je désire aussi remercier Mr. Pascal Dayez-Burgeon, Conseiller de coopération et d’action culturelle à l’Ambassade de France à Fidji. Sans son aide, ce stage n’aura jamais vu le jour. Vinaka…

Ce travail a été réalisé au Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l’Environnement à Moorea. Je tiens à remercier très chaleureusement Serge Planes, Yannick Chancerelle et René Galzin d'avoir entrepris de nombreuses démarches pour le bon déroulement du stage et m'avoir permis de loger au Centre de Recherche. Un immense merci aussi à Pascal, Benoit et Franck pour leur aide de tous les jours.

Je tiens enfin à remercier mes collègues de Moorea : Eric, Loic, Cécile, Jennifer, Elisabeth, … pour avoir mis la bonne ambiance au centre de recherche.

Page | 2

FINANCEMENT DE L'ETUDE

* Financement par l'ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) : L'étude a été financée en partie par un financement ANR Jeunes Chercheurs (ANR-06-JCJC-0012-01; D. Lecchini; Coral Reefs; novembre 2006 / octobre 2009).

* Financement par l’Ambassade de France à Fidji : Mr. Pascal Dayez-Burgeon a financé le voyage de l’étudiant Viliame Pita Waqalevu de Fidji à Tahiti.

* Financement par le programme CRISP (Coral Reef Initiative in the South Pacific) : L'étude a été financée aussi en partie par un financement CRISP (Composante C2A, R. Galzin & D. Lecchini; janvier 2007 / décembre 2009). L’initiative pour la protection et la gestion des récifs coralliens dans le Pacifique, engagée par la France et ouverte à toutes les contributions, a pour but de développer pour l’avenir une vision de ces milieux uniques et des peuples qui en dépendent ; elle se propose de mettre en place des stratégies et des projets visant à préserver leur biodiversité et à développer les services économiques et environnementaux qu’ils rendent, tant au niveau local que global. Elle est conçue en outre comme un vecteur d’intégration régionale entre états développés et pays en voie de développement du Pacifique. Le CRISP est un programme mis en œuvre dans le cadre de la politique développée par le Programme Régional Océanien pour l’Environnement afin de contribuer à la protection et la gestion durable des récifs coralliens des pays du Pacifique.

Page | 3

ABSTRACT

Fish larvae were sampled daily over 4 weeks using the crest net method on the Island of Moorea in the Society Archipelago, French Polynesia. A total of 71 species were identified with a total abundance of 1204 larvae. Handpicked larvae were then cultured to juvenile stage in an aquarium and 67 fish larvae photographed during larval stage and 16 larvae during juvenile stages, in order to observe the metamorphosis between these two stages in the larvae’s life cycle. Larvae were fed three times a day with artemia and artificial pellet feed during the duration of culture and mortality was minimized to <5%. Light traps were also trialed on three different sites on two nights around the new moon on the North Coast of Moorea in order to compare methods of larval capture and to observe which method yielded the higher species richness and abundance. Upon completion of this study all larvae and juveniles were released back into the lagoon.

Page | 4

1) INTRODUCTION

In coral reef ecosystems, the life cycle of most fish species includes a planktonic larval phase (in the open ocean), which usually lasts from three to six weeks, followed by a sedentary reef phase (in the lagoon) for the juveniles and adults (for review, see Werner 1988 – Fig. 1). During the oceanic phase, the larvae may move far from their native island due to currents and/or their swimming abilities. Then larvae return to the reef (natal or not) to continue their development into juveniles, then to adults. Generally larvae enter the lagoon across the reef crest by night (colonisation phase, Dufour and Galzin 1993). In the hours following this colonisation, larvae undergo metamorphosis and choose suitable habitats (settlement phase) based mainly on the characteristics of coral habitat and the presence or absence of conspecifics (individuals of same species) as well as other species (for review, see Doherty 2002).

Life cycle of coral reef fish

Ocean

Lagoon

Larvae Colonisation

Settlement Oceanic Juveniles dispersion

Recruitment Reproduction Genital products & eggs Adults

Figure 1: Description of life cycle of coral reef fish

Page | 5

Thus, most coral reef have a larval oceanic pelagic phase that ultimately ends with settlement onto suitable benthic habitats on the reef. The success of the transition between the two different environments determines the fish’s settlement levels (Dufour and Galzin 1993). There is a great need to understand the complexity with which coral reef fish larvae choose an appropriate habitat. Studies of similar scope need to be undertaken with greater enthusiasm as its ramifications greatly affect Pacific Islanders and the natural stock of reef fish. As shown by the study undertaken by the University of the South Pacific and University of Perpignan (PhD student, Julien Grignon), fish larval capture, culture and release can be used as a tool for reef restocking, ornamental and aquarium trade or for food fish, local or live fish exportation.

Colonization of fish involves the settlement of post-flexion larvae upon completion of pelagic phase and the transition into juvenile involves some nature of habitat association within the lagoon. The colonization process was observed to usually occur at night and in higher numbers during new moon periods than in full moon periods (Lecchini et al. 2004). This process concerns mainly post-flexion larval stage and juvenile stage (Dufour and Galzin 1993) as these are the larvae that are able to drift easily and passively over the reef crest (Sale 1991). Therefore, the most suitable method that can be utilized to capture these larvae is the crest net which actively filter larvae that are swimming in the water flowing from the ocean into the lagoon. Crest nets have a number of advantages over other methods (light trap, net either towed or dropped in the water column): (1) fish larvae are caught just before settlement, which would give a suitable measure of larval flux and supply; (2) the high energy and turbulence of the reef crest minimizes net avoidance by larvae; (3) since the net is put up for the night, the larvae cannot see the net thus it is a passive gear for easy larval capture (Dufour et al. 1996). Moreover, in marine organisms that have a relatively sedentary stage and dispersive propagules, the size of adult stocks is set by a dynamic balance between input of propagules (larval colonisation) and their subsequent loss via death.15 In coral reef fish, the mortality of larvae having colonised may eliminate up to 90% of the total population within three first post-colonisation months. The larval supply at colonisation represents a real natural ichthyologic production of a fish adult stock, in number of individuals. As fish larvae stock is numerically more important than adult stock and as catches of aquarium fish are based upon a number of individuals (and less on biomass or size), it is preferable to encourage fishing pressure on larvae stock and rear them with aquaculture methods to increase their survival. Effectively, in the wild, 90% of larvae disappear before adult age. The adult breeding stock would be thus preserved and the colonisation rate would be the exploitable theoretical limit not to be exceeded (over-fishing).

Page | 6

This study aims to answer 4 questions: [1] How to capture larval fish using the crest net method. [2] How to identify post-flexion fish larvae to the lowest possible taxonomic classification. [3] How to rear larvae in aquarium using artificial feed whilst attempting to minimize mortality. [4] Comparing the effectiveness of crest net to a light trap in larval capture.

The training course is in line with the Research Program of David Lecchini: “Effects of alternate coral reef states on the attraction, settlement and subsequent survival of & fish larvae (French Polynesia, 2006- 2010)”. The biodiversity is declining, and habitat destruction and degradation are now commonplace. Examples of degradation can be found throughout marine ecosystems, including estuaries, saltmarshes, soft-bottoms, hard-bottoms, and coral reefs. The degradation in coral ecosystems is usually characterized by coral mortality from natural and anthropogenic stressors (e.g., disease, hurricane damage, pollution, temperature-induced bleaching). This decrease of coral cover opens space on most reefs and causes substantial increases in cover and biomass of rapidly growing fleshy and filamentous macroalgae which, in turn, limits the recovery of coral populations and then modify fish and communities. Thus, areas experiencing perturbance often exhibit declines in adult populations, leading to a higher rate of extirpation than in pristine habitat, and the persistence of species in the area becomes reliant on the "rescue" effect of recruitment. The potential of the areas population to be supplemented by recruits, however, depends on whether pelagic larvae detect an appropriate habitat in that area and then settle and persist in that habitat. The effect of habitat decline on the potential of the area to attract and sustain the faunal assemblage (i.e., recruitment potential) remains unclear. We do not know if the decline of marine organisms is due to increased mortality of juveniles and adults of reef organisms or due to a decrease in the degraded reef’s recruitment potential, which could decline if 1) its properties have changed sufficiently to decrease its inherent attractiveness to planktonic larvae; 2) larval ability to locate preferred microhabitats has declined; or 3) newly settled individuals’ ability to survive to recruitment has decreased. We will test the hypothesis of effects of alternate reef states on the attraction, settlement, and subsequent survival of crustacean and fish larvae. If the recruitment potential of some coral islands has decreased, these meta-populations of reef organisms will continue their rapid decline, as recruitment will not be able to replace and to sustain the adult populations on the reefs. The research program “Effects of alternate coral reef states on the attraction, settlement and subsequent survival of crustacean & fish larvae (French Polynesia, 2006- 2010)” is funded by ANR (French Government). Three axes make up the program: Recruitment success of marine larvae according to the alternate coral reef states (axis 1) ; How the alternate reef states influence the settlement rates and microhabitat selection of larval fishes and

Page | 7 crustacean (axis 2) ; How alternate reef states influence the survival of larval fishes and crustacean (axis 3). My training course is a part of axis 1.

2) MATERIALS AND METHODS

a) Study area

Moorea Island is a high volcanic island, located in the Society Archipelago approximately 16 km from the larger Island of Tahiti. There is a barrier reef that encircles the island which encloses a lagoon 800 to 1300m wide. The reef is intersected by several passes and two deep bays on the North coast (Cook Bay & Opunohu Bay). The circulation of water is such that breaking waves bring oceanic water into the lagoon and water within the barrier reef exists via the pass. The average annual tidal range at Moorea is approximately 0.3 m.

Site suitability is an important aspect of choosing an area to place the crest net. There was only one sampling site and this study site was located on the West coast of Moorea (17°31’7.38”S,

149°55’20.89”W) between two Marine Protected

Area’s of Tetaiuo and Taotaha. This site was

chosen as the study site because wave energy is

low in this area and there is a deep region

immediately behind the reef crest for the nets

collector to be placed. The prevailing wind on

this side of the island was North Westerly. The

nearest pass is Taota pass located south from the

sampling area.

Figure 2: Moorea Island, French Polynesia (source: Google Earth)

Page | 8

b) Methodology Fish larvae were sampled using a technique similar to Dufour and Galzin (1993). The crest net is a technique that is most suitable to capture larvae upon entering the lagoon and just before settlement. The net is 1.5 m wide x 0.75 m high x 5 m long and the mesh was of 1 mm size. Four hinged panels of 0.7 mm enlarged the mouth area of the net to 6 m (Fig. 3). The net was divided into three chambers: 1) the mouth where larvae enter, and the codends which is made of 2 parts; 2) the separator is designed in such a way that fish larvae are allowed to stay in sufficient water even if the water level is extremely low, it decreases mortality due to dessication and low oxygen level greatly; 3) and the collector where the larvae are captured. The whole structure is fastened secured by steel cables which are bolted firmly onto the reef-rock; this is to prevent the net from being swept away during times of strong current. The codend was attached during the evening as larval settlement usually occurs at night (Dufour and Galzin 1993).

Figure 3: Schematic view and photo of crest net used at Moorea

Upon collection of the larvae, the net is put in “off” mode, where the mouth of the net and its wings are laid down on the reef. The codend is detached from its base attachment and is released from the first chamber. It is important to ensure that no larvae are trapped within the first chamber before releasing the codend. All the contents of the codend are then emptied into a large bucket/cooler where any excess or rocks are removed. Oxygen is added at minimal amount in order to minimize stress and mortality. The nets were left on the crest without the codend and with the wing and net placed in “off” mode during the day.

Sorting of fish larvae was undertaken at the laboratory where fish were grouped into similar Genera. Larval identification was undertaken using the meristics and morphology characteristics of the fish with the CRISP larvae identification guide handbook (Galzin et al. 2006) as an aid. Pictures were taken of all the fish larvae caught as this would become an important future aid in identifying larva and juvenile (Annex 1 & 2). Alcohol was not used to kill the fish before taking pictures as it was observed that alcohol removed some colors from the fish, thus, freshwater was used as an alternative method. Some of the larvae were kept alive and moved to a larger more permanent glass tank for the rearing process into juvenile stage.

Page | 9

Larvae that were to be cultured into juveniles were fed artificial fish-food bought from Ridley’s Aquafeed Limited and this consisted of pellets which were crumbled into pieces or sieved into really small particles (Annex 2). This was supplemented with live feed in the form of artemia. The larvae were fed three times a day, first with the pellets and then followed with artemia forty five minutes later, as the fish will not eat the pellets if they are fed first with artemia. It was observed that the fish, at first, did not eat the pellet however, after three weeks they started eating more of the artificial feed.

3) RESULTS

Fish larval capture with crest nets - A total of 1208 larvae belonging to 71 species were collected over four sampling weeks. The number is relatively small due to the fact that big waves and rough weather conditions were encountered often and this prevented the net from being put up and the current strength often broke and separated the codend from the net. So, after 24 days of sampling, the average was 50.3 larval fish per day. The most abundant families were (11 species) (8 species) and Chaetodontidae (6 species – see Annex 1). Figure 4 shows the colonization species richness of the different larvae that were caught.

Figure 4: Larval species richness at colonization

Page | 10

The most abundant species were triostegus (total abundance = 325), Stegastes fasciolatus (204), Chromis viridis (71) and Chrysiptera leucopoma (65). The period that when there was the highest species diversity during the new moon, suggesting that species richness was dependent on lunar cycle. It was observed that fish larval colonization was also linked with the lunar cycle (Fig. 5).

` Figure 5: Larval colonization and lunar cycle

We observed a colonization peak just before and after the new moon, and another just prior to the first quarter. This general trend of fish larval colonization varied at species level (Fig. 6a,b). For example, and Stegaste fasciolatus were observed to colonize the reef throughout the 4 different lunar periods and thus had a constant colonization pattern. In contrast, species like Canthigaster solandri, Synodus binotatus, Mulloidichthys flavolineatus, and Parupeneus spp colonized at only certain times during the lunar period (Fig 6a,b). This shows that colonization was done by peak whereby large numbers of larvae enter the lagoon via the reef crest.

Page | 11

Figure 6a: Most abundant species (ranked 1-5)

Figure 6b: Most abundant species (ranked 6-10)

Page | 12

Fish larval capture with light traps - Three light traps were used for sampling during two nights around the new moon. Two were placed on the outer reef and one on the reef crest on the north coast of Moorea. We collected 60 larvae belonging to the Families Acanthuridae, Apogonidae, Chaetodontidae, , and Pomacentridae. A total of 13 species were collected (Annex 2). The most abundant species were Neoniphon argenteus and Stegastes fasciolatus.

Fish larval identification - Among 71 species captured at larval stage with crest nets, we were able to identify 67 to the lowest possible taxonomic level (for more details, see Annex 3 & 4).

Fish larval culture - Certain larvae were chosen for rearing in aquaria and these were fed with artemia and artificial food. The mortality rate was low (<5%), showing that the conditions in the aquarium was suitable for the fish to grow into juveniles.

4) DISCUSSION

Coral reef fish larvae have been sampled with the use of crest nets since 1988 (Dufour and Galzin 1993) and has been proved a successful method of larval capture at the end of the larva’s pelagic life stage. Colonization pattern of larvae are dependent on the lunar cycle, as was observed in the results. This pattern also varies at species level, where different species prefer to colonize at different times; this could be due to certain ecological processes (e.g. presence of predator, food, strength of waves, etc). There are a few setbacks to the crest net method of larval capture as was noticed during the study, these include:

• It is highly dependent on weather conditions, unlike the light trap, this method of capture does not have a high capability to work in rough weather conditions; • Site selection of where the crest net is to be placed is very important. Factors such as wave and current direction and strength, tidal range, etc, have to be considered to make this method operate effectively. Therefore, site surveys have to be undertaken impeccably to prevent failures in the future. Crest nets require low tidal range (e.g. 40 cm annually, as in Moorea, Tahiti) to prevent larvae from escaping at extremely high tides and having high mortality at really low tides;

Page | 13

• Since the net is placed on the crest, where energy is the highest on the reef, its design is essential as abrasion on is liable to damage the net. The net design also has to be practical in order to make operation (insertion and removal) easy to undertake.

Light traps were put up in order to observe the diversity of larvae caught and to find out which larval capture technique is best for this type of survey. For capture of pre-flexion fish it is best to use light trap, however, there is very little diversity in the fish caught in this method than that which was observed to be caught by the crest net. There were more technical difficulties (e.g. light not working, or fish not getting attracted to the light) that prevented the success of capture with the light trap method. The light trap method is biased to fish that an attracted by light (active gear technique) therefore only fish that are attracted to light will get caught in the net. Larvae that are caught by the crest net are involuntarily carried into the codend by currents flowing over the crest into the lagoon thus making it a passive gear technique.

Fish larvae are brought from the study site to the aquarium in a large icebox with constant oxygen supply to minimize stress for the larvae. Upon arrival at the aquarium, fish were sorted according to the same species or family. Small fish like Pomacentrids and Chaetodons were put in containers whilst larger fish (Mulliods and Priacanthids) were left to swim freely in the tank (Annex 5). It was important to minimize stress throughout this process. Some fish may become stressed and change color. For example, Chenochaetus striatus orange horizontal bands become more pronounced when they are stressed thus making it look more like .

The larvae that were to be cultured into juveniles were moved into the aquarium for culture. There are several factors that are important in the successful culture of larvae, these include; water quality, water exchange system, practicality and placement of essential components of the aquaria and feed. The aquarium had a “flow-through system” where water is constantly circulated within the tank. This system is preferred over the “closed-system” as clean water is always entering the tank, and ‘difficult’ species like Chaetodontidae require high water quality. Good filtration is lacking, as at times of high rainfall the water quality decreases greatly. It is important, in order to reduce mortality, for a sand filter to placed between the collection tank line and the seawater pump so that water entering the aquaria has reduced silt and sedimentation thus reducing extra effort put into bottom siphoning the tanks. Certain components in the aquaria like, placement of oxygen pipeline and seawater pipeline needs to be rearranged so that it is easier and more practical to work in the aquaria. Feed for the larvae consisted of a combination of artificial pellet food and live feed in the form of artemia (Annex 5). Tank color is also important in fish identification as some fish, in order to camouflage themselves, change color according to the color of the

Page | 14 aquaria. For example Rhinecanthus aculeatus is a pale yellow larvae with lateral black striations (Annex 4) but when placed in white aquaria, they become white and the black striations are almost incomprehensible. Overall, mortality was low therefore, despite the various technical problems, it can be said that the culture process was a success.

Pictures were taken of the fish larvae and after rearing to juvenile stage, pictures were taken again in order to identify the various changes in meristic characteristics (Annex 3,4). This was undertaken in the Optic laboratory at the CRIOBE station which was highly equipped and suitable for the requirements of this study (Annex 5). Fish that did not require being cultured or having a picture taken were released back into the lagoon on the evening after collection.

To conclude, the crest net method is a good approach in capture of fish larvae just before colonization, which is subsequent to the pelagic stage of the life cycle of reef fish. It is an effective method that requires minimum maintenance and effort in obtaining fish larvae that enter the lagoon via reef crest. There is however, more need to study the morphological and meristical changes that the occur between the larval and juvenile transition.

5) REFERENCE

Allen, G. (2002) A Field Guide for Anglers and Divers: Marine Fishes of the and Sout-East Asia. Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Western Australia. Allen, G., Steene, R., Humann, P., Deloach. (2005) Reef Fish Identification: Tropical Pacific. New World Publications, Inc. Jacksonville, Florida, USA. Odyssey Publishing, Inc. El Cajon, California USA. Bond, CE. (1996) Biology of Fishes: Second Edition. Saunders College Publishing. Doherty PJ (2002) Variable replenishment and the dynamics of reef fish populations. In: Sale PF (ed) Coral reef fishes: dynamics and diversity in a complex ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 327-358

Dufour, V. (1994) Comparison of the Colonization of Fish Larvae in Coral Reefs of Two Islands of French Polynesia, the Atoll of Rangiroa (Tuamotu Archipelago) and the High Island of Moorea (Society Archipelago). Atoll research Bulletin No. 399. 12 pp. Dufour, V., Galzin, R. (1993) Colonization Patterns of Reef Fish Larvae to the Lagoon at Moorea Island, French Polynesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 102, 143-52

Page | 15

Dufour, V., Riclet, E., Lo-Yat, A. (1996) Colonization of Reef Fishes at Moorea Island, French Polynesia: Temporal and Spatial Variation of the Larval Flux. Marine & Freshwater Resources, 47, 413-22 Google Earth Pro 4.0 Beta (2006). Google Earth Software. Google ©. Grignon, J. (2007) Culturing Fish Larvae : A New Tool for Restocking Coral Reefs in Fiji. Melanesian Geo, May-September. Pp 34 – 35.

Helfman, GS., Collete, BB., Facey, DE. (1997) The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Inc. USA.\ Lecchini D., Dufour V., Carleton J., Strand S. & R. Galzin, 2004. Study of the fish larval flux at Moorea Island: is the spatial scale significant? Journal of Fish Biology, 65: 1142-1146

Maamaatuaiahutapu, M., Remoissenet, G., Galzin, R. (2006) Guide d’identification des larves de poisons récifaux de Polynésie française. Coral Reef Initiative for the South Pacific. Éditions Téthys 104p. Myers, RF. (1999) Micronesian Reef Fishes: A Field guide for Divers and Aquarists. Coral Graphics, Territory of Guam. Randall, JE. (2005) Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu. Randall, JE., Allen, GR., Steene, RC. (1990) The Complete Divers’ & Fishermen’s Guide to Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawai’I Press, Honolulu. Sale, PF. (1991) The Ecology of Reef Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press Limited, London. Sale, PF. (2002) Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a complex Ecosystem. Academic Press Limited, London. Elsevier Science USA. Werner, E.E. (1988). Size, scaling and the of complex life cycles. In: Ebenman, B., Perssons, L. (Eds.) Size-structured populations. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 61-81.

Page | 16

ANNEX 1: CAPTURE OF FISH LARVAE WITH CREST NET

Page | 17

Species List ABD Acanthurus triostegus 325 Stegastes fasciolatus 204 Chromis viridis 71 Chrysiptera leucopoma 65 Apogonidae 51 Canthigaster solandri 38 Synodus binotatus 35 Ptereleotris microlepis 30 Mulloidichthys flavolineatus 28 Chrysiptera glouca 25 Parupeneus multifasciatus 25 Neoniphon argenteus 23 Pomacentrus pavo 22 striatus 21 Siganus argenteus 19 Naso brevirostris 15 Stegastes nigricans 15 Albula glossodonta 13 microstoma 13 Chaetodon citrinellus 12 Apogon exostigma 11 Myripristis kuntee 10 scopas 10 Bothus mancus 9 Chaetodon auriga 7 Gymmapogon 7 Priacanthus hamrur 7 Acanthurus lineatus 6 6 Naso unicornis 6 Ostohinchus augustatus 6 Parupeneus barberinus 6 Acanthurus xanthopterus 5 Chaetodon ephippium 5 Naso lituratus 5 Apogon fraenatus 3 Myripristis violacea 3 Naso annulatus 3 Naso hexacanthus 3 Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus 3

Page | 18

Rhinecanthus aculeatus 3 Valenciennea strigata 3 Aulostomus chinensis 2 Apogonichthys ocellatus 2 Canthigaster bennetti 2 Canthigaster valentini 2 Clupeidae 2 Dactyloptena orientalis 2 Lutjanus kasmira 2 Myripristis bernndti 2 sexfasciatus 1 Arothron hispidus 1 Aulostomus chinensis 1 Balistoides viridescens 1 Carapus honei 1 Centropyge flavissimus 1 Chaetodon pelewensis 1 Chaetodon ulietensis 1 Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus 1 Dascyllus aruanus 1 Fistularia commersonii 1 Heteropriacanthus cruentatus 1 Lutjanus fulvus 1 Lutjanus monostigma 1 Monotaxis grandoculis 1 Myripristis adusta 1 Neoniphon sammara 1 Parupeneus cyclostomus 1 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 1 Sargocentron spiniferum 1 Thalassoma amblycephalum 1

Page | 19

ANNEX 2: CAPTURE OF FISH LARVAE WITH LIGHT TRAP

Page | 20

SPECIES LIST ABD Acanthurus triostegus 1 Acanthurus xanthopterus 4 Apogon fraenatus 2 Apogonidae 1 Chaetodon auriga 2 Chaetodon ephppium 1 Dascyllus reticulatus 5 Lutjanus monostigma 2 Myri pri sti s augusta 1 Myri pri sti s berndt 1 Neoniphon argenteus 30 Sargocentron microstoma 1 Stegastes fasciolatus 9 TOTAL 60

Page | 21

ANNEX 3: IDENTIFICATION GUIDE OF CORAL REEF FISH LARVAE

FAMILY – ACANTHURIDAE

(Surgeonfishes)

Surgeonfishes are named for the sharp spine or spines that they possess on the caudal peduncle region. This family is divided into 3 sub‐families:

1. : Single caudal spine which folds into a horizontal groove on the side of the peduncle (genera: Acanthurus, Zebrasoma, and Ctenochaetus), 2. Nasinae : One or two fixed keel‐like spines on each side of the peduncle (: Naso), 3. Prionurinae: Three to six spines extending from peduncle region (genus: Prionurus).

Most members of Acanthuridae family are herbivorous and graze or browse on algae, however, a few species (Acanthurus and many Naso) feed on . The genus Ctenochaetus are mainly detrivores. Acanthurid fish are diurnal and are often observed to sleep in small caves or crevices in the reef (Randle et al, 1990).

Surgeonfishes, in general, have a long period of development in the pelagic realm. Thus as a result, many species are widely distributed: 9 species from Indo‐Pacific region have extended their region to the tropical eastern pacific. The post‐larval stage of surgeonfish is orbicular, scaleless with narrow vertical ridges on the body, transparent and possesses a silvery color over the abdomen (Randall 2005).

Sub‐Family ACANTHURINAE

Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Convict Surgeonfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 25 ± 5 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 260 mm SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Larva is translucent beginning from pelvic Larvae Loses transparency after fin to caudal peduncle, whilst abdominal metamorphosis into juvenile stage. region and head is silver in color (to Changes to white and stripes become conceal the heart and main blood more pronounced upon transition from arteries, to prevent easy visual detection juvenile stage. Juvenile is 40 ± 5 mm in form predator in open water). Black length. vertical stripes extending from base of dorsal fin to base of the pelvic region. SIMILAR/DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ General body shape remains the same. Black vertical stripes are retained (4 stripes including 1 on caudal peduncle and 1 over the eye) and are more pronounced in adult. DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult color is light olivaceous gray color and larval transparency is lost. Adult possesses a

sharp, forward‐pointing, erectile spine on each side of caudal peduncle which folds down into a groove.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Acanthurus Triostegus AT LARVAL STAGE:

* General body shape of larvae is similar to Acanthurus genus

* 4 vertical stripes on trunk (plus 1 stripe over the eye and caudal peduncle‐not so pronounced)

* Abdomen extending to head is silver in color, whereas trunk is transparent. Acanthurus olivaceus (Forster, 1801)

Orangespot surgeonfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

A

MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 300 mm

JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Juvenile completely yellow. Juvenile B is usually 46 ± 5 mm in length. Develops an orange band with light STANDARD LENGTH: 30 ± 3 mm blue rim extending posteriorly from upper end of gill opening‐occurs SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February before change from yellow to brown. LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: Tip of anal fin is blue in color. Tail develops a lunate shape and caudal Transparent posteriorly from abdominal spine develops. region to caudal peduncle with yellow caudal fin and yellow soft ray fins (pectoral & anal) – A. Head and abdominal region is silver in color. Upon metamorphosis into juvenile, it is yellow all over. B shows transition into juvenile stage. SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ General body shape remains the same.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Larvae are transparent with silver head and abdominal region, pectoral, anal and caudal fins are yellow. Juvenile is yellow and develops orange band with blue rim upon transition into adult stage, caudal spine is seen in this stage. Adult is dark brownish gray with posterior to upper end of gill opening possessing a bright orange horizontal band, with a deep blue border, the head and anterior half of body usually abruptly paler than the posterior half, tail is lunate.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Acanthurus olivaceus AT LARVAL STAGE:

* General body shape of larvae is similar to Acanthurus genus

* Transparent posteriorly from abdominal region to caudal peduncle. Abdominal region is silver whilst pectoral, anal and caudal fins are yellow.

Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Lined Surgeonfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 43 ± 3 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 300 mm SEASON OF CAPTURE: January‐February LARVAL CHARACTERISITCS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Translucent brown extending posteriorly Transition from larvae to juvenile

from abdomen to caudal region. involves the body becoming whiter Abdominal region and head silver in in color and loosing larval color. Alternate orange and dark blue striations longitudinally posteriorly from transparency and translucency.

operculum. Tail is lunate. Horizontal striations remain the same in color (alternate yellow and blue) as in larval stage however, striation pattern becomes more pronounced on the head of juvenile

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ General body shape remains the same.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Upper three quarter portion of adult head and body alternately horizontally banded yellow and black‐edged blue. Lower quarter of adult body is lavender to pale blue. Caudal spine is very long, this is absent in larvae.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Acanthurus lineatus AT LARVAL STAGE:

* General body shape of larvae is similar to Acanthurus genus

*Alternate bands of yellow and dark blue. Often when under stress, blue band becomes more prominent

*Anal, dorsal and caudal fins have small tinge of orange or yellow.

Acanthurus xanthopterus (Valenciennes, 1835)

Yellowfin Surgeonfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 29 ± 4 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January‐ February JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

LARVAL CHARACTERISITCS: Larvae can be easily mistaken for , however, Transparent posteriorly from abdomen to caudal peduncle. Abdomen and head upon metamorphosis to juvenile is silver. Dark region just above the eyes there is a stark difference. Pectoral on forehead. fin is yellow at the tip and brownish grey at the base. Dorsal and anal fins contain several light blue bands

alternating with dull yellow. Distinct whitish bad on caudal peduncle.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ General body shape remains the same and bands observed in juvenile stage are also present in adult. Pale yellow band around eye is also present but more distinct in adult stage.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult color pattern can change quickly from uniform purplish gray to one with alternating, very irregular, lengthwise bands of dark yellowish grey and light blue grey. There is a prominent broad yellow band extending anteriorly to eye and one irregularly posteriorly to eye and extending to upper portion of operculum. Pale blue area around caudal peduncle near caudal spine.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Acanthurus xanthoptera AT LARVAL STAGE:

* General body shape of larvae is similar to Acanthurus genus

*Transparent posteriorly from abdomen to caudal peduncle

*Abdomen and head is striking silver in color. On forehead, in between eyes is a dark region

*To prevent confusion with Acanthurus nigricauda at larval stage, the size of larvae should be within 21 – 30 mm, if it is larger than this range, it is not A. xanthoptera.

Zebrasoma scopas (Cuvier, 1829)

Brushtail Tang

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 26 ± 7 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 200 mm SEASON OF CAPTURE: January‐February

LARVAL CHARACTERISITCS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

General body shape of larvae is similar to Forebody pale brown with Zebrasoma genus. Transparent gold/yellow spots on head. Rear posteriorly from abdomen. Vertical pale body is dark brown to purple. Thin black striations on body extending to dorsal and anal fins. Abdomen and head alternate paired vertical yellow and bluish grey bars on lower three is silver. Transparent extending anteriorly from the eye up to mouth with irregular quarter of body. Abdomen region pale black striations following the has white tinge. White tail spine. contours of the mouth. Dark area above the eye on forehead.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ General body shape remains the same. Tail spine white as in juvenile.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Larval transparency is lost. Alternate vertical striations during larval and juvenile stage become dark brush‐like patch of bristles in front of caudal spine and tiny horizontal pale blue dots or lines on head and body during adult stage.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING AT LARVAL STAGE:

*General body shape of larvae is similar to Zebrasoma genus

*Transparent posteriorly from abdomen with alternate vertical black striations extending into dorsal and anal fins

*Abdomen is silver, dark area above eye on forehead and mouth is transparent with irregular black striations.

Ctenochaetus striatus (Qouy & Gaimard, 1825)

Lined Bristletooth

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 30 ± 3 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 260 mm SEASON OF CAPTURE: January‐February JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS: LARVAL CHARACTERISITCS: Horizontal striations become Abdomen and head is silver. Body is pronounced and posterior most tips translucent with alternate horizontal orange and black banded striations. of caudal fin is yellow. Two yellow Dorsal, anal and caudal fins are stripes located across the eye. Head translucent grey. Black spot located region pale grayish brown in color. above and below caudal peduncle on Posterior tips of caudal fin orange. posterior base of dorsal and anal fin.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ General body shape remains the same. Striation pattern similar throughout life‐cycle (i.e.) horizontal pattern on the trunk extending from the operculum to caudal region. Dark spot located on the

base of dorsal fin is retained in adult.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult can be dark brown to black with narrow orange stripes and black dorsal, anal, and caudal fin. Pale spots also found on head and around the eye. Pale alternate striations can be found on

the body and extending to fins.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Ctenochaetus striatus AT LARVAL STAGE:

*Alternate orange and black horizontal striations on the body.

*Silver abdomen and head

* In order to prevent confusion between C. striatus and Acanthurus lineatus, look for black spot located on posterior base of dorsal and anal fin and C. striatus is significantly smaller than A. lineatus.

Sub‐Family NASINAE

Naso annulatus (Qouy & Gaimard, 1825)

Whitemargin Unicornfish

LARVAL STAGE ADULT STAGE

PELVIC SPINE

STANDARD LENGTH: 32 ± 2 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 1000 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January‐February

LARVAL CHARACTERISITCS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Abdomen and head is silver in color. White ring between caudal spines Translucent posteriorly from abdomen to around caudal peduncle. Shiny rear caudal region. Long first dorsal and anal spine and decreasing in height flank develops after 6 months into posteriorly. Two sharp spines at the base juvenile stage. of the abdomen.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ General body shape similar between larvae and juvenile stage.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult is olivaceous brown with no dark markings but can rapidly change color to pale bluish gray. White lips, caudal fin with blackish sub‐marginal band with white posterior border. Long tapering

horn on forehead. Adult has less body‐depth to length ratio compared to larvae.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Naso annulatus AT LARVAL STAGE:

*General body shape is similar to Naso genus

*Abdomen and head silver with body near transparent

*First dorsal and anal spine is long and decreases posteriorly

*Two sharp spines at the base of abdomen

*Usually with a length of 30 – 34 mm range, if bigger, it is most likely N. brevirostris.

Naso brevirostris (Valenciennes, 1835)

Spotted Unicornfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 40 ± 3 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 600 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January‐February

LARVAL CHARACTERISITCS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Abdomen and head is silver. Dark sports Greyish brown, darker on upper half (pigmentation) on body and around the of body and lighter close to base of head. First dorsal and anal spine is long. abdomen. Juveniles of about 10cm Two sharp spines at the base of the abdomen. develop horn which appears as a bump on forehead. Caudal fin

slightly rounded and white except on the base.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ First dorsal and anal spines are long in larval and juvenile stages.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult is olivaceous brown to grey with small dark spots on head and vertical rows of spots and lines on flank. Caudal fin is white with small dusky spot at the base and is truncate to slightly rounded. Two peduncle plates on each side of caudal region. A broad‐based tapering horn on forehead‐more than half a head length in front of mouth.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Naso annulatus AT LARVAL STAGE:

*General body shape is similar to Naso genus

*Abdomen and head silver with body near transparent

*First dorsal and anal spine is long and decreases posteriorly

*Two sharp spines at the base of abdomen

*Usually with a length of 37 – 43 mm range, if smaller, it is most likely N. anulatus.

Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker, 1855)

Sleek Unicornfish

LARVAL STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 44 ± 3 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 750 mm SEASON OF CAPTURE: January‐February

LARVAL CHARACTERISITCS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Abdomen and head is silver. Body is Caudal fin is emarginate. General translucent grey. Dark circular sports body shape is maintained but with (pigmentation) on upper portion of body. lesser body‐depth to length ration. Dark line over the eye. First dorsal and anal spine is long. Caudal fin is emarginate. Two sharp spines at the base of the abdomen. SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ First dorsal and anal spines are long and caudal fin emarginate in larval and juvenile stages.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adults are brown to bluish grey dorsally and shading ventrally to yellowish. Is capable of changing color rapidly to pale blue. Margin of operculum and preopercle often dark brown. Pale white line extending horizontally across the forehead and ending at the eye. Two peduncle plates with large knife like spines. Caudal fin truncate.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Naso hexacanthus AT LARVAL STAGE:

* General body shape is similar to Naso genus

*Abdomen and head silver with body translucent grey

*First dorsal and anal spine is long and decreases posteriorly (two sharp spines at the base of abdomen)

*Dark circular dots (pigmentation) on the upper portion of the body and dark line over the eye

*Usually large in size 40+ mm. Naso lituratus (Forster, 1801)

Orangespine Unicornfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 65 ± 3 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 300 mm SEASON OF CAPTURE: January‐February

LARVAL CHARACTERISITCS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS: Abdomen is silver with body translucent Yellow‐edged black area extending grey. Pale yellow blotch above eye and from forehead and bordering mouth. on mouth. Flank is shiny. Circular black dots located in the upper portion of body Black dorsal fin with white posterior closer to head. White dots randomly border. Yellow anal fin. Peduncle cover flank and extending to dorsal fin. plates are yellow and juvenile Long first dorsal and anal fin. 2 spines at develop caudal spines at 5‐6 months. the base of the abdomen. Caudal fin with pale yellow posterior border. Base of anal fin pale yellow with dark posterior border. SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ First dorsal and anal spines are long in larval and juvenile stages. Narrow yellow edged black area extending from the eye to the mouth present in both juvenile and (more pronounced) in adult.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adults are brownish gray with a yellowish nape. Peduncular plates bright orange. Lips orange‐yellow. Dorsal fin black basally, white posteriorly, with a blue margin and narrow blue band at base. Caudal fin with a sub‐marginal yellow band posteriorly.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Naso lituratus AT LARVAL STAGE:

* General body shape is similar to Naso genus

* Abdomen and head silver with body dark translucent grey (flank is shiny)

*Pale yellow blotch above the eye, circular black dots located in the upper portion of body closer to head and white dots randomly cover flank and extending to dorsal fin. Naso unicornis (Forsskål, 1775)

Bluespine Unicornfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 65 ± 1 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 700 mm SEASON OF CAPTURE: January‐February

JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS: LARVAL CHARACTERISITCS: Juvenile is near uniformly olivaceous Abdomen is silver. Mid‐upper portion of brown. Two peduncle plates are blue body is yellowish brown and lower half with caudal spines developing at of the body is translucent. Flank is shiny. Circular black dots located in the upper around 4 months. Caudal fin mid‐dorsal portion of body. Long first emarginate. dorsal and anal fin. Caudal fin transparent with two black dots on caudal peduncle.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ First dorsal and anal spines are long in larval and juvenile stages. Peduncular plates are blue as in adults. DIFFERENCES ‐ Adults are olivaceous gray. Relatively short horn which does not project past the mouth.

Dorsal and anal fins are yellowish with narrow blue stripes. Well developed forward pointing caudal spines. Caudal fin truncate with filamentous lobes.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Naso unicornis AT LARVAL STAGE:

* General body shape is similar to Naso genus

* Abdomen and head dull silver with upper portion of body yellowish brown and lower half transparent (flank is shiny)

* Circular black dots located in the upper mid‐dorsal portion of body

* Two black dots on caudal peduncle.

FAMILY – CHAETODONTIDAAE

(Butterflyfishes)

Butterflyfish are best known for the intricate patterns and striking colors that make them a popular choice for aquarists and snorkelers on reef ecosystems. This family contains 116 species all of which occur mainly in tropical seas around coral reefs (Randall et al, 1990).

Butterflyfish lack the spine at the corner of the preopercle which is what makes them different from Angelfishes. They have scaly axillary process at the base of the pelvic fins which is absent in Angelfishes (Randall, 2005). They have deep and highly compressed bodies covered with moderately small ctenoid scales extending onto median fins. They possess small protractile mouths that have a band or rows of tiny brushlike teeth in the jaws. Butterflyfish have a single continuous dorsal fin with the anterior‐most interspinous membranes deeply incised and rounded to a slightly emarginated tail (Myers, 1999). Chaetodons possess a unique post‐larval stage called the tholichthys larva, which has large bony plates on the head and on the anterior of the body (Randall et al, 1990).

Butterfly fish are highly diurnal and many species feed on live coral polyps whilst others consume small invertebrates, tubeworms, algae or zooplankton (Helfman et al, 1997). Most butterflyfish are solitary or maybe found in monogamous pairs that are most often a lifelong partnership. Although most species inhabit coral‐rich reefs, some Chaetodons are found to be associated with silty coastal areas, while some others gather in huge shoals high above the reef to feed on drifting plankton (Allen, et al, 2003).

Chaetodon auriga (Forsskål, 1775)

Threadfin Butterflyfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 19 ± 1 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 180 mm SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Larva is silver and fading to yellow at Body is white and fading to yellow at caudal region. One black vertical striation caudal region. Dark band over the eye. over the eye. Pelvic, and caudal fins “Chevron” pattern on side. Black spot on transparent. Dorsal fin transparent at posterior end of dorsal fin. Caudal fin first quarter and becoming yellow yellow. posteriorly. Dark spot on posterior end of dorsal fin.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ Black bar on eye. Black spot on posterior end of dorsal fin.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult is white overall with bright yellow on posterior part of the body and caudal fin. Chevron pattern on flank. Mouth of adults is elongated compared to larval and juvenile.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Chaetodon auriga AT LARVAL STAGE:

*Black spot on posterior end of dorsal fin

*Silver head and fading to yellow posteriorly

*Black band over eye.

Chaetodon citrinellus (Cuvier, 1831)

Speckled Butterflyfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 120 mm STANDARD LENGTH: 27 ± 4 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Larva is silver and fading to yellow at Juvenile is pale yellow, head still silver. caudal region. One black vertical band Prominent black band over the eye. over the eye. Small oblique to horizontal Oblique to horizontal black spots on dark spots on flank. Caudal fin flank. Anal fin pale yellow at the base transparent. First dorsal spine is black with black margin. and dorsal fin is yellow posteriorly. Anal fin transparent at the base with black margin.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ Black bar on eye. Oblique to horizontal dark spots on flank. Pale yellow in color.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult has greater body depth to length ratio. Anal fin pale yellow at the base followed by white with black edging.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Chaetodon citrinellus AT LARVAL STAGE:

*Oblique to horizontal dark spots on flank

*Dark band over the eye. Silver and fading to yellow posteriorly

*Caudal fin transparent. First dorsal spine is long. Chaetodon ephippium (Cuvier, 1831)

Saddled Butterflyfish

LARVAL STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 27 ± 4 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 220 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Larva is silver and body is bordered by Juvenile is white with mouth, dorsal fin, yellow. One black vertical band over the pectoral fin and anal fin yellow in color. eye. Anal fin transparent. Dark area Prominent black band over the eye. posteriorly on body. Black area posteriorly on back and adjacent dorsal fin. Black band with white edging on caudal peduncle. Caudal fin transparent (at 2 months).

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ Pelvic fin is yellow. Short narrow black bar over the eye in adult.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult is bluish‐grey with wavy blue lines on lower body. Large white bordered black patch on upper rear body. Orange area from snout to ventral fins. Filament extending posteriorly from upper part of soft portion of dorsal fin.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Chaetodon ephippium AT LARVAL STAGE:

*Larva is silver and body is bordered yellow

*One vertical black band over the eye.

*Dark area near posterior end of the body.

Chaetodon pelewensis (Kner, 1868)

Dot‐Dash Butterflyfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 30 ± 3 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 220 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Larva is silver. One black vertical band Juvenile is pale tan with oblique rows of over the eye. First four dorsal spines dark spots. Caudal region orange in extremely long. Tips of dorsal spines are color. Black stripe over the eye. yellow. Oblique dark striations on upper posterior end of body. Caudal fin transparent.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ Oblique dark spots on upper end of posterior. Caudal region is orange.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult is pale tan. Dark spots becoming solid bands on upper half of body. Dark orange band over the eye.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Chaetodon pelewensis AT LARVAL STAGE:

*Larva is silver with black vertical line over the eye

*Tip of dorsal fin spines yellow

*First four dorsal spines are long

*Pale oblique dark striations on upper posterior end of body.

Chaetodon trifascialis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)

Chevron Butterflyfish

LARVAL STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 10 ± 2 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Larva is white with mouth and caudal Juvenile is white with yellow mouth and region yellow. One black vertical band forehead, pectoral fin and caudal fin. over the eye and one vertical black Black band over the eye and oon striation over posterior of body. Yellow posterior end of body. Pale chevron band over caudal peduncle. Mid‐section pattern on mid‐section of body. of body is white and caudal fin is transparent. SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ Vertical black band over the eye. Chevron pattern on body.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Body is white with dorsal and anal fin yellow. Caudal fin is black with yellow margin.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Chaetodon pelewensis AT LARVAL STAGE:

*Larva is white with black vertical line over the eye and posterior end of body

*Mouth, lower abdomen and dorsal fin yellow

*Yellow band over caudal peduncle.

*Large eyes.

Chaetodon ulientensis (Cuvier, 1831)

Pacific Double‐Saddle/Double‐Barred Butterflyfish

LARVAL STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 18 ± 1 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 150 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

Larva is silver anteriorly and fading Body is white and fading to yellow at posteriorly to gold. One black vertical caudal region with alternate thin black striation over the eye and two pale striations (more pronounced than in vertical striations across the body (i.e. larvae‐3 stripes, 1 dark band over the one thin band after the operculm and eye, 1 after operculum and 1 before another thicker band before the caudal caudal peduncle). Second and third band peduncle). Pelvic, and dorsal fins are do not reach the base of the body. There transparent. is a black spot on the caudal peduncle. Dorsal and anal fin tips yellow.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ Three black bars on body. Black spot on caudal peduncle present in juvenile and adult stages.

DIFFERENCES ‐ Adult is white overall with bright yellow on posterior part of the body and caudal fin. Series of blackish vertical lines on its sides overlaid by two broad, blackish bars. Mouth of adults is elongated compared to larval and juvenile. Body depth to length ratio is greater in adult.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Chaetodon ulietensis AT LARVAL STAGE:

*Larvae is small and silver overall in color over‐laid with one dark and two pale black stripes.

*Three vertical black bars on the body. Darker bar located over the eye.

FAMILY – POMACENTRIDAE

()

Damselfish are among the hardiest of aquarium fish, but their aggressive territorial nature of many species does not make them a popular choice for small scale aquariums. This family is divided into 4 sub‐families:

1. Amphiprioninae: These include the Anemonefishes which live in close association with large sea anemones (genus: Amphiprion, Premnas). 2. Chrominae: Primarily planktivores that are closely tied to a particular patch of coral (genera: Chromis, Dascyllus). 3. Lepidozyginae: This small elongate Damsel occurs in aggregations, often with anthiases, on the upper edges of current swept seaward reefs. (genus: Lepidozygus) 4. Pomacentrinae: Contains the bulk of this family.(genera: Abudefduf, Amblyglyphidodon, Cheiloprion, Chrysiptera, Dischistodus, Hemiglyphidodon, Neoglyphidodon, Neopomacentrus, Plectroglyphidodon, Plectroglyphidodon, Pomacentrus,Pomachromis, Stegastes)

There are approximately 28 genera and 321 species of Damselfishes that occur worldwide, and this makes them one of the most abundant groups of coral reef fish (Randall, 2003). Damsels are elongate to orbicular with compressed bodies and a single continuous dorsal fin. The majority of the species dwell in shallow coral reef areas or rocky substrates of the tropics, some though are found in temperate waters.

Some feed primarily on coral polyps, most other Damsels are omnivorous, feeding on algae and many different small benthic invertebrates. They are highly diurnal and find shelter in the crevices of reefs.

Sub‐Family CHROMINAE

Chromis viridis (Cuvier, 1830)

Blue‐green Chromis

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 9 ± 2 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 90 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS: Larva is transparent beginning from Larva loses transparency after pelvic fin to caudal peduncle, whilst metamorphosis. Changes to iridescent abdominal region and head is silver in light blue to green color on upper half of color. Head is pale blue. body and fading to white ventrally. Juvenile has large eyes.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES ‐ General body shape remains the same. Iridescent light blue to green color is found throughout all life stages. DIFFERENCES – Adult has a faint dusky spot at the upper base of its pectoral fin.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Chromis viridis AT LARVAL STAGE:

* Larvae is small (5‐7 mm)

* Upper portion of head is pale blue in color

* To prevent confusion with Pomacentrus pavo, C. viridis has a shorter abdomen to tail length compared to P. pavo

*Body proceeding posteriorly from abdomen is transparent.

Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Humbug Dascyllus

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 7 ± 1 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 80 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS: Larva is transparent. Two pale black Juvenile is white overlayed with 3 vertical bands over abdominal region and prominent black vertical striations on posterior end of body. Circular and extending to dorsal and anal fins (1 over shiny blue dots over abdominal region. the eye, 1 over midsection and 1 over Black Dots on forehead, between the caudal region). Caudal peduncle white eyes. and caudal fin transparent.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES – General body shape is maintained. White overlaid with black vertical striations.

DIFFERENCES – Adult has a large white spot between the eyes.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Dascyllus aruanus AT LARVAL STAGE:

* Larvae is small (6‐7 mm)

* 2 thick pale black striations over body

* Blue dots over abdomen and black dots between the eyes

*Body is transparent

Sub‐Family POMACENTRINAE

Abudefduf sexfasciatus (Lacepède, 1801)

Scissortail Sergeant

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 170 mm

JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS:

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: Juvenile is pale blue‐green in color. Dark Larva is blue‐black in color. Abdomen is vertical striations on body, first band shiny. Mouth is translucent. Anal, dorsal beginning behind operculum and last band on caudal peduncle. 5 bands in andSTANDARD caudal fins LENGTH are transparent.: 9 ± 1 mm Pale and non‐distinct vertical striations on flank. total. Anal, dorsal and caudal fins transparent. SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES – Body is pale blue‐green color overlaid with 5 black bars.

DIFFERENCES – In adult, 3 black bars extend onto dorsal fin and 1 extends onto anal fin. Caudal fin grey with a black band in each lobe, upper band connects dorsally with caudle peduncle bar.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Dascyllus aruanus AT LARVAL STAGE:

* Larvae is small (8‐9 mm)

* Bluish black color

* Abdomen shiny (pearl‐like), *Mouth, dorsal, anal and caudal fins are transparent.

Chrysiptera leucopoma (Cuvier)

Synonyms ‐ C. amabilis (De Vis), C. brownriggii (Bennett, 1828)

Surge Damselfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE ADULT STAGE

STANDARD LENGTH: 9 ± 1 mm MAXIMUM TOTAL LENGTH: 80 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS: LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: Juvenile is either: 1) yellow with bright 2 types of larvae: 1) yellow body with horizontal bar extending from forehead bright horizontal blue bar extending from to posterior end of dorsal fin with two forehead to posterior end of dorsal fin. black spots at the base of the dorsal fin, Dorsal fin is bright orange. 2) brown or, 2) brown with two vertical white body with white vertical band in bands, 1 on midsection and second on midsection of body, blue horizontal bar caudal peduncle. Two dark spots on the not pronounced. base of dorsal fin. SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES – General bod shape is maintained. Similar pattern observed throughout life stages (regardless of whether yellow or brown), habitat shift may cause coloration to change. Black dot on the base of caudal peduncle.

DIFFERENCES – In adult, the horizontal blue band (in the yellow C. leucopoma) is thicker and there is counter shading from light blue to yellow ventrally.

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Dascyllus aruanus AT LARVAL STAGE:

* Yellow body with bright horizontal blue line extending from forehead to posterior end of dorsal fin/brown body with white vertical band in midsection. Sometimes there is a combination of both types as seen in the above picture

* Dorsal fin is bright orange

*Tiny black dot at the base of the dorsal fin.

Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch, 1787)

Peacock Damselfish

LARVAL STAGE JUVENILE STAGE MAXIMUM ADULT TOTAL STAGE LENGTH: 80 mm

STANDARD LENGTH: 17 ± 3 mm

SEASON OF CAPTURE: January – February JUVENILE CHARACTERISTICS: LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS: Juvenile is blue with a slightly silver Larvae are transparent. Abdomen and abdomen. Dark shiny blue dots on head head are silver with a slight tinge of pale and over body. Posterior end of dorsal blue. Caudal region and fins are pale and anal fin are yellow. Caudal region yellow. and caudal fin is yellow.

SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARVAE‐JUVENILE AND ADULT

SIMILARITIES – Blue body with yellow caudal fin.

DIFFERENCES – In adult, there is a line or row of pale green dots on each scale. Irregular blue‐to‐bluish green lines on head and operculum

GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING Pomacentrus pavo AT LARVAL STAGE:

* Transparent body with yellow caudal fin

* Abdomen and head is silver with a tinge of blue

*To prevent confusion with chromis viridis, this species has a body which is more elongated compared to the Blue‐green damsel.

ANNEX 4: PHOTOGRAPH OF CORAL REEF FISH LARVAE

Abudeduf sexfasciatus‐9 mm Acanthurus lineatus‐43 mm Acanthurus olivaceaus‐30 mm

Acanthurus triostegus‐27 mm Acanthurus xanthopterus‐29 mm Antennarius commersonii‐20 mm

Apogon exostigma‐30 mm Apogonichthys ocellatus‐17 mm Apogonidae‐9 mm

Arothron hispidus‐10 mm Aulostomous chinensis‐155 mm Bothus mancus‐38 mm

Canthigaster bennetti‐28 mm Canthigaster solandri‐16 mm Carapus honei‐110 mm Cephalopholis argus‐21 mm Chaetodon auriga‐19 mm Chaetodon citrinellus‐27 mm

Chaetodon ephippium‐16 mm Chaetodon pelewensis‐30 mm Chaetodon trifascialis‐10 mm

Chaetodon ulientensis‐18 mm Chromis viridis‐9 mm Chrysiptera glauca‐14 mm

Chrysiptera leucopoma‐16 mm Chrysiptera leucopoma‐15 mm Ctenochaetus striatus‐34 mm

Dactyloptena orientalis‐42 mm Dactyloptena orientalis‐42 mm Fistularia commersonii‐155 mm

Gymmapogon‐8 mm Gymmapogon‐11 mm Gymmapogon‐21 mm

Lutjanus fulvus‐27 mm Lutjanus kasmira‐21 mm Mulloidichthys flavolineatus‐78 mm

Myripristis berndti‐60 mm Myripristis kuntee‐63 mm Naso annulatus‐32 mm

Naso brevirostris‐40 mm Naso hexacanthus‐44 mm Naso lituratus‐65 mm Naso unicornis‐65 mm Neoniphon argentus‐33 mm Ostorhinchus augustatus‐16 mm

Parupeneus barberinus‐44 mm Parupeneus cylostomous‐67 mm Parupeneus mutifasciatus‐57 mm

Pomacentrus pavo‐17 mm Priacanthus hamrur‐84 mm Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus‐28 mm

Ptereleotris microlepis‐23 mm Rhinecanthus aculeatus‐25 mm Sargocentron microstoma‐60 mm

Scorpaenodes guamensis‐9 mm Siganus argenteus‐40 mm Stegastes fasciolatus‐13 mm

Stegastes nigricans‐10 mm Synodus binotatus‐43 mm Valencienna strigata‐25 mm

Zebrasoma scopas‐22 mm

ANNEX 5: PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE TRAINING COURSE

Figure 1: Setting up the crest net for the night Figure 2: Attaching the codends securely

Figure 3: Sorting of fish larvae Figure 4: Fish put into tanks Figure 5: Artificial habitat

Sorting process involves sorting of larvae, putting similar species in the same tanks and creating artificial habitats for larvae

Figure 6: CRIOBE aquarium Figure 7: Larvae sorting shelf Figure 8: Aquarium maintenance

After collection of larvae from the study site, the larvae are brought to the aquarium for sorting and culture.

Figure 9: Photography apparatus Figure 10: Microscope photography apparatus

Upon identification, certain species are photographed and standard length recorded. Some larvae were donated for the BioCode project.

Figure 11: Dust pellet feed Figure 12: Crumble pellet feed Figure 13: Artemia feed

Fish larval feed consisting of artificial pellet food, sieved into dust for small fish and fish that have small mouths and crumble for the larger larvae. Live food in the form of artemia are fed to the fish, 45 minutes after they are fed with pellets.Larvae/juvenile are fed three times a day.

Figure 14: Releasing the juveniles

The juveniles were released back into the lagoon at Papetoai, Moorea, upon completion of the training workshop.