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Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Wake Atoll1

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Annotated Checklist ofthe Fishes ofWake Atoll 1 Phillip S. Lobel2 and Lisa Kerr Lobel 3 Abstract: This study documents a total of 321 fishes in 64 families occurring at Wake Atoll, a coral atoll located at 19 0 17' N, 1660 36' E. Ten fishes are listed by genus only and one by family; some of these represent undescribed species. The first published account of the fishes of Wake by Fowler and Ball in 192 5 listed 107 species in 31 families. This paper updates 54 synonyms and corrects 20 misidentifications listed in the earlier account. The most recent published account by Myers in 1999 listed 122 fishes in 33 families. Our field surveys add 143 additional species records and 22 new family records for the atoll. Zoogeo­ graphic analysis indicates that the greatest species overlap of Wake Atoll fishes occurs with the Mariana Islands. Several fish species common at Wake Atoll are on the IUCN Red List or are otherwise of concern for conservation. Fish pop­ ulations at Wake Atoll are protected by virtue of it being a U.S. military base and off limits to commercial fishing. WAKE ATOLL IS an isolated atoll in the cen­ and Strategic Defense Command. Conse­ tral Pacific (19 0 17' N, 1660 36' E): It is ap­ quentially, access has been limited due to the proximately 3 km wide by 6.5 km long and military mission, and as a result the aquatic consists of three islands with a land area of fauna of the atoll has not received thorough 2 approximately 6.5 km • Wake is separated investigation. Our surveys were sponsored by by 546 km of deep ocean from the nearest the Department of Defense Legacy Resource reef system on Taongi Atoll in the Marshall Management Program as part of the program Islands to the south. It is 1900 km south­ to implement coral reef conservation and west of Midway Atoll, 1400 km southeast of protection (Kerr and Lobel 2000). Minami-tori-shima (Marcus) Island, and 2260 The first ichthyological collection at Wake km east of the Mariana Islands. Thus, it is in resulted in a checklist of 107 species (Fowler a unique position with respect to the bio­ and Ball 1925). Specimens were deposited in geography of reef fauna. This survey fills a the Bernice P. Bishop Museum (BPBM), Ho­ major data gap in the zoogeography ofPacific nolulu, Hawai'i, with duplicates deposited in fishes (see Randall 1998). the Academy of Natural Sciences in Phila­ Wake Atoll is a U.S. Air Force installa­ delphia (ANSP). The second important collec­ tion administered by the U.S. Army Space tion was by W. Gosline and J. Randall during 1953; most of their specimens are also de­ posited in the BPBM with a few at the National 1 This project was supported by the Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program grants Museum of Natural History (USNM) and the DACA87-97-H-0006 and DACA87-01-H-00013 and by remaining specimens are held in the Univer­ the Army Research Office grants DAAG55-98-1-0304 sity of Hawai'i (Department of Zoology) fish and DAADI9-02-1-0218. Manuscript accepted 9 May collection. Specimens held in the California 2003. Academy of Sciences (CAS) were collected by 2 Boston University Marine Program, Marine Bio­ logical Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543. J. Kauanui and P. Kauanui or J. Oetzel in J Department of Biology, University of Massachu­ 1956 and 1957. Specimens held in the Har­ setts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts vard Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) 02125. were collected by us in 1999. The collections of the Tanager Expedition and by Gosline Pacific Science (2004), vol. 58, no. 1:65 -90 and Randall were primarily in shallow water © 2004 by University of Hawai'i Press without the benefit ofscuba and based largely All rights reserved on the use of ichthyocides and conventional 65 66 PACIFIC SCIENCE· January 2004 fishing techniques. Myers' (1999) listing of numbers (i.e., BPBM 1234) are given for those fishes from Wake Atoll is based on photo­ species maintained in ichthyological collec­ graphs, or in some cases video, taken by mil­ tions. In addition, the expedition during itary personnel. which the specimens in the Bishop Museum This checklist includes all species reported were collected is designated: by (T) for the in previous publications, species not pre­ Tanager Expedition of 192 3, (K) for fishes viously verified or published from the B. P. collected by J. Kauanui in 1957, (G&R) for Bishop Museum collection, and new records fishes collected by Gosline, Randall et al. found during our comprehensive scuba sur­ during 1953, and (K&L) for fishes collected veys conducted at Wake during July 1997 and by us in 1997 and 1999. May 1999. We have updated species reported Lists of specimens from other scientific in previous publications with current nomen­ collections at Wake Atoll but that have not clature and list the synonyms. yet been published were provided by the The following checklist represents all of ANSP, BPBM, and CAS. The list of fishes from the fishes currently known to occur at Wake the USNM was taken from their Web site Atoll. A total of 143 new records is added (http://www.mnnh.si.edu/vert/fishcat/). and includes fishes from the following fami­ The identification of many of the speci­ lies: Rhincodontidae, Albulidae, Moringuidae, mens held in the BPBM was verified by J. Chlopsidae, Muraenidae (eight species), Randall and A. Suzumoto. We verified the Ophichthidae (two species), Congridae (two identity of the specimens held in the Univer­ species), Bythitidae, Mugilidae (three spe­ sity of Hawai'i, Department of Zoology fish cies), Atherinidae, Exocoetidae, Holocentri­ collection. J. McCosker verified some of the dae (three species), Fistularidae, Scorpaenidae eel specimens held in the CAS; however, many (five species), Caracanthidae, Serranidae of the specimens reported in the collections (eight species), Cirrhitidae, Pseudochromidae, of CAS, USNM, and ANSP were not reexamined. Priacanthidae, Apogonidae (eight species), Thus upon further taxonomic evaluation, Malacanthidae, Echeneidae, Carangidae (six some of these earlier identifications may be species), Lutjanidae (two species), Lethrinidae, revised. Mullidae (three species), Pempheridae, Chae­ Our underwater surveys were conducted todontidae (two species), Pomacanthidae, during two expeditions: 10 to 23 July 1997 Oplegnathidae, Pomacentridae (six species), and 15 to 29 May 1999. We completed a total Labridae (18 species), Scaridae (three species), of 118 dives during that time at sites located Pinguipedidae, Creedidae, Tripterygidae, around the atoll (Figure 1). In addition, more Blenniidae (three species), Callionymidae, than a dozen shallow-water snorkel surveys Gobiidae (14 species), Microdesmidae, Siga­ were also conducted at locations around the nidae, Acanthuridae (eight species), Bothidae, atoll. The majority of observations were done Balistidae (three species), Monacanthidae by visual and photographic census (using both (two species), and Tetraodontidae (four spe­ still and video photography, which are stored cies). Twenty-two of these families represent in our collection). Several collections of small new family records for Wake Atoll. cryptic fishes were made using quinaldine. These were all located at the dive site directly off the small boat harbor and ranged in depth MATERIALS AND METHODS from 10 to 50 m. Several fishes were speared Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by or collected by nets to confirm species iden­ family with the current valid name first, fol­ tification. lowed by synonyms ifthey were cited in other Overall, our surveys provide a reliable checklists. An asterisk (*) designates those census for the majority of reef fishes but cer­ species that are our new records for Wake tainly did not adequately sample small cryptic Atoll. The author and date of description are species that remain hidden in crevices and given for each species followed by the rec­ corals. Future surveys should include sam­ ord(s) for Wake Atoll. Museum specimen pling the cryptic fauna. Checklist of Fishes ofWake Atoll . Lobel and Lobel 67 Reef 1 km FIGURE 1. Fish survey locations around Wake Atoll. Black dots show survey sites; multiple dives were conducted at many of these locations. RESULTS Family MYLIOBATIDAE (Eagle Rays) Family RHINCODONTIDAE (Whale Shark) Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790). Myers *Rhincodon typus (Smith, 1828). Sight record 1999. reported by island divers. Family MOBuLIDAE (Manta Rays) Family CARCHARHINIDAE (Requiem Sharks) Manta birostris (Donndorff, 1798). Myers Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856). 1999. Myers 1999. Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, Family ALBULIDAE (Bonefish) 1824). Myers 1999. No blacktip reef sharks *Albula glossodonta (Forsskal, 1775). were observed by us. Eulamia commersoni (Blainville). BPBM 3500 Family MORINGUIDAE (Spaghetti Eels) (T). Fowler 1928. Triaenodon obesus (Ruppell, 1837). Fowler and *Moringua abbreviata (Bleeker, 1863). BPBM Ball 1925, Myers 1999. 28145 (G&R). 68 PACIFIC SCIENCE· January 2004 Family CHLOPSIDAE (False Morays) Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier, 1817). Mc­ *Kaupichthys sp. CAS 60094. Cosker and Rosenblatt 1993, Myers 1999. *Scolecenchelys gymnota (Bleeker, 1857). CAS Family MURAENIDAE (Moray Eels) 200128. *Anarchias sp. BPBM 12710 (G&R). Family CONGRIDAE *Anarchias cantonensis (Schultz, 1943). CAS (Conger and Garden Eels) 149959. *Anarchias seychellensis Smith, 1962. CAS *Conger cinereus Ruppell, 1830. BPBM 12668 51023. (G&R). *Echidna leucotaenia Schultz, 1943. CAS 28698. *Heteroconger hassi (Klausewitz & Eibl *Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw in Shaw and Eibesfeldt, 1959). Photographic record. Nodder, 1797). Collected by G&R and Family CHANIDAE (Milkfish) kept in the University of Hawai'i fish col­ lection, UH 8-IV-53. Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775). Myers 1999. Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker, 1857). BPBM Family MYCTOPHIDAE (Lanternfishes) 12360 (G&R). Bohlke and Randall 2000. *Gymnothorax enig;maticus McCosker & Ran­ Myctophum spinosum (Steindachner, 1867). dall, 1982. CAS 51024. BPBM 3643 (T). Gymnothorax fiavimarginatus (Ruppell, 1828). Dasyscopelus spinosus (Schneider). Fowler CAS 37106. and Ball 1925. Lycondontis flavomarginata (Ruppell). Fowler and Ball 1925 (BPBM specimen not Family BYTHITIDAE (Livebearing Brotulas) located).
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