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A Molecular Approach

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A Molecular Approach - Advanced course – Plants in a Changing Environment - a molecular approach Hernâni Gerós - Viviana Martins - Artur Conde - Henrique Noronha Master Course in Plant Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioentrepreneurship Departamento de Biologia I Escola de Ciências I Universidade do Minho 6-17 June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`#%1.' <A2<E FQ%/0#%#"'.1&5/$&1I' 01%#V/"(3'5#%*Y#X&I #V(/%(3'&%.1&&I H0(3&I 0#$#+101$%I >4%/.(#"& >4%/.(#"& <E2<J B+./($P("%.#%(/$'2'' BK')4$*#'2':; ]-^[! <J2<L MK'N1.O&'2':; )/$P/3#"'2'>! FD(+*%'&%.1&&I MK'N1.O&'2':; 2 Plants in a Changing Environment I Departamento de Biologia I Universidade do Minho Climate Changes and Biodiversity Pedro Gomes – Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências – Universidade do Minho [email protected] Lecture summary: will be provided soon Biographical note: He is Professor of Ecology and Zoology at Departamento de Biologia of Universidade do Minho and integrated member of the Research Unit CBMA (http://cbma.bio.uminho.pt/). The Biodiversity and Functional Ecology research group of CBMA develops theoretical, empirical and observational approaches to understand the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning and to propose actions towards ecological sustainability under the ongoing global climate change. The research group joins expertise on marine and freshwater biology, ecology, ecotoxicology, microbiology, genetics, and mathematics. The application of diversified tools (e.g. omics and modelling) to address questions on the ecology and biodiversity of wild populations allows the design of strategies for the management and conservation of ecosystems and populations. 3 Plants in a Changing Environment I Departamento de Biologia I Universidade do Minho Membrane Transport, Sensing and Signaling in Plant Adaptation to Environmental Stress Hernâni Gerós – Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciência - Universidade do Minho [email protected] Lecture(s) summary: Plants are generally well adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. Even though they have notably prospered in our planet, stressful conditions such as salinity, drought and cold or heat, which are increasingly being observed worldwide in the context of the ongoing climate changes, limit their growth and productivity. Behind the remarkable ability of plants to cope with these stresses and still thrive, sophisticated and efficient mechanisms to re-establish and maintain ion and cellular homeostasis are involved. Among the plant arsenal to maintain homeostasis are efficient stress sensing and signaling mechanisms, plant cell detoxification systems, compatible solute and osmoprotectant accumulation and a vital rearrangement of solute transport and compartmentation. The key role of solute transport systems and signaling proteins in cellular homeostasis is addressed in the present work. The full understanding of the plant cell complex defense mechanisms under stress may allow for the engineering of more tolerant plants or the optimization of cultivation practices to improve yield and productivity, which is crucial at the present time as food resources are progressively scarce. Biographical note: Specialization in metabolism and bioenergetics, with a special focus on membrane transport and regulation in eukaryotes, including yeasts and plant cells. Current areas of scientific activity include plant-environment interactions, plant stress biology, grapevine physiology & grape berry biochemistry. Currently, his Plant Biology Group focuses on grapevine source to sink interactions in response to environment and on key biochemical and molecular events occurring during fruit development and ripening. He is integrated member of CITAB http://www.citab.utad.pt/. As collaborator of CBMA he is currently involved in the study of the role of vacuolar (V)H(+)ATPase during apoptosis. He his professor at the Biology Department of University of Minho since 1990. 4 Plants in a Changing Environment I Departamento de Biologia I Universidade do Minho Soil, Nutrition and Canopy Management Strategies in Highly Sustainable Agricultural Systems Adamo Domenico Rombolà – Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine – University of Bologna [email protected] Lecture(s) summary: Highly sustainable agricultural systems (HSAS) are integrated systems of agricultural practices having a site-specific application. They provide tangible benefits on environment, soil fertility, biodiversity, resilience, productivity, incomes and capability to meet the needs of future generations and an efficient use of natural resources through heavy limitation/exclusion of water and fertilizers. Our Research Group is conducting studies in this area with emphasis on grapevine. In this context, we devoted attention to organic and biodynamic farming characterized by low inputs of pesticides and fertilizers. In organic and biodynamic vineyards, the control of the main grape pathogens such as powdery, downy mildew and Botrytis cluster rot can be troublesome due to few plant protection products (e.g. sulfur and copper) and because of the restriction on the amount of copper to a maximum of 6 kg/ha/year regardless of cultivation method (EC Regulation 473/2002) (Botelho et al., 2016). In addition, there are limitations on the amount of sulfites that can be added to the must during wine- making (EC, 2012) (e.g. 100 mg/L for organic red wine); therefore grapes, must arrive to the winery in a good sanitary status, even in rainy seasons, when fighting pathogens is though, for the above mentioned reasons (Botelho et al., 2016). Moreover, the EC Regulation (EC 2012) for the production of organic wines provides a series of restrictions and prohibitions in the use of determinate enological practices (e.g. dealcohlization), highlighting the indispensability of preventive action in the field to safeguard the quality of the grapes and derived wines. For these reasons, in organic and biodynamic viticulture, all field strategies, including canopy and soil management practices, should be addressed to preserve and enhance plant health and resilience capability, with the aim of improving the effectiveness of plant protection products and producing healthy grapes (Rombolà et al., 2015, Bondada et al., 2016). Soil management is one of the most delicate choices in the conduction of a sustainable cultural system, since it can influence the soil physical-chemical, biological properties, water balance, nutrients, presence of adventitious flora, enthomophages, pathogens, biological diversity within the agro-ecosystem and, therefore, the vegetative-productive balance of the grapevine (Rombolà et al., 2015). Noteworthy, in organic and 5 Plants in a Changing Environment I Departamento de Biologia I Universidade do Minho biodynamic cultivation methods the use of herbicides, such as glyphosate, whose level of dangerousness is currently at the center of a global debate, is forbidden. In a recent study, the implications of glyphosate on berry phenolic composition of non-target plants (cv. Ancellotta grapevines) were evaluated, showing a decrease in some of the detected anthocyanins (Donnini et al., 2016). Since 2008 a long term research is in progress in a hilly organically managed vineyard of cv. Sangiovese located in Northern Italy (Faenza, Ravenna), with the aim of innovating and improving the production process, by establishing highly sustainable viticultural systems. Different soil (e.g. intercropping) and canopy managements (e.g. post-veraison trimming and defoliation, shoot positioning through “semi-ballerina” effect) strategies and the use of biodynamic preparations have been evaluated. Neither fertilizers nor irrigation water were used. The vines have gradually achieved an appropriate vegetative-productive balance, as proved by the satisfactory yield, optimal nutritional status, high quality of grapes and wines. The use of biodynamic preparations did not modify fruit yield, soluble solid concentration, pH and titratable acidity of the berry juice, however biodynamically managed vines showed changes in physiological parameters typically correlated with plant biotic and abiotic stresses and associated with induced plant resistance (Rombolà et al., 2015, Botelho et al., 2016). In two vegetative seasons, characterized by different climatic conditions during ripening, 2013 (hot) and 2014 (rainy), post- veraison late trimming, imposed at 15 Brix, was compared with untrimmed control and early (pea-size) trimming (Tessarin et al., 2016a). Lower concentrations of berry skin anthocyanin and total phenolics, berry juice TSS, pH and higher TA and organic acids values were detected in 2014 as compared to 2013 (Tessarin et al., 2016a). Late trimming increased berry skin anthocyanin and phenolic
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