Stadtgeschichte Des Baltikums Oder Baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an Ein Neues Forschungsfeld Zur Baltischen Geschichte

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Stadtgeschichte Des Baltikums Oder Baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an Ein Neues Forschungsfeld Zur Baltischen Geschichte Aus rechtlichen Gründen wurden die Bilder entfernt TAGUNGEN zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung 33 Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an ein neues Forschungsfeld zur baltischen Geschichte Herausgegeben von Heidi Hein-Kircher und Ilgvars Misāns Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an ein neues Forschungsfeld zur baltischen Geschichte TAGUNGEN ZUR OSTMITTELEUROPAFORSCHUNG Herausgegeben vom Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft 33 Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an ein neues Forschungsfeld zur baltischen Geschichte Herausgegeben von HEIDI HEIN-KIRCHER und ILGVARS MISĀNS VERLAG HERDER-INSTITUT · MARBURG · 2016 Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar © 2016 – 2., überarbeitete und erweiterte Aufl age © 2015 by Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg, Gisonenweg 5-7 Printed in Germany Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg Druck: KN Digital Printforce GmbH, Ferdinand-Jühlke-Straße 7, 99095 Erfurt Umschlagbilder: links: Postkarte: Gruss aus Riga (um das Jahr 1900). Im unteren Teil – das Schwarzhäupterhaus (rechts) mit dem angrenzenden Schwab’schen Haus und der Rolandstatue im Vordergrund, Union Postale Universelle Russie rechts: Das im Zweiten Weltkrieg zerstörte und im Jahr 1999 wiederaufgebaute Schwarzhäupterhaus mit Schwab’schem Haus und Kopie des Rolands im gegenwärtigen Riga. Foto von Viktors Giršsons (2015) ISBN 978-3-87969-406-8 Inhalt Heidi Hein-Kircher und Ilgvars M i s ān s : Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? Bestandsaufnahme und Versuch eines Im- pulses ............................................................................................................. 1 ZZurur HHistoriografieistoriografie dderer SStadtgeschichtsschreibungtadtgeschichtsschreibung Heidi Hein-Kircher: Der Blick von außen: Schwerpunkte und Desi de- rate in der Stadt- und Urbanitätsgeschichte der gegenwärtigen Ost mittel- europaforschung ............................................................................................. 21 Roman Czaja: Urban History Research in Poland ............................................ 43 Juhan Kreem: Was ist Stadtgeschichte in Estland? ........................................... 61 Ilgvars M i sān s : Die Stadt als Forschungsobjekt in der Geschichtsschreibung Lettlands ........................................................................................................ 75 Andreas Fülberth: Der Anteil auswärtiger Forschender an der Stadt ge- schichts forschung zu Riga und Reval (Tallinn) seit der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts .................................................................................................... 95 AAnsätzensätze uundnd PPerspektivenerspektiven dderer bbaltischenaltischen SStadtgeschichtsschreibungtadtgeschichtsschreibung Inna Põltsam-Jürjo: Grundzüge des livländischen Städtewesens im Mittel- alter ................................................................................................................ 117 Aleksandrs Ivanovs: Livonian Towns in Old Russian Chronicles: Inter action between Historiographic Stereotypes and Historical Reality ......................... 137 Jurgita Šiaučiū naitė-Verbickienė: Problems and Tendencies of Histo- riographical Development in Research of the Towns of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Non-Christian Minorities .............................................................. 151 Karin Hallas-Murula: The Political Iconography of Early 20th Century City Planning: Greater-Tallinn by Eliel, Saarinen, 1913 ............................... 171 Mārtiņš Mintaurs: The Old Town of Riga in the Architectural Historiogra- phy of Latvia, 1860s-1980s ........................................................................... 187 V Vasilijus Safronovas: Symbolic Appropriation of a Baltic City: On the Pecu- liari ties of Klaipėda in Comparison with Kaliningrad and Olsztyn (1945- 1990) .............................................................................................................. 207 VI Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? Bestandsaufnahme und Versuch eines Impulses von Heidi Hein-Kircher und Ilgvars M i s ā ns Stadtgeschichte gehört zu einem der – gemessen an der Publikationsdichte – produk- tivsten Forschungsfelder gegenwärtiger historischer Forschung – ihre Attraktivität hat die verschiedenen Konjunkturen und turns überdauert, mehr noch: Sie hat davon pro- fi tiert und aus diesen wichtige Impulse für ihre Weiterentwicklung gewonnen. Sie wird als „Brennglas“ für die jeweiligen Gesellschaften betreffende Probleme und Prozesse gesehen, allgemeine Fragestellungen und Trends werden adaptiert und am Beispiel ei- ner Stadt exemplarisch untersucht. Dass die großen westeuropäischen Metropolen wie London, Paris, Berlin oder Wien als wahre Fundgruben stadt- und urbanitätsgeschicht- licher Fragestellungen anzusehen sind, steht außer Zweifel und wird durch zahlreiche Studien belegt. Daneben gibt es eine fast unüberschaubare Anzahl von Beiträgen zu kleineren oder weniger bedeutenden Städten, um besondere Formen von Modernität, von infrastruktureller oder städtebaulich-architektonischer Innovationsleistung, von kulturellen Zentren und von Urbanität in den Blick zu nehmen. Dagegen ist die Zahl an Arbeiten zu Städten im Baltikum sehr überschaubar. Würde man all die Städte, denen Studien gewidmet sind, auf einer Landkarte Eu- ropas kennzeichnen, so würden wiederum die Metropolen, die Hauptstädte und Städte mit einer besonderen politischen, kulturellen, wirtschaftlichen oder mit einer besonde- ren nationalen Bedeutung erscheinen – und zweifelsohne würde dieser Schwerpunkt im westlichen Europa verortet sein. Im östlichen Europa würden jenseits einer fi ktiven Grenzziehung von Berlin über Prag nach Wien erheblich weniger Markierungen für Städte, die zu stadt- und urbanitätshistorischen Studien herangezogen worden sind, zu fi nden sein. Woran liegt dieses mangelnde Interesse? Liegt dies an der Fixierung auf das Große, das Bedeutende, auf die Metropole schlechthin? Liegt dies an einer gewis- sen, fast schon überheblichen Annahme, dass die Städte im östlichen Europa auf einer mental map der bedeutenden Städte nicht zu verorten seien, weil sie infrastrukturell, wirtschaftlich und sozial rückständig seien? Zweifelsohne gingen die großen Impulse der Stadtentwicklung von den Metropolen aus. Jedoch aus welchen? Fast scheint es so, als wenn wir lediglich diejenigen Metro- polen untersuchen, die wir heute noch als solche charakterisieren würden. So kon- zentriert sich die Forschung auf die (späteren) Hauptstädte der Reiche1 resp. Staaten, 1 Dies wird deutlich bei JAN BEHRENDS, MARTIN KOHLRAUSCH: Races to Modernity: Metropo- litan Aspirations in Eastern Europe, 1890-1940. An Introduction, in: DIES. (Hrsg.): Races to Modernity: Metropolitan Aspirations in Eastern Europe, 1890-1940, Budapest – New York 1 Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? wenn auch in geringerem Maße, auf die aufstrebenden Städte, die insbesondere seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts an Bedeutung gewonnen oder (spektakuläre) Besonderhei- ten ent wickelt haben. Dies gilt auch für die Städte im östlichen Europa, da sich hier die Studien im Wesentlichen auf die Hauptstädte der Reiche und der im 20. Jahrhundert entstandenen Staaten, weniger auf regionale Zentren richten. Zu fragen ist, ob wir unse- ren Blick nicht je nach Epoche, Fragestellung und Interessenlage auf die Städte richten sollten, die zu ihrer Zeit Zentren für eine Region, einen Staat oder lediglich auch nur für eine Bevölkerungsgruppe waren oder von denen für eine (Teil-)Gesellschaft besondere Impulse ausgegangen sind. Beispielsweise wären die Hansestädte im östlichen Europa für das Mittelalter zu nennen, die Städte, die etwa für Juden ein geistiges Zentrum dar- stellten wie Vilnius für die Mitnagdim, oder gar die „chassidischen Metropolen“, wo die Rebbes dieser bedeutenden Strömung residierten und für die geistliche Weiterent- wicklung dieser Glaubensrichtung von Bedeutung waren. Jedoch sind nicht nur die impulsgebenden Städte aufzuzeigen. Eine wichtige Frage für die stadthistorische Forschung jenseits einer Fixierung auf die Metropolen sollte sein, wie diese Impulse in den kleineren Städten umgesetzt, also adaptiert und wei- terentwickelt wurden. Hier kann man von anderen Problemlagen und pragmatischeren Lösungsansätzen entsprechend der jeweiligen Bedingungen ausgehen. Gaben sie somit nicht selbst Anstöße zur (Weiter-)Entwicklung von Prozessen? Dieses leitet auf eine weitere, nun aufkommende Perspektive hin: auf die Rolle der „second“2, wenn nicht gar „third cities“, also auf die Bedeutung der Städte, die einerseits in der Wahrnehmung der Zeitgenossen in geringem Maße attraktiv waren, die andererseits auch in der Wahrneh- mung der Forschenden weniger bedeutend waren, weil ihre Entwicklung weniger spek- takulär und ihre Rolle für die Entwicklung einer urbanen Gesellschaft im Schatten der großen Metropolen weniger bedeutend erscheint. Außer Acht wird hierbei gelassen, dass gerade diese Städte auf die sie umgebenden, meist agrarisch geprägten Gesellschaften
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