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„RAŠTAI“ – LIETUVOS LITERATŲ KAIRĖJIMO ATSPINDYS 1940–1941 M

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„RAŠTAI“ – LIETUVOS LITERATŲ KAIRĖJIMO ATSPINDYS 1940–1941 M VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS HUMANITARINIŲ MOKSLŲ FAKULTETAS ISTORIJOS KATEDRA Andrius Pelegrimas ŽURNALAS „RAŠTAI“ – LIETUVOS LITERATŲ KAIRĖJIMO ATSPINDYS 1940–1941 m. Magistro baigiamasis darbas Lietuvos istorijos studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 621V21002 Istorijos studijų kryptis Vadovas dr.Modestas Kuodys _________ __________ (Moksl. laipsnis, vardas, pavardė) (Parašas) (Data) Apginta prof. dr. Ineta Dabašinskienė __________ __________ (Fakulteto/studijų instituto dekanas/direktorius) (Parašas) (Data) Kaunas, 2014 TURINYS Santrauka ...........................................................................................................................................1 Santrauka anglų kalba (summary) .....................................................................................................2 Įvadas ................................................................................................................................................3 1. Kairioji inteligentija ketvirtojo dešimtmečio pradžioje..................................................................7 1.1. Tarpukario „kairioji mada“. Paryžiaus kongresas...... ....................................................7 1.2. XX a. ketvirtas dešimtmetis: kairieji literatai ir TSRS diplomatų veikla Lietuvoje......10 1.3. Petras Cvirka. Savęs realizavimas ……………………………………………………13 1.4. Kairiosios literatūros vaidmuo periodikoje ..................................................................15 2. Idealus socialistinio realizmo kūrėjas ..........................................................................................18 2.1. Tarybinio rašytojo kriterijai ..........................................................................................18 2.2. Socialistinis realizmas....................................................................................................21 3. Rašytojų grupės komunistiniame literatūros žurnale „Raštai“......................................................24 3.1. Pirma grupė – klasikinio realizmo kūrėjai ......................................................................25 3.2. Antra grupė – kairieji rašytojai .......................................................................................29 3.3. Trečia grupė – tarp meno ir politikos ..............................................................................37 Išvados . ............................................................................................................................................42 Šaltiniai ir literatūra...........................................................................................................................45 Priedai ..............................................................................................................................................48 1 SANTRAUKA Kairiųjų pažiūrų suklestėjimas Europoje bei Antano Smetonos valdžios netolerancija tarpukario Lietuvoje kairiųjų menininkų atžvilgiu padarė savotišką meškos paslaugą. Literatai liaupsino Tarybų Sąjungą, kurioje esą rašytojai buvo gerbiami, o jiems suteikta galimybė kurti yra privilegija. Revoliucinė menininkų mąstysena tarpukariu buvo viena iš priežasčių, kuri pasitarnavo kaip platfoma, padėjusi menininkams ir inteligentams kvestionuoti esamą padėtį ir ieškoti kūrybinės nišos saviraiškai. Vis labiau kairėjančius literatus Sovietų diplomatai profesionaliai rekrutuodavo ir lenkė į savo pusę ateities užmačioms. Šio darbo tema yra kairioji lietuvių literatūra ir jos kūrėjai komunistiniame žurnale „Raštai“. Darbe aprašomos priežastys, aplinkybės ir rezultatai, rašytojams taikant socialistinio realizmo kriterijus. Pagrindinė darbo problema yra socialistinio realizmo kūrėjo vaidmuo komunistinėje literatūroje. Ar socialistinis realizmas tėra propagandos mašina tarnaujanti komunistinių idėjų varymui, ar siocialistinį realizmą galima suvokti, bent jau kažkuria dalimi, ir kaip literatūros meno formą. Kur yra riba tarp kūrėjo kolaboranto ir menininko modernisto? 1940 m. lapkritį – 1941 m. gegužę Lietuvoje ėjęs komunistinis literatūros žurnalas „Raštai“, vadovaujamas Petro Cvirkos, atspindi to meto literatų ir jų kūrybos kriterijus. Vieni rašytojai lengvai montuodavo kūrinį pagal socialistinio realizmo reikalavimus, kitiems teko visiškai atsisakyti iki tol buvusios kūrybos normų ir taikytis prie naujų. Griežta tematika, stilius ir net nuotaika reikalauta atskleisti tiek grožinėje kūryboje, tiek publicistikoje. Žurnale „Raštai“ rašytojai nelygiavertiškai atitiko socialistinio realizmo taikytas normas, todėl pastebėtas susiskirstymas į tam tikras grupes. 2 ABSTRACT The rising of the left-wing politics in Europe and the intolerance of the government led by Antanas Smetona towards the artists with the left-wing political views during the interwar period in Lithuania was a sort of a dubious and unhelpful assistance. The literati hailed praises to the Soviet Union where, allegedly, the writers were respected and the opportunities to write were a privilege granted to them. The revolutionary mindsets of the artists during the interwar period was one of the underlying reasons serving as the basis helping the artists and intellectuals to question their current situation and search for a creative niche to express themselves. The Soviet diplomats would recruit the literati who leaned towards the left-wing politics more and more and would convince the said literati to join them for their own future purposes. The topic of this paper is the left-wing Lithuanian literature and its respective authors in the Raštai communist magazine. The study presents a description of the reasons, circumstances and results all the while applying the socialist realism criteria to the writers. The main research question is the role of the socialist realism artists in communist literature. The analysis will attempt to find out whether socialist realism is nothing more than a propaganda machine serving to promote communist ideas or whether socialist realism can be comprehended, at least to some extent, as a form of literature. The paper will also try to answer the question where the boundary between the artistic collaborator and modernist lies. The Raštai magazine, a Lithuanian communist literature publication published from November 1940 to May 1941, was led by Petras Cvirka. This magazine reflected the criteria of the literati and their creative works of those times. Some of the writers found it relatively easy to write according to the requirements of socialist realism. Others, however, had to completely refuse the former writing standards and adapt to new ones. Strict themes, style and even mood had to be revealed in both works of fiction and mass media. The writers who published their works in Raštai magazine did not correspond to the socialist realism standards on equal terms, hence, they were distributed into a certain groups. 3 ĮVADAS Iki šiol socialinis realizmas, kaip meno forma komunistinėje literatūroje, yra menkai tyrinėtas Lietuvos istorikų darbuose. Didesnis dėmesys buvo skiriamas analizuoti literatų kairėjimo procesą ir jo aplinkybes. Socialinis realizmas kūryboje savaime suprantamas kaip literatūrologų sritis, kurios istorikai vengė. Lietuvos istoriografijoje socialiniam realizmui dažniausiai priskiriamas komunistinės ideologijos varymo vaidmuo, nesigilinant į šios meno formos subtilybes. Šiame darbe jungiamos dvi disciplinos – istorija ir literatūra. Nors pirmosios pagrindas yra faktinis, o antrosios – interpretacinis pasaulio suvokimas, jas galima suderinti. Analizuojant grožinės literatūros kūrinius ir atsižvelgiant į istorines aplinkybes galima daryti pakankamai objektyvias išvadas tiek apie literatūrą, tiek apie istoriją. Literatūroje aptinkama faktų, kurių kai kurie istoriniai dokumentai nėra užfiksavę, tik dažnai jie būna pateikti kaip subjektyvus kūrėjo suvokimas. Tad tokiam tyrimui svarbus istorijos mokslas, kad kūrėjo subjektyvumą paaiškinti objektyviais atsakymais. Darbo tema. Kairioji lietuvių literatūra ir jos kūrėjai komunistiniame žurnale „Raštai“. Priežastys, aplinkybės ir rezultatai, rašytojams taikant socialistinio realizmo kriterijus. Problematika. Kyla klausimas kas iš tikro tas socialinis realizmas ir kaip jis pasireiškė tarybinėje Lietuvos literatūroje? Kaip vertinti socialinio realizmo kūrėją? Ar galime jį vadinti vien tik kolaborantu, ar, kaip teigia, Kęstutis Raškauskas, kairieji menininkai visų pirma yra modernistai/avangardistai. Juk vienas iš esminių moderno bruožų yra kūrėjo atsigręžimas į dabartį ir jos realijų išreiškimas kūryboje.1 Išanalizavus komunistinio žurnalo „Raštai“ turinį bus siekiama į šiuos klausimus atsakyti. Chronologiniai rėmai. Literatūros žurnalas „Raštai“ buvo leidžiamas nuo 1940 m. lapkričio iki 1941 m. gegužės. Iš viso išėjo septyni žurnalo numeriai, kurių vyriausiasis redaktorius buvo Petras Cvirka. Kairiųjų literatų veikla skaičiuojama jau nuo žurnalo „Trečias frontas“, kuris buvo leidžiams nuo 4-tojo dešimtmečio pradžios, todėl analizuojamas laikotarpis yra XX a. 4-tas dešimtmetis –1941 metų birželis. Darbo tikslas. Išanalizuoti komunistiniame žurnale „Raštai“ publikuotos literatūros savitumus ir menininkų kriterijus. 1 Raškauskas K. Revoliucinės kultūros eksperimentas Lietuvoje (1927-1935 m.). Kaunas, 2014 4 Darbe naudojamas aprašomasis-analitinis metodas. Darbo uždaviniai. 1. Atskleisti kairiasias menininkų nuotaikas Europoje tarpukario laikotarpiu bei išanalizuoti veiksnius, lėmusius kairiųjų literatų palankumą Tarybų Sąjungai Lietuvoje. 2. Aptarti ir įvardinti tarybinio rašytojo kriterijus ir kūrybos normas.
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