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ABSTRACTS of PAPERS a Half Century of Baltic Activism in the United States The 23rd Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies (AABS) University of Illinois at Chicago, April 26-28, 2012 “The Global Baltics: The Next Twenty Years” ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS (listed in alphabetical order by first author’s last name) Note: Abstracts of Roundtables and Plenaries are listed at the end, beginning on p. 67. A Half Century of Baltic Activism in the United States: JBANC at 50 Karl Altau (JBANC) The Joint Baltic American National Committee, Inc. (JBANC) has represented the Baltic-American communities since its founding in 1961. This has included working actively for 30 years to ensure the restoration of independence for Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania by 1991, and campaigning for a decade to help the three Baltic countries achieve NATO membership in 2004. JBANC’s mission has transitioned since then to encompass new goals, and it remains an influential actor within the foreign policy environment in Washington, DC. But how do we measure success? What are future prospects with demographic changes and the evolving diaspora dynamic? With Baltic independence restored now 20 years ago, is there still a place for common Baltic- American advocacy? Recent JBANC activities and issues have refocused on the human rights dimension – a core issue from earlier days – speaking out for political prisoners in Belarus, and condemning political murders in the Russian Federation. In addition, with the NATO Summit coming up in Chicago in May 2012, there is much focus on transatlantic relations, and on keeping the United States actively engaged with the Baltic countries. To achieve its aims, JBANC not only combines the cooperative efforts and support of the Baltic-American community and organizations, but works actively in coalitions and with a number of other partners. This has involved an almost 20-year relationship with the Central and East European Coalition, plus close coordination with the Maryland Estonia Exchange Council and the State of Maryland, the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, and other associations and organizations. DIVISION: POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND LAW Writing the Moon in Sugar Gint Aras (Morton College) This presentation will focus on artistic decisions made while composing the satirical novel, Finding the Moon in Sugar. The novel’s depiction of contemporary Vilnius, particularly the city’s youth and drug culture, caused a stir, as did the author’s decision to place an undereducated American naïf as the point-of-view from which Lithuania is represented. The author will address the impulses and concerns, political and aesthetic, that arose during his completion of the book. 1 DIVISION: LITERATURE Commemoration of the De Facto Restoration of the Independence of Latvia (1991–2011) Laura Ardava (University of Latvia) On August 21, 2011, the 20th anniversary of the de facto restoration of the independence of Latvia was commemorated. To celebrate the significant anniversary, several commemorative events took place in Riga, gaining considerable media attention. The events of August 1991 are considered to be the essential turning point in the last decades of 20th century history in Latvia. On August 21, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia adopted the Constitutional Law on the Statehood of the Republic of Latvia. The theoretical ground of the intended research will be worked out on the basis of multilateral description of ‘commemoration’, ‘mediation’, ‘media event’, ‘ritual’ and ‘social memory’ concepts. Discourses produced by media concerning the commemoration of August 1991 in the last two decades will be analyzed using the discourse–historical method developed by Ruth Wodak. I intend to study the content of printed and broadcasting media in Latvian and Russian, as well as the content of website www.21augusts.lv, which was especially devoted to the historical anniversary. The research results show the importance of the events of August 1991 in social memory, the layering of the actual social, political and economical situation on the collective sense the past, and the active role of the media in the functioning of those processes. DIVISION; SOCIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHY Herbert Hoover and the Politics of Food Relief to the Baltic States in 1919 Olavi Arens (Armstrong Atlantic State University) Central to the food relief provided by the American Relief Administration (ARA) in 1919 to the Baltic states were the decisions of Herbert Hoover, ARA director. This paper discusses Hoover’s motives in bringing the Baltic states into the food relief program of the ARA in 1919. I argue that U.S. economic policy toward the Baltic states became, in effect, part of U.S. economic policy toward Europe. As a result, some U.S. officials essentially separated the Baltic states, conceptually and economically, from Russia. In November 1918, the fledgling Estonian government created a Food Procurement Ministry to establish a food distribution policy for the urban populations and to organize a food requisition system for the military. The policy of the ministry provided for a free market for most food commodities with the major exception being grains (rye, barley, and oats) that were in short supply. The ARA, British Relief, and outside trade provided the necessary supplement for Estonia to avoid a serious crisis and possible famine. I will also analyze how ARA food shipments were integrated into the food distribution system of the Food Procurement ministry. DIVISION: HISTORY AND MEMORY From Griping to Governing: The Case of All for Latvia! Daunis Auers (University of Latvia) Over the space of just five years, the radical right populist All for Latvia! political party has gone from winning just a 1.48% share of the vote in the 2006 Latvian parliamentary election, to entering government in a three-party coalition in October 2011. This paper presents a case study of the roots of this electoral success, arguing that it can be attributed to three factors: (i) In contrast to other parties in Latvia, All for Latvia! is a genuine grass-roots movement with a wide- spread, active and mobilized membership; (ii) the alliance with For Fatherland and Freedom / Latvia’s National Independence Movement provided VL! with the financial resources needed to campaign in Latvian elections; (iii) since its electoral alliance and then merger with the nationalist For Fatherland and Freedom / Latvia’s National Independence Movement party it has increasingly adopted a more moderate programmatic “master frame” developed by radical-right populist parties in other European states, that is more acceptable to the mainstream public; and (iv) a genuinally charismatic leader. DIVISION: POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND LAW Daunis Auers (University of Latvia)—See Kenneth Smith 2 Ingrida Balčiūnienė (Vytautas Magnus University) See: Victoria V. Kazakovskaya The Preconditions of the Grand Strategy in Lithuania Kristina Baubinaitė (Mykolas Romeris University) The paper examines the preconditions of the Grand Strategy in Lithuania. It is assumed that Lithuanian strategic documents, which have strived to acquire the status of Grand Strategy, did not meet the requirements for such a strategy. A presumption is offered that the political process in Lithuania lacks a deep reflection on the state’s past and current needs as well as the interface between these two elements. This reduces the public policy capacities to acquire the Grand Strategy in nature. The article observes that the absence of consensus on the country’s development strategic directions is related to the complicated formation of the Lithuanian nation and a complex blend of state history. The debate of Lithuanian historians and other experts on the need for a new program of Lithuanian historical identity reflects on the process of the state’s “self-contemplation and reflection” and provides opportunities for conceptual definitions in the Lithuanian Grand Strategy. The necessary component for such definitions is the construction of a national identity. As a result, in addition to material analysis, analysis of the historical/political realities on the national as well as global level is necessary in the Lithuanian Grand Strategy design process. DIVISION: POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND LAW The Baltic Question in USSR-USA Relations, 1989-1991 Una Bergmane (Sciences Po Paris/Fox Fellow at Yale University) In 1947 George Kennan wrote in his famous X article: “But the possibility (and in the opinion of this writer it is a strong one) remains that Soviet power, like the capitalist world of its conception, bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced.” In 1991 Kennan’s statement became reality – the Soviet Union collapsed. And the causes of the fall of this superpower were internal indeed: economical weakness, national tensions and the struggle for power within its own political elite. One could presume that the disintegration of the USSR was celebrated in Western capitals, and especially in Washington, as a major victory. One could imagine as well that Western leaders welcomed every sign of eventual Soviet collapse and encouraged those who tried to destabilize central power in Moscow. But this wasn’t really the case. When the three Baltic republics in 1989 began their coordinated and determined drive for independence, Western leaders saw their actions as a threat for Mikhail Gorbachev’s power in the Kremlin. Using both non-published archival and published sources, this paper
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