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Stadtgeschichte Des Baltikums Oder Baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an Ein Neues Forschungsfeld Zur Baltischen Geschichte

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Stadtgeschichte Des Baltikums Oder Baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an Ein Neues Forschungsfeld Zur Baltischen Geschichte Aus rechtlichen Gründen wurden die Bilder entfernt TAGUNGEN zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung 33 Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an ein neues Forschungsfeld zur baltischen Geschichte Herausgegeben von Heidi Hein-Kircher und Ilgvars Misāns Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an ein neues Forschungsfeld zur baltischen Geschichte TAGUNGEN ZUR OSTMITTELEUROPAFORSCHUNG Herausgegeben vom Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft 33 Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? Annäherungen an ein neues Forschungsfeld zur baltischen Geschichte Herausgegeben von HEIDI HEIN-KIRCHER und ILGVARS MISĀNS VERLAG HERDER-INSTITUT · MARBURG · 2016 Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar © 2016 – 2., überarbeitete und erweiterte Aufl age © 2015 by Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg, Gisonenweg 5-7 Printed in Germany Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg Druck: KN Digital Printforce GmbH, Ferdinand-Jühlke-Straße 7, 99095 Erfurt Umschlagbilder: links: Postkarte: Gruss aus Riga (um das Jahr 1900). Im unteren Teil – das Schwarzhäupterhaus (rechts) mit dem angrenzenden Schwab’schen Haus und der Rolandstatue im Vordergrund, Union Postale Universelle Russie rechts: Das im Zweiten Weltkrieg zerstörte und im Jahr 1999 wiederaufgebaute Schwarzhäupterhaus mit Schwab’schem Haus und Kopie des Rolands im gegenwärtigen Riga. Foto von Viktors Giršsons (2015) ISBN 978-3-87969-406-8 Inhalt Heidi Hein-Kircher und Ilgvars M i s ān s : Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? Bestandsaufnahme und Versuch eines Im- pulses ............................................................................................................. 1 ZZurur HHistoriografieistoriografie dderer SStadtgeschichtsschreibungtadtgeschichtsschreibung Heidi Hein-Kircher: Der Blick von außen: Schwerpunkte und Desi de- rate in der Stadt- und Urbanitätsgeschichte der gegenwärtigen Ost mittel- europaforschung ............................................................................................. 21 Roman Czaja: Urban History Research in Poland ............................................ 43 Juhan Kreem: Was ist Stadtgeschichte in Estland? ........................................... 61 Ilgvars M i sān s : Die Stadt als Forschungsobjekt in der Geschichtsschreibung Lettlands ........................................................................................................ 75 Andreas Fülberth: Der Anteil auswärtiger Forschender an der Stadt ge- schichts forschung zu Riga und Reval (Tallinn) seit der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts .................................................................................................... 95 AAnsätzensätze uundnd PPerspektivenerspektiven dderer bbaltischenaltischen SStadtgeschichtsschreibungtadtgeschichtsschreibung Inna Põltsam-Jürjo: Grundzüge des livländischen Städtewesens im Mittel- alter ................................................................................................................ 117 Aleksandrs Ivanovs: Livonian Towns in Old Russian Chronicles: Inter action between Historiographic Stereotypes and Historical Reality ......................... 137 Jurgita Šiaučiū naitė-Verbickienė: Problems and Tendencies of Histo- riographical Development in Research of the Towns of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Non-Christian Minorities .............................................................. 151 Karin Hallas-Murula: The Political Iconography of Early 20th Century City Planning: Greater-Tallinn by Eliel, Saarinen, 1913 ............................... 171 Mārtiņš Mintaurs: The Old Town of Riga in the Architectural Historiogra- phy of Latvia, 1860s-1980s ........................................................................... 187 V Vasilijus Safronovas: Symbolic Appropriation of a Baltic City: On the Pecu- liari ties of Klaipėda in Comparison with Kaliningrad and Olsztyn (1945- 1990) .............................................................................................................. 207 VI Symbolic Appropriation of a Baltic City: On the Peculiarities of Klaipėda in Comparison with Kaliningrad and Olsztyn (1945-1990) by Vasilijus Safronovas Six days after the taking of Klaipėda by the Red Army forces, a Soviet Lithuanian newspaper published the words of the famous regional authoress Ieva Simonaitytė: ‘For centuries Lithuania Minor has been the land inhabited by the Lithuanians. It was a part of Lithuania. Today, thanks to the mighty warriors, she again joined to Lithuania inseparably. And Lithuania is now one body.’1 This quote demonstrates a national ap- proach of symbolic appropriation, the use of which, after the Second World War, was possible both in Lithuanian and Polish parts of the former East Prussia. In Kaliningrad, the approach was rather different. ‘Everything that was implanted by the fascist Han- nibals collapsed, sank into oblivion. The Soviet people came here [...] the real masters [...] to build a new life with their own labour and on the new socialist principles upon the ruins of the black past’,2 was reported on the radio in Kaliningrad in 1947. I Symbolic appropriation of the city is understood here as a process in which the city is made one’s own in certain communication milieus. Such ownness may come into existence only when a city means something. Hence, appropriation takes place by im- parting meanings to the city per se and/or to the symbols in such a city. Such symbols are mediators signifying that this city belongs to “us”, that “we” have claims to it, and, eventually, that “we” have power in this city. Such symbols may either be newly “implanted” in the already formed urban spaces and the sign system operating there, or elements of the sign system already in existence may become symbols. By reason of territorial claims, which came into being in East Central Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and as a result of endeavours to legitimize such claims, various national cultures sought to symbolically appropriate a number of the cities in this region. A crucial role in fostering the need for such appropriation was 1 IEVA SIMONAITYTĖ: Buvau ir aš jų tarpe [I Was also among Them], in: Valstiečių laikraštis from 03.02.1945, Nr. 6 (96), p. 2. 2 JURIJ KOSTJAŠOV: Izgnanie prusskogo ducha: kak formirovalos’ istoričeskoe soznanie na- selenija Kaliningrada v poslevoennye gody [The Expulsion of the Prussian Spirit: How the Historical Consciousness of Kaliningrad Postwar Residents Had Formed], Kaliningrad 2003, pp. 15-16. 207 Stadtgeschichte des Baltikums oder baltische Stadtgeschichte? played by the great population transfer and resettlement processes triggered by the Second World War and its aftermath. Because of these processes, the new inhabitants had to transform the cities, whose meanings in certain communication milieus had once been marginalized or which were culturally foreign, into their own. Research on the components of such transformations and their patterns has started only recently.3 When research in this fi eld was embarked upon in Lithuanian a few years ago,4 resear- chers primarily focused upon two areas, which emerged as irredentas in the modern Lithuanian national culture at the beginning of the twentieth century – the Vilnius and Klaipėda regions. Accordingly, the initial research effort by historians was dedicated to analysis of the symbolic appropriation of Vilnius and Klaipėda in Lithuanian national culture. The author, with the engagement of historians from Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Germany, has been working in recent years on comparing how the processes of symbolic appropriation proceeded in the spaces of the former East Prussia, which lost its indigenous populations in the 1940s.5 Similarities and dissimilarities of the process of symbolic appropriation following World War II will be presented in the article by comparing three cities: Klaipėda (Me- mel), Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg) and Olsztyn (formerly Allenstein). It should be said that conditions for such comparison are not propitious as yet. This may be at- tributable, fi rst of all, to disproportion in the scope of research on individual issues in historiography. To simplify somewhat, it could be argued that the process of symbolic appropriation in the case of Olsztyn has not yet been revealed to the extent that it has been in the case of Kaliningrad, and I would even assert that the knowledge of the developments associated with this process in Kaliningrad is still lagging behind the research on these developments in the case of Klaipėda. Thus, despite the fact that the research into the relationship of the post-war settlers with Kaliningrad and transforma- 3 On symbolic appropriation of cities and spaces in the Baltic region and elsewhere cf.: PETER OLIVER LOEW, CHRISTIAN PLETZING et al. (eds.): Wiedergewonnene Geschichte: Zur Anei- gnung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas, Wiesbaden 2006; THOMAS SERRIER (ed.): Die Aneignung fremder Vergangenheiten in Nordosteuropa am Beispiel plu- rikultureller Städte (20. Jahrhundert), Lüneburg 2007; MICHEL ESPAGNE, THOMAS
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