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VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY KLAIP DA UNIVERSITY K Stutis VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY KLAIPDA UNIVERSITY Kstutis RAŠKAUSKAS REVOLUTIONARY CULTURE EXPERIMENT IN LITHUANIA (1927-1935) Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Humanities, History (05H) Kaunas, 2014 This PhD thesis is defended according an external examiner procedure Scientific supervisor: prof. dr. Egidijus Aleksandraviius (Vytautas Magnus University Lithuanian Emigration Institute, Humanities, History – 05H). The PhD thesis is defended at Vytautas Magnus University at the Council of Scientific Field of history of Vytautas Magnus University and Klaipda University. Chairman: doc. dr. Vygantas Vareikis (Klaipda University, Humanities, History – 05H) Members: dr. Giedrius Janauskas (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, History – 05H) dr. Mindaugas Kvietkauskas (Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, Humanities, philology - 04H) dr. eslovas Laurinaviius (Institute of Lithuanian History, Humanities, History – 05H) dr. Dangiras Maiulis (Institute of Lithuanian History, Humanities, History – 05H) The official defense of the PhD thesis will be held on January 31, 2014 at a public sitting of the Examining Committee in the Small Hall of Vytautas Magnus University (28 S. Daukanto st., Kaunas). Summary of PhD thesis was sent out in December 27, 2013. This PhD thesis is available at the National M. Mažvydas Library, Library of Vytautas Magnus University and Library Klaipda University. VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS KLAIPDOS UNIVERSITETAS Kstutis RAŠKAUSKAS REVOLIUCINS KULTROS EKSPERIMENTAS LIETUVOJE (1927–1935 m.) Daktaro disertacijos santrauka Humanitariniai mokslai, istorija (05 H) Kaunas, 2014 Disertacija ginama eksternu Mokslinis konsultantas prof. habil. dr. Egidijus Aleksandraviius (VDU Lietuvi išeivijos institutas, humanitariniai mokslai, istorija - 05 H) Disertacija bus ginama Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto ir Klaipdos universiteto Humanitarini moksl srities istorijos krypties taryboje Pirmininkas: doc. dr. Vygantas Vareikis (Klaipdos universitetas, humanitariniai mokslai, istorija – 05H). Nariai: dr. Giedrius Janauskas (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, humanitariniai mokslai, istorija – 05H) dr. Mindaugas Kvietkauskas (Lietuvos literatros ir tautosakos institutas, humanitariniai mokslai, filologija– 04H) dr. eslovas Laurinaviius (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, humanitariniai mokslai, istorija – 05H) dr. Dangiras Maiulis (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, humanitariniai mokslai, istorija – 05H) Disertacija bus ginama viešajame Humanitarini moksl srities istorijos krypties tarybos posdyje, kuris vyks 2014 m. sausio 31 d., 14 val. Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Mažojoje salje, S. Daukanto g. 28, Kaunas. Adresas: K. Donelaiio g. 52, LT–44244 Kaunas, Lietuva Tel.: (8 37) 32 78 36 Disertacijos santrauka išsiuntinta 2013 m. gruodžio 27 d. Disertacij galima peržirti Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto, Lietuvos nacionalinje M. Mažvydo ir Klaipdos universiteto bibliotekose. Revolutionary culture experiment in Lithuania (1927-1935) Due to the flush of leftist ideas in the journal, “Treias Frontas” (The Third Front, 1930-1931) even in the eyes of its contemporaries became a unique and controversial Lithuanian cultural phenomenon. One decade later, since the “Treias Frontas” group emerged in the Lithuanian literary panorama, some of the key members of the collective had already been given the power of literary life’s formation and control by soviet authorities. For this and other aspects the “Treias Frontas” or individual works of members of the group are seen as multi-layered, complex and interesting subject of study. Untapped archival material and its abundance enabled me to enrich the existing historical narrative of the “Treias Frontas” and the group with new facts, characters, wider contexts, different perspectives and fresh analysis of their activities. Roughly, the axis of this PhD research is the activity of the “Treias Frontas” group. However, the introduction of new heroes and the expansive nature of the topic determined broader frames and the creative vision of the research. On the other hand, the study reveals the complication of the “Treias Frontas” group’s contact with the leftist ideas and those, who represent them. Heretofore, this dimension has not been developed in the historiography. Thus, the aim of the thesis is to analyse how the “Treias Frontas” group and artists or theatre actors connected with the collective grew more and more radical. Also, to show the complexity of their revolutionary creative campagne and its contact with the left-forces as an integral part between 1924 and 1935. These three segments are inextricably intertwined with each other and are treated as a whole. The main objectives of the study are: To reconstrate and compare biographies of the “Treias Frontas” group members and fellow artists; reveal their communication network. To recreate activity forms of the writers who were nonmarxist socialism (Socialist-revolutionaries-maximalist) supporters 1924-1935. To reveal the contribution of particular individuals when analysing the evolution of ideas published in the “Treias Frontas” journal and other press publications. 5 To reconstruct the complexity of revolutionary writers, artists and theatre actors’ activities in the period of 1931-1935. To reconstruct mutually opposing Lithuanian Communist Party (LCP) leaders Vincas Kapsukas and Zigmas Angarietis opinions of fellow-travellers between 1926 and 1935. To reconstruct the lower-ranking Communist Party leaders attitude towards fellow-travellers and occurrences of their encounter. The primary sources: - Published and unpublished autobiographical texts (memoirs, autobiographies, correspondence, diaries), the originals of which are mainly kept in the archive of The Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature. Some literary works were also used as sources for the research. - Social and cultural periodicals of the period. - Array of documentation of Lithuanian Communist Party which is kept in The Lithuanian Special Archive under Communist Party documents section. This source is rich with information about Lithuanian leftist intellectuals or better known communist personalities in the light of Communist Party interests. - Surveillance files kept by political police now stored in Lithuanian Central State Archive. Researches ranging over the “Treias Frontas” as a group or collective and analysis of its member’s creative works can be dated back to 1970. It was the literary domain. Some of the names worth mentioning are Vytautas Kubilius and his wife Janina Žkait, Leonas Gudaitis, Dalia Striogait and Bronius Vaškelis. The topic about artists connected with the “Treias Frontas” group members, who performed Communist Party orders, has been lightly touched by art historians. Furthermore, during the soviet times historians could not freely work on the searches related to the “Treias Frontas” group and LCP interrelationships. Only few years ago Mindaugas Tamošaitis published his works on the subject and in my thesis his conclusions and prejudices I address to debate. In the meantime, nonmarxist socialist tradition which embraces some of my heroes in the study as a research objective has not yet broken through the initial stage. 6 Participants of the revolutionary culture experiment followed the idea of the culture creators’ activism which rudiments go back to prior World War I Germany. The essence of it was the belief that all trends in art can and should play part in consciousness and social change. Just after the war such experiments arose in those countries with the avant-garde cultural traditions and burst into blaze in Russia because of the government’s support. In Lithuania the “Keturvjininkai” group (The Four Winds Group) advocated expressionism and futurism without the ambition to revolutionary transform the society. Around 1925 new members of the “Keturvjininkai” group Kazys Boruta (1905-1965) and Antanas Venclova (1906-197) were the first to utter the activist avant-garde demand. They nurtured this idea as if it were to take a lead of Lithuanian modernism. Unsatisfied, they left the “Keturvjininkai” group. Simultaneously, taking the broader context into the consideration, 1925 marks the time when peers artists in Europe underwent a second wave of public devotions, whereas the first wave abated when it became obvious that proletarians could not understand “new art for masses” and Communist Party leadership demanded questionable allegiance to their politics. Towards revolutionary self-devotions K. Boruta and A. Venclova had beaten different paths. In January of 1924, when Boruta was about to graduate from Marijampols Teacher Training Seminary, he experienced a conversion to socialism and chose to confess nonmarxist socialism trend which was also preached by youth association “Aušrin” (The Dawn). This association was under Lithuanian Esers influence. K. Boruta started to publish his articles in the journal “Aušrin” and soon became its editor. Straight after indulging in leftist public activity, K. Boruta was confronted with Christian Democratic government’s disaffection towards leftist ideas. Seminary graduate and freshman in the University of Lithuania he was still a member of the “Aušrin” youth association and subsequently had a brush with the repressive structures. November of 1925 was a breaking point for K. Boruta, when due to taking part in student riots his name was taken off the university books and together with his study fellows he was sent to prison for a month. Out of prison went through a nervous crisis (recurrent later on) and decided
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