Narcotics and National Security : Refining the Military Option
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Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1990-12 Narcotics and national security : refining the military option Chassee, Thomas J. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27562 AD-A243 761 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California DTIC LtELECTE4 DEC311991 U' 0 NARCOTICS AND NATIONAL SECURITY: REFINING THE MILITARY OPTION by N Thomas J. Chassee ~J. and * Michael M. Cobb December, 1990 S - Thesis Advisor: David Winterford Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 91227 014 Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1 a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION I b RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS UNCLASSIFIED 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILAB" "Y OF REPORT Approved tor public release; distribution is unlimited. 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5 MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6a NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School (If applicable) Naval Postgraduate School NS 6c ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP CodJe) 7b ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Monterey,CA 93943-5000 Ba NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (If applicable) Be. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS Program Element No PfoleclNo Tdk No WOrk unit A(ces~,on Num~er 11 TITLE (Include Security Classification) NARCOTICS AND NATIONAL SECURITY. REFINING THE MILITARY OPTION 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Chassee, Thomas James and Cobb, Michael Mahaney 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14 DATE OF REPORT (year, month, day) 15. PAGE COUNT Master's Thesis From To December, 1990 178 16 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 17 COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) FIELD GROUP SUBGROUP "Drug War", Narcotrafficking, Military Options, Insurgency and Narcotics, Political, Social and Economic Impact of Narcotrafficking 19 ABSTRACT (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) A comprehensive study of the "Drug War" with particular emphasis on the increased role ofthe U.S. military. Application of military force should be based on an understanding of the political, social and economic impact ol Andean narcotrafficking. This thesis addresses these issues, evaluates current anti-narcotic strategies, and defines the most prudent use of military resources. Initially, the thesis highlights the Latin American drug connection and its inpact on political instability, guerrilla insurgencies, corruption and respective economies. Based on this foundation, the "supply" and "demand" strategies of the Unites States are presented and evaluated. Finally, the thesis proposes limited usage of U.S. air and naval assets in support of law enforcement agencies, while minimizing exposure of in country U.S. ground forces. 20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION UNCASSIFIED/U4LIMITED 13SAME AS REPORT 3 TiCUSERS Unclassified 22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (Include Area code) 22c OFFICE SYMBOL David Winterford, Thomas C. Bruneau 646-2228 NS/WB DO FORM 1473, 84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE A, othe- -in souare obsolete Unclassified Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Narcotics and National Security.Refining the Military Option Thomas J. Chassee Lieutenant, United States Navy B.A., Michigan State University, 1982 and Michael M. Cobb Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., Vanderbilt University, 1984 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS From the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 1990 Authors: Michael M. Cobb Approved by: David Winterford, thesis Advisor Thomas C. Bruneau, Second Reader Thomas C. Bruneau, Chairman Department of National Security Affairs ii ABSTRACT A comprehensive study of the "Drug War" with particular emphasis on the increased role of the U.S. Military. Application of military force should be based on an understanding of the political, social and economic impact of Andedn narco trafficking. This thesis addresses these issues, evaluates current anti-narcotic strategies, and defines the most prudent use of military resources. Initially, the thesis highlights the Latin American drug connection and its impact on political instability, guerrilla insurgencies, corruption and respective economies. Based on this foundation, the "supply" and "demand" strategies of the United States are presented and evaluated. Finally, the thesis proposes limited usage of U.S. air and naval assets in support of law enforcement agencies, while minimizing exposure of in-country U.S. ground forces. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 IL THE ACTORS AND THEIR EXPANDING ARENA .................................. 5 A. THE LATIN CONNECTION: PRINCIPLE ACTORS .......................... 6 1. Colombia ............................................................................................. 6 2. Mexico: "The Marijuana Border" .................................................. 7 3. Bolivia ................................................................................................. 8 4. Peru ..................................................................................................... 9 B. EXPANDING MARKETS: JAMAICA, BELIZE & THE TRANSIT STA TES ...................................................................................................... 11 1. Jam aica ............................................................................................... 12 2. Belize .................................................................................................. 13 3. The Transit States ............................................................................ 13 C THE UNITED STATES: RELATIONS & POLICIES ........................... 14 D. DRUG TRAFFICKING & U.S. LATIN AMERICAN RELATIONS: CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................ 17 1. Colombia ......................................................................................... 18 2. M exico ................................................................................................ 20 3. Bolivia ............................................................................................... 21 4. Peru .................................................................................................... 22 E. U.S. BILATERAL NARCOTICS AGREEMENTS/TREATIES ......... 23 F. SEARCHING FOR COMMON GROUND IN NARCOTICS CONTROL .................................................................................................. 25 Ill. NARCOTERRORISM, INSTABILITY & INSURGENCY ....................... 29 A. A BRIEF MILITARY ANALYSIS .......................................................... 32 B. THE THREAT .......................................................................................... 34 1. Peru .................................................................................................... 34 2. Colombia's Revolutionaries ........................................................ 38 iv 3. Confusion In Bolivia .................................................................... 47 4. The Mexican Illusion ...................................................................... 50 C. THE MILITARY DILEMMA: GUERRILLAS & NARCOTICS, PERU, COLOMBIA & BOLIVIA .......................................................... 52 1. The Drug War: Peru ...................................................................... 52 2. The Drug War: Colombia ............................................................. 57 3. The Drug War: Bolivia ................................................................. 65 D. MILITARIZATION: THE POLITICAL DILEMMA ............................ 71 IV. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE DRUG TRADE ................................ 76 A. MEXICO: A PYRRHIC VICTORY ........................................................ 76 B. THE DRUG TRADE MOVES TO THE ANDEAN REGION ............ 81 C. IMPLICATIONS FOR SUPPLY SIDE ERADICATION ...................... 88 D. U.S. STRATEGY PERCEPTIONS .......................................................... 94 E. IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. STRATEGY .............................................. 99 V. CURRENT "DRUG WAR" STRATEGY ....................................................... 102 A. THE NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL STRATEGY ...............................105 1. Supply Side Specifics: ......................................................................... 105 2. Interdiction ..........................................................................................110 3. D em and Specifics ................................................................................ 112 4. A ssessm ent ..........................................................................................115 B. THE MILITARY OPTION ..........................................................................119 C. CONGRESSIONAL DRUG CONTROL STRATEGY ............................ 121 1. Congressional Review .......................................................................121