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Pertanggungjawaban Negara Atas Kasus-Kasus Pelanggaran Berat Hak Asasi Manusia Masa Orde Baru

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Pertanggungjawaban Negara Atas Kasus-Kasus Pelanggaran Berat Hak Asasi Manusia Masa Orde Baru DISERTASI PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN NEGARA ATAS KASUS-KASUS PELANGGARAN BERAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA MASA ORDE BARU STATE RESPONSIBILITY OF GROSS VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS CASES DURING THE NEW ORDER AHMAD HAMBALI P04000312209 PROGRAM DOKTOR ILMU HUKUM FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN MAKASSAR 2017 ii KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, karena atas limpahan rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulisan Disertasi ini sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor Ilmu Hukum pada Fakultas Hukum Universitas Hasanuddin, dapat diselesaikan. Dalam kesempatan ini, penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang sebesar-besarnya kepada para pihak yang turut membantu dalam penyusunan Disertasi ini. Ucapan terima kasih dan penghargaan setinggi-tingginya kepada Yang Terhormat dan Amat Terpelajar: 1. Ibu Prof. Dr. Alma Manuputty, S.H., M.H., selaku Promotor yang berkenan meluangkan waktunya untuk mengarahkan, membimbing, dan memberi masukan kepada penulis, baik dari aspek substansi, metodologi maupun bahasa, dalam penyelesaian penulisan Disertasi. 2. Bapak Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashri, S.H., M.H., selaku Ko-Promotor yang di tengah-tengah kesibukannya berkenan meluangkan waktunya untuk mengarahkan, membimbing, dan memberi masukan, baik dari aspek substansi, metodologi maupun bahasa, dalam penyelesaian Disertasi. 3. Bapak Dr. Abdul Maasba Magassing, S.H., M.H., selaku Ko-Promotor yang berkenan meluangkan waktunya untuk mengarahkan, membimbing, dan memberi masukan, baik dari aspek substansi, metodologi maupun bahasa penulisan, dalam penyelesaian Disertasi. 4. Bapak Prof. Dr. Abdul Razak, S.H., M.H., Bapak Prof. Dr. Irwansyah, S.H., M.H., Bapak Prof. Dr. S. M. Noor, S.H., M.H, dan Ibu Prof. Dr. Marwati Riza, S.H., M.H., selaku tim penguji yang telah memberikan masukan, kritik, saran, serta penilaian terhadap Disertasi ini sehingga semakin menyempurnakan bobot dan kualitas Disertasi. 5. Bapak Dr. Hamdan Zoelva, SH., MH., selaku Penguji Eksternal dengan segala pengalaman dan kemampuan yang luar biasa telah berkenan menyediakan waktunya untuk memberikan masukan, kritik, saran, serta penilaian terhadap Disertasi ini. 6. Ibu Prof. Dr. Dwia Aries Tina Putubuhu, M.A, selaku Rektor Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar yang amat penulis hormati. 7. Ibu Prof. Dr. Farida Patittingi, SH., M.Hum, selaku Dekan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar yang penulis banggakan. 8. Bapak Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ali, SE, MS selaku Dekan Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar yang penulis hormati. iii 9. Bapak Prof. Dr. Abdul Razak, SH., M.H, selaku Ketua Program Studi S3 Doktor Ilmu Hukum Pascasarjana Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar yang penulis hormati 10. Bapak/Ibu Guru Besar dan Dosen pada Program Studi S3 Doktor Ilmu Hukum Pascasarjana Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar yang tekun membimbing penulis. Selain itu, penulis juga ingin mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang sebesar-besarnya kepada: 1. Kedua orang tua penulis Bapak H. Ahmad Dukri (Alm) dan (Almh) Ibu Hj. Siti Ruqayah yang telah merawat, membimbing serta menyertai langkah penulis dengan doa, keberkahan dan kebaikan tanpa putus serta harapan yang terus menerus sehingga mengantarkan penulis untuk bisa menapak sedikit demi sedikit capaian hidup termasuk dalam menempuh pendidikan baik formal/informal khususnya Studi S3 Doktor Ilmu Hukum Pascasarjana Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar. 2. Kedua orang tua istri penulis Bapak E. Karma (Alm) dan (Almh) Ibu Oyoh Nuria yang ikut memberkati kehidupan penulis bersama istri dan keluarga untuk dapat mencapai seluruh kebaikan, manfaat dan cita- cita. 3. Bapak KH. Drs. Amidhan Shaberah yang telah menjadi ayah, guru, sahabat bersahaja dan rendah hati yang sangat mendorong dan mendukung keras setiap upaya dan pencapaian cita-cita penulis baik moril maupun materil. 4. Keluarga besar Almarhum (Alm) Bapak H. Ahmad Dukri, Kakak, Adik dan ponakan penulis di Jakarta yang turut memberikan dukungan doa demi kelancaran studi penulis. 5. Keluarga besar Almarhum (Alm) Bapak E. Karma, Kakak-Kakak penulis di Garut yang turut memberikan dukungan doa demi kelancaran studi.9 6. Penghargaan khusus untuk istri tercinta penulis Ir. Neti Widiawati Ahmad sebagai belahan jiwa, partner utama, pendamping hidup, sahabat terbaik yang dengan gigih, sabar, tekun dan tulus mendampingi dan menyertai apapun dan kemanapun penulis ingin meraih tujuan dan cita-cita penulis dapat diselesaikan termasuk dalam menuntaskan studi ini. Juga tak lupa pada yang tersayang dua amanah Allah SWT yang dititipkan kepada kami, Ananda Hammett Kahfie Fergie Rajiv Afghani dan Ananda Uzma Musavi Ahmadia Mikala Rafsanjani. iv 7. Bapak dan Ibu rekan-rekan dosen dan Pimpinan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Jakarta dan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Jayabaya Jakarta yang mendukung studi penulis. 8. Ketua Yayasan Rumah Sakit Islam, Prof. Dr. Jurnalis Uddin, PAK yang juga mendorong penulis untuk segera menuntaskan studi ini. 9. Keluarga besar Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS) terutama pada Bapak Ketua Prof. Dr. Bambang Sudibyo, MBA.CA; Bapak Wakil Ketua, Dr. Zainulbahar Noor. SE, M.Ec; para komisioner BAZNAS Bapak Prof. Dr. Mundzir Suparta, MA; KH. Drs. Masdar Farid Masúdi, MA; Prof. Dr. H. Ahmad Satori Ismail, Drs. Irsyadul Halim; Ibu Ir. Nana Mintarti; Drh. Emmy Hamidiyah, MSi; Drs. Nuryanto, MPA; Prof. Dr. Machasin, M.A dan Bapak Drs. Astera Primanto Bakti, M.Tax juga jajaran direksi khususnya Bapak Kiagus Mohammad Thohir, Bapak Mohammad Nasir dan Bapak Arifin Purwakananta serta para Kepala Divisi/Biro, khususnya rekan-rekan di Biro Hukum Kesekretariatan dan Organisasi BAZNAS dan officers yang pada akhir studi telah ikut memberi dukungan menuntaskan studi ini. 10. Teman-teman kuliah Program Studi S3 Doktor Ilmu Hukum Pascasarjana Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar Kelas Jakarta Tahun 2012 dan kelas Makassar yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu. 11. Semua pihak yang tidak bisa disebut satu persatu yang membantu penulis langsung ataupun tidak langsung sehingga selesainya studi ini. Disadari bahwa Disertasi ini masih banyak kekurangannya. Namun begitu penulis berharap Disertasi ini dapat memberikan sedikit manfaat dan kebaikan bagi khazanah pengembangan dan pelaksanaan hukum di Indonesia di masa datang serta dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu rujukan bagi para peneliti dan penulis. Makassar, 14 Agustus 2017 Penulis, Ahmad Hambali v ABSTRAK AHMAD HAMBALI: Pertanggungjawaban Negara Atas Kasus-Kasus Pelanggaran Berat Hak Asasi Manusia Masa Orde Baru (Dibimbing oleh: Alma Manuputty, Muhammad Ashri, dan Abdul Maasba Magassing). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) Menemukan tujuan hukum pertanggungjawaban negara atas kasus-kasus pelanggaran berat hak asasi manusia masa orde baru bagi bangsa Indonesia. 2) menemukan upaya pertanggungjawaban kasus-kasus pelanggaran berat hak asasi manusia masa orde baru yang telah dilakukan paska reformasi. 3) Menemukan konsep hukum ideal pertanggungjawaban kasus-kasus pelanggaran berat hak asasi manusia masa orde baru. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif, yuridis sosiologis, pendekatan konseptual dan metode kasus dengan memanfaatkan bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier sebagai sumber penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukan antara lain: A) Tanggungjawab negara terhadap kasus-kasus pelanggaran berat HAM masa orde baru memiliki tiga aspek yaitu aspek filosofis, sosiologis dan yuridis. B) Komitmen negara dalam menerapkan kebijakan untuk mempertanggungjawabkan hukum kasus-kasus masa lalu selalu tak tuntas, tidak optimal dan cenderung gagal. C) Konsep ideal pertanggungjawaban kasus-kasus pelanggaran berat hak asasi manusia masa orde baru terutama untuk kasus Penculikan Aktivis 1998, Penembakan Misterius (Petrus), Kerusuhan Mei 1998, Penembakan Trisakti dan kasus Talangsari 1989 diteruskan prosesnya untuk diselesaikan melalui mekanisme peradilan HAM karena sebagian besar kasus-kasus tersebut telah masuk dalam tahap awal sistem peradilan pidana HAM yakni penyelidikan Komnas HAM yang mandeg pada proses penyidikan oleh Kejaksaan. Adapun bagi kasus pelanggaran HAM 1965, Pelanggaran Berat HAM Di Aceh (1976- 1998), Pelanggaran berat HAM di Timor-Timur (1975-1999), pelanggaran berat HAM di Tanjung Priok (1984) dan Pelanggaran Berat HAM Di Papua (1965-1998), penyelesaian dilakukan melalui Komisi Kebenaran untuk Rekonsiliasi. Kata Kunci: HAM, Pertanggungjawaban Negara, Orde Baru vi ABSTRACT AHMAD HAMBALI : State Responsibility Of Gross Violation Of Human Rights Cases During The New Order (Guided by Alma Manuputty, Muhammad Ashri, and Abdul Maasba Magassing). This study goals to 1) Explain the importance of law substance to state responsibility for cases of gross violations of human rights of the new order for the Indonesian nation. 2) Describe the efforts accountability cases of gross violations of human rights of the new order that has made post-reform. 3) Invent the ideal legal concept of accountability cases of gross violations of human rights of the new order. This research is legal research which using normative juridical, socio-juridical, conceptual and methods of case approaches by utilizing the primary law materials, secondary and tertiary as a source of research. The results showed, following: A) State responsibility to the new order of gross violations of human rights cases has three aspects: philosophical, sociological and juridical. B) The commitment of the state in implementing policies to account for the legal cases of the past is always incomplete, is not optimum and likely to
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