'Abdu'l-Bahá Y La Religión Bahá'í

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'Abdu'l-Bahá Y La Religión Bahá'í ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials dʼinvestigació i docència en els termes establerts a lʼart. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix lʼautorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No sʼautoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes dʼexplotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des dʼun lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc sʼautoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. TESIS DOCTORAL Doctorado en Historia Comparada, Política y Social (siglos XVI‐XX) PAZ, IGUALDAD Y JUSTICIA ‘ABDU’L‐BAHÁ EN OCCIDENTE, 1911‐1913 AUTOR: AMÍN E. EGEA FARZANNEJAD DIRECTOR: MANUEL SANTIRSO RODRÍGUEZ UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA FACULTAT DE FILOSOFIA I LLETRES Departament d'Història Moderna i Contemporània Bellaterra, septiembre de 2016. ÍNDICE ABREVIATURAS .................................................................................................... v PREFACIO .......................................................................................................... vii 1. Objetivos ....................................................................................................... xv 2. Los estudios sobre ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá en Occidente .......................................... xviii 3. Estructura de la tesis ..................................................................................... xx 4. Fuentes empleadas ...................................................................................... xxi 5. Agradecimientos ........................................................................................ xxiv ‘ABDU’L‐BAHÁ Y LA RELIGIÓN BAHÁ’Í .................................................................. 1 1. La religion bahá’í ............................................................................................ 4 2. Abbás Effendi, ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá ......................................................................... 10 3. Los viajes ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá ................................................................................. 18 PRIMERA PARTE 1. RAZAS Y RACISMO ......................................................................................... 33 1.1. ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá y la cuestión de las razas ........................................................ 38 1.2. Contactos de ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá con el movimiento por los derechos civiles ..... 46 1.3. Educando a la comunidad bahá’í norteamericana ....................................... 54 2. NACIONES Y NACIONALISMO ......................................................................... 61 2.1. Una crítica al nacionalismo ........................................................................... 65 2.2. La comunidad nacional como fantasía ......................................................... 67 2.3. La idea de nación como engendradora de conflicto .................................... 70 3. GÉNERO Y MACHISMO ................................................................................... 73 3.1. Contactos de ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá con el movimiento sufragista ........................... 79 3.2. ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá sobre la igualdad entre el hombre y la mujer ........................ 88 3.3. Tahirih ........................................................................................................... 98 SEGUNDA PARTE 4. EL MOVIMIENTO PACIFISTA ......................................................................... 105 4.1. Contactos en Norteamérica ....................................................................... 109 4.2. Contactos en Europa .................................................................................. 128 iii 5. EL PRIMER REQUISITO PARA LA PAZ ............................................................ 133 6. HACIA UNA ORGANIZACIÓN INTERNACIONAL ............................................. 143 6.1. La gobernanza mundial .............................................................................. 149 6.2. Seguridad colectiva ..................................................................................... 154 6.3. El papel de Norteamérica en el establecimiento de la paz ........................ 157 7. GUERRA Y MILITARISMO ............................................................................. 161 7.1. La guerra y el ser humano .......................................................................... 162 7.2. La carrera armamentística .......................................................................... 168 7.3. La Gran Guerra ........................................................................................... 172 8. UN IDIOMA INTERNACIONAL ....................................................................... 179 8.1. Contactos de ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá con el movimiento esperantista ..................... 182 8.2. Un idioma internacional como instrumento para la paz............................ 193 8.3 El esperanto como proyecto de lengua internacional ................................ 198 TERCERA PARTE 9. CONTACTOS CON COMUNIDADES RELIGIOSAS ............................................ 203 9.1. Iglesias cristianas ........................................................................................ 205 9.2. Judaismo reformado ................................................................................... 229 10. RELIGIÓN Y CIVILIZACIÓN ........................................................................... 233 10.1. La religión como educadora del ser humano ........................................... 233 10.2. La religión como unificadora del ser humano .......................................... 243 11. LA UNIDAD DE LAS RELIGIONES ................................................................. 251 11.1. Una sola religión ....................................................................................... 253 11.4. Ciencia y religión ....................................................................................... 260 CONCLUSIÓN ................................................................................................... 263 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................. 277 APÉNDICE 1: ITINERARIOS DE LOS VIAJES ........................................................ 295 APÉNDICE 2: CONFERENCIAS PÚBLICAS ........................................................... 307 APÉNDICE 3: ILUSTRACIONES ........................................................................... 319 iv ABREVIATURAS ABL ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá in London MKH Khitábát‐i‐Hadrat‐i‐‘Abdu’l‐Bahá PEB Pasajes de los Escritos de Bahá’u’lláh PT Paris Talks PUP Promulgation of Universal Peace SWA Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l‐Bahá TB Tablas de Bahá’u’lláh v PREFACIO Este trabajo es en cierto modo la crónica acerca del fracaso de un numeroso grupo de hombres y mujeres idealistas en todo Occidente que habían invertido su tiempo, su energía, sus reputaciones y en algunos casos sus fortunas en diferentes proyectos sociales y políticos que tenían como denominador común un anhelor po mejorar el estado del mundo, o al menos una parte de él, y una visión optimista acerca de su destino. Contrariamente a sus expectativas, el estallido de la Primera Guerra Mundial segaría todos esos proyectos antes de que pudieran dar fruto alguno y sumiría a sus promotores en la frustración. Podría decirse que estas
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