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LENGUAS ARTIFICIALES (Y CÓMO CONSTRUIRLAS) XX ESCUELA DE GRAMATICA ESPAÑOLA «EMILIO ALARCOS» Santander, 15-19 De Julio

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LENGUAS ARTIFICIALES (Y CÓMO CONSTRUIRLAS) XX ESCUELA DE GRAMATICA ESPAÑOLA «EMILIO ALARCOS» Santander, 15-19 De Julio LENGUAS ARTIFICIALES (Y CÓMO CONSTRUIRLAS) XX ESCUELA DE GRAMATICA ESPAÑOLA «EMILIO ALARCOS» Santander, 15-19 de julio Carmen Galán Rodríguez (Universidad de Extremadura) [email protected] I. ALGUNAS CONFUSIONES HUMANAMENTE BABÉLICAS -Lengua artificial ≠ lengua perfecta ≠ lengua universal -Naturaleza (Φυσις) / convención (νόµος) -Lengua primigenia ≠ gramática universal -Lengua artificial ≠ lengua auxiliar -Lengua utópica (distópica) / lengua artificial II. ¿PARA QUÉ (Y POR QUÉ) SE INVENTAN LENGUAS ARTIFICIALES? 1. Garantizar la transparencia, racionalidad y univocidad de la comunicación científica (lenguas filosóficas o a priori). Georges Dalgarno (1661); John Wilkins (1668). 2. Reconstruir en una lengua artificial la supuesta perfección de la primitiva lingua adamica. La perfección reside en la capacidad para reflejar especularmente la realidad, de forma que exista una correspondencia absoluta entre palabras y cosas. 3. Facilitar y garantizar el comercio y el intercambio de ideas en un espacio internacional sin fronteras, que no será otro que el mundo de la cultura occidental (lenguas a posteriori). 4. Otorgar visos de credibilidad a los argumentos situados en «otros mundos» (utopías; CF de corte humanista) o contactar con otros mundos en estados de trance: las lenguas alienígenas de Hélène Smith. 5. Tres nuevas «especies» humanas: conlangers, auxlangers y unilangers. III. TIPOS DE LENGUAS ARTIFICIALES 3.1 Las lenguas artificiales a priori: entre la razón filosófica y la ciencia ficción 3.1.1. La impronta teológico-mítica de la Biblia (las lenguas como imago mundi y el mito de la lengua adámica) 3.1.2. El descubrimiento de la lengua china 3.1.3. La depuración filosófica del lenguaje: pasigrafías y pasifrasías: Lodwick, A Common Writing (1647); Cave Beck, Universal Character (1657); An Essay Towards An Universal Alphabet (1686); G. Dalgarno, Ars signorum (1661); J. Wilkins, An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language, (1668); F. Sudre, Solresol (1817-1866). 3.1.4. La revolución cosmológica y la pluralidad de mundos habitados (los nuevos paraísos laicos): Godwin, The Man in the Moone (1638); Foigny, Les avantures de Jacques Sadeur (1672) y otras. 3.2. El peso de la historia: las lenguas a posteriori (algunas) 3.2.1. Adopción de una lengua muerta, modificada para garantizar la regularidad. Sobre el latín: Latino sine flexione o Interlingua (Peano 1903), inspirador de numerosos proyectos similares. Sobre el griego: Ixessoire (Raymond y Lucien Poincaré 1879). Inspirado en el hebreo antiguo, el Lasonebr (Nilson 1897). 3.2.2. Adopción de una lengua viva. Sobre el inglés: Word English (Bell 1888), el Basic English (Ogden 1926-1930), basado en el Panoptic English del mismo autor e inspirador de la Interglossa (Lancelot 1943), el Synthetic Language (Pike 1922), el Synthetic English (Draper 1935) y el Ortografial Reform (Wood 1948); con base alemana, Wede (Baumann 1915), Weltdeutsch (Ostwald, 1916), Weltkurzsprache (Burian 1947); inspirado en el francés: Communicationssprache (Schipfer 1839), Langue Facile (Henderson 1889) y el Syllabaire Moderne Universel (Patoiglob) del abad Benjamin Bohin (1898). Sobre raíces italianas se crea la Lingua Franca Nuova (Bernard, 1888); y sobre el español, el Nuove Roman (Puchner, 1897), Lengua Española Universal (López Tomás 1918), Mundolingua (Diego Starrenburg 1922?; cuya gramática procede del Esperanto) y el Idioma Internacional Leno-gi-nasu (Andrés de la Cruz 1945). 3.2.3. Creación de una lengua artificial con los elementos más comunes y regulares de varias lenguas: Pantos-Dimou-Glossa (Rudelle 1858), construida con raíces naturales no deformadas procedentes de lenguas romances y una gramática regular basada en el inglés, el alemán y el ruso; Pasilingua (von Steiner 1885), basada en raíces poco deformadas del francés, inglés y alemán, aunque recurre a menudo al latín; Mundo-Lingue (Lott 1888), construido sobre un vocabulario internacional; Esperanto (Zamenhof 1887); Ido (Couturat y Beaufront 1907-09); Idiom Neutral (Rosenberg 1902; modificado por el autor en 1912); Novial (Jespersen 1928-1937); Occidental (Whal 1922); Mondial (Heimer 1943); Interlingua (1951), propuesta por la International Auxiliary Language Association. 3.2.4. Darwin «reinterpretado»: La tipología como tema utópico y otros proyectos menos serios: E. Bulwer Lytton, La raza futura (1871); D. Marani, Europanto (1996). 3.3. Las lenguas artísticas (ficcionales, conlangs) 3.3.1. Lingüistas creativos: Sindarin y quenya (Tolkien, 1892-1973); Klingon (Okrand, 1984 Star Trek); Na’vi (Frommer, Avatar de J. Cameron, 2009); Pársel (Nolan, Harry Potter II y la cámara de los secretos); Dothraki (David J. Peterson, 1981, para Juego de tronos, sobre las novelas de George R.R. Martin, Canción de Hielo y Fuego (1996-2011). Y otros menos elaborados, como el simlish o el minionés (Coffin, 2015) 3.3.2. ¿Dónde están las mujeres? Tres modelos: Hildegard von Bingen: Ignota Lingua (XII); H. Smith (XX): Théodore Flournoy, Des Indes à la planète Mars (1990) y S. H. Elguin (1984): Láadan 3.3.3. Lingüistas a bordo: la sombra de Sapir y Whorf es alargada 3.4. Del bisonte al whatsapp: el emoticoñol ¿TE ANIMAS? Albani, P. y Buonarroti, B. 2010. Dictionnaire des Langues Imaginaires, París: Les Belles Lettres. Alòs i Font, Hèctor. 2014. Les llengües planificades com a mètode d’investigació lingüística. Kataluna Esperantisto 362.3: 20-34. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/KatalunaEsperantisto/article/view/297763 Couturat, Louis y Leau, Leopold. 1903. Histoire de la langue universelle. Paris: Librairie Hachette. https://archive.org/details/histoiredelalang00coutuoft/page/n5 Galán Rodríguez, Carmen. 2009. Mundos de palabra. Utopías lingüísticas en la ficción literaria. Badajoz: Departamento de Publicaciones de la Diputación de Badajoz. Primer Premio Nacional de Ensayo Fernando Tomás Pérez. Galán Rodríguez, Carmen. 2012. Lenguas universales. En A. Zamorano Aguilar (coord. y ed.) Reflexión lingüística y lengua en la España del siglo XIX: marcos, panoramas y nuevas aportaciones. München: Lincom, pp. 417-442. Galán Rodríguez, Carmen. 2014. Lenguas, mujeres y otras cosas peligrosas”. En M.ª L. Calero et al. (eds.) Metodoś y resultados actuales en Historiografiá de la Linguï stí ca. I. Munster:̈ Nodus Publikationen, pp. 214- 235. Galán Rodríguez, Carmen. 2015. ¿Hay alguien ahí fuera? Lenguas y códigos en la ciencia ficción. En S. Robles (ed.) Pragmatica,́ Discurso y Norma. Madrid: Arco-Libros, pp. 97-133. Galán Rodríguez, Carmen. 2016. En los márgenes del lenguaje: los outsiders de la Lingüística”. En G. Haßler, M.ª L. Calero Vaquera (eds.) La Historiografía de la lingüística y la memoria de la lingüística moderna. Münster: Nodus Publikationen. Galán Rodríguez, Carmen. 2017. “La construcción del género en algunas lenguas a priori”. En J.R. Sarmiento Guede y F. Vilches (eds.) Filología, comunicación y otros estudios, Madrid, Dykinson, pp. 77- 94. Galán Rodríguez, Carmen. 2017. La invención de lenguas musicales en la literatura de viajes fantásticos del siglo XVII. Revista argentina de historiografía lingüística (RAHL), 9: 1, 39-57. http://www.rahl.com.ar/index.php/rahl/article/view/125 Galán Rodríguez, Carmen. 2018. Género, sexo y lenguas artificiales. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historiografía Lingüística 12: 75-93. http://www.sehl.es/uploads/9/1/6/8/91680780/010_04_carmen_gala%E2%95%A0%C3%BCn. pdf Galán Rodríguez, Carmen. 2019. Glosolalias femeninas e invención de lenguas. Premio XXII de Ensayo “Leonor de Guzmán”, Córdoba, Ediciones de la Universidad de Córdoba, 156 pp. Gobbo, Federico. 2016. Are planned languages less complex than natural languages? Languages Sciences http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2016.10.003 Henning, Jeffrey. Model Languages. https://www.datapacrat.com/True/LANG/JAHENN~1/ML0103A.HTM Jaén Martín, Miguel. 2017. Cómo crear una lengua. Manual para elaborar un idioma propio. Berenice. Okrent, Arika (2009). In the Land of Invented Languages Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build a Perfect Language. Nova York: Spiegel & Grau. Rosenfelder, Mark. 2010. The Language Construction Kit. Chicago: Yonagu Books. Rosenfelder, Mark. 2012. Advanced. Language Construction. Chicago: Yonagu Books. http://www.zompist.com/kit.html http://es.wikihow.com/crear-un-idioma .
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