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Mars Surface Missions Require Light, Efficient and Robust Passive Bulk Insulation to Survive the Harsh and Dynamic Thermal Environment

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Mars Surface Missions Require Light, Efficient and Robust Passive Bulk Insulation to Survive the Harsh and Dynamic Thermal Environment PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: PANDEY First name: SIDDHARTH Other name/s: Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: School: SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION Faculty: AEROSPACE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Title: NATURAL CONVECTION IN STEP PROFILE GAS GAPS WITHIN MARS ROVERS Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) Mars surface missions require light, efficient and robust passive bulk insulation to survive the harsh and dynamic thermal environment. Gas gap insulations potentially offer a clear benefit over other existing solutions given their light and robust setup. However, onset and establishment of thermal convection within these enclosures poses a risk to deteriorating performance of the thermal control. Natural thermal convection within the gas gap enclosure is strongly dependent on the gap configuration and boundary conditions and has not been sufficiently investigated for relevant geometries by ongoing Mars rover thermal tests. The problem of convection in gas gaps is even more critical for rover teams dependent only on passive and electrical heating for their gas gap insulation maintenance. A cylindrical single step enclosure problem is selected for the investigation. Thermal convection onset and stabilisation is measured using T-type thermocouples in a Mars environment setting. The variation of Rayleigh number by adjusting bulk fluid temperature, gas pressure, heating arrangement and rover tilt is shown on the overall local and average Nusselt numbers with numerical and experimental tests. Finally, numerical modelling is used to show the impact of three dimensional flow patterns on the localised and average Nusselt numbers. The work leads to generation of heat transfer correlations for Rayleigh number variations, temperature and velocity predictions for the benefit of Mars rover thermal teams and adds to the limited understanding of natural convection within cylindrical enclosures for low Rayleigh number problems. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………..……………… ……….……………………...…….… Signature Witness Signature Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.’ ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Natural Convection in Step Profile Gas Gaps within Mars Rovers Siddharth Pandey A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Engineering and Information Technology March 2018 i Statement of Originality I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been ac- cepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. ii Natural convection in rover gas gaps can lead to thermal losses critical to the power budget, if the combined effects of specific gap geometry, gap orientation and boundary conditions are not completely accounted for. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank UNSW Canberra for the award of the Research Training Scholarship to support my doctoral research in Canberra, Australia. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Sean Tuttle and Dr. John Young, for giving me the opportunity to study at UNSW Canberra and work on this exciting topic of research. Their friendly and understanding nature along with years of combined experience in experi- mental testing and numerical modelling helped me tremendously throughout the doctoral process. I would like to thank the staff members of the Technical Support Group at the School of Engineering and Information Technology (Daniel Korab, Darryl Budarick, Doug Collier, Marcus Almeida, James Baxter), GridPro Technical consultant Mr. Samuel Ebenezer and the Research Staff members at UNSW Canberra Space (Dr. Philippe Lorrain, Dr. Michael Petkovic) for their invaluable support towards the completion of my experiments. This research project was undertaken with the assistance of resources and services from the National Computational Infrastructure (NCI), which is supported by the Australian Government. Acknowledgements are in order to all my colleagues and friends in Can- berra, Lorin, Courtney, David J, Jonathan C, Amin, Anna, George, Kami, Paris, Claire, Firdaus, Rounak, Alex, Ern, Carol, Ali, Jai, Steve and Amna for their support and feedback. My friends back home in India and elsewhere who supported me through crucial times, Ram, Subho, Adhiraj, Ujjwal, Varun, Lavanya, Ankit, Ashna, Shekhar, Siddharth, Kavya, Rachel and Preeti. I would like to thank Wing Cdr (Retd.) Ram Swaroop Tarnacha for inspiring me to take up the challenge of a doctoral research in Aerospace Engineering. My sincere gratitude and respect for my parents, Commodore (Retd.) Ajay Kumar Pandey and Amita Pandey, my brother Aditya Pandey, without their sacrifices and continuous belief in me, I would never be able to achieve my goals. Finally, to my wife, Aarti Subhedar, without whom I would never finish this work, I love you. iv Publications • Pandey, S., Tuttle, S., Young, J. `Tackling Convective Heat Losses within Mars Surface Mission Systems.' 68th International Astronauti- cal Congress, Sep 25-29 2017, Adelaide, Australia. • Pandey, S., Tuttle, S., Young, J. `Designing an Experiment to Improve the Understanding of Thermal Convection to aid Gas Gap Design of Mars Rovers.' 16th Australian Space Research Conference, Sep 26-28 2016, Melbourne, Australia. 1 Contents 1 Abstract 11 2 Introduction 12 2.1 Why explore Mars? . 12 2.2 Mars: A challenging thermal environment . 13 2.2.1 Overview . 13 2.2.2 Mission-specific Thermal Challenges . 13 2.2.3 Passive Thermal Control Solutions . 16 2.2.4 Testing Gas Gap Insulation for Bulk Insulation . 16 2.3 Fundamental complexities in modelling Enclosure-bound Nat- ural Convection . 18 2.3.1 Overview . 18 2.3.2 Relevant Geometry Selection . 18 2.3.3 Relevant Boundary Condition Definition . 19 2.4 Summary of Motivations . 20 2.5 Research Questions and Objectives . 20 2.5.1 Research Questions . 20 2.5.2 Research Objectives . 21 2.6 Thesis Outline . 21 3 Literature Review 23 3.1 Fundamental Natural Convection . 23 3.1.1 Introduction . 23 3.1.2 Internal Natural Convection . 28 3.1.3 Natural Convection in Low Ra regimes . 34 3.1.4 Natural Convection in Non-Conventional Enclosures Geometries . 36 3.1.5 Summary of Observations . 37 3.2 Thermal Management in Mars Rovers and Landers . 38 3.2.1 NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Mars Rover Thermal Team . 38 3.2.2 Airbus Defence and Space: ExoMars 2020 Rover Ther- mal Design and Analysis .
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