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Préface Le Culte Des Héros En Europe Centrale

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Préface Le Culte Des Héros En Europe Centrale Le Culte des héros Études et Travaux est une publication d’Eur’ORBEM (UMR 8224). Son objet est de faire connaître et de diffuser les travaux que les chercheurs mènent sur les cultures, expressions et sociétés des pays d’Europe centrale, orientale et balkanique (histoire, histoire culturelle, littératures, langues, arts et civilisations). Issues de colloques et de journées d’étude, ces contributions permettent de faire un état des lieux sur la recherche dans ce domaine. Les numéros sont consultables en ligne sur le site d’Eur’Orbem (http://eurorbem.paris-sorbonne.fr). Directeur de la publication : Adresse de la rédaction : Xavier Galmiche Éditrice : Les Éditions d’Eur’Orbem Stéphanie Cirac Stéphanie Cirac Traductions et relectures en 9 rue Michelet anglais: 75006 Paris Claire Brown 01 43 26 66 03 Robert Fowler [email protected] Clara Royer L’Unité mixte de recherche (UMR-8224) Eur’ORBEM, sous la double tutelle de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne et du CNRS, se consacre aux cultures et sociétés d’Europe orientale, balkanique et médiane, en partenariat avec le GDR « Connaissance de l’Europe médiane » et l’Institut d’études slaves. L’Eur’ORBEM se définit comme un centre de recherche fondamentale et d’information à diffusion large sur les cultures et expressions des pays d’Europe centrale, orientale et balkanique. Le Culte des héros en Europe centrale 1880-1945 Sous la direction de Eszter Balázs et Clara Royer Ce recueil est tiré du colloque : Le culte des héros en Europe centrale (1880-1945) Aspects transnationaux et interdisciplinaires (Budapest, 12-13 novembre 2010 – Paris, 25-26 novembre 2011) Ont contribué à la réalisation de ce colloque : Le CIRCE/CRECOB de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), les départements d’études du genre et d’histoire de l’Université d’Europe centrale (CEU) et Pasts Inc., le Centre d’études historiques, l’Institut de la Culture polonaise de l’Université de Varsovie, l’Institut d’histoire de l’Académie slovaque des sciences. Avec le soutien de l’Institut hongrois de Paris, de l’Association des amis de l’Institut hongrois, du Centre tchèque ISBN 979-10-96982-14-1 ISSN 2553-5838 Le Culte des héros Sous la direction de Eszter Balázs et Clara Royer TABLE DES MATIÈRES Eszter Balázs et Clara Royer – Préface ......................................................5 Des héros hors-normes : La canonisation des marginaux Daniel Baric – Les uscoques, héros au grand cœur ou antihéros cardio- phages ? Du héros collectif à Zora la Rousse .....................................................23 Katarzyna Pabijanek – The Making of a Hero. The Problematic Heroism of Emilia Plater and Berek Joselewicz ...........................................................53 Xavier Galmiche – Homohéroïsme / homoérotisme. Contexte centre-européen et cas tchèque (années 1880-1930) ..................................73 Culte des héros et mobilisations politiques Michel Masłowski – Józef Piłsudski, héros de la Pologne .......................91 Balázs Sipos – Representation of heroines of the Great War and of the post-war period in Hungary ..........................................................................117 Gerben Zaagsma – Tracing the ‘Jewish Freedom Fighter’. The legacy of Naftali Botwin and the construction of a transnational cult of Jewish heroes ................................................................................................................137 Andrea Pető – Les héroïnes improbables de l’extrême-droite : Genre et mouvements politiques dans la Hongrie de l’entre-deux-guerres .............165 Autohéroïsations et alternatives Dietlind Hüchtker Heroes, Heroines, Sacrifices and Victims. Political Strategies in the Writings of Rosa Pomeranz, Natalja Kobryns’ka and Maria Wysłouchowa........................................................................................181 Mateusz Chmurski. Becoming an (anti)hero. From Diaristic Pact to Self-Heroicization in the Works of Karol Irzykowski, Ladislav Klíma and Géza Csáth ................................................................................................199 Eszter Balázs – Entre débat et combat. Pratiques et représentations du duel chez les écrivains de la revue moderniste Nyugat au début du XXe siècle ..........................................................................................................229 Résumés et Abstracts ......................................................................................271 2019 Préface Le culte des héros en Europe centrale Eszter Balázs et Clara Royer Eur’Orbem, Cultures et sociétés d’Europe orientale, balkanique et médiane (UMR 8224, CNRS/Sorbonne Université) Études et travaux d’Eur’ORBEM, décembre 2019, pp. 5-20 6 Eszter Balász & Clara Royer ans un récent recueil d’études intitulé Handbook of Heroism and DHeroic Leadership, des chercheurs en sciences sociales, en parti- culier de psychologie, se donnaient pour tâche de comprendre les fondements éthiques, psychologiques, spirituels et interpersonnels de l’héroïsme (Allison, Goethals & Kramer, 2017). Cette diversité mé- thodologique manifeste un intérêt renouvelé pour les héros, jusqu’alors domaine de prédilection des études littéraires et de l’anthropologie du récit1, mais aussi, entre discrédits et retours en grâce, de l’historiogra- phie depuis le XIXe siècle – qu’on songe aux écrits de l’Écossais Thomas Carlyle qui, face au radicalisme politique comme à ses propres incerti- tudes épistémologiques, réhabilitait dans les années 1840 le culte des héros dans la science historique : « Selon moi, l’Histoire universelle, l’histoire de ce que l’homme a accompli sur cette Terre, n’est au fond pas autre chose que l’Histoire des grands hommes qui ont œuvré ici- bas » (Carlyle, 1998, p. 23)2. En explorant ses enjeux en Europe centrale entre la fin du XIXe siècle et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, notre volume s’inscrit dans ce renouveau scientifique plus large sur la fabrique des héros et de leurs cultes. À travers cette question, il vise à éclairer les spé- cificités et les similitudes de la région par rapport à l’Europe occidentale. Délaissant l’approche monographique qui présenterait les héros sous les traits de grands hommes, il s’attache à montrer comment des groupes marginalisés et défavorisés ont pu recourir aux héros dans leurs com- bats pour l’émancipation politique et/ou sociale. Paradoxalement, ces figures de l’héroïsme émancipateur sont des émules des héros célébrés par les pouvoirs institués. Le héros, figure soumise aux interprétations ici réductrices, là contradictoires, sans cesse menacé par la contestation ou la subversion, est un objet de réécriture constante, dont les mises en scène s’articulent entre oubli et rémanence3. Il n’est qu’à examiner l’historiographie communiste des pays 1. On renverra ici au célèbre ouvrage de Joseph Campbell, par ailleurs bible des scéna- ristes, qui décrit le parcours archétypal du héros – « Départ », « Initiation », « Retour » (Campbell, 2008). 2. Pour une analyse du culte des héros selon Carlyle comme enjeu épistémologique pour l’histoire, voir Sabina Loriga (2010, pp. 62-92). 3. Voir aussi Pierre Centlivres, Daniel Fabre et Françoise Zonabend (1999). Le culte des héros Le Culte des héros en Europe centrale : préface 7 centre-européens pour constater la prééminence des figures hé- roïques4. Dans les démocraties populaires, la fabrique des héros révo- lutionnaires se développa parallèlement aux cultes de la personnalité, tandis que l’historiographie marxiste intégrait certains héros du passé en réinterprétant leurs destins selon la dialectique de rigueur5. Mais depuis la fin des régimes communistes en 1989, les études sur les héros et leurs cultes à l’époque que nous avons retenue ont été rela- tivement peu nombreuses en comparaison avec celles dédiées d’une part, au Vormärz et au romantisme, d’autre part aux déconstructions et reconstructions des héros dans les sociétés post-communistes6. En effet, la recherche a beaucoup mis en lumière le rôle que le culte des héros a pu jouer dans la construction des identités nationales en Europe à l’ère des « réveils nationaux »7. Cependant, les spécifi- cités relatives aux années 1880-1945, époque de modernisation ra- pide, d’industrialisation et d’avènement des cultures de masse, ont été moins étudiées pour cette région. Au lendemain de la Grande Guerre, 4. Ainsi, l’héroïsation du travailleur stakhanoviste est bien connue. Pour le cas hongrois, cf. Sándor Horváth (2002). Pour l’héroïsation des « héros ré- volutionnaires » en Hongrie, cf. Péter Apor (2005). Enfin, sur l’intégration des héros du passé au panthéon socialiste, voir par exemple Andrea Talabér (2014) sur les usages des saints médiévaux en Tchécoslovaquie et en Hongrie. 5. Au point que des héros n’ayant jamais existé furent aussi promus : ainsi en Hongrie du capitaine Guszev, un soldat russe qui aurait combattu aux côtés des honvéd hongrois lors de la guerre d’indépendance de 1848-1849, ce qui est une pure fiction. Voir Boldizsár Vörös (2014). 6. Sur la période post-communiste, on mentionnera à titre d’exemple l’ouvrage collectif dirigé par Korine Amacher et Leonid Heller, Le retour des héros. La reconstitution des mythologies nationales à l’heure du postcommunisme (2010). Voir aussi le livre de Clara Royer et Petra James qui cerne certaines des décon- structions littéraires des figures héroïques dans l’Europe post-communiste, à commencer par celle de l’écrivain-dissident (Royer & James, 2013). 7. Voir par exemple les sections consacrées aux héros nationaux dans deux anthologies : en français, dans Maria Delaperrière,
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