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Les Politiques De Développement Régional D'une Zone Périphérique

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Les Politiques De Développement Régional D'une Zone Périphérique Les politiques de développement régional d’une zone périphérique chinoise, le cas de la province de Hainan Sébastien Goulard To cite this version: Sébastien Goulard. Les politiques de développement régional d’une zone périphérique chinoise, le cas de la province de Hainan . Science politique. EHESS, 2014. Français. tel-01111893 HAL Id: tel-01111893 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01111893 Submitted on 31 Jan 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License ÉCOLE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES Thèse en vue de l‟obtention du Doctorat en socio-économie du développement Sébastien GOULARD Les politiques de développement régional d’une zone périphérique chinoise, le cas de la province de Hainan Thèse dirigée par François GIPOULOUX, directeur de recherche au CNRS Présentée et soutenue publiquement à l‟École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales à Paris, le 18 décembre 2014. Membres du jury : François GIPOULOUX, directeur de recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Athar HUSSAIN, professeur, The London School of Economics and Political Science (rapporteur) Marie-Vic OZOUF-MARIGNIER, directrice d'études, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Xavier RICHET, professeur émérite, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 (rapporteur) ÉCOLE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES Thèse en vue de l‟obtention du Doctorat en socio-économie du développement Sébastien GOULARD Les politiques de développement régional d’une zone périphérique chinoise, le cas de la province de Hainan Thèse dirigée par François GIPOULOUX, directeur de recherche au CNRS Présentée et soutenue publiquement à l‟École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales à Paris, le 18 décembre 2014. Membres du jury : François GIPOULOUX, directeur de recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Athar HUSSAIN, professeur, The London School of Economics and Political Science (rapporteur) Marie-Vic OZOUF-MARIGNIER, directrice d'études, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Xavier RICHET, professeur émérite, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 (rapporteur) Remerciements Je voudrais tout d‟abord remercier Monsieur François Gipouloux qui a dirigé cette thèse, pour sa disponibilité, son soutien, sa confiance et ses conseils. Je tiens à le remercier aussi pour m‟avoir impliqué dans le programme de recherche européen UrbaChina. Au-delà des aspects professionnel et financier, la participation à ce projet m‟a permis de mieux appréhender les questions relatives au développement de la Chine. Je remercie aussi les chercheurs, les doctorants et le personnel du CECMC pour leurs conseils et leur accueil. J‟aimerais aussi remercier les membres de mon jury : Madame Marie-Vic Ozouf-Marignier et Messieurs Athar Hussain et Xavier Richet. J‟exprime tous mes remerciements pour les personnes que j‟ai rencontrées lors de mes recherches et qui ont pris le temps de répondre à mes questions et qui se sont intéressées à mes travaux. Je remercie tout particulièrement Monsieur Friedrich Flakowski pour avoir partagé ses photographies de Haikou du début du XXe siècle et dévoilé une partie de son enfance à Hainan. Je voudrais aussi remercier Brendan Worrell pour nos discussions à propos de l‟histoire de Hainan. Je tiens aussi à remercier Mesdames Ceng Li et Yuan Lixin à Haikou pour m‟avoir assisté et accompagné dans de nombreux entretiens. Leur aide m‟a été très précieuse. Je remercie les responsables de l‟Ecole doctorale pour m‟avoir accordé une aide financière pour la participation à des colloques notamment à Hong Kong et à la Nouvelle Orléans. Enfin, je tiens aussi à remercier ma famille qui m‟a soutenu et aidé durant toutes ces années. i Résumé Les politiques de développement régional d’une zone périphérique chinoise, le cas de la province de Hainan La Chine connaît de fortes inégalités régionales en termes de développement. Pour lutter contre ce déséquilibre, le gouvernement central a lancé plusieurs campagnes de développement régional. Malgré ces efforts, les inégalités entre régions persistent. Cette thèse a pour objet l‟étude d‟un plan de développement régional dans une région périphérique chinoise dans un contexte de transition. Longtemps marginalisée, la province de Hainan fait l‟objet de politiques visant à la transformer en destination touristique internationale pour 2020. Notre étude se concentre sur les relations entre les différents acteurs de ce plan, et révèle que ces politiques régionales ne mettent pas fin à la situation périphérique de Hainan. Si les investissements réalisés dans les infrastructures ont permis de briser l‟isolement de la province, ces mesures ont accru l‟influence du pouvoir central sur l‟île, et Hainan reste une région frontière hautement stratégique aux yeux de Beijing, notamment pour soutenir ses revendications en mer de Chine méridionale. Cette étude s‟interroge aussi sur le rôle des entreprises d‟Etat dans l‟application de ce plan et montre que la collusion entre administration et entreprises, source de conflits d‟intérêts, est un frein à sa réussite. Ces politiques ont aussi fragilisé l‟économie de l‟île en accentuant sa dépendance à l‟égard du secteur immobilier, et favorisé les inégalités entre communautés. En se focalisant sur les infrastructures et en délaissant les questions de gouvernance et les enjeux sociaux, les plans de développement régional chinois n‟atteignent pas leur objectif Ŕ la province de Hainan n‟est toujours pas une destination internationale majeureŔ, et ne mettent pas fin aux inégalités régionales. Mots-clefs : Chine, Hainan, centre-périphérie, tourisme, politiques de développement. ii Abstract Regional development policies in a Chinese peripheral region: the case of Hainan province China suffers from strong regional inequalities in terms of development. To fight against this imbalance, the central government has launched several regional campaigns. In spite of these efforts, regional inequalities persist. This thesis aims to study the regional development of one of China‟s peripheral regions in the context of transition. Long marginalized, policies have now been implemented in Hainan to transform the province into an international tourism destination by 2020. This study focuses on the relations between the different actors involved in this plan, and reveals that these regional policies will not put an end to the peripheral status of Hainan. The province is no longer isolated thanks to heavy investment in infrastructure, but these measures have increased the influence of the central government on the island, and Hainan remains a highly strategic frontier region in the eyes of Beijing. This study also questions the role of state-owned enterprises in the implementation of this plan and shows that the collusion between government and companies prevent the plan‟s success because of conflicts of interests. These policies have weakened the island‟s economy by increasing its dependence on real estate, and have increased inequality between communities. By focusing on infrastructure and neglecting governance and social issues, China‟s regional development plans are not achieving their goals Ŕ Hainan province is still not a main international destination Ŕ, and are not putting an end to regional inequalities. Keywords: China, Hainan, core-periphery, tourism, development policies, iii 摘要 中国周边地区的区域发展政策: 以海南省为例 中国的区域发展具有不平等发展特性，为防止区域间的不平等竞争，中国政府推出了 许多区域发展政策。然而，即使有这些政府扶植，区域间的不平衡发展仍然存在。本 论文指在探讨在中国转型背景下的周边地区区域发展规划，以长期被边缘化的海南省 为例，在政府的许多作为之下期望在2020年成为国际旅游重点区域。 本研究的重点在于探索区域发展下不同成员间的关系，并揭示出这些区域政策事实上 无法帮助海南摆脱边缘化的地位，虽然地方政府执行许多基础措施来打破省际方面的 界线，然而这些措施仍显示中央政府对于地方的重大影响力，海南仍在北京的高度的 控制下发展。 本研究同时针对国有企业角色进行探讨，揭示出国家行政单位与企业间的合作策略。 另外，本研究呈现出政策作为事实上削弱岛内的经济，使得地方政府更加对房地产业 的依赖，形成区域内的不平等。由于政府专注于基础设施建设，忽视了治理问题和社 会问题，使得海南一直无法达到其国际重要的地位，进一步使得中国区域间的发展更 加不平等 关键词:中国、海南，中心-边陲，旅游业，发展政策 iv Sommaire Remerciements ...................................................................................................................... i Résumé .................................................................................................................................. ii Table des illustrations ...................................................................................................... xvii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 A) Objectifs de la thèse ................................................................................................... 2 B) Hypothèses ................................................................................................................. 2 C) Les concepts étudiés dans notre thèse ........................................................................ 3 1. Centre et périphérie .......................................................................... 3 a) La périphérie chez Wallerstein ............................................................................ 3 b) Les « économies-mondes » de Fernand Braudel
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