Kirchberger-Informelle Regeln Der Politik in China

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Kirchberger-Informelle Regeln Der Politik in China D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH č GmbH Kova Dr. Verlag [c] D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH č GmbH Kova Dr. Verlag [c] D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH Schriftenreihe POLITICA Schriftenreihe zur politischen Wissenschaft Band 61 ISSN 1435-6643 Verlag Dr. Kovač č GmbH Kova Dr. Verlag [c] D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH Sarah Kirchberger Informelle Regeln der Politik in China und Taiwan Verlag Dr. Kovač č GmbH Kova Dr. Verlag [c] D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH VERLAG DR. KOVAČ Arnoldstraße 49 · 22763 Hamburg · Tel. 040 - 39 88 80-0 · Fax 040 - 39 88 80-55 E-Mail [email protected] · Internet www.verlagdrkovac.de Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. ISSN 1435-6643 ISBN 3-8300-1374-4 Zugl.: Dissertation, Universität Hamburg, 2004 © VERLAG DR. KOVAČ in Hamburg 2004 Printed in Germany Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Nachdruck, fotomechanische Wiedergabe, Aufnahme in Online-Dienste und Internet sowie Vervielfältigung auf Datenträgern wie CD-ROM etc. nur nach schriftlicher Zustimmung des Verlages. Gedruckt auf holz-, chlor- und säurefreiem Papier Munken Book. Munken Book ist č GmbH alterungsbeständig und erfüllt die Normen für Archivbeständigkeit ANSI 3948 und ISO 9706. Kova Dr. Verlag [c] D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH Vorwort Ohne die Unterstützung zahlreicher Menschen, die mir in vielfältiger Weise geholfen haben, hätte ich diese Studie kaum fertigstellen können. Besonderen Dank schulde ich dem Betreuer dieser Arbeit, Professor Dr. Michael Friedrich, und dem zweiten Gutachter, Professor Dr. Hans Stumpfeldt, für viele wichtige Hinweise und konstruktiv kritische Bemerkungen. Ebenso danke ich den Mitgliedern meines Disputations- ausschusses für die anregenden Fragen, die manche inhaltliche Klarstellung veranlaßten. Die Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes hat dieses Projekt mit einem Promotions- stipendium unterstützt und mir die Durchführung mehrerer Rechercheaufenthalte in Bei- jing, Hongkong und Taiwan ermöglicht. Von 2000 bis Anfang 2002 habe ich am Lehrstuhl für die Politik Ostasiens der Univer- sität Trier sehr von den dortigen Ressourcen profitiert. Den damaligen Kollegen möchte ich herzlich für viele fachliche Hinweise und praktische Hilfestellungen danken: Prof. Dr. Sebastian Heilmann, Dr. Jörn Gottwald und Kristin Kupfer, M.A. Wertvolle inhalt- liche Anregungen und konstruktive Kritik erhielt ich auch von den Teilnehmern der 3. Brühler Tagung junger Asienexperten 2001. Ein herzlicher Dank geht schließlich an Bernhard Bartsch in Beijing und Johannes Goeth und Frau in Taipei, die mir die jewei- ligen Aufenthalte dort sehr verschönert haben. Sehr dankbar bin ich auch meiner Familie, die mich in jeder Hinsicht unterstützt hat. Meinem Ehemann Christian und meiner Tochter Daria ist dieses Buch gewidmet. Hamburg, im Februar 2004 Sarah Kirchberger č GmbH Kova Dr. Verlag [c] D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH č GmbH Kova Dr. Verlag [c] D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung....................................................................................................................9 1.1 Problemstellung und Themenabgrenzung ........................................................................10 1.2 Forschungsstand................................................................................................................17 1.3 Verfügbare und verwendete Quellen ................................................................................19 1.4 Methodischer Ansatz.........................................................................................................23 2 Methodische Ansätze zur Analyse informeller Institutionen......................................27 2.1 Einführung.........................................................................................................................27 2.2 Realpolitik und Faktionalismus ........................................................................................28 2.3 Kulturgebundenheit politischen Handelns........................................................................34 2.4 Netzwerkanalysen..............................................................................................................38 2.5 Bürokratische Aushandlung..............................................................................................42 2.6 Die Bedeutung des Handlungskontextes ..........................................................................43 3 Institutionelle Charakteristika der politischen Führungssysteme................................49 3.1 VR China: Besonderheiten der Institutionenordnung.......................................................49 3.1.1 Institutionelle Merkmale des Führungssystems........................................................50 3.1.2 Organisationstypus und Führungssystem der KPCh.................................................52 3.1.3 Informelle Institutionen der Interaktion ....................................................................64 3.1.4 Fazit...........................................................................................................................81 3.2 Taiwan: Besonderheiten der Institutionenordnung...........................................................82 3.2.1 Institutionelle Merkmale der Verfassungsordnung ..................................................84 3.2.2 Organisationstypus und Führungssystem der GMD.................................................90 3.2.3 Schlüsselakteure und informelle Institutionen der Interaktion...............................102 3.2.4 Fazit.........................................................................................................................119 3.3 Vergleichende Aspekte....................................................................................................120 4 Informelle Regeln der Interaktion in Führungskonflikten: Vier Fallstudien.............123 4.1 Konflikte über Führungspersonal und politische Programme.........................................123 4.1.1 VR China: Die Einleitung der Reform- und Öffnungspolitik.................................123 4.1.2 Taiwan: Die Einleitung eines demokratischen Reformprozesses...........................161 4.1.3 Vergleichende Aspekte............................................................................................196 4.2 Konflikte über Fragen der politischen Grundordnung....................................................198 4.2.1 VR China: Konflikte zwischen „Reformern“ und „Orthodoxen“...........................199 4.2.2 Taiwan: Konflikte über die Reform der Verfassung...............................................240 4.2.3 Vergleichende Aspekte............................................................................................265 4.3 Ergebnisse: Informelle Regeln in Führungskonflikten Chinas und Taiwans..................267 5 Schlußfolgerungen...................................................................................................275 6 Literaturverzeichnis.................................................................................................281 7 Abkürzungen............................................................................................................299 č GmbH Kova Dr. Verlag [c] D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH č GmbH Kova Dr. Verlag [c] D1374 - veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons Lizenz - urheberrechtlich geschützt [c] Verlag Dr. Kovač GmbH 1 Einleitung Lange Zeit befaßte sich die sozialwissenschaftliche Institutionenforschung vornehmlich mit dem Studium von Verfassungen und anderen formalen Regelwerken, die die Beson- derheiten einer staatlichen Ordnung ausmachen. Damit schien das wesentliche Element der vergleichenden politischen Systemforschung gefunden zu sein. Erst in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten rückten auch die ungeschriebenen, informellen Regeln der poli- tischen Interaktion ins Zentrum der Wahrnehmung. Nicht erst am problematischen Verlauf der Transformationsprozesse in den ehemaligen Ostblockstaaten wurde deutlich, daß der Erlaß einer neuen Verfassung allein noch keine Garantie für eine gelungene Transformation darstellt. Die tatsächlich ablaufenden politischen Prozesse können durch die Betrachtung formaler Institutionen allein nicht erfaßt werden. Der Begriff „Institution“ wird in dieser Arbeit, entsprechend den Gepflogenheiten der Institutionenökonomie, im Sinne von „Regelwerken“, „Konventionen“ oder „Spiel- regeln“ verwendet. Institutionen sind demnach diejenigen Normen, die das Verhalten von Akteuren in Interaktionssituationen prägen und beeinflussen. Kollektiv handelnde Einheiten mit Akteurscharakter hingegen, etwa einzelne Staatsorgane, Vereinigungen, Unternehmen oder informelle Gruppierungen, werden in dieser Arbeit nicht als „Institu-
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