DOCSLIB.ORG

What Drives the Renewed Controversy About “The Angel”? Artical Name : What Drives the Renewed Controversy About “The Angel

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What Drives the Renewed Controversy About “The Angel”? Artical Name : What Drives the Renewed Controversy About “The Angel Artical Name : What Drives the Renewed Controversy about ³The Angel´" Artical Subject : What Drives the Renewed Controversy about ³The Angel´" Publish Date: 02/11/2017 Auther Name: Saeed Okasha Subject : The curious case of Ashraf Marwan, the husband of Mona, daughter of former Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, continues to attract the attention of Israelis, as well as Egyptians and Arabs after Uri Bar-Joseph¶s ³The Angel: The Egyptian Spy Who Saved Israel´came out amid continued debate over the controversial figure considered by Zvi Zamir, the Mossad Chief, as a loyal individual who disclosed to the Israelis accurate intelligence to the Israelis including the timing of the October 1973 War against Israel was imminent. But Eli Zeira, the director of Israel¶s Military Intelligence in the 1973 War and the main culprit in the intelligence fiasco prior to the war, insists that Marwan, operating then under the Mossad code-name "The Angel, was a double spy who was well-handled by Egypt and deceived the Israelis and even causing their defeat in the war. The two men took to court in 2005, when Zamir accused Zeira of revealing Marwan¶s identity in 1993 to newspapers, academics and researchers. The case was closed in 2012 sparing Zeira official indictment.³The Angel´revives the case once again showing a clear bias in favor of Mossad by claiming that Marwan was a Mossad agent and not a double agent, rejected suggestions that he committed suicide and claimed that he was killed by the Egyptian intelligence. War of Conflicting AccountsBar-Joseph is a well-known professor of international relations at Haifa University, and a specialist in national security, intelligence studies and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Which is the very reason why his book sounds like a weird and suspicious account of the story that looks more like a journalistic report citing weak sources such as newspapers, magazines and personal meetings with relevant people. The aim is to give more credibility to the story. The author even claims that he read four big volumes about Marwan that are kept by the Mossad¶s archive. Bar-Joseph¶s treatment of his postulations on which he founded these conclusion reveal a great deal of conflicting information, assessments and readings that does not reflect his stature as a renowned academic in Israel. He even does not appear to be aware of the negative picture he presented to the Mossad. His book shows that Marwan¶s Mossad handlers committed violations of basic professional rules that no intelligence agency would tolerate.Debunking the Double-Spy TheoryThe author began his book by rejecting the old story leaked to London-based Israeli historian Ahron Bregman during meeting with Eli Zeira in mid 1990s. This narrative claims that Ashraf Marwan went to the Israeli Embassy in late 1968 to offer his services to the Israelis. Bar-Joseph knew that such as story full of holes is not credible. How a well-known man like Marwan, then a staffer at the Egyptian Embassy, can go to the embassy of his country's enemy number one without planning, hiding and cheating while knowing that the Israeli Embassy must be under heavy surveillance from more than one party, including the intelligence agencies of Egypt, Britain and great powers.To amend the narrative, Bar- Joseph claimed that Marwan did not go to the Israeli embassy but contacted it in early 1970 and again five months later. In both times, his calls were answered by the Israeli military attache (who was replaced later). Unknowing that Marwan was the son-in-law of the Egyptian president, both attaches could not see why Marwan should be an important figure. The author claims that Israel would have missed this opportunity had it not been for a stroke of bizarre chance that in later 1970 Mossad officials heard the story of the Egyptian who wants to help Israel. In January 1970, the two Israeli officials called Marwan on a phone number that he gave to the Israeli military attache. At a London hotel, where the meeting was held, Marwan gave two Mossad agents - one of them was named Dubi- what was supposed to be top-secret information about the Egyptian army. Dubi¶s colleague who ascertained that the secret documents were authentic, asked Marwan to provide, in a second meeting, answers to certain questions about Egypt¶s military plans, order of battle and type of equipment and whether or not President Anwar Sadat was planning to carry out his threats to wage a war on Israel. Later, in April 1971, after handing over the required information to the Mossad, Marwan was approved to be a agent for Israel. But due to several logical contradictions, this story cannot be easily accepted. Because he was supposed to be kept under a watchful eye by several parties, it was easy to expose Marwan during his visit to the Israeli embassy or at those meetings at the hotel. Moreover, the two Mossad agents violated the strict rule of not accepting offers from walk-ins or volunteers because taking the risk would raise the possibility that Marwan is a double agent used by another intelligence agency. Another rule that was violated is that Mossad agents should not deal with any requests without prior permission from their leaders, which the two Mossad agents did in London, according to the author. Bar-Joseph says that it took Israel only seven months - between Marwan¶s first meeting with the Mossad agents and the Mossad¶s approval to name him a new agent- to verify that he was not a double-spy used by the Egyptian intelligence. Mossad settled the debate rejecting this possibility, and decided to deal with Marwan code- naming him ³the Angel´on the grounds that the information he offered was credible, unprecedented and true when verified and compared with information from other sources. An obvious contradiction pops up here: How can Marwan¶s information be excellent and at the same time were verified by other sources? Bar-Joseph notes that Marwan, up to 1997, insisted on refusing to meet any Mossad agent other than Dubi. And it was only after considerable pressure that Marwan agreed to meet an agent of the Israeli Military Intelligence. It was Marwan who decided the timing of his meetings with Dubia. During all these years, the Mossad did not record the conversations between Dubi and Marwan. Later, in 1997, when the Mossad claimed that it has such recordings, Marwan decided to severe all his ties, for good.The claims made by the author do not show an agent who was controlled by the Mossad. Only a man of unusual capabilities can do the opposite, decides when the agents can meet him and threaten to end cooperation 9/24/2021 9:47:30 PM 1 / 2 with them when the Mossad wants to change his handler. When the Mossad threatened him with recordings, this agent is not afraid of being exposed and decides to cut all contacts. Bar-Joseph¶s portrayal of the relationship between the Mossad and Marwan does raise questions: Who had the final say about this relationship and could decide when it should begin and when it should be cut? Which side recruited the other? How come the Mossad violated a traditional rule that no recruitment should be made without guaranteed means of control. More importantly is Bar-Joseph¶s acknowledgement that Marwan, since 1972, told Israel about three incorrect dates of the start time of the October 1973 War. He even asked for a meeting with the Mossad agents on the evening of October 4, 1973 (two days before the war broke out), using an agreed code word meaning that there is general talk about a war that can break out, and not the code word that means the hostilities were imminent. The author claims that Marwan used of the wrong code word for war because he was afraid and confused. Zamir flew to London to know the reason why Marwan gave a general warning without specifying the level of urgency. Marwan told him that the outbreak of hostilities would take place at 6 pm on October 6, 1973, but the information turned out to be incorrect and that Marwan used speculations after the Soviets had begun an emergency airlift of the families of their advisers in Cairo on the evening of October 4. This shows that Marwan did not know the exact start time from President Sadat. Moreover, he is suspected of deliberating making two mistakes. Firstly, he used inaccurate code words and Israel did not know that hostilities were imminent. Secondly, when he set the precise date, he gave the wrong start time.Rejection of the Suicide TheoryBar-Joseph also dismissed the theory that Marwan took his own life saying that he has no family history of suicide, and that Marwan did not have depression before he died. To prove his claim, the author resorted to broad psychology to conclude assumption that Marwan killed himself can only be validated if he had a family history of suicide, was shocked because of his working or family relationships or friendships. However, some people may commit suicide although they have not gone through such experiences.Many people who were close to Marwan, including his wife, emphasize that he was depressed and scared and often said that his life was in danger because the Mossad decided to liquidate him after it confirmed that he misled it. This situation can push an individual battling terminal cancer with little hope of a cure while Israeli newspapers continued to publish leaks about his personal life, to develop depression and even kill himself to escape these pressures.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Song, State, Sawa Music and Political Radio Between the US and Syria
    Song, State, Sawa Music and Political Radio between the US and Syria Beau Bothwell Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Beau Bothwell All rights reserved ABSTRACT Song, State, Sawa: Music and Political Radio between the US and Syria Beau Bothwell This dissertation is a study of popular music and state-controlled radio broadcasting in the Arabic-speaking world, focusing on Syria and the Syrian radioscape, and a set of American stations named Radio Sawa. I examine American and Syrian politically directed broadcasts as multi-faceted objects around which broadcasters and listeners often differ not only in goals, operating assumptions, and political beliefs, but also in how they fundamentally conceptualize the practice of listening to the radio. Beginning with the history of international broadcasting in the Middle East, I analyze the institutional theories under which music is employed as a tool of American and Syrian policy, the imagined youths to whom the musical messages are addressed, and the actual sonic content tasked with political persuasion. At the reception side of the broadcaster-listener interaction, this dissertation addresses the auditory practices, histories of radio, and theories of music through which listeners in the sonic environment of Damascus, Syria create locally relevant meaning out of music and radio. Drawing on theories of listening and communication developed in historical musicology and ethnomusicology, science and technology studies, and recent transnational ethnographic and media studies, as well as on theories of listening developed in the Arabic public discourse about popular music, my dissertation outlines the intersection of the hypothetical listeners defined by the US and Syrian governments in their efforts to use music for political ends, and the actual people who turn on the radio to hear the music.
    [Show full text]
  • ISRAEL's TRUTH-TELLING WITHOUT ACCOUNTABILITY Inquest Faults
    September 1991 IIISRAEL'''S TTTRUTH---T-TTTELLING WITHOUT AAACCOUNTABILITY Inquest Faults Police in Killings at Jerusalem HolyHoly Site But Judge Orders No Charges Table of Contents I. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 II. The Confrontation: Sequence of Events............................................................................................................................................................ 6 III. Judge Kama's Findings on Police Conduct.................................................................................................................................................... 8 IV. The Case for Prosecution ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 I. Introduction Middle East Watch commends the extensive investigation published by Israeli Magistrate Ezra Kama on July 18 into the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif killings. However, Middle East Watch is disturbed that, in light of evidence establishing criminal conduct by identifiable police officers, none of the officers involved in the incident has been prosecuted or disciplined. Middle East Watch also believes that the police's criminal investigation of the incident last fall was grossly negligent and in effect sabotaged the
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Security-Military Thinking in The
    The Development of Security-Military Thinking in the IDF Gabi Siboni, Yuval Bazak, and Gal Perl Finkel In the seven weeks between August 26 and October 17, 1953, Ben-Gurion spent his vacation holding the “seminar,” 1 following which the State of Israel’s security concept was formulated, along with the key points in the IDF doctrine.2 Ben-Gurion, who had been at the helm of the defense establishment for the Israeli population since the 1930s, argued that he needed to distance himself from routine affairs in order to scrutinize and re-analyze defense strategies. Ben-Gurion understood that Israel would be fighting differently during the next war – against countries, and not against Israeli Arabs 3 – and that the means, the manpower, and the mindset of the Haganah forces did not meet the needs of the future. This prompted him to concentrate on intellectual efforts, which led to the formulation of an approach that could better contend with the challenges of the future. This was only the starting point in the development and establishment of original and effective Israeli military thinking. This thinking was at the core of the building and operation of military and security strength under inferior conditions, and it enabled the establishment of the state and the nation, almost against all odds. The security doctrine that Ben-Gurion devised was based on the idea of achieving military victory in every confrontation. During a time when the Jewish population was 1.2 million and vying against countries whose populations totaled about 30 million, this was a daring approach, bordering on the impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • Hard Lessons in the Holy Land
    Hard Lessons in the Holy Land Joint Fire Support in the Yom Kippur War By Jimmy McNulty On October 6 th , 1973, a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel in the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. This would spark what would become known as the Yom Kippur War, and would threaten Israel’s very existence. Although it was a brief conflict, the Yom Kippur War would forever transform the Middle East, and would have lasting global impacts. Its military significance is often overshadowed by the concurrent Vietnam War, and is often not afforded the thorough analysis it deserves. The Yom Kippur War would see the introduction of new tactics and technologies that would change how conflicts are fought, and would provide a number of sobering lessons to all participants. The focus of this essay will be on joint fire support, analysing how each of the participants employed their fire support assets, the impact their fire support assets had on operations, and the lessons learned that can be applied to Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) operations. Prior to examining the actual conduct of the Yom Kippur War, it is necessary to outline a number of key concepts regarding joint operations. Joint operations involve two or more military environments (army, navy, air force) working together to plan and execute operations, rather than working separately. 1 Joint operations require interoperability and synchronization between the different military environments under the command of a single Joint Task Force (JTF) commander in order to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of the force.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Amending the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty
    The Atkin Paper Series Saving peace: The case for amending the Egypt-Israel peace treaty Dareen Khalifa, ICSR Atkin Fellow February 2013 About the Atkin Paper Series Thanks to the generosity of the Atkin Foundation, the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR) offers young leaders from Israel and the Arab world the opportunity to come to London for a period of four months. The purpose of the fellowship is to provide young leaders from Israel and the Arab world with an opportunity to develop their ideas on how to further peace and understanding in the Middle East through research, debate and constructive dialogue in a neutral political environment. The end result is a policy paper that will provide a deeper understanding and a new perspective on a specific topic or event. Author Dareen holds an MA in Human Rights from University College London, and a BA in Political Science from Cairo University. She has been working as a consultant for Amnesty International in London. In Egypt she worked on human rights education and advocacy with the National Council for Human Rights, in addition to a number of nongovernmental human rights organisations. Dareen has also worked as a freelance researcher and as a consultant for a number of civil society organisations and think tanks in Egypt.Additionally, Dareen worked as a Fellow at Human Rights First, Washington DC. She has contributed to several human rights reports, The Global Integrity Anti-Corruption report on Egypt, For a Nation without Torture, and the Verité International Annual Report on Labour Rights in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Palestinian Groups
    1 Ron’s Web Site • North Shore Flashpoints • http://northshoreflashpoints.blogspot.com/ 2 Palestinian Groups • 1955-Egypt forms Fedayeem • Official detachment of armed infiltrators from Gaza National Guard • “Those who sacrifice themselves” • Recruited ex-Nazis for training • Fatah created in 1958 • Young Palestinians who had fled Gaza when Israel created • Core group came out of the Palestinian Students League at Cairo University that included Yasser Arafat (related to the Grand Mufti) • Ideology was that liberation of Palestine had to preceed Arab unity 3 Palestinian Groups • PLO created in 1964 by Arab League Summit with Ahmad Shuqueri as leader • Founder (George Habash) of Arab National Movement formed in 1960 forms • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in December of 1967 with Ahmad Jibril • Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation (PDFLP) for the Liberation of Democratic Palestine formed in early 1969 by Nayif Hawatmah 4 Palestinian Groups Fatah PFLP PDFLP Founder Arafat Habash Hawatmah Religion Sunni Christian Christian Philosophy Recovery of Palestine Radicalize Arab regimes Marxist Leninist Supporter All regimes Iraq Syria 5 Palestinian Leaders Ahmad Jibril George Habash Nayif Hawatmah 6 Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa • 8/24/1929 - 11/11/2004 • Born in Cairo, Egypt • Father born in Gaza of an Egyptian mother • Mother from Jerusalem • Beaten by father for going into Jewish section of Cairo • Graduated from University of King Faud I (1944-1950) • Fought along side Muslim Brotherhood
    [Show full text]
  • President's Report-18.Indd 1 1/28/09 11:52:40 AM President's Report-18.Indd 2 1/28/09 11:52:43 AM Table of Contents
    PRESIDENT’S REPORT 2007-2008 President's Report-18.indd 1 1/28/09 11:52:40 AM President's Report-18.indd 2 1/28/09 11:52:43 AM TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 Letters 6 Features 14 Public Lectures 20 Highlights 24 Sponsored Programs 28 Financials 30 President’s Club 38 Board of Trustees President's Report-18.indd 3 1/28/09 11:52:44 AM This year we witnessed the realization of what could be described as the single biggest achievement in AUC’s history: after 10 years of planning and construction, the university successfully relocated to its new campus in New Cairo. It is fitting that this monumental relocation occurred on the eve of the university’s 90th anniversary, reminding us that the new campus is not just a new beginning, it also represents the continuation of a rich legacy spanning nearly a century. While the completion of the campus and the complicated logistics of the move presented us with multiple challenges — not atypical of an undertaking of this magnitude — they also created a wealth of opportunities that will propel AUC to a new level of excellence. As we are confronted with new challenges, we have a rare opportunity to re-examine all areas of operation, rethinking and refining many of our systems and programs. Yet, the most exciting opportunities for the institution are still unfolding and will continue in the years to come. The building of the New Cairo Campus is about creating a world- class university from the inside out. The campus has given us the most modern facilities needed to create that university, but it is AUC’s dedicated faculty and quality students President’s Letter who have always been the guiding force behind its success.
    [Show full text]
  • Perception, Misperception and Surprise in the Yom Kippur War: a Look at the New Evidence
    Perception, Misperception and Surprise in the Yom Kippur War: A Look at the New Evidence by Abraham Ben-Zvi INTRODUCTION: THE LIMITATIONS OF STRATEGIC SURPRISE THEORY During the years following the Second World War, intensive research was undertaken on the subject of response to threat. Confronted with the baffling, yet recurrent inability of nations to respond adequately to warnings of an impending attack, many scholars concentrated on such events as the Pearl Harbor attack, the Barbarossa Operation, and the outbreak of the Korean War, and produced a voluminous body of literature. Alongside the plethora of works which sought explanations solely in terms of the specific conditions operating at the time of the event analyzed, a few other inquiries attempted to integrate the case under scrutiny into a broader theoretical framework in order to better elucidate the inherent patterns by which nations cope with situations of crisis and threat.1 On the whole, the literature dealing with the failure of national actors to stand up to the challenge of an imminent assault can be divided into two major categories, which differ widely from one another in terms of the explicit and implicit premises, the specific nature of the explanation advanced, and the level of abstraction. These may be termed the analytic-revisionist and the cognitive-perceptual categories.2 In most of their basic premises, analytical-revisionist studies comprise an extension of the logic of the rational theory of decision. Convinced that actions taken by national actors reflect
    [Show full text]
  • UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Petrodollar Era and Relations between the United States and the Middle East and North Africa, 1969-1980 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9m52q2hk Author Wight, David M. Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERISITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE The Petrodollar Era and Relations between the United States and the Middle East and North Africa, 1969-1980 DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History by David M. Wight Dissertation Committee: Professor Emily S. Rosenberg, chair Professor Mark LeVine Associate Professor Salim Yaqub 2014 © 2014 David M. Wight DEDICATION To Michelle ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi CURRICULUM VITAE vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION x INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: The Road to the Oil Shock 14 CHAPTER 2: Structuring Petrodollar Flows 78 CHAPTER 3: Visions of Petrodollar Promise and Peril 127 CHAPTER 4: The Triangle to the Nile 189 CHAPTER 5: The Carter Administration and the Petrodollar-Arms Complex 231 CONCLUSION 277 BIBLIOGRAPHY 287 iii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1 Sectors of the MENA as Percentage of World GNI, 1970-1977 19 Figure 1.2 Selected Countries as Percentage of World GNI, 1970-1977 20 Figure 1.3 Current Account Balances of the Non-Communist World, 1970-1977 22 Figure 1.4 Value of US Exports to the MENA, 1946-1977 24 Figure 5.1 US Military Sales Agreements per Fiscal Year, 1970-1980 255 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Net Change in Deployment of OPEC’s Capital Surplus, 1974-1976 120 Table 5.1 US Military Sales Agreements per Fiscal Year, 1970-1980 256 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a cliché that one accumulates countless debts while writing a monograph, but in researching and writing this dissertation I have come to learn the depth of the truth of this statement.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel's Use of Sports for Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2018 ISRAEL'S USE OF SPORTS FOR NATION BRANDING AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY Yoav Dubinsky University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Dubinsky, Yoav, "ISRAEL'S USE OF SPORTS FOR NATION BRANDING AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4868 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Yoav Dubinsky entitled "ISRAEL'S USE OF SPORTS FOR NATION BRANDING AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Kinesiology and Sport Studies. Lars Dzikus, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Robin L. Hardin, Sylvia A. Trendafilova, Candace L. White Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) ISRAEL’S USE OF SPORTS FOR NATION BRANDING AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Yoav Dubinsky May 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Yoav Dubinsky All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GREAT POWERS and the EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
    Boston University THE GREAT POWERS and the EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN CAS IR 325 / HI 229 Fall Semester 2016 Tuesday and Thursday 11:00-12:30 Prof. Erik Goldstein Office Hours: Tues./ Thurs. 2-3 Office: 152 Bay State Road, 3rd Floor Thurs: 9.30-10.30 Telephone: 353-9280 tel. preferred to email COURSE SYLLABUS Course Description This course will look at the Eastern Mediterranean as a centre of Great Power confrontation, and consider such issues as the impact of the competition on wider international relations, the domestic impact on the region of this involvement, the role of seapower, the origins and conduct on wars in the region, and attempts at conflict resolution. Objectives To provide an understanding of the nature of Great Power rivalry, to gain insight into the underlying factors affecting international relations in the Eastern Mediterranean, and to consider how governments evolve and implement policy. Requirements Mid-term examination 30% (18 Oct. 2016) Comprehensive final examination. 70% (to be detemined by University Registrar) All class members are expected to maintain high standards of academic honesty and integrity. The College of Arts and Sciences’ pamphlet “Academic Conduct Code” provides the standards and procedures. Cases of suspected academic misconduct will be referred to the Dean’s Office. Students are reminded that attendance is required, and reasons for non-attendance should be notified to the instructor. Cell phones are to be turned off. Repeated disruption caused by phones ringing will result in a grade penalty to be determined by the instructor. Laptops should be used for class purposes only during class.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel's Wars, 1947-93
    Israel’s Wars, 1947–93 Warfare and History General Editor Jeremy Black Professor of History, University of Exeter European warfare, 1660–1815 Jeremy Black The Great War, 1914–18 Spencer C. Tucker Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914 Bruce Vandervort German armies: war and German politics, 1648–1806 Peter H. Wilson Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700 Rhoads Murphey Seapower and naval warfare, 1650–1830 Richard Harding Air power in the age of total war, 1900–60 John Buckley Frontiersmen: warfare in Africa since 1950 Anthony Clayton Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 John France The Korean War Stanley Sandler European and Native-American warfare, 1675–1815 Armstrong Starkey Vietnam Spencer C. Tucker The War for Independence and the transformation of American society Harry M. Ward Warfare, state and society in the Byzantine world, 565–1204 John Haldon Soviet military system Roger Reese Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500–1800 John K. Thornton The Soviet military experience Roger Reese Warfare at sea, 1500–1650 Jan Glete Warfare and society in Europe, 1792–1914 Geoffrey Wawro Israel’s Wars, 1947–93 Ahron Bregman Israel’s Wars, 1947–93 Ahron Bregman London and NewYork First published 2000 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, NewYork, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001. © 2000 Ahron Bregman All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
    [Show full text]