DOCSLIB.ORG

UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Petrodollar Era and Relations between the United States and the Middle East and North Africa, 1969-1980 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9m52q2hk Author Wight, David M. Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERISITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE The Petrodollar Era and Relations between the United States and the Middle East and North Africa, 1969-1980 DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History by David M. Wight Dissertation Committee: Professor Emily S. Rosenberg, chair Professor Mark LeVine Associate Professor Salim Yaqub 2014 © 2014 David M. Wight DEDICATION To Michelle ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi CURRICULUM VITAE vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION x INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: The Road to the Oil Shock 14 CHAPTER 2: Structuring Petrodollar Flows 78 CHAPTER 3: Visions of Petrodollar Promise and Peril 127 CHAPTER 4: The Triangle to the Nile 189 CHAPTER 5: The Carter Administration and the Petrodollar-Arms Complex 231 CONCLUSION 277 BIBLIOGRAPHY 287 iii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1 Sectors of the MENA as Percentage of World GNI, 1970-1977 19 Figure 1.2 Selected Countries as Percentage of World GNI, 1970-1977 20 Figure 1.3 Current Account Balances of the Non-Communist World, 1970-1977 22 Figure 1.4 Value of US Exports to the MENA, 1946-1977 24 Figure 5.1 US Military Sales Agreements per Fiscal Year, 1970-1980 255 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Net Change in Deployment of OPEC’s Capital Surplus, 1974-1976 120 Table 5.1 US Military Sales Agreements per Fiscal Year, 1970-1980 256 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a cliché that one accumulates countless debts while writing a monograph, but in researching and writing this dissertation I have come to learn the depth of the truth of this statement. This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of many people. I doubt I can ever adequately repay many of you, but I want you to know how grateful I am. First and foremost, I want to thank my advisor, Emily Rosenberg, for surpassing every expectation I could hope for in a mentor. Your endless supply of support, insights, and critiques has deeply informed this dissertation and my development as a scholar. Every time we talk, I learn something new and my excitement for history is reaffirmed. I also want to thank my two other dissertation committee members. Salim Yaqub, you have supported me since I was an undergraduate, and without your confidence and help I might not have pursued graduate school. I am extremely grateful for your continued assistance and many close readings of my writings over the years. Mark LeVine, you have likewise provided valuable feedback and perspective. I am particularly glad you pushed me to explore more of the Middle East, both in my research and in my travels. I am also indebted to the larger academic community in which I have worked. The instructors, colleagues, and administrative staff at the Department of History at the University of California Irvine (UCI) have all immeasurably enriched my dissertation and my life. Thank you for the many intellectual, pedagogical, and random conversations that we have shared. I also need to express my appreciation to the Department of History at the University of California Santa Barbara for providing the foundation of my academic career. This dissertation has also benefitted from the suggestions and feedback of fellow participants in various conferences and seminars. Special mention is due to Jennifer Graham Staver for generously providing me an entire research subtopic and a cache of documents; Thomas Borstelmann, Daniel Sargent, Thomas Sizgorich, and Thomas Zeiler for reading and proving feedback on portions of my writing; and Amina Yassine for looking over my translation of Arabic language sources. The research and writing of this dissertation would not have been possible without the generous financial support of several awards: The UCI School of Humanities Chancellor’s Fellowship, UCI Humanities Center Research Grant, UCI International Center for Writing and Translation Graduate Student Summer International Travel Research Grant, Gerald R. Ford Foundation Research Travel Grant, Kugelman Research Fellowship from the Center for Citizen Peacebuilding, Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) Samuel Flagg Bemis Dissertation Fellowship, and SHAFR Dissertation Completion Fellowship. Thank you to the many archivists that provided invaluable assistance to me during my research. The countless people who extended their welcome or a friendly conversation while I travelled for research have my heartfelt thanks as well. To all of my family and friends, thank you for your support and for providing much needed breaks from the dissertation process. I would like to make a special note of thanks to my family in Lebanon and the American Research Center in Egypt for their exceptional hospitality. I owe my parents immeasurably for all of the love, education, support, and opportunities they have provided me. Finally, I give thanks to my wife and best friend, Michelle Rifi. You invested and sacrificed more for me and this project than anyone. I am so grateful for all of your love and support. vi CURRICULUM VITAE EDUCATION PhD in History University of California, Irvine (UCI), June 2014 Dissertation: “The Petrodollar Era and the Foreign Relations of the United States and the Middle East and North Africa, 1969-1980” MA in History UCI, December 2010 BA in History, Minor in English University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), June 2007 PUBLICATIONS “Kissinger’s Levantine Dilemma: The Ford Administration and the Syrian Occupation of Lebanon” in Diplomatic History 37, no. 1 (2013): 144-177. “Government Intervention: Trust-Busting to the Federal Reserve System (1900-1920s)” in Guide to U.S. Economic Policy, eds. Robert E. Wright and Thomas Zeiler (Los Angeles: CQ Press, Forthcoming). FELLOWSHIPS, GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS UCI School of Humanities Conference Travel Grant (2013) Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) Dissertation Completion Fellowship (2012-2013) Kugelman Research Fellowship from the Center for Citizen Peacebuilding (2012) UCI International Center for Writing and Translation Graduate Student Summer International Travel Research Grant (2012) SHAFR Samuel Flagg Bemis Dissertation Fellowship (2012) UCI Humanities Center Research Grant (2011) Passed qualifying examination to become ABD in History at UCI with Distinction (2011) Gerald R. Ford Foundation Research Travel Grant (2011) UCI Humanities Summer Language Study Fellowship (2009) UCI School of Humanities Chancellor’s Fellowship (2008-2013) Graduated from UCSB with Highest Honors (2007) Awarded Distinction in Major of History at UCSB (2007) Graduated with “College Honors,” by the College of Letters and Science at UCSB (2007) History Department Senior Honors Thesis Award (2007) Stuart L. Bernath Prize for the Academic Year (2007) History Associates’ Board Prize for the Academic Year (2007) UCSB Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities Grant (2006) vii PRESENTATIONS “Discussing Idaho Potatoes with the Shah: The Efforts of US Local Governments to Attract Petrodollars in the 1970s,” Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, April 12, 2014. “Petrodollar Promise and Peril: The Middle East Economy and Changing American Conceptions of Power in the 1970s,” SHAFR Annual Meeting, Arlington, VA, June 22, 2013. “‘A Klondike without Ice’: American Businesses, Petrodollars, and the Middle East and North Africa in the 1970s,” Berkeley International and Global History (Big-H) Graduate Student Conference, Berkeley, CA, March 16, 2013. “Analyzing Propaganda Posters & Films from WWII,” Guest Lecture for course History 40C: The Formation of American Society: The Twentieth-Century at UCI, Irvine, CA, April 29, 2011. “The Politics of Oil and U.S. Power in the 1970s,” Guest Lecture for course History 158A: U.S. as a Global Power at UCI, Irvine, CA, February 10, 2011. “Kissinger’s Levantine Dilemma: The Ford Administration and the Syrian Occupation of Lebanon,” California World History Association Meeting, Riverside, CA, October 17, 2009. “The Contestation of Henry Kissinger,” UCI Humanities Graduate Student Association’s “Under Construction: History Working Papers Conference,” Irvine, CA, May 16, 2009. Senior Honors Thesis Findings Presentation, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA, May 18, 2007. Undergraduate Research Colloquium Poster Presentation for Senior Honors Thesis Findings, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA, May 17, 2007. TEACHING EXPERIENCE Course Instructor at University of California, Irvine History 21B: World History: 1650-1870, Summer Session I 2013, Summer Session I 2014 Teaching Assistant at University of California, Irvine History 21A: World History: Beginnings-1650, Fall 2013 History 40A: The Formation of American Society: 1492-1790, Fall 2009, Fall 2010 History 40B: The Formation of American Society: The Nineteenth Century, Winter 2010 History 40C: The Formation of American Society: The Twentieth-Century, Spring 2010, Spring 2011, Spring 2014 History 142B: American Politics, FDR to Obama, Winter 2014 History 158A: U.S. as a Global Power, Winter 2011 NON-ENGLISH RESEARCH LANGUAGES Arabic viii PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS American Historical Association American Research Center in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arab and American Think Tanks: New Possibilities for Cooperation? New Engines for Reform?
    THE BROOKINGS PROJECT ON U.S. POLICY TOWARDS THE ISLAMIC WORLD WORKING PAPER October 2004 ARAB AND AMERICAN THINK TANKS: NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR COOPERATION? NEW ENGINES FOR REFORM? EZZAT IBRAHIM T HE S ABAN C ENTER FOR M IDDLE E AST P OLICY AT T HE B ROOKINGS I NSTITUTION THE BROOKINGS PROJECT ON U.S. POLICY TOWARDS THE ISLAMIC WORLD WORKING PAPER October 2004 ARAB AND AMERICAN THINK TANKS: NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR COOPERATION? NEW ENGINES FOR REFORM? EZZAT IBRAHIM T HE S ABAN C ENTER FOR M IDDLE E AST P OLICY AT T HE B ROOKINGS I NSTITUTION THE AUTHOR EZZAT IBRAHIM is a foreign affairs journalist for the Towards the Islamic World at the Saban Center for Egyptian daily Al-Ahram,a leading Arabic language Middle East Policy, during the fall and winter of 2003. newspaper in the Middle East. Ibrahim is the first For the spring and summer of 2004, he served as a Egyptian and Middle Eastern journalist to receive the Congressional Fellow in the office of Representative prestigious Fulbright Congressional Fellowship award, Jim McDermott (D-Washington). Ibrahim has a a one-year program organized by the Fulbright Masters degree from the Graduate School of Social Commission and the American Political Science Science, Sussex University (United Kingdom) and Association in the U.S. Congress. He served as a a B.A. from the faculty of mass communication, Cairo Visiting Fellow for The Brookings Project on U.S. Policy University. III INTRODUCTION n the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the a catalyst for reform. Civil society refers to the zone I relationship between the United States and the of voluntary associative life beyond family and clan Arab world has reached a low point.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Dayton S. Mak
    Library of Congress Interview with Dayton S. Mak The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project DAYTON S. MAK Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: August 9, 1989 Copyright 2010 ADST Q: Dayton, when and where were you born? MAK: I was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, July 10, 1917. Q: Let's talk about the family, let's go on the Mak side. What do you know about them? MAK: The Mak original name was three-barrel Mak van Waay, which in Dutch would be Mak fon vei [pronounces in Dutch]. They were from Dordrecht, the Netherlands. The family had an antique showroom there, an auction house a bit like Sotheby's. Q: ...in... MAK: In Dordrecht. That was the Mak van Waay family. They then moved to Amsterdam. At the same time, anther part of the family, a son, I believe, wanted to establish a Mak van Waay firm in Dordrecht itself. According to Dutch law, they couldn't do that. There could only be one firm Mak van Waay, so they opened the Firma Mak in Dordrecht. The Firma Mak still exists, and the big building remains on the tour of the old city of Dordrecht. The Mak van Waay part, of which I'm a member, stayed in Amsterdam until about 15 years ago, when the last Mak van Waay died. He had no children. So, the Mak van Waay in Interview with Dayton S. Mak http://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib000739 Library of Congress Holland effectively died out.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Service of Others: from Rose Hill to Lincoln Center
    Fordham Law Review Volume 82 Issue 4 Article 1 2014 In the Service of Others: From Rose Hill to Lincoln Center Constantine N. Katsoris Fordham University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Constantine N. Katsoris, In the Service of Others: From Rose Hill to Lincoln Center, 82 Fordham L. Rev. 1533 (2014). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol82/iss4/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Law Review by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEDICATION IN THE SERVICE OF OTHERS: FROM ROSE HILL TO LINCOLN CENTER Constantine N. Katsoris* At the start of the 2014 to 2015 academic year, Fordham University School of Law will begin classes at a brand new, state-of-the-art building located adjacent to the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. This new building will be the eighth location for Fordham Law School in New York City. From its start at Rose Hill in the Bronx, New York, to its various locations in downtown Manhattan, and finally, to its two locations at Lincoln Center, the law school’s education and values have remained constant: legal excellence through public service. This Article examines the law school’s rich history in public service through the lives and work of its storied deans, demonstrating how each has lived up to the law school’s motto In the service of others and concludes with a look into Fordham Law School’s future.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain, British Petroleum, Shell and the Remaking of the International Oil Industry, 1957-1979
    Empires of Energy: Britain, British Petroleum, Shell and the Remaking of the International Oil Industry, 1957-1979 Author: Jonathan Robert Kuiken Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104079 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2013 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of History EMPIRES OF ENERGY: BRITAIN, BRITISH PETROLEUM, SHELL AND THE REMAKING OF THE INTERNATIONAL OIL INDUSTRY, 1957-1979 [A dissertation by] JONATHAN R. KUIKEN submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August, 2013 © copyright by JONATHAN ROBERT KUIKEN 2013 Empires of Energy: Britain, British Petroleum, Shell and the remaking of the international oil industry, 1957-1979 Jonathan R. Kuiken Dissertation Advisor - James E. Cronin Dissertation Abstract This dissertation examines British oil policy from the aftermath of the Suez Crisis in 1956-1957 until the Iranian Revolution and the electoral victory of Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Party in 1979. It was a period marked by major transitions within Britain’s oil policy as well as broader changes within the international oil market. It argues that the story of Britain, and Britain’s two domestically-based oil companies, BP and Shell, offers a valuable case study in the development of competing ideas about the reorganization of the international oil industry in the wake of the rise of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries and the companies’ losing control over the production of oil.
    [Show full text]
  • Song, State, Sawa Music and Political Radio Between the US and Syria
    Song, State, Sawa Music and Political Radio between the US and Syria Beau Bothwell Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Beau Bothwell All rights reserved ABSTRACT Song, State, Sawa: Music and Political Radio between the US and Syria Beau Bothwell This dissertation is a study of popular music and state-controlled radio broadcasting in the Arabic-speaking world, focusing on Syria and the Syrian radioscape, and a set of American stations named Radio Sawa. I examine American and Syrian politically directed broadcasts as multi-faceted objects around which broadcasters and listeners often differ not only in goals, operating assumptions, and political beliefs, but also in how they fundamentally conceptualize the practice of listening to the radio. Beginning with the history of international broadcasting in the Middle East, I analyze the institutional theories under which music is employed as a tool of American and Syrian policy, the imagined youths to whom the musical messages are addressed, and the actual sonic content tasked with political persuasion. At the reception side of the broadcaster-listener interaction, this dissertation addresses the auditory practices, histories of radio, and theories of music through which listeners in the sonic environment of Damascus, Syria create locally relevant meaning out of music and radio. Drawing on theories of listening and communication developed in historical musicology and ethnomusicology, science and technology studies, and recent transnational ethnographic and media studies, as well as on theories of listening developed in the Arabic public discourse about popular music, my dissertation outlines the intersection of the hypothetical listeners defined by the US and Syrian governments in their efforts to use music for political ends, and the actual people who turn on the radio to hear the music.
    [Show full text]
  • When Art Is the Weapon: Culture and Resistance Confronting Violence in the Post-Uprisings Arab World
    Religions 2015, 6, 1277–1313; doi:10.3390/rel6041277 OPEN ACCESS religions ISSN 2077-1444 www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Article When Art Is the Weapon: Culture and Resistance Confronting Violence in the Post-Uprisings Arab World Mark LeVine 1,2 1 Department of History, University of California, Irvine, Krieger Hall 220, Irvine, CA 92697-3275, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, Finngatan 16, 223 62 Lund, Sweden Academic Editor: John L. Esposito Received: 6 August 2015 / Accepted: 23 September 2015 / Published: 5 November 2015 Abstract: This articles explores the explosion of artistic production in the Arab world during the so-called Arab Spring. Focusing on music, poetry, theatre, and graffiti and related visual arts, I explore how these “do-it-yourself” scenes represent, at least potentially, a “return of the aura” to the production of culture at the edge of social and political transformation. At the same time, the struggle to retain a revolutionary grounding in the wake of successful counter-revolutionary moves highlights the essentially “religious” grounding of “committed” art at the intersection of intense creativity and conflict across the Arab world. Keywords: Arab Spring; revolutionary art; Tahrir Square What to do when military thugs have thrown your mother out of the second story window of your home? If you’re Nigerian Afrobeat pioneer Fela Kuta, Africa’s greatest political artist, you march her coffin to the Presidential compound and write a song, “Coffin for Head of State,” about the murder. Just to make sure everyone gets the point, you use the photo of the crowd at the gates of the Presidential compound with the coffin as the album cover [1].
    [Show full text]
  • After the Accords Anwar Sadat
    WMHSMUN XXXIV After the Accords: Anwar Sadat’s Cabinet Background Guide “Unprecedented committees. Unparalleled debate. Unmatched fun.” Letters From the Directors Dear Delegates, Welcome to WMHSMUN XXXIV! My name is Hank Hermens and I am excited to be the in-room Director for Anwar Sadat’s Cabinet. I’m a junior at the College double majoring in International Relations and History. I have done model UN since my sophomore year of high school, and since then I have become increasingly involved. I compete as part of W&M’s travel team, staff our conferences, and have served as the Director of Media for our college level conference, &MUN. Right now, I’m a member of our Conference Team, planning travel and training delegates. Outside of MUN, I play trumpet in the Wind Ensemble, do research with AidData and for a professor, looking at the influence of Islamic institutions on electoral outcomes in Tunisia. In my admittedly limited free time, I enjoy reading, running, and hanging out with my friends around campus. As members of Anwar Sadat’s cabinet, you’ll have to deal with the fallout of Egypt’s recent peace with Israel, in Egypt, the greater Middle East and North Africa, and the world. You’ll also meet economic challenges, rising national political tensions, and more. Some of the problems you come up against will be easily solved, with only short-term solutions necessary. Others will require complex, long term solutions, or risk the possibility of further crises arising. No matter what, we will favor creative, outside-the-box ideas as well as collaboration and diplomacy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Frailty of Authority. Borders, Non-State Actors and Power
    The Frailty of Authority Borders, Non-State Actors and Power Vacuums in a Changing Middle East Lorenzo Kamel THE FRAILTY OF AUTHORITY BORDERS, NON-STATE ACTORS AND POWER VACUUMS IN A CHANGING MIDDLE EAST edited by Lorenzo Kamel in collaboration with Edizioni Nuova Cultura First published 2017 by Edizioni Nuova Cultura For Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Via Angelo Brunetti 9 - I-00186 Rome www.iai.it Copyright © 2017 Edizioni Nuova Cultura - Rome ISBN: 9788868128289 Cover: by Luca Mozzicarelli Graphic Composition: by Luca Mozzicarelli The unauthorized reproduction of this book, even partial, carried out by any means, including photocopying, even for internal or didactic use, is prohibited by copyright. Table of contents List of contributors ........................................................................................................................................ 7 List of abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Preface, by Nicolò Russo Perez ............................................................................................................... 11 Introduction, by Lorenzo Kamel ............................................................................................................ 15 1. Early Warning Signs in the Arab World That We Ignored – And Still Ignore by Rami G. Khouri ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • KHERAD-DISSERTATION-2013.Pdf
    Copyright by Nastaran Narges Kherad 2013 The Dissertation Committee for Nastaran Narges Kherad Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: RE-EXAMINING THE WORKS OF AHMAD MAHMUD: A FICTIONAL DEPICTION OF THE IRANIAN NATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY Committee: M.R. Ghanoonparvar, Supervisor Kamran Aghaie Kristen Brustad Elizabeth Richmond-Garza Faegheh Shirazi RE-EXAMINING THE WORKS OF AHMAD MAHMUD: A FICTIONAL DEPICTION OF THE IRANIAN NATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY by Nastaran Narges Kherad, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2013 Dedication Dedicated to my son, Manai Kherad-Aminpour, the joy of my life. May you grow with a passion for literature and poetry! And may you face life with an adventurous spirit and understanding of the diversity and complexity of humankind! Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation could not have been possible without the ongoing support of my committee members. First and for most, I am grateful to Professor Ghanoonparvar, who believed in this project from the very beginning and encouraged me at every step of the way. I thank him for giving his time so generously whenever I needed and for reading, editing, and commenting on this dissertation, and also for sharing his tremendous knowledge of Persian literature. I am thankful to have the pleasure of knowing and working with Professor Kamaran Aghaei, whose seminars on religion I cherished the most.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Oslo's Failed Aid Model Be Laid to Rest?
    Jeremy Wildeman and Alaa Tartir Can Oslo’s failed aid model be laid to rest? Policy brief Original citation: Wildeman, Jeremy and Tartir, Alaa, Can Oslo’s failed aid model be laid to rest? Al-Shabaka policy brief, Al-Shabaka, The Palestinian Policy Network (September 2013) Originally available from Al-Shabaka, The Palestinian Policy Network This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/54171/ Available in LSE Research Online: Nov 2013 © 2013 The Authors LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. [email protected] www.al-shabaka.org al-shabaka policy brief CAN OSLO’S FAILED AID MODEL BE LAID TO REST? By Jeremy Wildeman and Alaa Tartir September 2013 Overview Since the signing of the 1993 Oslo Declaration of Principles, the donor community has invested more than $23 billion into “peace and development” in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT), making it one of the highest per capita recipients of non-military aid in the world. However, aid has not brought peace, development, or security for the Palestinian people, let alone justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the Rise of the Revolutionary Guards
    Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh February 5, 2018 Issue Paper #1 2019 The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington (AGSIW), launched in 2015, is an independent, nonprofit institution dedicated to providing expert research and analysis of the social, economic, and political dimensions of the Gulf Arab states and how they impact domestic and foreign policy. AGSIW focuses on issues ranging from politics and security to economics, trade, and business; from social dynamics to civil society and culture. Through programs, publications, and scholarly exchanges the institute seeks to encourage thoughtful debate and inform the U.S. policy community regarding this critical geostrategic region. © 2019 Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. All rights reserved. AGSIW does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of AGSIW, its staff, or its board of directors. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from AGSIW. Please direct inquiries to: [email protected] This publication can be downloaded at no cost at www.agsiw.org. Cover Photo Credits: Khamenei.ir/Wikimedia Commons About the Author Ali Alfoneh is a senior fellow at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. He is the author of Iran Unveiled: How the Revolutionary Guards are Transforming Iran from Theocracy into Military Dictatorship, published by AEI Press in April 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Metal Men Metal Men Marc Rich and the $10 Billion Scam A
    Metal Men Metal Men Marc Rich and the $10 Billion Scam A. Craig Copetas No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, scanning or any information storage retrieval system, without explicit permission in writing from the Author. © Copyright 1985 by A. Craig Copetas First e-reads publication 1999 www.e-reads.com ISBN 0-7592-3859-6 for B.D. Don Erickson & Margaret Sagan Acknowledgments [ e - reads] Acknowledgments o those individual traders around the world who allowed me to con- duct deals under their supervision so that I could better grasp the trader’s life, I thank you for trusting me to handle your business Tactivities with discretion. Many of those traders who helped me most have no desire to be thanked. They were usually the most helpful. So thank you anyway. You know who you are. Among those both inside and outside the international commodity trad- ing profession who did help, my sincere gratitude goes to Robert Karl Manoff, Lee Mason, James Horwitz, Grainne James, Constance Sayre, Gerry Joe Goldstein, Christine Goldstein, David Noonan, Susan Faiola, Gary Redmore, Ellen Hume, Terry O’Neil, Calliope, Alan Flacks, Hank Fisher, Ernie Torriero, Gordon “Mr. Rhodium” Davidson, Steve Bronis, Jan Bronis, Steve Shipman, Henry Rothschild, David Tendler, John Leese, Dan Baum, Bert Rubin, Ernie Byle, Steven English and the Cobalt Cartel, Michael Buchter, Peter Marshall, Herve Kelecom, Misha, Mark Heutlinger, Bonnie Cutler, John and Galina Mariani, Bennie (Bollag) and his Jets, Fredy Haemmerli, Wil Oosterhout, Christopher Dark, Eddie de Werk, Hubert Hutton, Fred Schwartz, Ira Sloan, Frank Wolstencroft, Congressman James Santini, John Culkin, Urs Aeby, Lynn Grebstad, Intertech Resources, the Kaypro Corporation, Harper’s magazine, Cambridge Metals, Redco v Acknowledgments [ e - reads] Resources, the Swire Group, ITR International, Philipp Brothers, the Heavy Metal Kids, and .
    [Show full text]