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This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Sarah R. Irving Intellectual networks, language and knowledge under colonialism: the work of Stephan Stephan, Elias Haddad and Tawfiq Canaan in Palestine, 1909-1948 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures University of Edinburgh 2017 Declaration: This is to certify that that the work contained within has been composed by me and is entirely my own work. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Signed: 16th August 2017 2 Intellectual networks, language and knowledge under colonialism: the work of Stephan Stephan, Elias Haddad and Tawfiq Canaan in Palestine, 1909-1948 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Lay summary: ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements: ............................................................................................................................. 7 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 The Historical Setting ........................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 19 1.3 Alternative Ways of Seeing Canaan, Haddad and Stephan ............................................... 27 1.3.1 Networks and Entanglements ................................................................................. 28 1.3.2 Whose colonialism, which colonisers? ................................................................... 36 1.3.3 Language: Writing in English ................................................................................ 45 1.3.4 Language: Translation ............................................................................................ 56 1.3.5 The Following Chapters ......................................................................................... 61 2 Entangled Lives .............................................................................................................................. 67 2.1 The Institutions ................................................................................................................... 68 2.1.1 The Syrische Waisenhaus ....................................................................................... 68 2.1.2 The Palestine Oriental Society ............................................................................... 75 2.2 The Biographies ................................................................................................................. 85 2.2.1 Tawfiq Canaan........................................................................................................ 85 2.2.2 Elias Nasrallah Haddad (1878-1959) and Stephan Hanna Stephan (1894-1949) .. 93 2.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 109 3 Teaching Colloquial Arabic .......................................................................................................... 111 3.1 The Manual of Palestinean Arabic for Self-Instruction ................................................... 113 3.1.1 The Manual’s Reception....................................................................................... 119 3.2 Working with Albright: The Spoken Arabic of Palestine ................................................ 122 3.3 Friendship and colonialism: Standard Colloquial Arabic ................................................ 128 3.4 Stephan and Steimatzky’s: Arabic Self-Taught: A Primer .............................................. 131 3.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 135 4 Presenting Palestine to the Other: multilingual actors or colonised subjects? .............................. 139 4.1 The Palestinian Cause: Tawfiq Canaan’s Nationalist Pamphlets..................................... 141 4.2 “This is Palestine”: representing the ‘Holy Land’ to (an)Other ....................................... 149 4.2.1 Tourism in Mandate Palestine .............................................................................. 150 4.2.2 Palestine Guidebooks ........................................................................................... 154 3 4.2.3 “This is Palestine” and “Palestine by Road and Rail” .......................................... 156 4.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 165 5 Bibles and Borders ........................................................................................................................ 169 5.1 Nimr Ibn ʽAdwan ............................................................................................................. 171 5.1.1 Nimr Ibn ʽAdwān and his people ......................................................................... 172 5.1.2 Fruitful collaboration: the relationship between Henry Spoer and Elias Haddad ........................................................................................................................... 177 5.1.3 Haddad, Spoer, and Nimr Ibn ʽAdwān ................................................................. 180 5.1.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 185 5.2 Stephan Hanna Stephan and Evliya Çelebi’s Book of Travels ........................................ 186 5.2.1 Stephan Stephan’s choices as translator ............................................................... 195 5.2.2 Leo Aryeh Mayer ................................................................................................. 198 5.2.3 Reading Stephan and Mayer’s paratextuals ......................................................... 203 5.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 207 6 Literature and Orientalisms........................................................................................................... 211 6.1 Stephan Stephan: Palestine and the Song of Songs ......................................................... 214 6.1.1 Modern Palestinian Parallels to the Song of Songs .............................................. 214 6.1.2 Mathers’ The Smell of Lebanon ........................................................................... 219 6.2 Elias Haddad’s Nathan der Weise: re-appropriating European Orientalism ................... 226 6.2.1 Nathan der Weise ................................................................................................. 229 6.2.2 Nathan al-Hakim: the translation and Haddad’s paratextual materials ................ 232 6.2.3 Translation and power .......................................................................................... 237 6.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 245 7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 249 8 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 257 4 Abstract This thesis examines the biographies and intellectual and cultural works of Elias Haddad, Stephan Stephan and Tawfiq Canaan, Arab writers who lived in Jerusalem in the late Ottoman and British Mandate periods, a time when Palestinian identity was in a state of flux and when Ottoman, British and Zionist interests impacted upon Palestinian Arab society, economy and politics. Informed by ideas about colonial and postcolonial relations, the impacts of context and power on the development of texts, and theories of networks and entanglements, it argues that even in the absence of comprehensive biographical knowledge about individual actors, we can locate them in their intellectual and political environments. It also argues for the importance of using non-elite genres – including language manuals, travel guides and translations – in researching intellectual history, and for understanding debates and discourses within colonial societies. Drawing