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Exporting Zionism Exporting Zionism: Architectural Modernism in Israeli-African Technical Cooperation, 1958-1973 Ayala Levin Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2015 © 2015 Ayala Levin All rights reserved ABSTRACT Exporting Zionism: Architectural Modernism in Israeli-African Technical Cooperation, 1958-1973 Ayala Levin This dissertation explores Israeli architectural and construction aid in the 1960s – “the African decade” – when the majority of sub-Saharan African states gained independence from colonial rule. In the Cold War competition over development, Israel distinguished its aid by alleging a postcolonial status, similar geography, and a shared history of racial oppression to alleviate fears of neocolonial infiltration. I critically examine how Israel presented itself as a model for rapid development more applicable to African states than the West, and how the architects negotiated their professional practice in relation to the Israeli Foreign Ministry agendas, the African commissioners' expectations, and the international disciplinary discourse on modern architecture. I argue that while architectural modernism was promoted in the West as the International Style, Israeli architects translated it to the African context by imbuing it with nation-building qualities such as national cohesion, labor mobilization, skill acquisition and population dispersal. Based on their labor-Zionism settler-colonial experience, as well as criticisms of the mass construction undertaken in Israel in its first decade, the architects diverged from technocratic "high modernism" to accommodate the needs of African weak governments. Focusing on prestigious governmental and educational buildings such as the Sierra Leone parliament, Ife University in Nigeria, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Ethiopia, as well as urban and national planning schemes, this study brings to the fore the performative capacities of these projects in relation to the national and international audiences they addressed as vehicles of governance and markers of a desired modernity. In other words, this study examines the role these projects played in the mobilization of workers, funds, lands, infrastructure and policy making. Cutting across North-South and East-West dichotomies, the study of this modality of transnational exchange sheds new light on processes of modernization and globalization and exposes their diverse cultural and political underpinnings. Contents List of Figures ii-v Acknowledgments vi-vii Introduction: The Architecture of Development -- Between Arms and Words 1-40 Part I: Sierra Leone 1.1 A Knesset in the Jungle: Designing the Sierra Leone Parliament 42-83 1.2 Fast-Tracking the Nation-State: The Construction of the Sierra Leone Parliament 84-119 2. Sierra Leone National Urbanization Plan 120-179 Part II: Nigeria 3. Planning a Postcolonial Regional University Campus: The University of Ife 181-230 4. Designing a Postcolonial University in the Tropics: The University of Ife 231-310 Part III: Ethiopia 5. Zalman Enav in Addis Ababa: An Aid Entrepreneur 312-378 6. The Modernity of Imperial Benevolence: Haile Selassie’s Addis Ababa 379-414 Conclusion 415-422 Postscript 423-438 List of Sources 439-468 Appendix: Figures 469-484 i List of Figures Fig. 01: Queen Elizabeth, accompanied by Prince Edward, discussing the Sierra Leone Parliament Building model with Zvi Meltzer, November 1961. Source: Zvi Meltzer private collection. Fig. 02: Joseph Klarwein’s winning entry, Knesset Building design competition, 1956-7. Source: Hettis-Rolef. Fig. 03: Joseph Klarwein’s winning entry, Knesset Building design competition, 1956-7. Source: Hettis-Rolef. Fig. 04: Joseph Klarwein and Shimon Povsner’s Knesset revised design, 1959. Source: Hettis-Rolef. Fig. 05: Ram Karmi and Bill Gillit, Knesset revised design, 1960. Source: Hettis-Rolef. Fig. 06: The Knesset under construction, 1964. Source: Hettis-Rolef. Fig. 07: View of the Knesset upon completion, 1966. Source: Hettis-Rolef. Fig. 08: Ram Karmi, Sierra Leone Parliament, Freetown, 1960, perspective. Source: Ram Karmi private collection. Fig. 09: Ram Karmi, Sierra Leone Parliament, Freetown, 1960, model. Source: Ram Karmi Private Collection. Fig. 10: Sierra Leone Parliament, Freetown, 1960, under construction. Source: Ram Karmi private collection. Fig. 11: Sierra Leone Parliament, Freetown, 1960, under construction. Source: Ram Karmi private collection. Fig. 12: Sierra Leone Parliament, Freetown, 1960. Source: Ram Karmi private collection. Fig. 13: Knesset North façade and Main Entrance, Jerusalem, contemporary view. Photograph taken by the author. Fig. 14: The Sierra Leone Parliament under construction, Tower Hill, Freetown, 1961. Source: Zvi Meltzer, private Collection. Fig. 15: Queen Elizabeth’s visit to independent Sierra Leone, November 1961. Source: Zvi Meltzer private collection. Fig. 16: Nigersol, Premier Hotel construction, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1962. Source: Efrat, 608. Fig. 17: Sierra Leonean trainees in Israel. Source: Daily Mail, December 15, 1961. Fig. 18: Wall and Tower settlements, Palestine 1936-1939. Source: Zultan Kluger Tzalam Rashi, 1933-1958. Fig. 19: Conquering of the Wasteland Exhibition, 1953, Binyanei Ha’Uma, Jerusalem. Source: Efrat, 733. Fig. 20: Israel government’s planning team surveying the Negev Desert. Arieh Sharon in the middle holding a camera, next to Prime Minister David Ben Gurion. Source: Sharon, Kibbutz+Bauhaus, 81. Fig. 21: A neighborhood in the town of Yokna'am, under construction by immigrants living in provisional shacks along the road. Source: Efrat, 814. Fig. 22: Rural settlements, mid 1950s, Lakhish Region, Israel. Source: Efrat, 697. Fig. 23: Diagram for Lakhish Region, mid 1950s. Source: Smadar Sharon, “Lo Mityashvim,” 68. Fig. 24: Sierra Leone National Urbanization Plan: Population Movements. Fig. 25: Sierra Leone National Urbanization Plan: Regional Pattern; Social Fig. 26: Sierra Leone National Urbanization Plan: Urban Framework ii Fig. 27-30: Sierra Leone National Urbanization Plan: use of trace paper for data processing. Fig. 31: Sierra Leone National Urbanization Plan: emergence of regions out of the controlled “chaos.” Fig. 32: Urban Centres: The region becomes a given fact, which now serves as a substrate for the superimposition of urban centers. Fig. 33: Egboramy, Campus Core, University of Ife, late 1970s (note that the building on the top right is a drawing pasted to the image. The building was never built). Source: OAU, Planning Department Archive. Fig. 34: Arieh Sharon, Kibbutz Ein Hashofet. Note the separation between the central yard, surrounded by residential units, and the work area (no. 5). Source: Sharon, Kibbutz+Bauhaus. Fig. 35: Arieh Sharon, School Community Kibbutz Beit Alpha, 1942, Source: Sharon, Kibbutz+Bauhaus. Fig. 36: Arieh Sharon, Ife University, academic core, perspective (no date). Source: Azrieli Architectural Archive Collection, Tel Aviv Museum of Art. Fig. 37: Arieh Sharon, Ife University campus plan, 1962. Source: Azrieli Architectural Archive Collection, Tel Aviv Museum of Art. Fig. 38-40: Ife University, faculty housing, contemporary views. Photographs taken by the author. Fig. 41: Arieh Sharon, Humanities Faculty, University of Ife, 1961. Source: Azrieli Architectural Archive Collection, Tel Aviv Museum of Art. Fig. 42: Arieh Sharon, Humanities Faculty, University of Ife, 1962. Source: Azrieli Architectural Archive Collection, Tel Aviv Museum of Art. Fig. 43: Arieh Sharon, Humanities complex, section. Source: Azrieli Architectural Archive Collection, Tel Aviv Museum of Art. Fig. 44: Arieh Sharon, “Self Protecting Building Section” vs. “Applied Solar Shade Device.” Source: Egboramy, Ife University Master Plan, 1980-85, OAU Planning Department Archive. Fig. 45: Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, Tropical Architecture in the Humid Zone, 1956. Fig. 46: “Acrobatics and Architecture.” Source: Habinyan Bamizrakh Hakarov, 1940s. (Reproduced in Nitzan-Shiftan, “Contested Zionism,” 161). Fig. 47: Arieh Sharon, Tel Aviv Architecture 1920s-1960s. Source: Azrieli Architectural Archive Collection, Tel Aviv Museum. Fig. 48: Arieh Sharon, University of Ife, Humanities Faculty, c. 1966. Source: Amos Spitz private collection. Fig. 49: Eliezer Schreiber, Social Sciences and Administration buildings (c. late 1970s), and Harold Rubin’s Education building in the background (c. mid 1970s). Contemporary view. Photograph taken by the author. Fig. 50: Social Sciences building: contemporary view of the open central mall and roof. Photograph taken by the author. Fig. 51: Social Sciences, ground level. Photograph taken by the author. Fig. 52: Harold Rubin, Faculty of Education (c. mid 1970s), view from the Humanities faculty. Photograph taken by the author. Fig. 53: Harold Rubin, Faculty of Education (c. mid 1970s), hanging gardens. Photograph taken by the author. iii Fig. 54: Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, Wesley Girls’ Secondary School in Ghana, early 1950s. Source: Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, Tropical Architecture in the Humid Zone, 1956. Fig. 55: Harold Rubin, University of Ife, Central Library, 1969. Source: Yael Aloni private collection. Fig. 56: View of Oduduwa Hall from the Secretariat, mid 1970s. On the right: the Opa Oranmiyan replica. In the back: the faculty of sciences, designed by James Cubitt. Source: Amos Spitz private collection. Fig. 57: Oduduwa Hall, foyer. Contemporary view. Photograph by the author. Fig. 58: Oduduwa Hall, textured
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