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Sürdürülebilir Kentiçi Ulaşım Politikaları Ve Toplu Taşıma

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Sürdürülebilir Kentiçi Ulaşım Politikaları Ve Toplu Taşıma Yayın No: 2891 SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KENTİÇİ ULAŞIM POLİTİKALARI ve TOPLU TAŞIMA SİSTEMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI Uzmanlık Tezi Faruk CİRİT İKTİSADİ SEKTÖRLER VE KOORDİNASYON GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ Ağustos 2014 ISBN 978-605-9041-04-1 Bu tez Müsteşar Yardımcısı Erhan USTA başkanlığında, Şevki EMİNKAHYAGİL, Mustafa DEMİREZEN, Doç. Dr. Adil TEMEL,Bahaettin GÜLGÖR, Dr. Vedat ŞAHİN, Recep ÇAKAL ve M. Cengiz SÜRMELİ’den oluşan Planlama Uzmanlığı Yeterlilik Sınav Kurulu tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. TEŞEKKÜR Çalışmaya verdikleri desteklerden dolayı İktisadi Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürü Sayın A.Latif TUNA’ya ve Ulaştırma, Enerji ve Lojistik Dairesi Başkanı Sayın Serdinç YILMAZ’a, Çalışma hayatıma başladığım ilk günden itibaren engin tecrübesi ve yol gösterici tutumu ile kendimi geliştirmemde oldukça büyük katkısı olan, samimi ve içten tavırlarıyla huzurlu bir iş ortamında çalışmamı sağlayan değerli uzmanım ve tez danışmanım Planlama Uzmanı Sayın Osman Olcay GÜNEĞİ’ye, Çalışmada kullanılan verilerin temininde ve teknik analizin çerçevesinin oluşturulmasında çok büyük emekleri bulunan, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesinden Sayın Mustafa MURTEZA’ya ve İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş’den Sayın Kamil DEMİRCAN’a, Sürdürülebilir ulaşım konusunda sahip oldukları bilgi ve tecrübelerini paylaşan Sayın Ali Doğan ŞALVA ile EMBARQ Sürdürülebilir Ulaşım Derneğinden Sayın Arzu TEKİR’e, İş yoğunluğuna rağmen tezin kontrolünde, eksik ve hatalarının giderilmesinde önemli katkıları bulunan Planlama Uzmanı Sayın Sedef YAVUZ NOYAN’a, Tezin içeriği ve yazım tekniği konularında desteklerini esirgemeyen kıymetli dostlarım Sayın Özhan YILMAZ’a, Sayın Burak KARAGÖL’e, Sayın M. Caner MEYDAN’a ve Sayın Ahmet ŞİMŞEK’e, Bu güne kadar edinmiş olduğum bilgi ve tecrübede katkıları bulunan Sayın Hülya TOKGÖZ’e ve Sayın Murad GÜRMERİÇ’e, Dostlarıma, aileme ve hayatım boyunca sevgilerini esirgemeyen değerli anne ve babama, en içten duygularla teşekkür ederim. ÖZET Planlama Uzmanlığı Tezi SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KENTİÇİ ULAŞIM POLİTİKALARI VE TOPLU TAŞIMA SİSTEMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI Faruk CİRİT Son yüzyılda, kalkınmanın yalnızca ekonomik kalkınma boyutuyla ele alınması, çevresel ve sosyal boyutların göz ardı edilmesi sonucunda, doğal kaynakların tükenmesi, çevre kirliliği, iklim değişikliği ve küresel ısınma gibi sorunlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sorunlara yönelik uluslararası arenada oluşan farkındalık sonucunda kalkınmanın yalnızca ekonomik boyuttan ibaret olmadığı kabul edilmeye başlanmış ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın sağlanmasında, ekonomik, çevresel ve sosyal boyutların tamamına etki etmesi bakımından ulaştırma sektörü kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu kapsamda, “kentsel alanlarda, hareketlilik ve erişim ihtiyacının en ekonomik ve çevreye en duyarlı şekilde karşılanması” amacını taşıyan “sürdürülebilir kentiçi ulaşım” kavramı gündeme gelmiş ve tüm dünyada bu amaca yönelik çeşitli politikalar geliştirilmiştir. Sürdürülebilir kentiçi ulaşım politikaları çekme ve itme politikaları olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Çekme politikaları, toplu taşıma sistemleri (otobüs, metrobüs ve raylı sistemler) ve motorsuz ulaşım türleri (yürüme ve bisiklet) gibi ekonomik ve çevre dostu ulaşım türlerinin geliştirilmesini; itme politikaları ekonomik tedbirler (vergilendirme ve yol ücretlendirme), park politikaları ve trafik yavaşlatma yoluyla otomobil kullanımının azaltılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sürdürülebilir kentiçi ulaşım politikalarının kavramsal çerçevesi ele alınmakta, bu politikaların başarılı bir şekilde uygulandığı ülke örneklerine yer verilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, kentlerin mevcut durumu; temel ulaşım verileri ve önemli ulaşım projeleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, farklı yolculuk taleplerine ve güzergâh uzunluklarına göre toplu taşıma sistemlerinin seçimine ilişkin bir analiz yapılmaktadır. Analiz sonucunda; saatte tek yönde bir kesitte taşınabilecek yolcu sayısı otobüs sistemi için en fazla 7.500 yolcu/saat, tramvay sistemi için 15.000 yolcu/saat, metrobüs ve hafif raylı sistem için 30.000 yolcu/saat ve metro sistemi için 70.000 yolcu/saat olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, doruk saat tek yön yolculuk talebinin 5.000 ve 7.500 yolcu/saat olduğu durumlarda otobüs sisteminin, 7.500-15.000 yolcu/saat olduğu durumlarda tramvay sisteminin, 15.000-30.000 yolcu/saat olduğu durumlarda metrobüs sisteminin ve 30.000 yolcu/saat üzerindeki durumlarda ise metro sisteminin finansal açıdan en yapılabilir sistemler olduğu hesaplanmaktadır. CO2 emisyonları bakımından ise metronun en verimli sistem olduğu, bunu sırasıyla hafif raylı sistem, tramvay, metrobüs ve otobüs sistemlerinin takip ettiği görülmektedir. Çalışmada elde edilen bu bulgular doğrultusunda, ülkemizde kentiçi ulaşımda sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması ve kentlerin daha yaşanabilir hale getirilmesine yönelik öneriler sıralanmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sürdürülebilir Kentiçi Ulaşım, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Toplu Taşıma, Motorsuz Ulaşım, Çekme Politikaları, İtme Politikaları ii ABSTRACT Planning Expertise Thesis SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT POLICIES AND COMPARISON OF MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS Faruk CİRİT In the last century, treating the development with just economic aspects and ignoring the environmental and social dimensions resulted in problems like depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution, climate change and global warming. Rising awareness about these problems in international fora resulted with the realization of other aspects of the development process and sustainable development concept has ensued. Transportation sector, regarding its impact on economic, environmental and social aspects, plays a critical role on achieving sustainable development. In this context, “sustainable urban transport” concept which aims to “fulfill the mobility and access needs most economically and environmental friendly in urban areas” came to the fore and for this purpose various policies were developed throughout the world. Sustainable development policies are grouped into two as pull and push policies. Pull policies aim at enhancing public transportation systems (bus, bus rapid transit and rail systems) and non-motorized transportation while push policies aim at decreasing the usage of private cars via economic measures (taxation and road pricing), parking policies and traffic calming. In this study, conceptual framework of sustainable development policies are discussed and successful country examples are presented. In addition, current situation in some cities are analyzed within the framework of main transportation data and important projects. Moreover, the study includes an analysis on the selection of public transportation systems, with respect to different passenger demands and route lengths. As a result of the analysis, it is seen that the maximum passenger capacity is 7,500 passenger per hour per direciton (pphd) for bus systems, 15,000 pphd for tramway systems, 30,000 pphd for bus rapid transit and light rail systems, 70,000 pphd for metro systems. Furthermore, it is calculated that the most financially feasible system is: bus system when passenger demand is between 5,000 and 7,500 pphd; tramway system between 7,500 and 15,000 pphd; bus rapid transit system between 15,000 and 30,000 pphd; and metro system over 30,000 pphd. In terms of CO2 emissions, metro systen is the most efficient one followed by light rail system, tramway, bus rapid transit system and bus system. In line with these findings of the study, suggestions are proposed with the aim of achieving sustainability in urban transportation in Turkey and making cities more livable places. Keywords: Sustainable Urban Transport, Sustainable Development, Public Transit, Non-Motorized Transport, Pull Policies, Push Policies iii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No TEŞEKKÜR .................................................................................................................. i ÖZET............................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iii İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................... iv TABLOLAR .............................................................................................................. vii ŞEKİLLER .................................................................................................................. ix RESİMLER .................................................................................................................. x KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................ xi GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 1. SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA VE ULAŞIM .................................................. 6 1.1. Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ................................................................................... 6 1.2. Sürdürülebilir Ulaşım ....................................................................................... 9 1.3. Sürdürülebilir Kentiçi Ulaşım ........................................................................ 14 2. SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KENTİÇİ ULAŞIM POLİTİKALARI ............................... 18 2.1. Çekme Politikaları .......................................................................................... 22 2.1.1. Toplu Taşıma Sistemleri ......................................................................
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