Musik - Kultur Und Widerstand

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Musik - Kultur Und Widerstand ISSN 0259-7446 € 4,40 Kommunikation in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart Thema: Musik - Kultur und Widerstand Musik und Widerstand in der SMS-Zeit Mikis Theodorakis Karajan und die Musikkritik der 1960er Jahre Irish Folk und bulgarische Folklore Klangräume Industrial Folk Songs Rezensionen Jahrgang 18 medien Impressum Medieninhaber. Herausgeber und Verleger: Verein „Arbeitskreis für historische Kommunikationsforschung (AHK)“, A-l 180 Wien, Postfach 442 http://muz.pub.univie.ac.at WAP: http://inuz.pub.univie.ac.at/wap/ Inhalt © Die Rechte für die Beiträge in diesem Heft liegen beim „Arbeitskreis für historische Kommunikationsforschung (AHK)“ „Mein lustigstes Lied wird ein Vorstand des AHK: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Wolfgang Duchkowitsch (Obmann), Trauermarsch sein" a.o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Fritz Hausjell (Obmann-Stv.), Musik und Widerstand gegen den Mag. Fritz Randl (Geschäftsführer), Mag. Bernd Semrad (Geschäftsführer-Stv.), Nationalsozialsozialismus............_................... 4 Mag. Claudia Spitznagel (Schriftführerin). Christian Schwarzenegger (Schriftführer-Stv.) Primavera Gruber Mag. Wolfgang Monschein (Kassier), Marion Linger (Kassicr-Stv.) Secular and Sacred: Redaktion: Carina Sulzer Mikis Theodorakis and the Lektorat: Politics of Greec Music - _ ...... 11 Iris Hajicsck, Bernd Semrad Gail Holst-Warhaft Bildredaktion und Layout: Iris Hajicsek Kulturwissenschaftliche Zugänge zu Korrespondenten: Prof. Dr. Hans Bohrmann (Dortmund), Musikkritik(ern) und Herbert von Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hermann Haarmann (Berlin), Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ed Mc Luskie (Boise, Idaho), Karajan in den 1960er Jahren 19 Univ.-Prof. Dr. Arnulf Kutsch (I xripy.ig), Lydia Rathkolb Dr. Edmund Schulz (Leipzig), Dr. Markus Behmer (München) Prof. Dr. Rudolf Stöber (Bamberg) Die Dublin-Sofia-Connection Druck: Buch- und Offsetdruckerei Fischer, Ein Essay................................................................ 27 1010 Wien, Dominikanerbastei 10 Richard Schuberth Erscheinungsweise: Medien & Zeit erscheint vierteljährlich Von der Wachswalze zum Bezugsbedingungen: Einzelheft (exkl. Versand): € 4,40 Sampling-Gerät Doppelheft (exkl. Versand): € 8,80 Die Geschichte der Tonaufzeichnung Jahresabonnement: und des Sounds 33 Österreich (inkl. Versand): € 16,— Ausland (inkl. Versand auf dem Landweg): € 21,80 Alfred Smudits Studentinnenjahresabonnement: Österreich (inkl. Versand): € 11,60 Ausland (inkl. Versand auf dem Landweg): € 17,40 Songs of the Durham Coalfield ......... 45 Bestellung an: Gary Miller Medien 6c Zeit, A-1180 Wien, Postfach 442 oder über den gut sortierten Buch- und Zeitschriftenhandel Rezensionen ................................ 66 ISSN 0259-7446 Editorial „Musik - Kultur und Widerstand“ ist das Thema Mikis Theodorakis ist ein Musikschaffender, des­ unseres letzten Heftes im heurigen Jahr, gleichzei­ sen musikalisches Wirken stets in engem Zusam­ tig ist es das erste Mal, dass in medien & zeit menhang mit seinen politischen Überzeugungen Musik als kommunikationsgeschichtliches Phä­ zu sehen ist, der aber auch in hohem Maß geprägt nomen reflektiert wird. Während das kulturelle ist vom kulturgeschichtlichen Erbe seiner griechi­ Widerstandspotential der heutigen, zumeist kul­ schen Heimat, wo er inzwischen selbst zu einer turindustriell produzierten populären Musikfor­ Art kulturellen Ikone wurde. Zu diesem Rang, men umstritten ist, zeigt der Blick zurück in die den Mikis Theodorakis heute im Kulturleben Geschichte der populären Musik, dass die musi­ Griechenlands einnimmt, hat sein unermüdliches kalischen Artikulationsformen kulturellen politisches Engagement und seine Rolle als pro­ Widerstands in der Vergangenheit häufig mit minenter, gleichwohl politisch verfolgter Lieder­ einer politischen Haltung verknüpft waren, und macher während der Jahre der Diktatur in den es vereinzelt heute noch sind. Auf der anderen 1970er Jahren wesentlich heigetragen. Die ameri­ Seite erweist sich aber auch dort, wo das vorgeb­ kanische Literaturwissenschafterin und Musike­ lich apolitische Musikleben der hegemonialen rin Gail Holst-Warhaft, die das „Phänomen Kultur im Zentrum der Betrachtung steht, dass Theodorakis“ in diesem Heft vorstellt und schon eine unterschwellig konnotierte politische mehrmals mit Theodorakis auf der Bühne stand, Dimension nie ganz auszuschließen ist. gilt als hervorragende Übersetzerin antiker und Den Autoren und Autorinnen dieser Ausgabe moderner griechischer Literatur und als Expertin gemein ist der in die geschichtliche Tiefe reichen­ für griechische Volksmusik. de Blick auf ihr jeweiliges Sachthema. Musik als essentieller Bestandteil jedes kulturellen Lebens Mit Herbert von Karajan und seinem Bild in der kann, besonders in politisch unruhigen Zeiten, Musikkritik der 1960er Jahre hat sich Lydia Rath­ zur Trägerin vielfältiger, und eben auch politi­ kolb, die selbst Sängerin ist, in ihrer Dissertation scher, Botschaften werden. Obwohl dies in auseinandergesetzt. Wiederum begegnen wir in besonderer Form auf Lieder explizit politischen ihrem Beitrag einer Ikone des Kulturlebens, aller­ Inhalts zutrifft, können andererseits auch gänz­ dings steht das musikalische Schaffen hier in kei­ lich apolitische musikalische Werke im entspre­ nem Zusammenhang mit politischem Wider­ chenden Kontext zum Synonym einer Wider­ stand, sondern verweist auf die von den herr­ standshaltung werden. schenden Klassen ausstrahlende kulturelle Hege- monialmacht. Dies belegt etwa der Beitrag von Primavera Gruber über Musik und Widerstand gegen den Ebenso eine, man könnte sagen, kulturalistische Nationalsozialismus (Mein lustigstes Lied wird ein Perspektive nimmt der Musikjournalist Richard Trauermarsch sein). Als Leiterin des Orpheus Schuberth ein. In seinem Beitrag werden die Trust, der für die Bewahrung des kulturellen musikalischen Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen zwi­ Erbes der im „Dritten Reich“ verfolgten Musiker schen der irischen Volksmusik und jener Bulgari­ und Künstler eintritt, differenziert Primavera ens bzw. des Balkans keineswegs abstrakt, son­ Gruber zwischen dem aktiven, organisierten dern durchaus personell bezogen reflektiert. An­ Widerstand durch Musikschaffende und den hand Schuberths Ausführungen lassen sich musi­ musikalischen Formen des Widerstands. Wobei kalische Entwicklungen als unaufhörlicher Pro­ zu betonen ist, dass sich dieser in den Jahren des zess des Austauschs und der Hybridisierung be­ Faschismus sehr von späteren Formen — etwa in greifen, vorangetrieben von der innovativen Kraft der amerikanischen Protestkultur der 1960er einzelner Protagonisten. Dabei erweist sich, dass Jahre - unterschied. musikalische Innovationen im Zuge ihrer Ver­ 2 m & Z 4/2003 breitung relativ rasch in den vorhandenen Kanon zahllosen Radiosendern entgegenschallt - kam es der Tradition münden. Welche Innovationen sich auch zu einer sozialen Trennung zwischen den Ur­ dauerhaft etablieren können, hängt wiederum hebern populärer Musik und ihren Rezipienten. von einer Vielzahl von Faktoren ab, die der Sphä­ re musikalischen Schaffens vorgelagert sind. Vor der Verbreitung der Massenmedien hatte Hierzu zählt etwa generell der Stand der techno­ populäre Musik volkstümlichen Charakter. Ihre logischen Entwicklung. In der Tat hat in den ver­ Urheber waren häufig keine professionellen gangenen hundert Jahren wenig die populäre Komponisten, sondern Autodidakten, die dersel­ Musik so sehr verändert wie die enormen Verän­ ben sozialen Schicht zugehörten wie jene, die ihre derungen auf dem Gebiet der Technik. Der Musik zu hören bekamen. Zwar fanden mit der Bedeutung technologischer Innovationen in der massenhaften Vervielfältigung von Notenblättern Geschichte des Musiklebens im 20. Jahrhundert auch die Werke der sogenannten E-Musik in wei­ trägt der Musiksoziologe und Medientheoretiker ten Bevölkerungskreisen Verbreitung, daneben Alfred Smudits in Von der Wachswalze zum Sam­ existierte jedoch auch ein reicher Fundus an pling-Gerät Rechnung. Er bezeichnet die Umwäl­ populären Musikformen, die ihren Ursprung zungen, die im Zuge des vergangenen Jahrhun­ nicht im Bürgertum hatten. Von diesen sind derts das Musikleben umgeformt haben, zutref­ besonders die Arbeiterlieder hervorzuheben, die fend als elektronische Mediamorphose, die zu historisch auf eine lange Tradition zurück­ völlig neuen Klangerlebnissen führte. Aul der blicken. nächst höheren Ebene der Entwicklung erweitert die digitale Mediamorphose die musikalische Gary Miller beschreibt sehr anschaulich in seinen Binnenarchitektur der Klangräume mit einer Songs o f the Durham Coalfield die Arbeitskämpfe Vielzahl neuer Möglichkeiten. und den politischen Widerstand der Bergbauar­ beiter in seiner Heimat, dem Nordosten Eng­ Die elektronische Mediamorphose führte zur lands. Verbreitung gänzlich neuer Formen populärer Die traditionsreichen industrial folk songs Musik, die nicht mehr originär „aus dem Volk“ bewahren in den Kohlegebieten das kollektive kommen, sondern als kulturindustriell gefertigte Gedächtnis der Region und erinnern an das kul­ Ware konzipiert sind. Dieser Prozess ist nicht turelle und politische Leben in den Bergbau-Sied­ zuletzt auch durch Trennungsmechanismen lungen, an so manches Grubenunglück und bit­ gekennzeichnet, die im Ensemble auf die der ter ausgefochtenen Streik. Sie sprechen aber auch Moderne inhärenten Entfremdungstendenzen von einer starken Bewusstseinsbildung auf seiten verweisen. der Arbeiterklasse und repräsentieren auf ihre Bereits die verschriftete Notenkultur ermöglichte Weise eine Oral History, die tatsächlich originär bzw. erleichterte die Trennung von Komponist „von unten“ kommt (und damit frei ist von aka­ und
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