DOCSLIB.ORG

Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900 Silke Stroh northwestern university press evanston, illinois Northwestern University Press www .nupress.northwestern .edu Copyright © 2017 by Northwestern University Press. Published 2017. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data are available from the Library of Congress. Except where otherwise noted, this book is licensed under a Creative Commons At- tribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. In all cases attribution should include the following information: Stroh, Silke. Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination: Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2017. For permissions beyond the scope of this license, visit www.nupress.northwestern.edu An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 3 Chapter 1 The Modern Nation- State and Its Others: Civilizing Missions at Home and Abroad, ca. 1600 to 1800 33 Chapter 2 Anglophone Literature of Civilization and the Hybridized Gaelic Subject: Martin Martin’s Travel Writings 77 Chapter 3 The Reemergence of the Primitive Other? Noble Savagery and the Romantic Age 113 Chapter 4 From Flirtations with Romantic Otherness to a More Integrated National Synthesis: “Gentleman Savages” in Walter Scott’s Novel Waverley 141 Chapter 5 Of Celts and Teutons: Racial Biology and Anti- Gaelic Discourse, ca. 1780– 1860 185 Chapter 6 Racist Reversals: Appropriating Racial Typology in Late Nineteenth- Century Pro- Gaelic Discourse 213 Conclusion 247 Abbreviations 253 Notes 255 Works Cited 305 Index 327 Acknowledgments During the research which underlies this book, and during the gestation pro- cess of the manuscript, I have benefited greatly from the advice and support of various people and institutions. Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Dieter Riemenschneider and Prof. Dr. Frank Schulze-Engler from the University of Frankfurt a.M. for their invaluable mentorship during my first years of working on Scottish postcolonialism. I have also received impor- tant encouragement, comments, suggestions, and support from Prof. C. L. Innes, Prof. Dr. Mark Stein, Prof. Carla Sassi, Dr. Michael Newton, Prof. Dr. Christoph Heyl, Dr. Christine Vogt- William, Caroline Kögler, my NUP editors Gianna F. Mosser and Nathan MacBrien, and the two anonymous peer review- ers. Any remaining shortcomings in this book are, of course, entirely my own. I would also like to thank the friendly staff at Bridgeman Images for sup- plying the picture reproduced on the cover—this Victorian scrap perfectly captures the ambiguity of the Scottish Highlanders’ position in British colo- nial discourse: on the one hand, the Highlander marches alongside the other (ethnically unmarked) British redcoat soldier as a leader of the pageant, presumably a fellow conqueror of the “exotic” people and animals behind him, but on the other hand he is arguably also part of the pageant of the colonized—ethnically marked like them, and with some “primitive exoti- cism” emanating from his garb. Recalling the triumphal marches in ancient Rome where victorious commanders and emperors paraded themselves, their troops, foreign captives and spoils, this Victorian procession also reflects Brit- ain’s attempts to portray itself as a successor to imperial Rome—with “Celts” as barbarian Others to both empires, and a bridge between them. Further thanks are due to the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAAD) for facilitating my very first stay in Scotland as a scholar of their “Anglistenprogramm” during the aca- demic year 1996– 97, which laid the initial foundations for my long-standing fascination with Scottish studies. I have also benefited enormously from a doctoral scholarship granted by the German National Academic Foundation (Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes). Furthermore, I would like to thank the National Library of Scotland as well as the libraries of the University of Glasgow, the University of Aberdeen, and Sabhal Mòr Ostaig for their gener- ous permission to use their excellent resources during my research. Some of the ideas presented in this book were previously published in a different form as parts of essays in the following collections and journals: vii viii Acknowledgments Global Fragments: (Dis)Orientation in the New World Order, edited by Anke Bartels and Dirk Wiemann; Transcultural English Studies: Theories, Fictions, Realities, edited by Frank Schulze-Engler and Sissy Helff; Transla- tion of Cultures, edited by Petra Rüdiger and Konrad Gross; The Bottle Imp 10; Within and Without Empire: Scotland Across the (Post)colonial Border- line, edited by Carla Sassi and Theo van Heijnsbergen; Anglistentag 2012 Potsdam: Proceedings, edited by Katrin Röder and Ilse Wischer; and Con- tested Identities: Literary Negotiations in Time and Place, edited by Roger Nicholson, Claudia Marquis, and Gertrud Szamosi. In terms of theory and historical basics, there are also some overlaps with my earlier monograph Uneasy Subjects: Postcolonialism and Scottish Gaelic Poetry— in a way, these two studies complement each other, approaching the Scottish (post)colonial question from different linguistic angles. I am also immensely grateful for all the love and support I have received from my parents Irene and Werner Stroh, and from my partner Gregor Addi- son. He is due additional thanks for many inspiring reading suggestions and years of lively intellectual dialogue. It is to these three wonderful people that this book is dedicated. Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Introduction Can Scotland and the “Celtic fringe” be considered as English colonies? Is their experience and literature comparable to that of overseas postcolonial countries? Can international postcolonial theory help us to understand the Scottish predicament? Is Scottish political and cultural nationalism similar to anticolonial resistance overseas? Or are such comparisons no more than Scottish patriotic victimology, attempting to mask complicity in the British Empire and justify initiatives to secede from the United Kingdom? Caught between nationalist rhetoric, an ever-expanding academic “theory indus- try,” and more skeptical perspectives which doubt the value of Scottish and “Celtic” postcolonialisms, these questions have been heatedly debated in recent years. On an international level, the transformation of postcolonial studies from a small academic margin into an increasingly popular, respected, and institutionalized part of the academic mainstream has been ongoing since the 1980s and, despite recurrent theoretical (self- )questioning, the field still remains a trendy academic growth sector. Historically, postcolonialism has close connections to questions of political autonomy, emancipation move- ments, and nation-building. Hence, debates about extending postcolonial approaches to Scottish studies were to some extent fueled by recent political developments: the devolution process of the late 1990s which gave Scotland its own “regional” parliament within the United Kingdom while pan-British “national” affairs remained with the Parliament in London; the 2007 and 2011 elections which made the Scottish National Party (SNP) the governing power in the Edinburgh Parliament; and the run- up to the 2014 referendum on whether Scotland should become a sovereign nation- state of its own, with full independence from the United Kingdom. When that referendum resulted in a “no” vote, some might have wondered whether nationalist—and postco- lonial—questions should now be considered unviable, dated, and discredited: Did not this referendum result confirm an overall satisfaction with being part of Britain, a “sameness” and identification with the English (and other Brit- ons), rather than a sense of being a marginalized Other or an internal colony?1 These are valid questions, but in reality these issues are much more complex. Even after the 2014 referendum, the question of Scottish autonomy remained on the agenda. Political campaigning for more powers continued, even if the campaign was supposed to take place within the British state for the time being. Moreover, many refused to give up on independence as a long- term goal. Activism remained vigorous, and the pro-independence Scottish 3 4 Introduction National Party quadrupled its membership within six months after the 2014 plebiscite. Other pro-independence parties likewise experienced a growth in membership. Desires for stronger representation of Scottish interests within the Union, and for an end of pan-British austerity politics, led to a huge SNP success in the 2015 elections for the British Parliament, when the party gained 50 additional seats and came to represent fifty-six out of fifty-nine Scottish constituencies. The SNP also won the election for the Scottish Parliament in May 2016. The “Brexit” referendum in June 2016 brought a renewed sense of urgency: Although most Scots voted to remain
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Studies in Celtic Languages and Literatures: Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish
    e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies Volume 9 Book Reviews Article 7 1-29-2010 Celtic Presence: Studies in Celtic Languages and Literatures: Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish. Piotr Stalmaszczyk. Łódź: Łódź University Press, Poland, 2005. Hardcover, 197 pages. ISBN:978-83-7171-849-6. Emily McEwan-Fujita University of Pittsburgh Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi Recommended Citation McEwan-Fujita, Emily (2010) "Celtic Presence: Studies in Celtic Languages and Literatures: Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish. Piotr Stalmaszczyk. Łódź: Łódź University Press, Poland, 2005. Hardcover, 197 pages. ISBN:978-83-7171-849-6.," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 9 , Article 7. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol9/iss1/7 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact open- [email protected]. Celtic Presence: Studies in Celtic Languages and Literatures: Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish. Piotr Stalmaszczyk. Łódź: Łódź University Press, Poland, 2005. Hardcover, 197 pages. ISBN: 978-83- 7171-849-6. $36.00. Emily McEwan-Fujita, University of Pittsburgh This book's central theme, as the author notes in the preface, is "dimensions of Celtic linguistic presence" as manifested in diverse sociolinguistic contexts. However, the concept of "linguistic presence" gives
    [Show full text]
  • Celts and Celticists in Howard Brenton's the Romans in Britain
    Spring 1998 69 Celts and Celticists in Howard Brenton's The Romans in Britain Meenakshi Ponnuswami The Irish Question is really the English Question, and vice- versa. The Irish are accused of never forgetting, but that is because the English never remember. The Irish are accused of endlessly repeating their past, but they are forced to do so precisely because the English have failed to learn from theirs. —Declan Kiberd Much of the controversy generated by Howard Brenton's infamous representation of British colonial history in The Romans in Britain can in retrospect be attributed to familiar political causes. As a result of right-wing indignation, ostensibly prompted by the spectacle of on-stage homosexual rape, the vigorous debate which followed the play's first performances in 1980 concentrated on questions of artistic subsidy and censorship. But it now seems evident that opposition to Brenton's new play had less to do with questions of obscenity or subsidy than with the emerging New Right's need to reshape contemporary political discourse. Brenton, who had challenged the political establishment repeatedly in his earlier plays, had The Romans produced with state subsidy, at nothing less than the National Theatre, shortly after Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister. As Richard Boon has persuasively argued, "the play became a useful stalking-horse for a number of figures, inside and outside government, who wished both to test and to reinforce the new 'moral climate' of the early eighties."1 Because critical discussion of the play has often been framed by the terms of the initial debate, little attention has been devoted during the last fifteen years to the political and methodological implications of Brenton's reworking of the history of British imperialism.
    [Show full text]
  • A Soldier Fights for Three Separate but Sometimes Associated Reasons: for Duty, for Payment and for Cause
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stirling Online Research Repository The press and military conflict in early modern Scotland by Alastair J. Mann A soldier fights for three separate but sometimes associated reasons: for duty, for payment and for cause. Nathianiel Hawthorne once said of valour, however, that ‘he is only brave who has affections to fight for’. Those soldiers who are prepared most readily to risk their lives are those driven by political and religious passions. From the advent of printing to the present day the printed word has provided governments and generals with a means to galvanise support and to delineate both the emotional and rational reasons for participation in conflict. Like steel and gunpowder, the press was generally available to all military propagandists in early modern Europe, and so a press war was characteristic of outbreaks of civil war and inter-national war, and thus it was for those conflicts involving the Scottish soldier. Did Scotland’s early modern soldiers carry print into battle? Paul Huhnerfeld, the biographer of the German philosopher and Nazi Martin Heidegger, provides the curious revelation that German soldiers who died at the Russian front in the Second World War were to be found with copies of Heidegger’s popular philosophical works, with all their nihilism and anti-Semitism, in their knapsacks.1 The evidence for such proximity between print and combat is inconclusive for early modern Scotland, at least in any large scale. Officers and military chaplains certainly obtained religious pamphlets during the covenanting period from 1638 to 1651.
    [Show full text]
  • New Caledonia 1698-1700: Scotland's Twice-Lost Colony
    71 “New Caledonia 1698-1700: Scotland’s Twice-Lost Colony” Ignacio Gallup-Díaz, Bryn Mawr College “Lost Colonies” Conference, March 26-27, 2004 (Please do not cite, quote, or circulate without written permission from the author) This paper explores the manner in which the troubled relationship between Scotland and England played itself out in the arena of imperial expansion in the Americas. How did Scotland, a nation-state attempting to free itself from its problematic relationship with a mightier southern neighbor, act upon the colonial stage it had chosen in the Darién region of eastern Panamá? How did a nation-state that occupied the subject position in a colonial relationship itself perform as a colonizer? Informed by David Armitage’s persuasive description of the elements that differentiated the Scottish vision of empire from English expansionist thinking,1 the paper sets out to discover whether Scottish sailors, soldiers and settlers-- the individuals acting on the front lines of the nation’s expansionist effort-- interacted with the Darién’s Tule2 people in a manner that also distinguished them from their English competitors. 1. D. Armitage, “The Scottish Vision of Empire: Intellectual Origins of the Darién Venture,” in John Robertson, ed., A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the Union of 1707, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 97-121; see also his Ideological Origins of the British Empire, (Cambridge UP, 2000), pp. 158-162. 2. The San Blas Kuna Indians, the descendants of the early modern indigenous peoples of Panamá, use the word “Tule” to describe themselves, and this is the term that I shall use for the actors in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Falkirk Wheel, Scotland
    Falkirk Wheel, Scotland Jing Meng Xi Jing Fang Natasha Soriano Kendra Hanagami Overview Magnitudes & Costs Project Use and Social and Economic Benefits Technical Issues and Innovations Social Problems and Policy Challenges Magnitudes Location: Central Scotland Purpose: To connecting the Forth and Clyde canal with the Union canal. To lift boats from a lower canal to an upper canal Magnitudes Construction Began: March 12, 1999 Officially at Blairdardie Road in Glasgow Construction Completed: May 24, 2002 Part of the Millennium Link Project undertaken by British Waterways in Scotland To link the West and East coasts of Scotland with fully navigable waterways for the first time in 35 years Magnitudes The world’s first and only rotating boat wheel Two sets of axe shaped arms Two diametrically opposed waterwater-- filled caissons Magnitudes Overall diameter is 35 meters Wheel can take 4 boats up and 4 boats down Can overcome the 24m vertical drop in 15 minute( 600 tones) To operate the wheel consumes just 1.5 kilowattkilowatt--hourshours in rotation Costs and Prices Total Cost of the Millennium Link Project: $123 M $46.4 M of fund came from Nation Lottery Falkirk Wheel Cost: $38.5 M Financing Project was funded by: British Waterways Millennium Commission Scottish Enterprise European Union Canalside local authorities Fares for Wheel The Falkirk Wheel Experience Tour: Adults $11.60 Children $6.20 Senior $9.75 Family $31.20 Social Benefits Proud Scots Queen of Scotland supported the Falkirk Wheel revived an important
    [Show full text]
  • Police Division.Dot
    Safer Communities Directorate Police Powers Unit T: 0131-244-2355 E: [email protected] T Johnson Via email ___ Our ref: FOI/13/00538 26 April 2013 Dear T Johnson Thank you for your email dated 5 April, in which you make a request under the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 (FOISA) for: 1) Information about the make, model and muzzle energy of the gun used in the fatal shooting of a child in Easterhouse in 2005; 2) Details of the number of meetings, those involved in said meetings and the minutes of meetings regarding the Scottish Firearms Consultative Panel (SFCP); 3) Information regarding land that provides a safe shooting ground that is as accessible as a member of the public’s own garden, or clubs that offer open access to the general public; and 4) Details of any ranges that people can freely rent similar to other countries, in the central belt area of Scotland. In relation to your request number 1), I have assumed that you are referring specifically to the death of Andrew Morton. Following a search of our paper and electronic records, I have established that the information you have requested is not held by the Scottish Government. You may wish to contact either the police or Procurator Fiscal Service, who may be able to provide this information. Contact details for Police Scotland can be found online at www.scotland.police.uk/access-to-information/freedom-of-information/, and for the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service at www.crownoffice.gov.uk/FOI/Freedom-Information- and-Environmental-Information-Regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • René Galand, the Emsav in a Novel of Yeun Ar Gow
    René Galand, The Emsav in a novel of Yeun ar Gow Brittany’s struggle to regain its liberties (the Emsav , in Breton), is a major theme in XXth century Breton literature, as I have had occasion to show in other publications.1 The links between the Emsav and literature can be quite complex: this has been clearly demonstrated notably by Pierrette Kermoal in her study of two works of Roparz Hemon, the poem Gwarizi vras Emer [Emer’s great jealousy] and the novel Mari Vorgan .2 She shows how the Breton nationalist ideal is manifested in the form of two beautiful women whose essence is supernatural, the fairy Fant in the poem, and the mermaid Levenez in dthe novel. P. Kermoal does not mention Donalda Kerlaban, the protagonist of Hemon’s utopian novel An Aotrou Bimbochet e Breizh , but she clearly is another manifestation of the author’s ideal, an incarnation of his country’s revival. Roparz Hemon makes use of the image of a supernatural woman (or of a woman situated outside of time) like the ancient Irish poets who used her as a symbol of Irish sovereignty. 3 In fact, what the critic Youenn Olier wrote about Roparz Hemon might well be applied to many other Breton writers, à l’instar des anciens poètes irlandais qui symbolisaient ainsi la royauté de leur pays. 4 A vrai dire, on pourrait appliquer à bon nombre d’écrivains bretons ce qu’écrivait Youenn Olier à propos de Roparz Hemon :"... e oberenn lennegel a zo bet heklev an Emsav dre vras" [His literary work has largely been an echo of the Emsav ].
    [Show full text]
  • Dialectal Diversity in Contemporary Gaelic: Perceptions, Discourses and Responses Wilson Mcleod
    Dialectal diversity in contemporary Gaelic: perceptions, discourses and responses Wilson McLeod 1 Introduction This essay will address some aspects of language change in contemporary Gaelic and their relationship to the simultaneous workings of language shift and language revitalisation. I focus in particular on the issue of how dialects and dialectal diversity in Gaelic are perceived, depicted and discussed in contemporary discourse. Compared to many minoritised languages, notably Irish, dialectal diversity has generally not been a matter of significant controversy in relation to Gaelic in Scotland. In part this is because Gaelic has, or at least is depicted as having, relatively little dialectal variation, in part because the language did undergo a degree of grammatical and orthographic standardisation in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with the Gaelic of the Bible serving to provide a supra-dialectal high register (e.g. Meek 1990). In recent decades, as Gaelic has achieved greater institutionalisation in Scotland, notably in the education system, issues of dialectal diversity have not been prioritised or problematised to any significant extent by policy-makers. Nevertheless, in recent years there has been some evidence of increasing concern about the issue of diversity within Gaelic, particularly as language shift has diminished the range of spoken dialects and institutionalisation in broadcasting and education has brought about a degree of levelling and convergence in the language. In this process, some commentators perceive Gaelic as losing its distinctiveness, its richness and especially its flavour or blas. These responses reflect varying ideological perspectives, sometimes implicating issues of perceived authenticity and ownership, issues which become heightened as Gaelic is acquired by increasing numbers of non-traditional speakers with no real link to any dialect area.
    [Show full text]
  • "For the Advancement of So Good a Cause": Hugh Mackay, the Highland War and the Glorious Revolution in Scotland
    W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2012 "For the Advancement of So Good a Cause": Hugh MacKay, the Highland War and the Glorious Revolution in Scotland Andrew Phillip Frantz College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Frantz, Andrew Phillip, ""For the Advancement of So Good a Cause": Hugh MacKay, the Highland War and the Glorious Revolution in Scotland" (2012). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 480. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/480 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SO GOOD A CAUSE”: HUGH MACKAY, THE HIGHLAND WAR AND THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION IN SCOTLAND A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors is History from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, by Andrew Phillip Frantz Accepted for ___________________________________ (Honors, High Honors, Highest Honors) _________________________________________ Nicholas Popper, Director _________________________________________ Paul Mapp _________________________________________ Simon Stow Williamsburg, Virginia April 30, 2012 Contents Figures iii Acknowledgements iv Introduction 1 Chapter I The Origins of the Conflict 13 Chapter II Hugh MacKay and the Glorious Revolution 33 Conclusion 101 Bibliography 105 iii Figures 1. General Hugh MacKay, from The Life of Lieutenant-General Hugh MacKay (1836) 41 2. The Kingdom of Scotland 65 iv Acknowledgements William of Orange would not have been able to succeed in his efforts to claim the British crowns if it were not for thousands of people across all three kingdoms, and beyond, who rallied to his cause.
    [Show full text]
  • The Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland Published by James Maclehose and Sons, Glasgow
    i^ttiin •••7 * tuwn 1 1 ,1 vir tiiTiv^Vv5*^M òlo^l^!^^ '^- - /f^K$ , yt A"-^^^^- /^AO. "-'no.-' iiuUcotettt>tnc -DOcholiiunc THE NORSE INFLUENCE ON CELTIC SCOTLAND PUBLISHED BY JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, GLASGOW, inblishcre to the anibersitg. MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON. New York, • • The Macmillan Co. Toronto, • - • The Mactnillan Co. of Canada. London, • . - Simpkin, Hamilton and Co. Cambridse, • Bowes and Bowes. Edinburgh, • • Douglas and Foults. Sydney, • • Angus and Robertson. THE NORSE INFLUENCE ON CELTIC SCOTLAND BY GEORGE HENDERSON M.A. (Edin.), B.Litt. (Jesus Coll., Oxon.), Ph.D. (Vienna) KELLY-MACCALLUM LECTURER IN CELTIC, UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW EXAMINER IN SCOTTISH GADHELIC, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY I9IO Is buaine focal no toic an t-saoghail. A word is 7nore lasting than the world's wealth. ' ' Gadhelic Proverb. Lochlannaich is ànnuinn iad. Norsemen and heroes they. ' Book of the Dean of Lismore. Lochlannaich thi'eun Toiseach bhiir sgéil Sliochd solta ofrettmh Mhamiis. Of Norsemen bold Of doughty mould Your line of oldfrom Magnus. '' AIairi inghean Alasdair Ruaidh. PREFACE Since ever dwellers on the Continent were first able to navigate the ocean, the isles of Great Britain and Ireland must have been objects which excited their supreme interest. To this we owe in part the com- ing of our own early ancestors to these isles. But while we have histories which inform us of the several historic invasions, they all seem to me to belittle far too much the influence of the Norse Invasions in particular. This error I would fain correct, so far as regards Celtic Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Background of the Contact Between Celtic Languages and English
    Historical background of the contact between Celtic languages and English Dominković, Mario Master's thesis / Diplomski rad 2016 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences / Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Filozofski fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:142:149845 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-27 Repository / Repozitorij: FFOS-repository - Repository of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Osijek Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Osijek Diplomski studij engleskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer i mađarskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer Mario Dominković Povijesna pozadina kontakta između keltskih jezika i engleskog Diplomski rad Mentor: izv. prof. dr. sc. Tanja Gradečak – Erdeljić Osijek, 2016. Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Odsjek za engleski jezik i književnost Diplomski studij engleskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer i mađarskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer Mario Dominković Povijesna pozadina kontakta između keltskih jezika i engleskog Diplomski rad Znanstveno područje: humanističke znanosti Znanstveno polje: filologija Znanstvena grana: anglistika Mentor: izv. prof. dr. sc. Tanja Gradečak – Erdeljić Osijek, 2016. J.J. Strossmayer University in Osijek Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Teaching English as
    [Show full text]
  • Farwell to Feudalism
    Burke's Landed Gentry - The Kingdom in Scotland This pdf was generated from www.burkespeerage.com/articles/scotland/page14e.aspx FAREWELL TO FEUDALISM By David Sellar, Honorary Fellow, Faculty of Law, University of Edinburgh "The feudal system of land tenure, that is to say the entire system whereby land is held by a vassal on perpetual tenure from a superior is, on the appointed day, abolished". So runs the Sixth Act to be passed in the first term of the reconvened Scottish Parliament, The Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc (Scotland) Act 2000. The Act is welcome. By the end of the second millennium the feudal system had long outlived its usefulness, even as a legal construct, and had few, if any defenders. As the Scottish Law Commission commented in 1999, "The main reason for recommending the abolition of the feudal system of land tenure is that it has degenerated from a living system of land tenure with both good and bad features into some-thing which, in the case of many but not all superiors, is little more than an instrument for extracting money". The demise of feudalism brings to an end a story which began almost a thousand years ago, and which has involved all of Scotland's leading families. In England the advent of feudalism is often associated with the Norman Conquest of 1066. That Conquest certainly marked a new beginning in landownership which paved the way for the distinctive Anglo-Norman variety of feudalism. There was a sudden and virtually clean sweep of the major landowners. By the date of the Domesday Survey in 1086, only two major landowners of pre-Conquest vintage were left south of the River Tees holding their land direct of the crown: Thurkell of Arden (from whom the Arden family descend), and Colswein of Lincoln.
    [Show full text]