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The Kilmichael Glassary Bell-Shrine | 201 Proc Soc Antiq Scot 142 (2012), 201–244 THE KILMICHAEL GLASSARY BELL-SHRINE | 201 The Kilmichael Glassary Bell-shrine David H Caldwell*, Susy Kirk†, Gilbert Márkus‡, Jim Tate§ and Sharon Webb ǁ ABSTRACT The Kilmichael Glassary Bell-shrine is one of the treasures of National Museums Scotland. This paper reassesses the circumstances of its discovery, its context and importance, and its role as a relic of a saint, not Moluag, as previously suggested, but possibly Columba. The wider use of handbells in the early medieval church is also considered. The bell-shrine was found in 1814, on the farm of Torbhlaren, in the parish of Kilmichael Glassary, in mainland Argyll, probably near to where it was venerated. The bell inside it dates to the 7th–9th century, the shrine to the first half of the 12th century. The latter bears evidence in its design of a mixed artistic heritage, including local, Irish and Scandinavian influence. Alternative hypotheses, that it represents the artistic output of the Kingdom of the Isles or Dunkeld, in the kingdom of the Scots, are presented. Details are provided of a technological examination of bell and shrine and a list of other early Scottish handbells is included. INTRODUCTION DISCOVERY AND PROVENANCE The Kilmichael Glassary Bell-shrine [KGBS] is S Webb a medieval reliquary in the form of a small copper alloy box which contains an iron handbell (illus The circumstances surrounding the place 1). Associated with them is a copper alloy chain where bell, shrine, cross and chain were and cross. This group of artefacts was found in found in the early 1800s are confusing and 1814, on the land of John MacNeill of Oakfield, there are conflicting opinions as to who made in the parish of Kilmichael Glassary in Argyll, this extraordinary discovery. The earliest and in 1826, was gifted by him to the Society documentary source giving an account of the of Antiquaries of Scotland, whose collections find is a letter dated December 1826. This are now incorporated in National Museums was read to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland [NMS]. The bell is registered as H.KA Scotland by the author, Thomas Thomson, 4, the shrine as H.KA 5, and the cross and chain who was also vice-president of the society. as H.KA 6. Thomson begins his letter by stating that he is * 3 James Park, Burntisland, Fife KY3 9EW † 10 North Street, Leslie, Fife KY6 3DJ ‡ 2 Glenogle House, Edinburgh EH3 5HR § Brookvale, Ford, Midlothian EH37 5RE ǁ Kilmartin House Museum, Kilmartin, Lochgilphead, Argyll PA31 8PQ 202 | SOcieTy Of ANTiQuArieS Of ScOTLAND, 2012 Illus 1 The Kilmichael Glassary bell-shrine (© Trustees of the National Museums of Scotland) authorised by one John MacNeill to present the published in Archaeologia Scotica 4 (1857): bell, shrine, cross and chain to the society. The 117–18. assemblage was probably handed over at this Thomson gives a detailed account of the meeting or soon afterwards. The letter was then circumstances in which the assemblage came to THE KILMICHAEL GLASSARY BELL-SHRINE | 203 be in the possession of John MacNeill. He reports that it was found accidentally, about 12 years previously, by workmen employed collecting and removing stones for the construction of a dyke, on the farm of Torbhlaren belonging to Mr MacNeill, about a mile and a half from the parish church (illus 2). The findspot is described in some detail: [O]n the steep acclivity of a mountain, which forms one side of a narrow and sequestered valley, rising in a conical form to a height of about five hundred feet; but the spot in question is at an elevation of not more than thirty feet from the bottom of the mountain, where the surface is covered with huge blocks of stone, thrown together Illus 2 The area around Torbhlaren with the possible find-spot of the KGBS in the utmost disorder, and where the slope is so very steep as not to admit of the erection of any Ordnance Survey Name Book, Argyll no 14: 18. building of the most trifling magnitude. Rather than the discovery having been made by Thomson’s account makes it clear that the cross workmen – as in Thomson’s account – the Name and chain, now so firmly associated with the Book identifies the finder as one Ladyc ampbell, bell and shrine, were found nearby about the late occupier of Torbhlaren. The circumstances of same time, rather than the assemblage being the find are rather sketchy, it being found during discovered in one place. This is a fact also noted ‘the demolition of a ruined wall’, rather than the by Hibbert in another paper on the KGBS read construction of one, as in Thomson’s account, to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1827 but the same year of 1814 is supplied. The exact (Hibbert 1857: 120). Hibbert makes no mention findspot is given as ‘At base of Torr a Bhlaran of the find spot, assuming, one would imagine, to the southeast side’. The authority given for that the details given by Thomson were correct. the spelling of the placenames (and presumably He was followed in this respect by Daniel the account of the bell-shrine being found) is Wilson, when he wrote about the KGBS some three people of local standing: Mr Martin, the 60 years later (Wilson 1884: 79). factor of Kilmartin (Poltalloch estate); Mr In 1864, however, a differing account, appar- Gillies, schoolmaster, Bridgend; and Mr Gillies, ently unknown to Wilson, had appeared in the Kilmichael Glassary. It is somewhat unusual that 204 | SOcieTy Of ANTiQuArieS Of ScOTLAND, 2012 the local minister is not included amongst these (RCAHMS) of their inventory of ancient persons of authority, as is generally the case in monuments for Mid Argyll, which, citing the Name Book accounts. Campbell and Sandeman, states that the bell and A typed note, signed by J G Callander, in the shrine are believed to have been found about archives of the Society of Antiquaries, challenges 1814 ‘in the area between the church and manse’ both accounts of the KGBS’ discovery given so rather than at Torbhlaren, 0.8km to the north- far. The note, in full, states: east, as originally reported (RCAHMS 1992: 143). rcHAMS appear, at first glance, to be Dr D. G. Campbell, M.D., C.M., of Elgin, has taking the Callander note as accurate, but their informed me that the Kilmichael-Glassary Bell account actually shifts the findspot somewhat: and Bell Shrine were not found on the Hill of Torrebhlaran, but they were found at the back the ‘back of the manse about the site of the old of the Manse, about the site of the old Church. Church’ of Callander’s account, may not have Dr Campbell’s information came from his father, been an ‘area between the church and the manse’ Rev. Donald Campbell, who was minister of the as cited in RCAHMS. In fact, we cannot be sure Parish from 1852–1906, and whose predecessors where the manse actually stood in 1814 since the as ministers of the parish were his Uncle, Rev. existing manse (now a private house) was built Dugald Campbell, 1830–52, and his grandfather in the 1840s (Walker 2000: 350). The Church of Rev. Dugald Campbell, 1779–1830. Kilmichael Glassary, as it stands today, was built in 1873 (illus 3), replacing an earlier building of The note is not dated, but other correspondence 1841, which itself had replaced a building of between Callander and others about similar bells 1767 on the same spot (RCAHMS 1992: 143). is dated 1926 (Callander 1926). Callander was The old church of Callander’s account would be director of the National Museum of Antiquities the building of 1767. between 1919 and 1938 (Stevenson 1981: 186, By the 1840s, the area of land between the 196) and, therefore, the note was most likely manse and church was occupied by a walled written during this period. Evidently it must garden and substantial farm-steading, both have been written after 1906, as the informant’s then owned and operated by the minister, along father is said to have served as parish minister with a residential building of uncertain date. until then. Whatever the date of Callander’s Presumably, all this land was owned by the note, it is safe to assume that he acquired the Church in the early 1800s and was the site of information from Dr Campbell at a time when the old manse. There is no evidence, however, anybody involved in discovering, or reporting to suggest that land between the manse and the unearthing of the KGBS was long dead. church was the find spot, and this we believe is a Marion Campbell and Mary Sandeman, in misconception which arose when the RCAHMS their 1962 archaeological survey of Mid Argyll, volume was being prepared, possibly because an note the discrepancy in the findspot and comment assumption was made that the assemblage was that Thomson’s account was made some years hidden on land belonging to the Church at the after the find was made c( ampbell & Sandeman time. It can therefore be discounted. 1964: 82), thus implying it might be inaccurate. It would appear then, that there are essentially The same, however, must be said for Callander’s two conflicting accounts of the findspot – typed note, which is fourth-hand and was made Thomson’s ‘on a farm . called Torrebhlaun’ considerably later than Thomson’s mere second- and Callander’s ‘at the back of the Manse, about hand account. the site of the old Church’. Or could both these Confusions are further compounded with the accounts in fact be referring to the same place? publication by the Royal Commission on the The hill of Torbhlaren – Tòrr a’ Bhlàrain Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (Gaelic – hill of the little level or flat place) THE KILMICHAEL GLASSARY BELL-SHRINE | 205 Illus 3 The parish church of Kilmichael Glassary, built in 1873 (photo: D H Caldwell) Illus 4 Tòrr a’ Bhlàrain (photo: D H Caldwell) 206 | SOcieTy Of ANTiQuArieS Of ScOTLAND, 2012 is a very prominent conical-shaped feature name of the hill.
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