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SEE the PINK ELEPHANT in the COURTROOM? Private Individuals Should Have Legal Standing Before International Courts

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SEE the PINK ELEPHANT in the COURTROOM? Private Individuals Should Have Legal Standing Before International Courts SEE THE PINK ELEPHANT IN THE COURTROOM? Private individuals should have legal standing before international courts Master Thesis Mihai Martoiu Ticu 6 December 2010 Supervisors: prof. dr. H.H.A. van den Brink, prof. C.G. Roelofsen Exam: Master practical philosophy Student name: Mihai Martoiu Ticu Student number: 0058149 Words: 24,171 Table of contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 2. Existing courts ............................................................................................................... 6 2.1 The Central American Court Of Justice .......................................................................... 8 2.2 The Permanent Mandates Commission ......................................................................... 10 2.3 The Permanent Court Of International Justice .............................................................. 14 2.4 The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ............................................................ 20 2.5 The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ................................................. 26 2.6 The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights........................................................ 27 3. Dissenting opinions ..................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Edward Hambro ............................................................................................................ 29 3.2 James Oliver Murdock .................................................................................................. 30 3.3 No kangaroo courts ....................................................................................................... 30 3.4 Louis B. Sohn ................................................................................................................ 34 3.5 Hersh Lauterpacht ......................................................................................................... 36 3.6 Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade ............................................................................. 40 3.7 Others no less important ................................................................................................ 44 4. A Proposal for International Courts ............................................................................ 51 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Local Supranational Courts ........................................................................................... 54 4.2.1 The neutrality of the Local Courts .......................................................................... 55 4.2.2 Specialization ......................................................................................................... 57 4.2.3 Individuals vs. States .............................................................................................. 57 4.2.4 Group claims and exceptions .................................................................................. 58 4.2.5 The jurisdiction of the Local Courts ....................................................................... 58 4.2.6 Local remedies........................................................................................................ 67 4.2.7 Criminalizing the state? .......................................................................................... 68 4.2.8 Is Sovereign Immunity dead? ................................................................................. 68 4.2.9 Is Universal Jurisdiction dead? ............................................................................... 72 4.2.10 The organization of the court................................................................................ 72 4.3 Regional Supranational Courts ...................................................................................... 73 4.4 The International Court of Justice ................................................................................. 73 4.4.1 Jurisdiction ............................................................................................................. 73 4.4.2 Self-defence and Humanitarian Intervention .......................................................... 74 4.4.3 Organization of the ICJ .......................................................................................... 75 4.5 Enforcement .................................................................................................................. 76 5. Philosophical foundations ........................................................................................... 80 5.1 The state of nature and self-defence .............................................................................. 80 5.2 The Heaven Position...................................................................................................... 87 5.3 Rawls and International Law ......................................................................................... 90 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 100 7. ANNEX 1 .................................................................................................................. 102 Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts Towards Individuals ......................................................................................................................... 102 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 102 Part one - The internationally wrongful act of a State ................................................... 102 Chapter II - Attribution of conduct to a State ................................................................ 102 Chapter III - Breach of an international obligation ....................................................... 103 Chapter V - Circumstances precluding wrongfulness ................................................... 104 Part two - Content of the international responsibility of a State........................................ 106 Chapter I - General principles ....................................................................................... 106 Mihai Martoiu Ticu - Elephant In The Courtroom – Page: 1 Chapter II - Reparation for injury .................................................................................. 107 Part three - The implementation of the international responsibility of a state ................... 109 Chapter I - Invocation of the responsibility of a State ................................................... 109 Chapter II – Countermeasures ....................................................................................... 110 Part four - General provisions ........................................................................................... 110 Part five – The Minimal Bill of Rights .............................................................................. 112 Part Six – Implementation ................................................................................................. 115 8. Literature ................................................................................................................... 117 Mihai Martoiu Ticu - Elephant In The Courtroom – Page: 2 ―The right of individual petition shelters, in fact, the last hope of those who did not find justice at national level. I would not refrain myself nor hesitate to add…that the right of individual petition is undoubtedly the most luminous star in the universe of human rights.‖ Judge Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 1. Introduction Imagine that you, as a British citizen, are abducted at gunpoint in Kuwait and held responsible for spreading sexual videotapes involving Sheikh Jaber Al-Sabah Al-Saud Al-Sabah. Once imprisoned on false charges in the Kuwaiti State Security Prison, you are beaten by the guards for several days running. Forced to sign a false confession, you are released on the third day, but the Sheikh abducts you again at gunpoint and takes you in a government car to the Emir of Kuwait's brother's palace. Amongst other ordeals, your head is repeatedly held underwater in a swimming pool containing human corpses, and you are dragged into a small room, where the Sheikh sets fire to mattresses soaked in petrol. Once back in England, you are hospitalized for six weeks, treated for burns covering 25 per cent of your body and the doctors diagnose you as suffering from a severe form of post-traumatic stress disorder. This is not screenplay for the newest James Bond film, but what allegedly happened in real life to a pilot, Sulaiman Al-Adsani. You might find it a thrilling experience, or you might consider that you had deserved it for being naughty, or you may believe that ―the King can do no wrong,‖1 but Al-Adsani believes that some of his fundamental rights were violated, such as the right not to be tortured. Following the British government‘s refusal to assist him, he tried to sue the government of Kuwait in the British courts, but he discovered that the principle of state immunity prevented him from suing a state in the courts of another state, even in cases of torture, despite being one of the peremptory norms of international law, ―a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States
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