Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond Årsberättelse 2002 the Bank Of

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The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation Tercentenary Sweden of Bank The

The Bank ofStiftelsen Sweden RikTercentenarysbankens Jubileumsfond Foundation AnnualÅrsberättelse Report 20020024

Annual Report 200 Report Annual 4

Stiftelsen

Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 1965 1965 2oo5 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 2oo5

1965 2oo5 04

Postal address: Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Box 5675, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden Visits: Tyrgatan 4. Telephone: +46 (0)8-50 62 64 00. Fax: +46 (0)8-50 62 64 31 E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: www.rj.se. Postal Giro: 67 24 03-3. Org.nr. 802012-1276 the bank of sweden tercentenary foundation annual report 2004 Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation Annual Report 2004 7 managing director’s comments

11 activities in support of research 12 Procedure 13 Follow-up and evaluation Project follow-up 13 17 Evaluation of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 19 Grants for research projects and infrastructural support 20 Grants to initiate research Nobel Symposiums 22 Scholarships 22 25 Art research 26 Graduate Schools Graduate School in Modern Languages 26 Graduate School in Mathematics with an emphasis on teaching methods 27 The Swedish School of Advanced Asia-Paciﬁc Studies – SSAAPS 28 Graduate School for Museum Officials 30 31 Sector committees The Sector Committee for Research on Knowledge and Society 31 Sector Committee for Research on Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development 34 Sector Committee for Research on Civil Society 37 The Sector Committee for Research on the Public Economy, Steering and Leadership 39 40 Co-operation with the Riksdag The role of parliament in the constitution 40 Publication of secret documents from 1905 40 41 Art, Cultural Policies, Research 43 The Foundation Creative Man 44 International commitments 123 statistical information on European Foundation Centre 44 research grants A European Research Council 2007 45 125 The Bank of Sweden Donation In memory of Anna Lindh 45 131 The Humanities and Social Sciences Research on the Nordic Region 46 Donation Project 2005 48 133 Infrastructure Support Swedish in Finland – Finnish in Sweden 50 Collaboration with institutes of advanced 135 annual report studies 50 The aims of the Foundation 135 Collaboration with Johns Hopkins University 52 The year’s activities 136 Euroscience Open Forum 2004 53 Evaluation 137 Cultural-political research 54 Result and financial position 138 Financial result 140 57 sverker gustavsson: a thought- 141 Figure 1–4: Financial operations provoking evaluation report – ten-year summary on university policies 142 Table 1: Financial result 58 Silence 143 Income statement 60 Statutes 144 Balance sheet 63 Grant policy 146 Cash flow statement 65 Summary 147 Accounting and valuation principles 152 Notes 69 anders mellbourn: 169 Auditor’s report for the Bank of Sweden great in both large and small Tercentenary Foundation – the foundation evaluated 170 Audit opinion 71 Steering 72 Grant allocation, subjects and departments 172 donations at market value 75 Special grants 76 A strong Foundation for whom? 175 Publications by the Foundation 178 Board of Trustees 81 new research projects in 2004 178 Advisory Committee 84 The Bank of Sweden Donation 178 Finance Committee 178 Auditors 109 francis sejersted: norwegian versus swedish 178 Preparatory Committees 2004–2005 identity 180 Sector Committees 181 Graduate schools 115 bo stråth: union and democracy 182 Secretariat – viewpoints on the united 183 XL kingdoms of sweden and 184 Picture Captions norway, 1814–1905 When water rules: An organizational study of the implementation of 87 water districts in Sweden Managing Director’s Comments

he Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation was created by a Riksdag decision on 2 December 1964. Its 40th anniversary was celebrated by a conference held at the Riksdag, where T the Foundation was born. On the basis of an extensive evaluation report, this conference discussed the Foundation’s research-support activities, principally over the past 15 years. The front cover of the evaluation report Hinc Robur et Securitas. The dealings of a research foundation. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, 1989–2003 shows a blue sky with only a few wisps of cloud, perhaps sym- bolising the idea that the Foundation operated in an extremely favourable research climate during these years. This may to some extent be true, at least with regard to the development of the Foundation’s own capital, which has consistently improved ever since 1988, when the Foundation became independent of the Bank of Sweden as a “Foundation proper” with its own tied-up capital. As my predecessor, Nils-Eric Svensson, wrote in his comments in that year’s annual report: “In a ﬁnancial sense the year 1988 may be said to be as signiﬁcant for Swedish learning as the year 1965” – the year when the Foundation began its research-support activities. Before that decision was made, there were certainly many dark clouds on the horizon. Only about SEK 100 million of the capital was intact. Without this radical change and an additional contribution of SEK 1.5 billion it would probably not have been possible to celebrate the Foundation’s 40th anniversary. As the evaluation report points out, the Foundation’s capital developed very strongly during the 1990s, not least thanks to the contribution of SEK 1.5 billion that the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation entailed.

7 8 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Fortunately, this positive capital development has continued in the past financial year. The year 2004 resulted in a considerable increase in resources, which means that, after a few lean years, we can once again show a satisfactory result. The Board of the Foundation decided during the year to make a few changes in the structure of the research-support activities. One important change is that funds are set aside for a whole project when an application is granted. Another important feature when deciding on major research projects (6–8 years) is that collateral financing will be required of the universities, which, in combination with all the other government requirements, will in turn exert even more pressure on the universities and university colleges to rationalise their research administration. During the past year the Foundation’s sector committees have carried out very important work with an international perspective and a visionary outlook. For several years changes in the knowledge sector have been studied and analysed within the framework of a sector committee for Research on Knowledge and Society. The internationalisation of education and research puts great pressure for change on national systems. The role of the universities in a mass-education society is changing markedly. The sector committee for Research on Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development has focused on global studies and studies of the global environment. How, in our peripheral part of the world, will we be affected by the growing gap between increasingly poor but religious cultures and increasingly rich but secularised societies? How will we be able to manage and tole- rate the influential cultural value patterns that have come close to us as a result of increased migration? In our Research on Civil Society sector committee we are trying to find new ways to develop the civil society in our Scandinavian welfare states. Globalisation places new demands and challenges on our civil societies that cannot be managed solely within and with the help of the tools and frameworks of our nation states. Not least the disaster that took place in South-East Asia on 26 December, striking against people from more than 40 countries, has given us clear proof of what individuals, voluntary organisations, companies and foundations can achieve through commitment and generosity. As early as 2000 European foundations took the initiative in the Council of Foundations, through the European Foundation Center (EFC), together with its American counterparts, to work out common practical recommendations for foundations and companies in the event of major global disasters. At the same time a permanent committee was formed for disaster aid (Disaster Grant-Making). This committee had its first meeting at the EFC annual meeting on 20–23 May in Stockholm. The Foundation played Managing Director’s Comments 9

an active part in arranging this session, at which Peter Örn from the Red Cross and many others participated. The Committee for Disaster Response Initiative, at a conference in Kingston, Jamaica on 17–19 June 2004, then developed the principles for “Good Practice” and the practical recommendations for preparedness and action in the event of major disasters which have proved to be of very great use for the organisation of civil society in connection with the earthquake and tsunami in South-East Asia. The sector committee for Research on the Public Economy, Steering and Leadership set up in 2004 also deals with questions concerning the effects of globalisation on nation states. How must our welfare systems be adapted to be sustainable in the long term? How should responsibility and authority be designed and allocated at different territorial levels? There is a great need for long-term research that can contribute new knowledge that is free and accessible to everyone and which makes it possible – through debate and political decisions – to find the right balance between the state’s responsibility and the responsibility of citizens and various parts of civil society. A Foundation that has its basis in the main organ of democracy, the Riksdag, finds it natural that it should continue to promote the development of knowledge for the benefit of both the individual and society in general – unrestricted by national frontiers.

dan brändström Women and men in the Swedish model: Elite and 106 biography in post-war Sweden Activities in support of research

he Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation supports advanced scientific research in the form of project grants to individual researchers or research groups that apply for grants. The T Foundation is actively engaged in broad fields of scientific research, which is reflected in the range of expertise among the researchers on the Board of Trustees and in the preparatory committees. In addition, the Board also includes individuals with specialist financial and political knowledge. This means that the Foundation represents a broad field of experience, which gives it a unique position as an all-round liaison organisation between different areas of research as well as between research and other central interests in society. Ever since the inception of the Foundation, a certain preference has been given to research in the social sciences and the humanities, including law and theology. During recent years very substantial support has been given to research in the humanities. The aim of the Foundation is to support the humanities and the social sciences to equal extents. Medical research recei- ves support from the Erik Rönnberg Donations. Sociomedical research is supported by grants from both the Bank of Sweden Donation and the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. The natural sciences and technology are supported to a lesser extent through projects within the humanities and the social sciences. The Foundation is interested in supporting interdisciplinary research in which researchers from different fields, faculties, places or countries collaborate. A review of the Foundation’s grants awarded to date reveals many such research projects.

11 12 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Procedure

The Foundation realises its aims today by supporting research in the humanities and the social sciences, including theology and law. From 2005 this research is financed by one-time grants to programs, projects, postdoctoral posts and to infrastructural support and research initiation. The term program refers to a large group of expert researchers working on a common research project over a long period of time, while a project is a more limited form of research, usually carried out by an individual researcher over a shorter period of time. Within the scope of project grants the Foundation will also give special postdoctoral support on specific themes. Infrastructural support is given to preparatory work for future research such as the organisation and preservation of archive collections or databases. The term research initiation refers to the Foundation’s support to conferences and seminars as well as to program planning and the creation of research networks. Decisions about the grants to be awarded are made by the Board of Trustees. Grants are awarded only once a year, with the exception of research initiating grants, which are applied for throughout the year and are decided on by the working committee of the Board. Decisions are taken in two stages. In the first stage a number of applications are selected which are passed on to a second assessment. Postdoctoral posts are announced and applications are dealt with in a special way. Applications for research grants are assessed and ranked in one or more of the Foundation’s preparatory committees. Members of the Board and deputy members (researchers and members of the Riksdag) together with a number of external scientific experts from both Sweden and abroad serve on each of these committees. In addition, applications in the second assessment round are usually assessed by external experts from Sweden or abroad. Each application is assessed in accordance with scientific criteria and international standards. At all stages applications with an international connection are given special priority. Where applications are for research that raises ethical issues, the proposals are evaluated in accordance with the same norms and in the same way as in the Swedish Research Council. In order to judge the need for research and to encourage scientific research and the exchange of information, the Foundation sets up sector committees. These committees consist of researchers from disciplines of importance for the field as well as representatives of important relevant societal interests. Their work may be described as kvalified preparation towards developing new fields of research. In 1997 the Board of Trustees decided to set up a sector committee for research into the knowledge society and in 2000 a committee was set up for research into culture, security and sustainable development, followed in 2003 by a committee for research into civil society. A new committee Activities in support of research 13

for research into public economy, steering and leadership began its work during the year. The activities of these committees will be described in greater detail later in this report.

Follow-up and evaluation

Project follow-up The regular follow-up and evaluation of ongoing and recently completed projects has meant that 22 projects (13 within the Bank of Sweden Donation, 5 within the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation and 4 infrastructural projects) were the object of special scrutiny in 2004. The aim of follow-ups has been to examine the scientific results and to assess the structures and resource allocations of the projects. An additional aim has been to ascertain, by means of talks with vice-chancellors, deans, researchers and postgraduate students, existing and future conditions for the development of knowledge in the faculty areas concerned. During the year project leaders at the universities of Uppsala, Lund, Stockholm and Umeå were contacted and asked the following questions, which were answered in writing and commented on orally at the project visits: 1. What scientific publications has the project generated? 2. Has the project generated ideas for new research? (applies particularly to completed projects) 3. Have those engaged in the projects contributed papers at national or international symposiums? If so, what papers? 4. Has the project resulted in an invitation to you yourself or any of your colleagues to be a guest researcher? It would also be of interest to know whether the work carried out on the project has prompted an invitation to outside researchers to visit your department. 5. What educational effects have arisen from the project? For example, have postgraduate students participated? If so, please give their names and ages. It should also be stated whether special teaching material has been produced as a result of the project. 6. What activities to spread information about the research work have been carried out during the project and/or after its completion? Finally, a request was made for a financial report on the use of the project funds for salaries, equipment, travel, local overheads, (rent, institutional and university costs) and any other costs. 14 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Preparatory Committee 1 visited Uppsala Preparatory Committee 2 visited Stockholm University on 21 October 2004. The following University on 18 October 2004. The following three were selected for review: three projects were selected for review:

Professor Lars Magnusson – J1998-0309 Dr Helena Wulff – J2000-0108 the market, farmers and the state: dance in ireland: memory and changes in the swedish grain mar- modernity in a postcolonial era ket, 1770–1870 Department of Social Anthropology from an institutional perspective Grant until 2001 Department of Economic History Total grant: SEK 2,100,000 Grant until 2001 Total grant: SEK 3,100,000 Professor Gudrun Dahl – J1998-0154 modernities on the move: a trans- Professor Janken Myrdal – J1998-0113 national study of the dilemma of enclosures, the landscape young people and village councils Department of Social Anthropology Department of Landscape Planning, SLU Grant until 2001 Grant until 2002 Total grant: SEK 3,590,000 Total grant: SEK 2,070,000 Professor Johan Fritzell – J1999-0356 Dr Martin Holmén and Dr Peter Högfeldt – J2000- income, illness and mortality: analy- 0098 ses at a micro and macro level how ownership structure and the CHESS steering of companies affects their Grant until 2003 value and efficiency. Total grant: SEK 2,850,000 Department of Economics and Department of Financial Economy respectively Stockholm School of Economics Grant until 2004 Total grant: SEK 2,485,000 Activities in support of research 15

Preparatory Committee 3 visited Lund University Preparatory Committee 4 visited Umeå University on 19 October 2004. The following ﬁve projects on 11 October 2004. The following four projects were selected for review: were selected for review:

Dr Eva Ryrstedt – J2000-0177 Dr Johan Nordlander – In2002-0020 best for the child or best for the the krio corpus project: digitising, parents – a study of the outcome of systematising and publishing on the alternative models concerning cus- internet linguistic material in the tody/residence/right of access english-based sierra leonean creole Department of Law language krio Grant until 2004 Department of Modern Languages Total grant: SEK 968,000 Grant until 2003 Total grant: SEK 1,500,000 Dr Annika Nilsson – J2000-0118 the principle of caution as an Professor Kjell Jonsson – In2000-7041 instrument of environmental law humlab – the humanities and tech- and its delimitation in relation to nology united the principle of economy and gene- Department of Historical Studies ral principles of the rule of law Grant until 2001 and legal protection Total grant: SEK 5,000,000 Department of Law Grant until 2003 Dr Kirk Sullivan – K2002-1121 Total grant: SEK 1,022,000 identification of “imitated” voices: a research project with applications Dr Uta Bindreiter – J2001-0340 for the judicial system and security between tradition and renewal – Department of Philosophy and Linguistics legal concepts in sweden, 1940–2000 Grant until 2006 Department of Law Grant up to now: SEK 8,300,000 Grant until 2004 Total grant: SEK 1,760,000 Professor Lars-Erik Edlund – K1995-5131 the northern cultural boundary: Dr Bo Bjurulf – K1999-5180 processes of change in time and chairmanship of the nordic eu mem- space bers in the council of ministers – a Department of Scandinavian Languages comparative study Grant until 2001 Department of Political Science Total grant: SEK 22,295,000 Grant until 2003 Total grant: SEK 7,400,000

Professor Christer Jönsson – J2000-0293 the nature of diplomacy Department of Political Science Grant until 2003 Total grant: SEK 2,082,000 16 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Preparatory Committee 5 visited Stockholm Preparatory Committee 6 (The Humanities and University on 19 October 2004. The following ﬁve Social Sciences Donation), at its meeting on projects were selected for review: September 24 2004, listened to presentations of two projects ﬁnanced by grants for infrastructural Professor Jan Glete – J1997-0035 support. the formation of states, the baltic empire and the naval fleet: the swe- Tomas Lidman, former Chief Librarian – In2000-7033 dish navy, 1500–1700 from an organi- picture databases and digitisation sational-theoretical perspective – platforms for abm collaboration Department of History Royal Library Grant until 1998 Grant until 2003 Total grant: SEK 2,050,070 Total grant: SEK 3,000,000 This project was presented by the project secre- Professor Jan Glete – J2002-0434 tary, Kate Parson. protection, organisation and political entrepreneurship: the formation Eva Nylander, Fil Lic – In2002-0491 of states in europe from a tax and illuminated manuscripts in swedish military perspective, 1450–1720 collections Department of History Department of Art and Music, Lund University Grant until 2006 Grant until 2005 Grant up to now: SEK 2,600,000 Total grant: SEK 4,000,000 This project was presented by Dr Eva Lindqvist Dr Aris Fioretos – K1997-5131 Sandgren and Dr Thomas Rydén. blue: a cultural study of a colour Department of General and Comparative Literature Grant until 2001 Total grant: SEK 2,200,000

Professor Lena Gerholm – K2002-0395 the orient in sweden: negotiations on religion, gender and sexuality Department of Ethnology Grant until 2006 Grant up to now: SEK 13,300,000

Professor Peter Pagin – J2001-0422 meaning, communication, explanation Department of Philosophy Grant until 2002 Total grant: SEK 1,150,000 Activities in support of research 17

Evaluation of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The evaluation of the Foundation’s activities that was commenced in 2002 was completed in spring 2004. The work was carried out by Professors Bengt Stenlund, former Vice-Chancellor of Åbo Academy University as Chairman, Professor Thora Margareta Bertilsson, Copenhagen University and Professor Francis Sejerstad, Oslo University, with Professor Thorsten Nybom, Örebro University as Secretary. Professor Stenlund and Professor Nybom presented the main results of the evaluation to the Board on two occasions during the year, on 25 March and 27 May. The full report was presented formally to the Board on 28 October and was published on 20 November 2004 under the title Hinc Robur et Securitas? The dealings of a research foundation. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, 1989–2003 (The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and Gidlunds Förlag, 2004) The report gives a clear and explanatory picture of the Foundation’s 40 years of funding research and developing research policies. The main part is devoted to the period after 1989, but the evaluators have also studied the Foundation over a longer period of time. This allowed them to reflect on its methods of work and on its important role in the development of research policies through the years. They emphasise that the creation of the Foundation was a very significant and innovatory addition to the funding of Swedish research for a decade or more from the middle of the 1960s. The general rise in costs, a high rate of inflation and low returns on capital in the 1970s and 1980s – together with the state’s heavy investments in basic and sector research – diminished the Foundation’s “financial muscle” and its role in policy development. The decision of the Riksdag to give the Foundation itself responsibility for its capital management and, in the following year, to grant a donation for research in the humanities and social sciences when the state employee funds were reorganised, provided greatly increased resources. In combination with good capital management the Foundation has again become a main actor among Swedish research financiers over the past ten years, in particular in the fields of the humanities and the social sciences, including theology and law. The evaluation committee has followed the Foundation’s operations closely for almost two years. It has collected extensive background material and in its final report it awards the Foundation top marks for its work, at the same time giving it a number of specific suggestions concerning the Foundation’s methods of work and its way of allocating support. The report is commented on and summarised in greater detail in Anders Mellbourn’s article later in this publication. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation was established on 2 December 1964 by a Riksdag decision. On the 40th anniversary of its formal inception the Foundation arranged a Jubilee Conference in the First Chamber of the Riksdag. The theme of the conference was the 18 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

above-mention evaluation and the role of the Foundation in the sphere of research. The conference was opened by the Speaker of the Riksdag, Björn von Sydow, who presented a number of examples of interesting collaborative projects between the Riksdag and the Foundation. The Foundation’s Chairperson, Professor Eva Österberg, then described the background of the evaluation and gave a number of examples of the Foundation’s research support during the past few years. She pointed out that the universities’ increasingly meagre resources for research and career opportunities for young researchers are reflected in an increasing number of applications to the Foundation, which in turn means that only 7-8 per cent of them result in grants. Bengt Stenlund then summarised the contents of the evaluation report and its main proposals. In particular he mentioned the proposal for changes in of support forms, mainly a “return” to major projects, the forms for scientific assessment of applications, the evaluation and follow-up of grants, and the problem of overheads. Francis Sejersted discussed a number of specific proposals, such as the size and role of the Board of Trustees, the need for reflection within the Foundation on the actual outcome of its research support and the size and role of the secretariat. Professor Sverker Gustavsson, Department of Political Science, Uppsala University, had been invited to act as the “opponent” to the report. In his opinion the evaluators had done a good job and written a useful book in which they had given a broad and true picture of the Foundation’s activities. He shared their positive evaluation of the Foundation. However, despite their extensive contacts with almost a hundred executives in the R&D system – who were all, generally speaking, satisfied with the Foundation’s way of managing its task, he was critical of the evaluators. He found it strange that they had not investigated the central and, for him, more important question of the under-financing of the universities and university colleges and their need for more direct funding from the state. He feared that the growing role of external financiers was threatening the freedom of research. He also questioned the way in which the Foundation was “steered”. How were the researchers selected? What role did politicians play? His third criticism concerned the new system proposed in the evaluation and adopted by the Board of Trustees with effect from 2005 that involves, among other things, supporting three major programs every year. The conference continued with a panel debate entitled “The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation – yesterday, today, tomorrow”. This discussion was led by Mats Rolén, Director of Research and it dealt mainly with the Foundation’s future role as a financier of research and an actor in Swedish and international research collaboration. A key question was the extent to which the Foundation, by virtue of its regulations and its independent status, should go its own way, set up its own list of priorities and not function as a substitute when the state does not allocate sufficient research funds. The participants in the debate were Professor Göran Bexell, Vice- Activities in support of research 19

Chancellor, Lund University, Dr Sara Danius, SCASSS, Professor Gunnel Engwall, Stockholm University, Professor Thorsten Nybom, Professor Francis Sejersted and Majléne Westerlund Panke, Member of the Riksdag and Deputy Chairperson of the Foundation. The Jubilee Conference concluded with a speech by the Managing Director of the Foundation, Dan Brändström, who presented some challenges for the Foundation in the coming 40 years.

Grants for research projects and infrastructural support

During the past year the Foundation has granted just over SEK 280 million for research purposes, as presented in the Tables entitled “Research grants in 2004 by Donation”, (p 124) and “Statistical data on grants for research” (p 123). The budgeted level of grants was unchanged in relation to last year. New grants awarded from the Bank of Sweden Donation are presented on page 127. The grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation in the past year consisted only of continuation grants. The pressure of applications is very high. A total of 702 new applications were made to the Bank of Sweden Donation, which is 212 more than last year; 47 of these were awarded grants. Two applications that had been approved were revoked. Infrastructural support is granted in the form of one-time grants. This support is for work whose purpose is to promote future research. In 2004 SEK 19 million was budgeted within the Bank of Sweden Donation for this purpose. No general call for applications was made for these funds. Grants amounting to SEK 15 million had already been allocated. Seven per cent of new applications to the Bank of Sweden were approved this year. The total percentage of approved research projects from women applicants is at the same level as the previous year (about 40%). The total number of women researchers who have received new grants is somewhat higher, 49 per cent. In addition to these grants the Foundation has approved 98 grants for initiating research, conferences and the like (see below). Among the new infrastructural grants during the year mention should be made of the support for the Kant Jubilee. The Foundation had previously approved support for a project to translate, investigate and comment on central works of the philosopher Immanuel Kant. The project leaders were Professor Dag Prawitz and Dr Markku Leppäkoski at the Department of Philosophy, Stockholm University. Four volumes were published by Thales in the second week in February, when Stockholm University, Uppsala University and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation arranged a number of activities to commemorate the death of Kant on 12 February 1804. The programme began in Stockholm on 11 February with a lecture entitled “Peace in Kant’s Theory of Justice”, given by Professor 20 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Otfried Höffe, Tubingen University, whose latest book on Kant was also published in connection with the Kant publications. The programme continued in Uppsala on the following day with a welcoming speech by the County Governor, Anders Björck, and lectures by Professor Otfried Höffe, Professor Camilla Serck-Hansen from Oslo and Professor Michael Krois from Berlin. These were followed by a panel debate in Swedish on the theme “Kant in our time”, with Professor Sverker Gustavsson from Uppsala as Chairperson. In the evening an exhibition was opened at the university library, Carolina Rediviva, showing previous Kant publications, recently published Swedish translations of Kant’s most important works, including Critique of Pure Reason, letters and the like. The day ended with a jubilee banquet at Uppsala Castle hosted by the County Governor, Anders Björck and his wife. The jubilee celebrations were concluded on 13 February with a series of lectures on Kant at Aula Magna, Stockholm University, given by lecturers from the universities of Göteborg, Lund and Stockholm and the University College of Södertörn. Academia Europaea is an international, non-state organisation of individual, recognised researchers in most scientific fields that was established in 1990. This Academy promotes international researcher exchanges and collaboration and plays an active part in the public debate on the place of research in European society. In recent years it has not least participated in the discussions concerning a European Research Council. The Foundation has supported this work for ten years and has this year given a larger grant, including support for a seminar in Helsinki on the roots of European civilisation. The present President of the Academy is Professor Jürgen Mittelstrass, a philosopher specialising in the history of science at Konstanz University. He succeeded Professor Stig Strömholm, Uppsala University to this post at the end of 2002. The foundation called Formens Hus at Hällefors is a recently established centre for education, research and exhibitions on design that collaborates with Örebro University. The Foundation has granted funds to the Örebro University Library to purchase a design library and a graphic collection to be placed at Formens Hus. This year the Foundation is also providing support to finance a visiting professorship for the intersection of English- language publications and ICT at Blekinge College of Technology, in collaboration with VINNOVA.

Grants to initiate research

For a number of years the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has noted an increasing demand from the research community for grants to major conferences and seminars and for building up scientiﬁc networks. Every year the Board allocates special funds for such purposes, which can be applied for throughout the year. The applications cover a wide range: Activities in support of research 21

contributions to international conferences both in Sweden and abroad, working conferences concerning new areas of research, seminars or the preparation of new research programs and projects. As a part of these initiating activities, the Foundation regularly organises symposiums and seminars of its own, sometimes in collaboration with other research-supporting bodies in Sweden or abroad. The Foundation also takes part in various activities that provide information about research, for example its long-standing support for the publication of the magazine Forskning & Framsteg (Research and Progress) and support to the association Vetenskap & Allmänhet (Science and Public Society). In its budget for 2004 the Foundation’s Board of Trustees allocated SEK 15 million for promoting new initiatives in research, which is an increase of 5 million compared with previous years. This is to compensate partly for the lack of grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. During the past year 147 such applications were processed, 98 of which received grants; in other words, two out of three applications for initiating research were successful this year. Among the many grants awarded mention should be made of the Summer School arranged by Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin and its Director, Professor Dieter Grimm at the Swedish Institute in Alexandria, entitled “Literatures and Borders – Delimitations. Transgressions”. Behind this title lies the same question that the German poet Goethe formulated in the 1820s. Is there a “world literature”? If so, what does it consist of? For nigh on 200 years researchers and philosophers have pondered on this issue. In these days of globalisation Goethe’s idea has gained renewed interest, which was confirmed at this week-long event, when doctoral and postgraduate students had the opportunity to investigate the theme more deeply. Lectures were given by: the Lebanese writer Elias Khoury, Sabry Hafez, Professor of Modern Arabic Literature, SOAS, London and Reinhart Meyer-Kalkus and Ottmar Ette, both researchers at Potsdam University. This Summer School was reported in no fewer than three long articles in the Swedish daily newspaper Dagens Nyheter. In November Niklas Swanström, Institute for Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, organised a conference on “Conflict Prevention and Conflict Management in Northeast Asia”. This conference, which took place in Beijing, drew representatives from the whole of Northeast Asia – China, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea and Japan. The idea behind this conference was to create a platform in this conflict- ridden region where academics, politicians and the military could meet in a trust-inspiring milieu that promotes the expansion of formal co-operation between academics and practicians. The conference also provided an opportunity for the exchange of national points of view on conflict management and conflict prevention which might lead to important insights into, and opportunities for, the development of a common culture for conflict management and conflict prevention in the region. The meeting also comprised 22 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

a workshop aimed at formulating a new research project to analyse conﬂicts in the region so as to further develop practical measures and to evaluate and recommend alternative methods of conﬂict management and prevention. The participants included many professors, among them Chyungly Lee, Taiwan, Arthur Shuhfan Ding, Taiwan, Su Hao, China, Yao Yunzhu, China, Hirshi Kimura, Japan, Kyudok Hong, South Korea and Ambassador Ragnar Ängeby from the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Nobel Symposiums Since 1966 the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has helped to finance the Nobel Foundation’s symposiums. Initially, this took the form of annual grants, but the symposiums can now be wholly financed by the yield from a special symposium fund within the Nobel Foundation. This fund was started in 1979 with a donation in the form of a three-year grant from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, grants and royalties from Nobel Foundation’s own information activities and four annual grants from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The work of the symposiums is led by a committee consisting of representatives of the five Nobel Committees, the Economics Prize Committee, the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and the Wallenberg Foundation, with the Managing Director of the Nobel Foundation as chair. Up to now 130 Nobel Symposiums have been held, focusing on areas of scientific breakt- hroughs of central cultural or social significance. They have gained very strong international recognition.

Scholarships The current statutes of the Foundation state that “there is nothing to prevent additions to the Foundation’s funds in the form of donations from individuals”. A donation of this kind was received in 1992 from Erik Rönnberg of Fagerdal, Hammerdal, who died in 1990. His donation is now part of the Foundation’s capital and is managed together with the Foundation’s other assets. At the end of 2004 it was valued at about SEK 16 million. The return is to be distributed by the Foundation “in the form of three-year postdoctoral scholarships for young researchers at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm for scientiﬁc studies of ageing and age-related illnesses. The current scholarship holders are Dr Zhi-Zhong Guan and Dr Jing-Jing Pei, Neurotec, Section for Geriatrics. A further donation was received from Erik Rönnberg at the end of 1994, with an addition at the end of 1996. These new donations amounted to SEK 2.5 million and, like the previous donation, will form part of the Foundation’s capital and be managed together with the Foundation’s other assets. At the end of 2004 the total market value amounted to SEK 5 million. The return on the new donation will be distributed by the Foundation “in the form of three-year postdoctoral scholarships to young researchers at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm for scientiﬁc studies of illnesses in Dreams for sale: Marketing in a branded world 85 24 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

the early years of childhood”. The current scholarship holder is Dr Carina Lothian, Department of Woman and Child Health. The Nils-Eric Svensson Fund was set up in 1993 and, in accordance with the Board’s decision, will last until the end of 2015. From this Fund the Foundation will grant an annual allocation that permits at least SEK 150,000 at 1994 monetary value to be granted every year. The aim of the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund is to promote a reciprocal exchange of researchers in Europe through the award of scholarships. The fund will make it possible for young researchers to travel and spend short periods at a prominent European research centre and to allow young European researchers to work at a Swedish research institute. The jury that selects the Swedish scholarship holders has consisted of Professor Eva Österberg (Chair), Professor Eva Haettner Aurelius, Assistant Professor Christina Garsten, Professor Christer Jönsson and Professor Mats Larsson, with Dan Brändström, Managing Director of the Foundation, as moderator. The third scholarship holder is selected on the recommendations of independent European research foundations connected with the Hague Club, whose Board annually nominates a candidate, after which the Foundation’s presiding committee makes the ﬁnal decision. At a prize-giving ceremony at the Riksdag on 25 March 2004 three recipients of the Nils-Eric Svensson scholarships were presented. They were: Dr Jenny Beckman, Uppsala University. She has been invited to do research at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Wissenschaftsgeschichte in Berlin. Her ﬁeld is the history of science and she is at present working on a project entitled “Amateurs in Science: Crossing boundaries in the Kingdoms of Nature”. Dr Karin Tillberg Mattsson, Uppsala University, who has been invited to Barcelona University. Together with Dr Montserrat Pallares-Barbera she will prepare a comparative European research project on the importance of information and communication technology for company location. The third scholarship holder, whose recipient this year was selected by the members of the Hague Club in Greece, is: Dr Hippokratis Kiaris, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Athens University. The Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit for Molecular Toxicology, has invited him to do research there. The scholarships, which are worth SEK 100,000 each, were presented by Ulla Kalén-Svensson, the widow of Nils-Eric Svensson. Another scholarship was presented at this prize-giving ceremony. The Chair of the Foundation, Eva Österberg, handed over the Foundation’s “Forschungspreis fur Deutsche Wissenschaftler” within the framework of the reciprocal exchange agreement with the Alexander von Humboldt- Stiftung. This scholarship was awarded to the German historian Dr Olof Blaschke, Neuere und Neueste Geschichte, Universität zu Trier. The Centre for Theology and Religious Science at Lund University has invited him Activities in support of research 25

and he will be working in close collaboration with the project entitled “Christian Manliness – a Paradox of Modernity”, which is supported by the Foundation. This project is led by Dr Yvonne Maria Werner at the Department of History, Lund University. The agreement between the foundations means that the Foundation awards a scholarship to a prominent German researcher so that he can spend time at a research institute in Sweden and that the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung awards a corresponding scholarship to a prominent Swedish researcher for a stay in Germany. Thanks to the donations received by the Foundation in the past few years which are managed jointly with the basic endowment, the Foundation is approaching the status of similar large foundations in countries like Finland, France and Germany. The form of joint administration exemplified by these funds promotes efficient asset management while guaranteeing the professional distribution of funds for scientific research.

Art research

For some years now several initiatives have been taken by both the state and individual colleges to promote research with the field of art. Since 2001 the Swedish Research Council has set aside special funds for this purpose, which have been allocated to a number of so-called collegiates. Some of the Art Colleges have also started research training programmes. Since the late 1990s the Foundation has actively paid attention to this area, for example through the Sector Committee for Research on Art and Design (1998–2002). The Foundation also financed a international comparative study of research training for art that resulted in Dr Henrik Karlsson’s report Handtag, famntag, klapp eller kyss (SISTER 2002). During the past year this area has attracted increased interest on account of the large investments made by the government in design and associated educational programs. Henrik Karlsson has been employed part-time by the Foundation to follow developments in this area. This has meant that the Foundation has been able to initiate activities of its own as well as funding Swedish and international conferences. Thus on 13-14 May the Foundation, together with the Swedish Research Council, organised a major conference at Sigtuna entitled “Research-Reflection-Development. The Way Ahead for College Art Departments” This conference attracted about 50 participants from all over Sweden. The lecturers were Michael Biggs, Reader in Visual Communication, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield (UK), Professor Pirkko Antitila, former Research Director at the Kuopio Academy of Design, Finland, Professor Elin Wikström, Umeå College of Art, Torsten Kälvemark, Swedish Board of Education, and the Chairman of the Swedish Research Council’s committee for art research and development, Johan Öberg, Göteborg University and Under-Secretary of State Kerstin Eliasson, 26 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Department of Education. The conference ended with a panel debate led by Professor emeritus Carl-Henrik Svenstedt, Malmö University College. The members of the panel were Elin Wikström, postgraduate student, Henrik Engquist, Lund Institute of Technology and Pontus Kyander, art critic, Malmö. Mats Rolén, Director of Research at the Foundation rounded off the conference by noting that the discussions and contributions to the debate illustrated the breadth and dynamics of the subject. He expected that the coming years would be characterised by a continuing debate on the term art research but also of experiments and initiatives for new forms of work. The conference is documented in a joint report from the Foundation and the Swedish Research Council (Research Council: H 0018, 2004), edited by Henrik Karlsson. The Foundation has also noted the lack of modern and relevant research into cultural habits, in particular those of young people. Today’s cultural statistics cannot capture trends and behavioural patterns that lie outside the traditional “institutional” structures. Among them are Internet-based contact patterns, various kinds of role play and the like. As a ﬁrst step towards studying these matters The Foundation arranged a seminar on 8 June with about 20 participants representing the National Youth Council, the National Council for Cultural Affairs, Tema Q, Linköping University, the Stockholm City Cultural Administration and others. Henrik Karlsson, Sten Månsson, the National Council for Cultural Affairs and Dr Sven Nilsson introduced the seminar.

Graduate Schools

Graduate School in The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation’s Graduate School in Modern Languages Modern Languages completed its fifth year of operations last year. The School’s steering committee carried out its annual examination of the postgraduates’ study results in May and judged that the majority of the 30 students will have presented their doctoral theses by the academic year 2005-06 at the latest. At the Board meeting on 27 May Professor Lars-Gunnar Andersson presented a first preliminary evaluation of operations at the Graduate School. The throughput of students had been somewhat slower than expected, even though the majority of them had been working on the basis of a study plan covering five years (20% work at their department per year). A large part of the delays, however, were due to parental leave and illness. Nevertheless, Professor Andersson estimated that the students at the Graduate School would present their theses considerably earlier than the average postgraduate student in the liberal arts. He considered that the graduate students education was of high quality, above all in interdisciplinary fields and regarding the contacts between various theoretical schools. During their years of study the postgraduates had already built up extensive national and interna- Activities in support of research 27

tional contacts and had taken part in international conferences, partly with the help of the Graduate School. Thus they are well prepared to proceed in an academic career once they have taken their doctor’s degree. By the end of 2004 eight of the postgraduates had graduated. The Graduate School’s steering committee, consisting of Professors Inge Jonsson, Chairperson, Lars-Gunnar Andersson, Co-ordinator, Lennart Elmevik, Gunnel Engwall, Moira Linnarud, Inger Rosengren and Astrid Stedje, completed its work at the end of 2004. Mats Rolén, Director of Research, was the Secretariat’s representative on the committee.

Graduate School in In order to reinforce the teaching of mathematics in schools the Bank of Mathematics with an Sweden Tercentenary Foundation decided in 2000 to allocate a one-time emphasis on teaching grant of SEK 45 million to a national graduate school in mathematics with methods an emphasis on teaching methods. This Graduate School will be of great importance for promoting the growth of this field of research, which at present is rather underdeveloped in Sweden. The Research Council also supports the Graduate School with a grant that was renewed for 2004. The Graduate School came into operation in August 2001. A total of 20 postgraduates are participating at ten different universities and university colleges from Luleå in the north to Kristianstad in the south. Most of them were accepted as doctoral students when they entered the Graduate School. In January 2004 three more postgraduate students were accepted for the Graduate School as replacements for four students who discontinued their studies in 2002 and 2003. Five of the students have been on parental leave during parts of the year. All the postgraduates except one have doctoral posts and most of them spend 80 per cent of their working time on their research and 20 per cent on teaching and other departmental work. One is employed as an assistant lecturer but on terms similar to those who are doctoral students. Two of them devote all their working time to research and may therefore be expected to complete their doctor’s degree earlier than the others. Most of them are aiming at doctorates in mathematics with an emphasis on teaching methods while a few have chosen a research topic called Mathematics and Learning or the like. All of them follow a program that includes courses in both mathematics and the teaching of mathematics and all of them are doing research on mathematics teaching methods. Six of the students took their licentiate degrees in 2004, which means that a total of nine licentiate degrees have been taken within the Graduate School at six universities/university colleges. The first doctoral thesis is planned to be presented early in 2006. The supervisory work is managed by mathematicians, mathematics- teaching experts and educationalists working in co-operation. Many of the departments have employed foreign researchers in the field of mathematics teaching as assistant tutors in order to reinforce the programs. At present 28 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

eight postgraduate students have an assistant tutor who is a professor in another country, and there are plans for several more such co-operative efforts. There is especially close collaboration with the University College of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway. Several joint courses have been run in the Graduate School. In 2004 a course on artefacts (textbooks, laboratory material, technical aids) in mathematics teaching was completed at the Luleå Institute of Technology and a course on the writing process was run at the University College of Kristianstad. All the courses given at the Graduate School deal with different aspects of mathematics teaching as a ﬁeld of research. These courses are run by bringing the students together at the course centres, with preparatory work, assignments and seminars at the home departments as support. The courses are also open to other postgraduate students. The lecturers are visiting specialists, many of them foreign researchers with the broad competence and long experience required for a good presentation of the subject. During the past year meetings were also held with the Graduate School’s supervisors and students. One meeting at Sigtuna in June dealt with questions concerning the quality of research, with a particular focus on articles for publication in scientiﬁc journals. A joint public meeting was arranged at Uppsala University for two days in November, together with the schools for mathematics and computational science. Two visiting researchers from the United States discussed questions about the developments in research education in mathematics, applied mathematics and the teaching of mathematics, from an American perspective. Postgraduates in both of the graduate schools presented their own research. The managing committee of the Graduate School consists of nine persons appointed by the Board of the Foundation. The School has a Co-ordinator who works half time. The members of the management committee act as mentors for the students. The aim is to give them the opportunity to further support the program through close contacts, which will also give them a better insight into its activities. As mentors they will complement the support the students receive from their departments and external tutors.

The Swedish School of Research on Asia is one of the most international fields in the humanities Advanced Asia-Pacific and social sciences. Research results are spread round Asia, Europe, North Studies – SSAAPS America and Australia. In 2000 the Board of the Foundation, in collaboration with the Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), decided to help to strengthen scientific knowledge in Sweden in this field. This support embraces a graduate school, a visiting lecturer program, postdoctoral posts, international conferences and activities to promote the building of networks between Swedish research environments and the international research community. As a first step Activities in support of research 29

the Foundation allocated SEK 2.6 million in 2000 to finance preparations, coordination and postdoctoral posts. In 2002/2004 the Foundation made grants of SEK 3 million per year and will continue to provide further funds in the future. STINT’s contribution is SEK 3 million a year for 2001-2005. Professor Jon Sigurdson, Institute of Japanese Studies at the Stockholm School of Economics, was the program’s co-ordinator until 30 June 2003 and Marie Tsujita Stephenson its administrative secretary. On 1 July 2003 Professor Thommy Svensson took over as co-ordinator, with Malin Flobrink (STINT) as administrative secretary. Since 1 July 2003 the steering committee has consisted of Professor Olof Ruin, Stockholm University, Chair, Professor Hans Blomqvist, Vasa School of Economics, Professor Peter Wallensteen, Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Dr Ida Nicolaisen, Nordic Institute for Asian Studies, Copenhagen, and Stein Tønnesson, Head of the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo. Kjell Blückert, Research Secretary at the Foundation, was co-opted to the steering committee as the representative of the Foundation. STINT was represented by Director Roger Svensson. The guiding principles of the steering committee are to attain the highest possible scientific quality and to support the greatest possible international exposure of Swedish research. SSAAPS’s Graduate School has eight doctoral students, who were joined by one of ten applicants in the years 2002 and 2003. These doctoral posts are based on a 50-50 funding agreement with the universities. The Graduate School provides assistant tutors, funds for research trips to Asia, a residential supervisory course and research courses that are also open to other postgraduates. The first doctoral thesis was presented in December 2004. SSAAPS’s post-doc academy supports the most promising researchers with three postgraduate posts of 2+2 years, which include an obligatory year abroad at one of the world’s leading institutes in the field. The Swedish research community was scrutinised at national conferences in 2002 and 2003, partly with the aim of developing collaboration among the universities. The program of international workshops in 2005 comprises four workshops, in Stockholm in March, in Göteborg in May, in Uppsala in June and in Copenhagen in October. These will take up current issues on the research front, build networks and process manuscripts for publication in quality journals and with leading publishing houses. Meetings of researchers at a high level are organised in Asia for heads of departments and young researchers. In February 2004 a winter seminar entitled “Globalisation and Its Counterforces” was held in Singapore in collaboration with the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Some 30 Swedish researchers took part, together with about 20 social scientists from the Southeast Asian countries and Australia. A new winter seminar is planned to take place in Peking in October 2005, in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The topic, “Economic Development and Its Social Cost”, will be discussed by heads of relevant university departments, China experts from Sweden and centrally placed Chinese, European and 30 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

American researchers with the aim of moving the research front forward. In Europe SSAAPS participates in the European Alliance for Asian Studies together with the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, Science-Po, Paris, the Dutch post-doc International Institute of Asian Studies, Leiden and the German national centre for contemporary Paciﬁc- Asian research, Institut für Asienkunde, Hamburg. SSAAPS contributes ﬁnancially to the Alliance’s advanced Asia-Europe Workshop Series in collaboration with the Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), Singapore, which is supported mainly by the EU Commission. The SSAAPS program and its international partners are presented in greater detail on its home page, www.stint.ssaaps.se.

Graduate School for During the late 1990s the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation drew Museum Officials attention to the role museums play in research on our cultural heritage, for example by arranging conferences. As a result of these activities, the Foundation soon became aware of the need to reinforce the scientific competence of museum officials and thereby stimulate more research on the material in museum collections. This was the starting-point for the Board’s decision in 2001 to allocate SEK 25 million to a research-training program for museum officials. The Foundation’s grant covers the costs for ten doctoral post for five years, that is, for 80 per cent of their salaries. The Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities also contributed funds for another doctoral post. These posts are constructed so that the holders will follow a complete course of doctoral studies at a university and take a doctor’s degree within five years at the same time as they are employed at their ordinary place of work with 20 per cent of their regular full-time post. The eleven postgraduates who were selected from 86 applicants began their program in autumn 2002. Up to now all eleven postgraduates have completed their courses with good results. In spring 2004 the management of the Graduate School proposed that two more postgraduate students should be accepted. There was still a great need in the sector and thanks to good financial management the Graduate School had room in its budget for expansion. The steering committee supported the proposal but considered that the new posts should be set up on the same terms as before, that is, for 80 per cent over five years. This would require an additional grant of SEK 1.6 million from the two financiers, the Foundation and the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, who, when asked, agreed to grant another SEK 800,000 each. The two new posts were advertised in May 2004 and the successful applicants were appointed in September. They will take up their posts on 1 January 2005. In accordance with the Graduate School’s program, the students were also brought together for thematic reading courses and report seminars during 2004. On 21 September the steering committee summoned the Activities in support of research 31

students, their employers and their scientiﬁc tutors to the annual follow- up conference at the National Museum of Cultural History in Stockholm. The following day the Graduate School arranged a day of seminars on the theme “being trained as a researcher and employed at a museum”. All the ofﬁcials working at Sweden’s museums who had a doctor’s degree were invited. The lectures, which attracted some 70 people from all over Sweden, were held by, among others, Dan Brändström, who spoke on the subject “Funding Museum Research. How museums can apply for grants for research projects.” As previously, the Graduate School has been led by a steering committee appointed by the Foundation and the National Museum of Cultural History. This committee consists of Dr Sten Rentzhog, Chairperson, Professor Janken Myrdal, SLU, Professor Birgitta Svensson, National Museum of Cultural History and Stockholm University, Director Christina Mattsson, National Museum of Cultural History, Dr Mats Rolén, the Foundation’s Director of Research and Dr Ulrich Lange, National Museum of Cultural History, Secretary and Co-ordinator.

Sector committees

The Sector Committee This sector committee held three meetings during the year. The first of these for Research on was held on 10 March, when Professor Lars Engwall reported on the pro- Knowledge and Society ject “Evaluating Evaluations: The impact of changing state science policies and practices on scientific research strategies and outcomes”. At this meeting Dr Olle Edqvist also presented his three-year project “International Research in a National Setting: The Case of Sweden”. This project will form part of SISTER’s support to research on the internationalisation of Swedish education and research. Dr Edqvist plans to focus on three main areas: 1) Swedish participation in European research collaboration via the EU overall program and major centres for research in the natural sciences (e.g. CERN, ESA); 2) research collaboration with developing countries; 3) collaboration between various research teams and networks initiated by researchers. Dr Edqvist hopes that his project will provide a broad foundation of facts for a discussion of future Swedish policy with regard to the internationalisation of research. This project is also financed by SSF, STINT and VINNOVA. SISTER’s strategy has been discussed during the past year and at this meeting the Managing Director of the Institute, Enrico Deiaco, presented the new research strategy. One result of this new orientation was the Strategic Institute Program, launched in the autumn. The title of this project, which is planned to continue for three years, is “New Environments of Knowledge in the Future: the conditions under which the universities work and their effects on innovation and society”. The project will help to increase our knowledge of the importance of the universities for Swedish 32 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

social development and thereby “improve the basis for decision-making for the various actors in this sector and provide a better climate for discussing strategic choices and solutions in the Swedish university system”. The project is financed in the first year by the Foundation together with SSF, STINT, the KK Foundation, MISTRA and the Vårdal Foundation. An evaluation will then be carried out. The meeting on 8 June discussed future opportunities for collaboration between the Foundation and STINT on the question of internationalisation in the field of the humanities and the social sciences. Professor Peter Gärdenfors then presented the work on “a study and research program for learning processes” which was initially supported by the Foundation and the Foundation for Strategic Research. Discussions on this research project are continuing with a number of other interested financiers. On this occasion preliminary reports were also presented on “Foundation Project 2004” and the coming study on the ten years of activities of the foundations set up after the employees’ investment funds. A major conference on research policies will be arranged in spring 2005 by SISTER to discuss this study, which is expected to be published in book form early in 2005. A one-day conference entitled “Mission:Change!” was held in the Second Chamber of the Riksdag on 5 May, when the so-called employment investment fund foundations (including the Foundation’s Humanities and Social Sciences Donation) celebrated their tenth anniversary. Björn von Sydow, the Speaker of the Riksdag, gave the welcoming speech. Professor Sverker Sörlin, SISTER, and Dr Mats Benner, Lund University, presented parts of the above-mentioned evaluation of these foundations. Dr Wilhelm Krull, VolkswagenStiftung, then presented a picture of the way foundations and universities can co-operate, under the title “The Challenge of Change”. Professor Michael Gibbons, Association of Commonwealth Universities, London, gave a corresponding picture from a Canadian perspective with the emphasis on innovation. The morning concluded with a discussion of past and future experiences by the former Ministers of Education Carl Tham and Per Unckel and Director Tjia Torpe entitled “Those were our ideas”. The proceedings during the whole day were moderated by Ulf Wickbom. The afternoon was devoted to the presentation of a number of research projects under the general heading “Without the foundations this would not have happened”. Dr Sara Danius, SCASS, took part on behalf of the Foundation. With the battle-cry “Invest in Cutting-edge Research!” she reflected on the terms of research against the background of her participation in the Foundation’s and STINT’s postgraduate program Pro Futura and her stay at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin The afternoon was rounded off by a panel debate entitled “Swedish research and higher education after the foundations – a scenario for 2014”. Professor Eva Haettner Aurelius, Lund University, and Dr Emma Stenström, Stockholm School Activities in support of research 33

of Economics, took part as representatives of the Foundation. The then Minister of Education and Research, Thomas Östros, concluded the day with some reflections on the future. At the meeting of the sector committee on 20 September Dan Brändström reported on two ongoing investigations into the future of the collage and university system. One of these projects was initiated by the Royal Academy of Engineering Sciences and the other by the Research Council in collaboration with the Foundation. Dr Brändström is the Deputy Chairperson of the former project and Chair of the latter project, entitled “University 2010”. This project committee consists of the following representatives of the sector: Professor Christoph Bargholtz, Chairman of SULF, Vice- Chancellors Agneta Bladh, Kåre Bremer, Bo Sundquist and Christina Ullenius, Chancellor Sigbrit Franke, Director-General Pär Omling and Managing Director Lena Torell. The project will proceed during the coming year and will throw light on overall issues concerning “funding, profiling, career opportunities, management, research connections, quality”. In addition, information was given at this meeting on the so-called 2 June Movement. On 2 June this year a seminar was held on the initiative of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and the Foundation to discuss long-term-motivated research in the cultural sector. Participants included the then Minister of Cultural Affairs, Marita Ulvskog, Under- Secretary Gunilla Thorgren and a number of representatives of the government educational and cultural departments and central ABM institutes. The background to this meeting is “the problem that long-term-motivated projects – often in the form of the reorganisation of research material in museums and archives – have difficulty in finding both sustainable working methods and sustainable future funding”. The Foundation calls these projects infrastructural support. The discussion opened with two speeches by Dr Kjell Blückert, Secretary of Research at the Foundation and Professor Ulf Sporrong, Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, and the ensuing discussion focused on the principal problems. A further meeting was held on 21 September, at which the discussions were more concrete. As a result of this meeting it was decided that the participants should list the needs for preparatory research projects and compare them with the “list of terms” that the Foundation and the Academy had prepared jointly for the authorisation of these projects. A compilation of the reflections and proposals that are sent in will be made early in 2005. The association Science & Society, whose aim is to “create an open dialogue between the general public and researchers” was supported during the past year by the Foundation within the framework of the sector committee’s budget, as was the preparatory work for a major conference, “First International Conference on Globalisation and Learning”, in collaboration with the Ross Foundation, New York, and the Stockholm School of Education. This conference will take place during spring 2005. 34 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Sector Committee This sector committee held three meetings during the year. The work of for Research on reinforcing Sweden’s various research environments within the committee’s Culture, Security and area of responsibility has proceeded at each university. The universities of Sustainable Social Uppsala, Lund, Stockholm and Göteborg have already been given grants Development to strengthen their profiles. Göteborg University has made most progress in this work. It has decided to create a new unit called the School of Global Studies at Göteborg University (SGSGU). The departments involved are the Department for Peace and Development Research, the Department for Human Conditions in the World and the Department of Social Anthropology. These three departments all focus on global studies and studies in global space, but with different starting-points and perspectives. Globalisation and studies in global space are important fields of knowledge for Göteborg University and the aim is to create an outstanding, and in a Nordic context, unique interdisciplinary environment for both research and teaching, with increased collaboration not only within the social sciences faculty but also with other faculties outside it. SGSGU’s overall aims are to create a rallying-point for interdisciplinary studies in global space and of globalisation at Göteborg University and to develop research and teaching round the theme of globalisation and studies in global space. On several occasions the question of research on human rights has been raised. This is an important but also rather neglected area. Therefore the year’s work started on 20 January with a Nordic meeting at the Riksdag arranged by the sector committee and devoted to research on human rights. A number of leading researchers and key persons in this field gathered there to open a discussion on the status of human rights research and how research on human rights in Sweden could be reinforced. Those present included Professor Asbjörn Eide, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, Hans-Otto Sano, Institute for Human Rights in Copenhagen, Inger Österdahl and Axel Hadenius, Uppsala University, Gudmundur Alfredsson, Raoul Wallenberg Institute and Ambassador Bengt Säve- Söderberg, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The sector committee also had the privilege of visiting Egypt during the year. A number of interesting meetings were arranged in Cairo with the help of Professor Abdel-Hamid Abdel-Latif. Our first visit was to the Ibn Khaldoun Center for Development, where we were received by its chairperson, Professor Saad Ibrahim. Professor Ibrahim, a political dissident who was previously imprisoned for his political opinions, described his experiences of and views on the Egyptian state and the country’s religious institutions. The committee also visited the ancient theological university of Al Azhar, which dates back to the 10th century. There the committee listened to a lecture on Islam by the President of the university, Professor Ahmed Al-Tayeb. On the same day we visited the Middle East Research Center at Ain Sham University, where we had the opportunity to discuss the possibilities of The next dance is ours: Ecology, power, and religion in Yucatec Maya cognitive landscape 89 36 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

research exchange with a number of prominent Egyptian academics. Those present at the meeting included Professor Ahmed Kamal Abou Elmagd, Department of Law, Ain Sham University, Dr Kassem Abdou Kassem, a medieval historian at Zaqaziq University, Dr Wagdy Zeid, Department of English, Cairo University, Dr Nadia Moustafa and Dr Moustafa Kamel el-Sayed, political scientists at Cairo University and Dr Mohammed Mohieddin, a sociologist at Menoufia University. Before the committee left Cairo, the Swedish ambassador, Stig Elvemar, invited us to the residence for orientation on the political situation in Egypt and Sweden’s relations with the Egyptian government. On the way to Alexandria an interesting stop was made at Anafora, one of the Coptic church’s establishments. There we were received by Bishop Thomas, who showed us round the various buildings of the church and discussed the situation of this religious minority in an increasingly Islamised Egyptian society. In Alexandria the committee’s meetings took place in the splendid premises of the Swedish Institute. The Institute’s director, Jan Henningsson, presented the history of the Institute and its present work in detail. The Institute also invited us to a dinner with Muslim researchers and intellectu- als and arranged a visit to Bibliotheca Alexandrina. During the past year work on a more ambitious international publication has made progress. Björn Hettne has revised a version of the committee’s program declaration which could act as an introduction to an anthology in memory of Karl Eric Knutsson. The objective of this project is to involve a number of established thinkers in the field whom Knutsson knew and worked with during his long career. The themes that were discussed as relevant were the committee’s troika of ideas: culture, security and sustainable development, but also dialogue and reconciliation and democratisation processes, globalisation, equality and other concepts. The plan is that all the contributors are given approximately one year to prepare their texts and that the anthology should be finalised at a special workshop with the authors. The year after the committee was established saw the shocking attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in the United States. At a meeting a month or so after these events it was proposed that they might form the starting-point for a collection of essays aimed at further defining and presenting the committee’s area of interest, by, for example, reflecting on how the events of 9/11 illustrate and bring into focus important aspects of this field. These ideas were realised in the anthology Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development – After September 11 (Ed. Fredrik Lundmark). Activities in support of research 37

Sector Committee In autumn 2003 the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation created a for Research on Civil new sector committee to stimulate increased and deeper research on civil Society society, to give it the possibility to make a qualitative leap forward and to try to develop its own theoretical basis, which will open up developments beyond traditional international efforts. This might involve, for example, finding new ways that will help to increase understanding of what is genuinely Swedish/Nordic, not least in the light of the increasing rate of globalisation. It is important to make efforts that reach beyond traditional research based on the state and the market. The committee consists of Mats Rolén, Director of Research, Chairperson, Dr Erik Amnå, Göteborg University, Dr Christina Garsten, Stockholm University, Bengt Göransson, former Minister of Cultural Affairs, ABF Stockholm, Marianne af Malmborg, Chairperson of Ideell Arena and former Secretary-General of the Cancer Fund, Birgitta Ohlsson, Member of the Riksdag, Liberal Party, Kristina Persson, Deputy Chairperson of the Bank of Sweden, Professor Lars Svedberg, Ersta Sköndal College, Dr Håkan Thörn, Göteborg University, Dr Hans Westlund, Institute for Political Studies of Growth (ITPS), Östersund and Dr Filip Wijkström, Stockholm School of Economics. The committee’s Secretary is Malin Gawell, BSc, Stockholm University and the Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research (ESBRI). The sector committee held three meetings during the year. On 9 February Karl Palmås, a research student at the London School of Economics, presented two of his works. The first dealt with social companies and social entre- preneurs and resulted in a book entitled The Compassionate Entrepreneur (Agora, 2003). This book focuses on social companies, that is, companies with a social purpose, commercial operations and often democratic management. Mr Palmås said that this form of company has attracted great interest, not least politically, in England under New Labour. His second presentation was of his own thesis project which deals with innovations in large companies (Volvo) and the role of civil society in their development. The focus there is on innovations in large companies and the ways in which non-company actors (such as medical experts, work-environment researchers and engineers) have played a major role in developments. On 10 May the committee visited the Department of Political Science at Göteborg University. The first part of the meeting was devoted to discussions on the direction of the committee’s work. It was agreed that it was important to emphasise the international dimension of the term civil society and not focus on the nation state. Swedish or Nordic discussions of developments “after” the popular social movements could well be extended to encompass analyses from a global perspective. The meeting then turned to a number of research presentations: “Interdisciplinary Science at Göteborg University” by Håkan Thörn, “Research within CEFOS” by Dr Lennart Nilsson, “Centre for Cultural Studies” by Professor Thomas Johansson, “Interdisciplinary Research on 38 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

World Culture and Human Rights” by Dr Elisabeth Abiri, “HIV/AIDS and the Global Civil Society – a presentation of research connected with an exhibition at the Museum of World Culture” by Håkan Thörn, “Power, Identity, Modernity – an interdisciplinary research project” by Professor Marie Demker and “New Forms for Social Commitment” by Erik Amnå. On 4–5 October the committee organised a residential conference at Sigtuna. This meeting was devoted to discussions of the “book of ideas” that the committee had decided to work on, for proposed publication in 2005. Several of the members presented drafts for articles, which were discussed in detail. The committee agreed that the contributions should be connected with the numerous challenges and demands that globalisation makes on today’s and tomorrow’s citizens and democratic systems. This would include welfare, regimes, steering, democracy, production/transmis- sion of knowledge, global responsibility and the like. All the members will participate in this anthology, together with two specially invited researchers. The anthology will be edited by Dr Erik Amnå. The Foundation also supported a conference at the Stockholm School of Economics on 27–30 May, together with the European network for doctoral research on civil society (Filip Wijkström) and program work at Ersta Sköndal College, the project entitled “The Development of the Swedish Non-proﬁt Sector” (Filip Wijkström & Stefan Einarsson, Stockholm School of Economics). Drs Wijkström and Einarsson also wrote the Swedish contribution to a report project within EFC, Brussels:”The Dimension of the Foundation Sector in the European Union”. The Director of Research, Mats Rolén is a member of the project’s steering committee; he reported on its results at a session at the EFC Annual Assembly & Conference in Athens on 31 May. In connection with both this sector committee and the following one the Foundation allocated grants in 2004 to the Global Challenge project, which deals with the question of the ways in which globalisation/Europeanisation affect the economy, welfare and sustainable development in a long-term perspective. This project, which will last three years, takes the form of a collaboration between the Frejas Fund Foundation (initiator and co-ordinator), the KK Foundation, the Association Savings Bank, the Council for Popular Education and the Foundation. The Confederation of Swedish Industry and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation were also invited to participate. By arranging seminars and publishing advanced pamphlets and books this project hopes to contribute to the building of knowledge and debates on society, for example on what the pressure from Europe and the world outside means for employment and welfare in Sweden, or on what employment looks like in the service society of Sweden. This work is led by a steering committee consisting of Kristina Persson, Frejas Fund Foundation, Chair, Dan Brändström, the Foundation, Madeleine Caesar, the KK Foundation, Anders Ljunggren, Council for Popular Education Activities in support of research 39

and Peter Nygårds, the Association Savings Bank. Göran Färm, a former member of the European Parliament, is the project leader.

The Sector Committee This new sector committee, whose composition was agreed at the for Research on the Foundation’s Board meeting on 25 March 2004, met three times during Public Economy, the past year. The committee consists of the Foundation’s Managing Steering and Leadership Director, Dan Brändström, Chairman, Dr Shirin Ahlbäck Öberg, Uppsala University, Professor Gunnel Gustafsson, Umeå University, Dr Ingalill Holmberg, Stockholm School of Economics, Professor Bengt Jacobsson, Södertörn University College, Professor Inga Persson, Lund University, Professor Lennart Schön, Lund University, County Governor Mats Svegfors, Västerås, Professor Daniel Tarschys, Stockholm University, Gunnar Wetterberg, Head of Political Economy at SACO, Sven-Erik Österberg, Member of the Riksdag, up to 31 October 2004, and Municipal Commissioner Acko Ankarberg Johansson, Jönköping. The Committee’s Secretary is Secretary of Research Kerstin Stigmark. The background of the formation of this committee was the need for long-term research activities that can contribute to the development of knowledge that is free and accessible to all citizens, organisations and parties. Co-operation within the European Union has given municipalities and regional bodies an international area of activity that did not exist ten years ago. Globalisation reduces the importance of the nation states. The freedom of governments to control taxes, currency exchange rates and interest rates has also been reduced. At the same time as the mobility of capital has increased very markedly, increasingly expanding welfare systems have led to the reduction and even the prevention of mobility in the labour market. This difference in the mobility of labour and capital is at present a growing political dilemma. The work of the sector committee aims to reinforce research environments by means of seminars and other research initiatives so that they can contribute with some staying power to the evaluation of the long-term effects of the consequences of economic policies. Within the committee’s framework funds were granted for a seminar devoted to constitutional and administrative policies arranged by Professor Sverker Gustavsson at the Department of Political Science, Uppsala University. This took place in November and was attended by some 30 researchers. The ﬁrst concrete activity for the Committee as a whole is to organise a seminar on 11 February 2005 at the Riksdag under the title “Local Autonomy, Equivalence and Efﬁciency”. Per Molander of Mapsec (Managing the Public Sector) has been appointed to plan this seminar and, together with Dr Shirin Ahlbäck Öberg and Professor Bengt Jacobsson, has drawn up the programme. At the Committee’s meeting in November, Peter Robinson, Senior Economist at the Institute of Public Policy, London presented a draft idea 40 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

entitled “The Balance of Funding Between the Individual and the State”. He and his British colleagues would like to collaborate with Swedish researchers on a comparative project concerning the changes in pension systems in four European countries (Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden).

Co-operation with the Riksdag

The role of parliament On 28 April 2004 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, together in the constitution with the Riksdag arranged a conference entitled “The Role of Parliament in the constitution”. This event was connected with the 30th anniversary of the present Swedish constitution. It was also a prologue to the coming review of the constitution, so it was considered appropriate to devote the conference to Nordic comparisons concerning the role and responsibility of parliament. The conference was opened by the Speaker of the Riksdagen, Björn von Sydow, who was followed by the Administrative Director of the Riksdag, Magnus Isberg. In his introductory speech he placed the history of the Swedish constitution in a Nordic context. Secretary-General Seppo Tiitinen then presented the role of the Finnish Parliament in the formation of a government. The next example was from Norway and focused on the supervisory role of the Storting. The speaker was Fredrik Sejersted, a Government lawyer in Oslo, and his speech was commented on by Kjell Engebretsen, Labour Party, a member of the Storting and of its Supervisory and Constitution Committee. For Denmark, the focus was on the role of the Folketing in relation to the European Union and the speaker was Professor Jørgen Grønnegaard Christensen, Århus University. Elisabeth Arnold, Radical Left, provided the commentary. In the ensuing panel debate there were reﬂections on the lessons that can be learnt from other Nordic countries for the coming review of the Swedish constitution. The panel consisted of Gunnar Hökmark and Göran Magnusson, both members of the Riksdag, the former Deputy Speaker, Rose-Marie Frebran and Cecilia Malmström, member of the European Parliament. The conference concluded with the traditional buffet in the Riksdag’s Reception Room.

Publication of secret At the proposal of Professor Evert Vedung, Uppsala University, a co- documents from 1905 operative project was started in autumn 2003 between the Riksdag, The National Archives and the Foundation to publish previously unpublished and/or secret documents from the Riksdag’s discussions on the dissolution of the union with Norway in the spring and summer of 1905. As well as previously secret memoranda, this project would comprise the records kept by the ofﬁcials who acted as secretaries, notably Sam. Clason, Johan Activities in support of research 41

Magnus Stuart and Samuel Wåhlin. In addition, personal notes by leading politicians like Christian Lundeberg, Karl Staaf, Harald Hjärne and others would be included. This material, parts of which have not been used for research, will now be made accessible, creating good opportunities for new research on this dramatic period. The scientiﬁc leader of the project is Professor Evert Vedung. The work will be carried out in close co-operation with Margareta Brundin, Assistant Departmental Head at Riksdagen, who will lead the working committee set up to support the project, the Clason Committee. In addition to Margareta Brundin and Evert Vedung the committee will include Ulf Christofferson, Louise Edlund and Margareta Eliasson from the Riksdag, Leif Gidlöf from the National Archives, former Administrative Director Magnus Isberg from the Riksdag, Gustav Pettersson, Uppsala University and Director of Research Mats Rolén from the Foundation. The results of the project will be published in book form and on the Internet in summer 2005. The project concluded with a conference held in the Riksdag under the title: “When Maps are Redrawn – on secessions in the Nordic Countries”.

Art, Cultural Policies, Research

With the aim of surveying the need for information and reinforcing contacts between research, the Committee and actors in the field of art and artist policies, four seminars were organised during 2004, a large one and three small ones. This series was initiated by KLYS – the Council for Co-operation among Artists and Writers, the National Artists Council, the National Council for Cultural Affairs and Tema Q, Linköping University. These organisations contacted the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and the Foundation for Future Culture, who decided to grant financial support for the seminars and to keep in close touch with them. Professor Svante Beckman and Dr Jens Cavallin, Tema Q, were in charge of the seminars. The first seminar was arranged on 4 May at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm under the title “The Resources of Art”. The second seminar was held on 14 June in Göteborg and dealt with the levels of art and artist policies. Representatives of the city of Göteborg and Västra Götaland County also helped with the arrangements, which brought interesting regional viewpoints to the overall issues of the series. On 2 September Tema Q itself was the host of a seminar at Campus Norrköping entitled “Diverse Diversity”. The series concluded on 17 November with a major conference in the Riksdag hosted by the Standing Committee on Cultural Affairs in collaboration with the Foundation. This conference aimed to identify and discuss the main lines of the three previous seminars with regard to the need for 42 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

information support and research on art policies, and to raise questions concerning “the globalisation of art”, that is to say, the growth of an international arena for art policy. The conference was opened by Lennart Kollmats, Chairman of the Standing Committee, who argued that there was a need for further research in order to get a clear picture of the situation in the field of culture in the European Union. Dan Brändström, who was the conference’s moderator, then described the Foundation’s support to national and international research connected specifically to the art sector. He also discussed the question of culture and development, mentioning in particular the projects Creative Europe and Towards Cultural Citizenship, collaboration with the European Cultural Foundation (ECF) over a “laboratory for research and analysis in the field of cultural affairs”, and the World Culture Report, which the Foundation and Sida had invested “seed money” in. Referring to the Swedish arena, Dan Brändström decried the fact that the cultural sector was the only sector that had not received special research funds in the 1970s. He also pointed out that some of the problems that were to be discussed at the conference were in part a consequence of this. Professor Svante Beckman then gave a long summary of the series of seminars and declared that the art sector, like the culture sector defined more broadly, needs to find forms for closer connections with research and mechanisms for transferring knowledge and dialogue. In his opinion an institute like Nordicom can act as a good model. Dr Sven Nilsson then presented a critical survey of Swedish cultural policies, which he claimed had got stuck in a rut since the 1970s and are therefore obsolete for many groups. The afternoon was devoted to presentations of three interesting projects of relevance to the knowledge base for the art and culture sector. Dr Ritva Mitchell, Helsinki, gave a historical survey of European cultural policy and research from the 1960s onwards – and hereby the background to the establishment of her research institute, CUPORE, which collaborates with various universities in Finland and with the Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Professor Helmut Anheier, the Center for Civil Society, UCLA and the London School of Economics, then presented the coming annual publication World Cultures Report, whose first volume will appear in 2005/06. This project should be seen in the light of UNESCO’s closure of World Culture Report after only two volumes, in 1999 and 2000. UNDP’s Human Development Report and Yearbook of Civil Society have been two models for this project. Dr Ulla Carlsson then described the establishment and activities of Nordicom, which is a research and information institute localised at Göteborg University. The conference ended with a panel debate chaired by Professor Eva Österberg. The panel consisted of Professor Svante Beckman, Tema Q, Bernt Lindberg, a journalist and photographer, KLYS, Director- General Kristina Rennerstedt, National Council for Cultural Affairs and Activities in support of research 43

Ants Viirman, Head of Department at the Swedish Association of Local Authorities. The discussion included ways of achieving collaboration between research and practice, a theme that permeated the seminar series. One conclusion was that there is still a need for this type of meeting and network that the seminars have, in fact, succeeded in generating.

The Foundation Creative Man

The Foundation Creative Man was established in 1997. Its aim is to stimulate and encourage young artists and researchers to work creatively and across borders. The focus is on works and thought that demonstrate a wealth of ideas, imagination, joy and the ability to manage the interface between art and science. During the period 1997–2003 and as part of its work the Foundation Creative Man awarded two scholarships worth SEK 50,000 each, and later three scholarships worth SEK 100,000 each to young, individual researchers/artists or artists/researchers. These scholarships were awarded by the Board of the Foundation Creative Man on the recommendations of a special scholarship committee. The Foundation Creative Man has broadened its range of activities towards universities and university colleges since 2000 with the help of the Foundation. It arranges a major annual seminar in conjunction with the presentation of the scholarships that is directed at establishing a dialogue between artists and scientists. This year’s seminar was held in October at the Karolinska Institutet under the title “The Creative Brain”. The scholarships for 2004 were presented during the seminar to Ulrika Karlsson, an architect and designer, Henrik Håkansson, a painter and Paulina Sundin, a composer and music researcher, who all described their work. Since 1997 18 scholarships have been awarded. The number of applicants is constantly increasing, amounting this year to 233. In 2002 an agreement was reached about a five-year collaboration between Foundation Creative Man and the Foundation. Formally, this means that the latter Foundation has agreed to be responsible for activities during the period 2003–2007. Advertising and awarding the scholarships will continue to follow the Foundation’s previous practice. Parallel with this support, the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation set aside special funds to follow up developments internationally and nationally within the field of art research. The aim is to create a better strategy for the Foundation’s processing of applications, but also to provide a basis for possible initiatives of its own within this field, a field that is attracting more and more interest and debate. This assignment was carried out on a consultancy basis by Dr Henrik Karlsson, previously a member of preparatory committees 4 and 6. Foundation Creative Man is led by a board consisting of Birgitta Dahl, former Speaker of the Riksdag, Chairperson, Rutger Barnekow, a former bank director, Tom Beyer, Managing Director of the Stockholm International Fair, Peije Emilsson, Managing Director of KREAB, Tjia 44 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Torpe, Managing Director of IRIS AB and Sven Unger, a lawyer. Bo Andér, a development strategist, Mats Brodén, a producer and Dr Henrik Karlsson were co-opted to the Board’s meetings. The scholarship committee consists of Mats Brodén, Chairperson, Sven-Olof Wallenstein, a philosopher, Professor Elin Wikström, Umeå College of Fine Arts, Ingebert Täljedal, Vice-Chancellor of Umeå University, Fredrika Spindler a philosopher at Södertörn University College, Dr Eva-Wikström-Jonsson, Karolinska Institutet and Bo Andér and Henrik Karlsson. The Secretariat consists of Bo Andér, in agreement with the Ofﬁce of Cultural Affairs, Stockholm, and Mats Brodén.

International commitments

European For several years now the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation Foundation Centre has played a very active part in European co-operation among foundations in the European Foundation Centre (EFC), the Hague Club and within the framework of the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation (NEF). On 30 January the Managing Director, Dan Brändström, took part in a seminar arranged by the Egmont Fund in Denmark. On the basis of the book A Fund in Focus: the Egmont Fund’s activities for the beneﬁt of the public, 1920–2002, a discussion was held on the ways in which foundations should work in the light of new conditions and challenges. This meeting was a starting-point for the formation of a national collaborative organisation for foundations in Denmark. A corresponding organisation was formed in Finland in 2004. The Annual General Assembly and Conference with EFC took place in Athens on 30 May – 1 June. It attracted 500 participants from some 60 countries for the annual general meeting, debates and seminars under the heading “The Athens Agora – Bridging Civilisations and Cultures”. Dan Brändström, who had led the work of revising the EFC’s statutes and strategy the previous year, The Athens Assessment, presented this work during the closing session as well as taking part in and leading several thematic sessions. Mats Rolén, introduced the sessions “Filling the Information Gap – What do we know about Foundations in Europe?” and “Foundations for an Alliance in Change in European Cultural Cooperation”. At this conference Dan Brändström, in his capacity as Managing Director of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, was elected Chairman of EFC for a period of two years. Next year’s conference will be held in Budapest on 4–6 June. Activities in support of research 45

A European Research As reported in previous annual reports the Swedish initiative to try to Council, 2007 establish a European Research Council (ERC) is being processed in the EU system. This proposal, which was worked out by the international expert committee ERCEG led by Professor Fredrico Mayor, with Dan Brändström as Secretary and reported in December 2002, has, after due processes in 2004, arrived at the EU Commission, forming the basis for preparations for the seventh overall program for research. On 4 March Dan Brändström took part in an international conference arranged by the Royal Academy of Engineering Sciences on the theme “Research for Discovery – Basic research for long-term competitiveness and growth”. The keynote speech was given by Professor Helga Nowotny, Chairman of EURAB. She spoke on “European Research – Mission and Opportunity”. If the proposal for the creation of an ERC is ﬁnally accepted by the European Parliament, the European Research Council will begin its work in 2007. On 30 April the Swedish Ministry of Education arranged an information meeting for representatives of the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research and the Norwegian Research Council. The programme included presentations of Swedish research funding and international research cooperation. Dan Brändström was one of the speakers. He presented the Foundation’s activities in support of research and the proposal to establish a European council for basic research.

In memory of Together with the Italian Compagnia di San Paolo and the German Anna Lindh VolkswagenStiftung, a collaborative project has been initiated to create a joint scholarship program in memory of Anna Lindh. This will finance a hundred or so young researchers over a four-year period in the field of foreign and security policies. This program, called European Foreign and Security Policies, was advertised last year throughout Europe. The aim is to enable young researchers with a European background or working in Europe to spend up to two years in a research environment in another European country. Every year about 20 scholarships will be awarded. Activities to maintain common networks in the form of conferences and summer schools will be held at regular intervals. Within the framework of this program there will be a prize for the best work by a researcher or writer in the subject field. The working name for this prize is The Anna Lindh Award. Representatives of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation were Board Member Professor Christer Jönsson, Department of Political Science, Lund University and Research Secretary Fredrik Lundmark. On the initiative of the Secretary-General of the European Union, Javier Soalna, the Foundation was invited to participate in the Anna Lindh Programme on Conflict Prevention. In cooperation with the foundation that Solana is chairman of, the Madariaga European Foundation, the Foundation has decided to participate in this three-year program, which was later allocated to the Foundation’s Sector Committee for Culture, Security 46 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

and Sustainable Social Development. Two of the committee’s members will take an active part in the future work. Professor Peter Wallensteen will contribute to develop its research activities. Within the framework of this initiative an annual publication will be produced on a theme relevant to the field. Anders Mellbourn is the editor of this publication, whose first issue was presented on 11 September last year, in connection with the Anna Lindh Memorial Fund’s ceremony at the House of Culture. This year’s theme was “Developing a Culture of Conflict Prevention”, with articles by Javier Solana and Chris Patten, Peter Wallensteen and Göran Bexell. An advisory committee will also be set up for the program, which will be led by Javier Solana. From Sweden the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lena Hjelm- Wallén and the European Commissioner Margot Wallström will take part. During the past year the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, together with STINT and Ericsson, has also helped to set up a Donation professorship called the Anna Lindh Professorship of Global Leadership and Public Policy, placed at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. STINT will also be responsible for a Swedish postdoctoral post attached to this professorship. Finally, the Foundation has decided to continue to support the research department at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI) by making a grant to its library. Next year the Institute will leave the Old Town and move to premises that are being built at the campus of the Royal Institute of Technology north of Valhallavägen in Stockholm. The Institute will move in alongside the National Defence College and together they will set up a large new joint library for foreign and security policy, with shared lecture halls and seminar rooms for lectures, debates and conferences. Bo Holmberg and Ingvar Carlsson, as Chairperson of the Anna Lindh Memorial Fund, have consented to the new joint library being called the Anna Lindh Library.

Research on the At a seminar on Hanaholmen near Helsinki in February 2004 Dr Torbjörn Nordic Region Eng presented a draft plan for new research on the separation of Finland from Sweden in 1809, which he had been asked by the Foundation to prepare. There was general agreement among the participants at the seminar about the need to deepen our knowledge of the two countries’ parallel development during the almost 200-year period of separation. The need to place the events of 1809 in a broader Nordic or European context was seen to be particularly important; they should not, as hitherto, be considered mostly from purely bilateral perspectives. It was also emphasised that time was short for research planning if new results are to be generated by the bicentenary year of 2009. During spring 2004 the Foundation discussed various alternatives for a new research project. At about the same time that the Hanaholmen meeting took place, a presentation was made of Chancellor Gustaf Björkstrand The meeting of different worlds: A study of cultural interaction between hunter-gatherers and farmers in prehistory 84 48 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

White Book on future Nordic research collaboration. Among other points he established that regional research collaboration will play an increasingly important role in an extended Europe. Nordic research collaboration therefore needs to be reinforced if the Nordic countries are to retain their position as a leading research region in the future, and so that researchers from our countries will be able to compete successfully for grants from the proposed European Research Council. At the same time the White Book emphasised the importance of Nordic cooperation being extended to include the Baltic states – and perhaps all the states along the Baltic Sea. The Foundation shares Björkstrand’s conclusions but would also like to point out that that there is a greatly increased value in deepening our knowledge of the Nordic countries now. In order to make Nordic research and Nordic research cooperation more visible to the outside world it is of the greatest importance that we also manage to communicate relevant information about the Nordic countries to the world around us. In June the Foundation decided to take a step in the proposed direction. Torbjörn Eng was asked to carry out a project aimed at reinforcing and developing research cooperation in the humanities and the social sciences between universities in an extended Nordic region including the states round the Baltic Sea. The aim is also to launch a research program with the formation of the Nordic region from 1800 to the present day as a possible overall theme. Thus the long historical perspective is important, but more contemporary-related research also has a self-evident place. A project of this kind could well include research on the separation of Finland from Sweden in 1809 and its consequences for the two countries. In autumn 2004 a survey of the need for research on “Region Norden” was initiated. This took place after continuous discussions with researchers in the countries concerned. A great interest in research on the Nordic countries has evidently arisen. Parallel with this work contacts are also being made with possible ﬁnanciers of a research program. During spring 2005 the Foundation intends to organise a Nordic conference on these issues.

Project 2005 As early as 1990 historians and political scientists in Norway and Sweden proposed that a major research project should be started in connection with the centenary of the dissolution of the union. This project should comprise comparative studies of the historical developments in both countries after 1814. These ideas took more concrete form early in the 1990s when a Norwegian-Swedish “collaborative project” was initiated by researchers like Professors Francis Sejersted, Göran B. Nilsson and Stig Ekman. The network included a number of leading historians and political scientists. This work also received some ﬁnancial support from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and from the Norwegian Research Council. Thanks to the researcher network – usually referred to as the “reference group” – a proposal was made that the two countries should publish a Activities in support of research 49

large comparative jubilee work in two volumes. These efforts were crow- ned with success in 1998 when the Norwegian and Swedish governments decided to jointly allocate funds for a jubilee work to be published in 2005. The Swedish Department of Education commissioned Voksenåsen AS, in collaboration with the Foundation, to be responsible for carrying out the project and maintaining contact with the Norwegian Department of Education and Research. Two leading historians were contracted to carry out the commission: Professor Bo Stråth, European University Institute, Florence and Professor Francis Sejersted, Oslo University. This work is now completed and the researchers’ manuscripts are being edited for publication at Pax Förlag and AB Nya Doxa. This jubilee work will be published in its entirety in both Norwegian and Swedish under the main title Sweden and Norway, 200 years with subtitles: Bo Stråth, Union and Democracy, Sweden and Norway, 1814–1905 and Francis Sejersted, The Era of Social Democracy. Sweden and Norway in the 20th century. These works will be presented at an official ceremony in Oslo on 7 June 2005. Throughout 2005 there will be a number of public activities in the form of conferences, exhibitions and the like in both Norway and Sweden. These activities will be coordinated by the two governments. The Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs has commissioned Voksenåsen AS to coordinate the Swedish activities. The Riksdag and the Storting will commemorate the centenary with exhibitions and conferences. Since the middle of the 1990s the history project has had a scientific reference group comprising both Norwegian and Swedish researchers. It is led by Professor Stig Ekman, Stockholm University and Professor Øystein Sørensen, Oslo University. The program coordinator is Ruth Hemstad, a research scholarship holder at the Department of History, Oslo University. For the past two years this group has been called Project 1905. It has initiated a number of new research tasks connected with the dissolution of the union as well as various comparative studies concerning social developments in Norway and Sweden after 1814. The results are reported in two anthologies (Ed. Øystein Sørensen & Torbjörn Nilsson), which will be published in 2005. The first deals with the dissolution of the union and the second contains comparative thematic studies between the two countries during the 19th and 20th centuries. Funds totalling NOK 2.9 million for this anthology and associated activities – Project 1905 – were granted by the Hundred Years Celebration 2005 A/S. For the years 1996-2005 the Foundation has, in a number of decisions, granted a total of SEK 4.45 million. The Swedish government’s grant, like the Foundation’s grant, is managed and administered by Voksenåsen, Oslo. 50 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Swedish in Finland The bilateral research program Swedish in Finland – Finnish in Sweden – Finnish in Sweden was concluded at the end of 2003. During the past year the publication of the four thematic volumes that are to make up the ﬁnal report has been prepared in the form of editorial work and translation. This work has been led and coordinated by the coordinator of the program, Professor Nils Erik Villstrand, Åbo Akademi. The books are to be published in Finnish and Swedish in 2005. At the program’s opening conference on Hanaholmen on 3–4 May 2000 the program’s steering committee appointed an evaluation committee with the task of following up the program and its activities and to evaluate it after its completion. This committee, commissioned by the Academy of Finland, consisted from the start of Director-General Kari Tarkiainen (Chair) and Professor emeritus Olof Ruin. These two have followed the program and have been continuously informed of its activities. At the program’s closing conference in Uppsala on 28-–29 November 2003 the committee was enlarged with two new members: Dr Anne Nesser and Dr Torbjörn Eng (Secretary). The evaluation will be presented early in 2005 and will provide an important basis for any new projects of a similar kind.

Collaboration with The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has been supporting institutes of advanced Collegium Budapest for more than ten years. Collegium Budapest is an studies institute for advanced research in all the sciences that provides opportunities for guest researchers to devote themselves to their own projects in a stimulating, multidisciplinary atmosphere. In 2002 the Board of Trustees of the Foundation decided to continue to provide support for another five-year period together with other financiers. Under-Secretary of State Charles Kleiber, Switzerland, is Chair of the Collegium’s Board and the Managing Director of the Foundation, Dan Brändström, is one of two Deputy Chairpersons. In 2004 Collegium Budapest was the institute in Hungary that attracted most research funds from the European Union. In order to facilitate cooperation with industry and commerce and thereby open up possibilities for further EU funding, the Board of the Collegium decided to form a non- profit company. In this way it will be possible not only for more projects to be allocated to the Collegium but also for the basic activities to receive financial aid. An evaluation of the Collegium’s activities has been completed during the past year by an international research group chaired by Professor Björn Wittrock, Uppsala and with representatives from Sweden. The guidelines for the Collegium will be modified slightly as a result of the evaluation. In 2000 the Foundation gave a grant to the project entitled “Blue Bird: Agenda for Civil Society in Southeastern Europe” together with a number of other financiers including VolkswagenStiftung. This project was com- Activities in support of research 51

pleted in January 2004 with a major international conference in Berlin at Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, when a final report – In Search of Responsive Government: State Building and Economic Growth in the Balkans – was presented together with reports on the various sub-projects. Professor Diana Mishkova, who took part in the Blue Bird project, was given a grant by the Foundation and other financiers during the year for a new project “We, the People – Visions of National Peculiarity and Political Modernities in the Europe of Small Nations”. This project is located at the Center for Advanced Studies, Sofia and collaborates, among others, with researchers at SCASSS in Uppsala. For some years now the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has had a well-developed collaboration with Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. This collaboration has also developed further within the framework of a special agreement. The former Chair of the Foundation, Professor Stig Strömholm, has been a member of Stiftungsrat fur Wissenschaftsstiftung Ernst Reuter, which is the foundation that finances the college. From 2005 Managing Director Dan Brändström will take over this post. The area of cooperation – “AGORA – Europäische Netzwerke: Die Vollendung Europas – Die Rolle von Wissenschaft und Kultur” will continue to receive funding from the Foundation, as will the visiting professorship in memory of Dag Hammarskjöld at Nord-Europa-Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, which is at present held by Professor Ella Johansson, Department of Ethnology, Lund University. A corresponding professorship for German researchers established in the name of Ernst Cassirer, with its own program, has been established by VolkswagenStiftung. This professorship is placed at SCASSS in Uppsala. During the acdemic year 2003–2004 it was held by Michael Krois, Professor of Philosophy at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. In 2004 Hans Joas, Professor of Sociology, University of Chicago took up this post. Professor Joas is also Dean and a Fellow of the Max-Weber-Kolleg für Kultur- und sozialwissen- schaftliche Studien at Erfurt. One of the departments at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin organised a summer school at the Swedish Institue in Alexandria with a grant from the Foundation. The title was “Literatures and Borders – Delimitations. Transgressions” (see also under Research initiatives). Dr Ulrika Mårtensson, an Islamologist at Uppsala/Trondheim received a postdoctoral scholarship to take part in the Arbeitskreis Modern und Islam during 2004/2005. The theme for this academic year is “Jewish and Islamic Hermeneutics as Cultural Critique”. The ongoing collaboration with VolkswagenStiftung was realised this year by the foundation arranging one of its meetings in Stockholm on 17-18 June, which was hosted by the Foundation. The exhibition “Science+Fiction: Between Nano-World and Global Culture” was inaugurated at the Nobel Museum in connection with this meeting (see below under Euroscience 52 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Open Forum 2004). During the second day the Foundation arranged a presentation of Swedish research at the Royal Academy of Sciences. The Secretary of the Academy, Professor Gunnar Öqvist presented the Academy and its activities and, together with Professor Anders Bárány, Nobel Museum, described the work of nominating the Nobel Prize candidates. In addition, presentations of the Swedish research landscape were given by Professor Erna Möller, the Wallenberg Foundations, Dr Lars Frenning, Foundation for Strategic Research and Dan Brändström. The visit was accompanied by a number of social activities. The collaboration that was initiated with the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Studies (STIAS) during 2001 was further developed and deepened during the past year. On 6–7 June 2003 a workshop was carried out at Lund University on an international cooperative project with STIAS as its base. What is it that characterises the quality of a democracy? A comparative analysis will describe young democracies against the background of data from more established, stable democratic states. The conference at Lund was attended by the Vice-Chancellor, Professor Göran Bexell, and Magnus Jerneck, Caroline Boussard and Staffan Lindberg, all three social scientists, and from STIAS and Stellenbosch University Professors Bernard Lategan, Hennie Kotze and Ursula van Beek (project leader). This project also involves close cooperation with The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies (NIAS) and its permanent researcher, Wouter Hugenholz. Apart from the Swedish and South African researchers, researchers from Brazil, Poland, South Korea, Turkey and Germany are taking part in this project. The meeting at Lund resulted in an application from STIAS, which was later granted funds by the Foundation. The formal inauguration of STIAS took place on 1 March 2004. Both the Managing Director of the Foundation, Dan Brändström and the Director of the Wallenberg Foundations, Johan Stålhand were invited to this event. During the ﬁrst week in November the Education Committee of the Riksdag also visited STIAS.

Collaboration The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation signed an agreement on 6 with Johns Hopkins February 2003 with Johns Hopkins University, Institute for Policy Studies University (IPS), Baltimore for a five-year “fellowship programme” concerning urban studies. This agreement is for one scholarship a year and covers the period 2003/4–2008/9. It follows the model for the Foundation’s support for researchers that is used with Stanford University and other leading foreign seats of learning. The Foundation’s financial commitment for the scholarship in the first year amounts to USD 32,450.The scholarship was advertised on the Foundation’s home page and in information sent to universities and at special seminars in April 2004 at NORDREGIO, Stockholm, Umeå University, Chalmers Institute of Technology and Lund University. Activities in support of research 53

The Program Director at IPS, Professor Sandra J. Newman, Director of Research Mats Rolén and Secretary of Research Kjell Blückert took part in these seminars. IPS and the Foundation decided on 7 July 2004 to award the ﬁrst scholarship to Kaj Granath, a technology graduate at Chalmers Institute of Technology. Granath is working on a doctoral thesis entitled “Cultural Analysis, Planning Processes, Architecture”. He will reside at IPS during the academic year 2004/5.

Euroscience Open A Euroscience Open Forum (ESOF 2004) was arranged for the first time Forum 2004 in August 2004. Stockholm hosted the event, which is planned to be a European variant of the annual, very popular AAAS Conferences, a meeting place for researchers, the media and practicians in the USA. The idea behind both the form and the execution of this event came from Dr Carl-Johan Sundberg, KI, who managed to build up a financial consortium that very successfully arranged a well-attended conference that received a great deal of attention. The Foundation and associated research financiers like VR, FAS, Formas and VINNOVA provided considerable basic funds; VR was also responsible for leading and coordinating the project. The Foundation’s grant to the basic funds was SEK 2 million. The Foundation was also responsible for several projects of its own within the framework of or in close connection with ESOF 2004. These included the exhibition “Science+Fiction: Between Nano-World and Global Culture” at the Nobel Museum, which was a collaborative effort between VolkswagenStiftung and the Nobel Museum. The exhibition opened ceremonially on the evening of 17 June with speeches by Professor Svante Lindqvist, Nobel Museum, Professor Eva Österberg, the Foundation’s Chairperson, Thomas Opperman, Chairperson of VolkswagenStiftung and Dr Wilhelm Krull, VolkswagenStiftung. Several special programmes were arranged during the ESOF Conference at the Nobel Museum in connection with the exhibition. The Foundation, the Göteborg Organ Center (GOArt) and the Society of Friends of Organ Art jointly organised an international seminar on 24 August (as a satellite event) in the House of Culture entitled “European Cultural Heritage Research – Its Future Role in European Science and Research”. The seminar was opened by Dr Olle Edqvist, Foundation for Strategic Research, Dr Johanna Leissner, DG Science, European Commission, Dr Arno Brandt, Nordland Bank, Director Henrik Tobin, Dr Paul Peeters and Professor Hans Davidsson, GOArt and the Eastman School of Music, Rochester University. Claes Ståhle was responsible for a summary of the lively discussions that took place at the seminar. Director of Resarch Mats Rolén acted as moderator. The Foundation’s participation in ESOF 2004 also included a concert at the German Church on the evening of 26 August. Researchers and musi- 54 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

cians from GOArt (plus guest artists) were able to use the church’s newly renovated Baroque organ, built in the 18th century, to illustrate its research on the northern German Baroque organ as a culture bearer in an interesting and melodious manner. Paul Peeters acted as master of ceremonies, while Hans Davidsson created the role of an 18th-century composer brought back to life in the 21st century.

Cultural-political As reported in previous annual reports since 1997, the Foundation has research worked actively to stimulate and initiate research and research collaboration that is relevant to the field of culture and politics – in a wide sense of the term. This work has, for example, resulted in the projects that have been reported in book form such as Towards Cultural Citizenship: Tools for Cultural Policy and Development, written by Professor Colin Mercer, Nottingham Trent University. This book was one result of several years of collaboration with Sida and a number of other Swedish agencies and organisations and it has attracted considerable international attention. Another result was the collaborative project Creative Europe, funded by the Foundation, the European Cultural Foundation, Amsterdam and Compagnia di San Paolo, Turin, with the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation (NEF), Brussels, acting as the administrative body. The project’s final report Creative Europe: On Governance and Artistic Creativity in Europe, was prepared by ERICarts in Bonn and was published in October 2002. The above-mentioned books have been presented in both national and international contexts, for example at a meeting with the Minister of Cultural Affairs, Marita Ulvskog, on 18 March. Here Director of Research Mats Rolén and Lena Johansson, Head of the Cultural Section at Sida presented the project and the extensive cooperation between Swedish authorities and foundations that had been generated. A direct continuation of the Foundation’s cooperation with Sida is their joint support for a new World Cultures Report. This is an annual publication modelled on UNDP’s Human Development Report and UNESCO’s World Culture Report, which was discontinued after only two years. The initiators of this project are an internationally prominent researcher, Professor Helmut Anheier at the Center for Civil Society, UCLA and the London School of Economics and Professor Raj Isar, American University, Paris. Professor Isar was previously Head of UNESCO’s cultural department in Paris and the aut- hor of the report Our creative diversity (1995). After Mats Rolén and Lena Johansson had presented the project to the Minister of Cultural Affairs, Professors Anheier and Isar were asked to present it to the staff of the International Network for Cultural Policy (INCP), who met in Stockholm on 2 May at the invitation of Marita Ulvskog. Work on preparing the first issue has been in progress during the year, involving contacts with other financiers as well as with the researchers who will write the articles. The first issue of World Cultures Report will be published by the English publishing Activities in support of research 55

house SAGE at the end of 2005. This publication will contain both statistics and expert analyses made by leading international researchers and will be presented in an easily accessible and practically useful form. During 2004 the Foundation deepened its cooperation with the European Cultural Foundation in Amsterdam. This has comprised a grant to the project Enlargement of Minds, which was inspired by the ECF’s 50th anniversary. This project consisted of an anthology of essays, Alter Ego, dealing with the extension of the European Union and a three-year scholarship programme, the Cultural Policy Research Award, which was set up by the Foundation and ECF and directed at young researchers in the field of cultural-political research. The book Alter Ego and the first scholarship holder were presented at the large conference arranged by ECF in connection with the meeting of European ministers of culture on 11–13 July in Rotterdam. The first scholarship was awarded to Nina Obuljen, a researcher at the Institute for International Relations, Zagreb. It is worth 10,000 and was presented to her in the form of a symbolic cheque by Mats Rolén at a ceremony during the conference. Another collaborative project is the “European Observatory/Laboratory of Cultural Cooperation”. The Foundation’s involvement is directly connected with the reports by Colin Mercer and ERICarts that were described earlier. The “laboratory”, working in close cooperation with researchers, will document and analyse developments in the field of cultural politics at both a national and an international level. This initiative was the foundation’s “answer” to the Ruffolo commission’s proposal within the European Parliament for an independent “observatory”. The laboratory – a network institute – can be an important instrument for creating insight into the interplay between culture and developments in the extended Europe. Several of Europe’s leading foundations and two of the Union’s member countries (but not yet Sweden!) have decided to support this project together with the Foundation. The foundation’s commitment is planned to cover a pilot phase of four years. The European Commission has also decided to contribute to its funding.

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation was established on 2 December 1964 by decision of the Riksdag. On the 40th anniversary of its formal creation the Foundation arranged a Jubilee Conference in the First Chamber of the Riksdag, as described in the section on research-supporting activities on page 17. The theme of the conference was the evaluation of the Foundation and its role in the landscape of research policies. Professor Sverker Gustavsson, a political scientist, was invited to give a critical and argumentative speech at the conference, which is presented here in a slightly edited form. Dr. Anders Mellbourn, another political scientist who also took part in the Jubilee Conference, has, at the invitation of the Foundation, summarised his reflections on the evaluation report. A thought-provoking evaluation report on university policies sverker gustavsson

y function in this seminar is to question whether everything is really as good and healthy about the Foundation and its inﬂuence on universities as the evaluators, with great Memphasis and enthusiasm, claim. Let me begin, however, by congratulating them on their style of writing. The book has a personal tone and contains many accurate descriptions that provoke a great deal of thought when read in combination with the attached documents and reported interviews. Its inspiring style makes this report especially useful for those who want to think more about what the Foundation should do with these 7.5 million kronor, which with a return of 4 per cent provides 300 million a year to be allocated. But that is not all. It is also of great value for those who believe they have reason to reﬂect on our present university policy. Should this be aimed at continuing to weaken the universities as much as possible even in the 21st century? Or should the special funding established after 1945 be abolished in order to make the universities as strong and as independent as possible? It is obviously of great importance to know how specially funded institutions like the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation function in practice if we are to answer these questions. What I have to say now comprises three points where, in my opinion, the analysis could have been taken one step further. They are 1) the silence over university policy noted by the evaluators, 2) what they have to say about the statutes and 3) what they have to say about grant policies.

57 58 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Silence

What strikes one is that the report is so uncritical in the sense that the evaluators seem to think that an alternative is out of the question. I do not mean that there is an absence of criticism of how the Foundation’s special grants to the research institute SISTER, the magazine Dagens Forskning (Research Today) and other bold ideas have been prepared and carried out. Such comments have undoubtedly been made and are inescapable. What I am thinking of is that the report avoids tackling at close quarters the question of the difference that is made by the Foundation’s other special projects of the type listed in the tables for all such grants to university research and researcher training (p. 212). Contrariwise, does the Foundation do more good than harm compared with ending the system of special funding provided by Stockholm and Brussels and introducing a new policy based on the premise that it is better to have maximally strong and independent universities than maximally weakened universities that are controlled from outside and are dependent on subsidies? The closest the evaluators come to this question is when, in the introduction (p. 16ff), they report on the opinions of the outside world on the Foundation and its activities:

In their interviews with about 100 persons the evaluators have seldom met criticism of any kind [...] On the contrary there has rather been a song of praise about it. As a result, the evaluators have hardly received any “outside help” to identify any dubious and criticisable sides to the Foundation’s now very extensive and far-reaching activities. In a sector and in activities about which there is hardly a lack of critical opinions, this almost undivided positive attitude [...] appears to the evaluators to be both surprising and rather strange. According to the evaluators, there might even be reasons to ask whether this compact positive consensus is altogether healthy and desirable – even for the Foundation itself.

My point is that the report does not stand ﬁrm on this matter. Why is it that not a single person that the evaluators have met has a single critical word to say about the historically developed system for funding research in Sweden, in which the Foundation plays an important role for theology, law, the humanities and the social sciences? Instead, they choose to concur with what they ﬁnd to be the general opinion: “After a deep and broad study of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, the evaluators, with minor reservations, concur with this basically positive attitude and come to the conclusion that the Foundation is well managed.” (p. 17) This unwillingness to tackle the question becomes all the more remark- A thought-provoking evaluation report on university policies 59

able when the report also deprecates the lack of debate and thought about university policies. It does not seem to have occurred to the evaluators that there may be a link between this compliancy and deafening silence on the one hand and another fundamental fact. I am thinking now of the fact that every research minute has to be “bought” by the foundations, whom those who work at universities would have to criticise. This applies to everyone except the very few who are professors in the older and now fast disappea- ring system, who are funded by their faculty. However, even these persons are effectively silenced by the fact that they are normally deeply responsible for the livelihood of many younger colleagues. In my opinion, the evaluators were quite right in their observation that even otherwise highly eloquent researchers keep their mouths shut on this particular issue. The interesting question, however, is not this observation in itself but why it is so and why it appears to be impossible to break this vicious circle. I maintain that criticism by university teachers is not articula- ted because special funding has gradually become more and more oversha- dowing for anyone aiming to do anything at all beyond teaching. Everyone is perfectly aware that research time should instead be included in university teachers’ duties. But no one says anything for fear of undermining even more the opportunities for themselves and their younger colleagues. For the latter there is also the problem that they do not want to endanger their most elementary social position with regard to their family and their livelihood. If you want to do research, keep your mouth shut. Silence is not only harmful for public debate, which could, in my opinion, be very considerably enriched by viewpoints based on research. Since special funding has become increasingly dominant, there has been an insi- dious transition to other than scientific criteria of judgment. Our Swedish and European universities are losing more ground in this way in comparison to what, on a rhetorical level, is the norm, that is, what is achieved at the best universities on the other side of the Atlantic. Both from a scientific and from a general point of view it would be better if research resources went direct to universities and were credited as part of the university teachers’ duties instead of going a roundabout way via specially funded bodies in Stockholm and Brussels. It is true that the present report is not on university policy but on the Foundation’s activities. Nevertheless, the evaluators provoke this first reflection by their inability to interpret the fact that no one whom they met on their visits wanted to express themselves in anything but vaguely polite terms. 60 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Statutes

The flora of sector organisations, research foundations and government bodies supporting the universities has not developed according to a unified plan based on an analysis of principles. We all know that. Nevertheless, a lowest common denominator has not been lacking. This is the lack of confidence in allowing university people to control and evaluate their activities themselves. Everything that is produced is made public and criticised when journal articles are published, dissertations are presented, books are reviewed and all the applicants’ collected production is assessed when university posts are filled. Special assessments made in advance by special government authorities are nonetheless considered necessary for the possibility of being considered suitable for doing scientific work. It has been thought necessary, so it is said, to have outside control and evaluation, so that the activities are “correctly” oriented scientifically. Those who work at universities are not thought capable of themselves assessing what their work should be. This ability is presumed to be better developed in research boards and administrations based in Stockholm and Brussels. The overall picture becomes very evident in the Table already mentioned (p.212), which brings together in visual form all the special grants made to the university sector. Research and researcher education in universities are specially funded by 21 different bodies to the tune of more than 10,000 million kronor annually, of which the Foundation accounts for 3 per cent, or 300 million. This may seem a modest share of the total special funding. But it is important, both because it plays an extra large role for the comparatively poor parts of the universities we are discussing here, and because the Foundation has a relatively good reputation. Compared with the other 21 external financiers in the Table on page 212, the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has a special origin, which is reflected in the way its Board is appointed and its composition. The original initiative came from the desire of the political parties in 1964 to commemorate that The Bank of Sweden would celebrate its three hundredth anniversary in 1968. In addition, thirty years later, the Foundation was given 1,500 million kronor from the wageearners funds that were dissolved in the 1990s. Historically, the political parties, or “the Riksdag” as they are called, act as the Foundation’s trustees. Six of the members of the Board are appointed directly by these trustees and the six other ones are also appointed, though indirectly, by the same body. The four members who are appointed from outside the circle of members of the Riksdag have to be researchers. In addition, there are two members of whom it is stated that they should have special knowledge of capital management. The evaluators are discreetly restrained about the question of how it A thought-provoking evaluation report on university policies 61

94 The boundaries of the normal body: On hermaphrodites, medical classification and control, 1750–1850 62 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

is determined which representatives of research are considered judicious and socially competent enough to be co-opted and give legitimacy to the allocation of grants. Evidently, invitations are sent to “research councils and research committees to suggest names that the Foundation then decides on as it thinks fit” (p. 56ff) Interest in how skilfully the representatives of the universities appointed by the Foundation work together with the representatives of the political parties is further heightened by what appears from a reported statement made by the Board’s chairperson from 1992 to 1998. According to “unanimous evidence, no decision has gone to the vote during the past 15 years. Nor is there any information about any member having formally made a reservation against a decision”, as it says on page 58. This increases the reader’s interest even more. What sort of system is this? Who steers whom? In some way – it is unclear how and why – the evaluators are not completely satisfied with this state of affairs. After their judgment that the Board’s decisions are so well prepared that they never need go to the vote and no one needs to make any reservations, the evaluators consider themselves “nonetheless” ready to conclude that “the composition of the Board, to a greater degree than is the case today, should reflect the actual meaning of the statute that the Foundation’s main task is to ‘promote and support scientific research connected with Sweden’ ”. This thought returns in the evaluators’ proposal for changes in the statutes (p. 167). The report proposes that the deputy members be removed and that the Board be made into a more effective working group consisting of two directly elected representatives of the parties, three researchers and one capital manager – in other words, a reduction from twelve to six members. The non-politicians would thus be in the majority, with the Chairperson’s casting vote, but the researchers, as far as I can understand, would still be co-opted from above. A proposal for representatives of the research community to be elected from below is conspicuous by its absence. The Foundation “itself” – whoever they are that make up this identity – will still decide which researchers should be considered judicious and socially competent enough to take part in and dominate its activities for four years. I will leave it unsaid whether the proposed changes in the statutes are politically realistic or not. Whatever the case may be, the question has been put unclearly and the changes are not well justified. Legitimacy for the decisions made by the Foundation does not, in my opinion, depend on the number of persons with academic titles who are in the deciding body but on whether these persons have been elected by the research community in an open procedure or are co-opted. The key question is the choice between two alternatives. Should the researchers be handpicked persons with their judgment and social competence decided on from above? Or should they be nominated and appointed from below? In a slightly longer perspective, confidence in the Foundation’s activities is, in my opinion and based on what we know about legitimacy in general, A thought-provoking evaluation report on university policies 63

dependent on two factors. One is what the Foundation actually supports. This has to be in line with what the public expects. If the Foundation were not to support disturbing research, it would lose respect. The other factor is procedure. In the long term it is not enough, I believe, for applications to be processed by persons with academic titles. It is equally important that these persons’ authority is based on a mandate delivered from below. Both requirements have to be fulfilled if confidence is to be maintained and strengthened further. The evaluators do not say this. On unclear grounds they content themselves with proposing that relatively fewer members on the Board should be members of the Riksdag and relatively more should be professors. The justification given for this change is weak. If it really is so important to have a majority of researchers, why is it enough to establish confidence from above? Should not this be established by expressly electing the persons from below?

Grant policy

My third point concerns the alteration of grant policy that has already been decided. Attached to the minutes of the Board’s meeting on 27 May 2004 is a four-page memorandum (Appendix 12, p. 254–257), proposing a new research-funding policy that had been worked out by the Director and which those formally responsible supported. In view of the fact that this affects the core activity, it is only reasonable that both the evaluators and I attach great importance to this document. What the Board voted in favour of falls into two parts. Firstly, the decision covers a number of important technicalities: decisions are to be for one-time grants and the Foundation will not pay university costs according to a standard formula but after speciﬁcation. I will ignore this side of the matter and concentrate on the question of how the money – however it is paid out and however the costs involved are calculated – is to be allocated. Here the Board has decided on a system comprising four categories and a summarising key for allocating grants during the coming three budget years. When the new system has come into effect, the three hundred million kronor that are available annually will be allocated under four main headings in the following way, percentage-wise:

Programs 45 Projects 33 Initiation 12 Infrastructure 10

Total 100 64 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The shares allocated to Initiation and Infrastructure cannot, of course, be questioned: 22 per cent is 65 million kronor. Let us not be distracted by these two items, but instead note that 235 million kronor remain to be used for what is expected. Advanced work requires that the researcher can work for most of his working hours. To clarify this point, I calculate that a researcher – including everything like salary costs, overheads (however these are calculated) and project-specific equipment of various kinds – costs about one million kronor. Thus it is a matter of deciding how the right 235 researchers are selected within the given grant framework. What has been decided is that these 235 fall into two groups. When the system is fully developed, 135 of them are expected to work in about 15 programs, with, presumably, eight researchers in each program with their posts guaranteed for up to eight years. Another way of expressing the situation is that the units that succeed in getting a program of this kind will regain the variable resources for assistant professors and research assistants that have disappeared during recent years from regular university funding. The rate of renewal for the programs is expected to be two or three a year, financed by one-time grants of up to 50 million kronor for the whole program period. Of the 235 researchers 100 are proposed to work within the framework of projects – defined as one, two or perhaps three persons – who together will tackle a limited research task for three years. If we reckon that these researchers will on average group themselves in threes, this means that the money will be enough for 33 such three-year projects to be continuously at work, with a rate of renewal of eleven a year. If, like myself, one belongs to a comparatively large and comparatively closely connected environment which this program model will certainly fit into very well, it is easy to feel positive about this arrangement. The prerequisite is that just we are considered to be precisely as excellent, brilliant, astute, socially relevant and original in our thinking as is prescribed, according to the present inflated way of expressing it. Formerly, it was enough to be investigated and promoted according to all the recognised rules. Now it is necessary to have a well-developed feeling for public relations in the high-faluting and boastful style that far exceeds that. But there is one thing more. How should I think under a veil of igno- rance – in a hypothetical situation in which I do not know how things will turn out for my particular environment? What is best? How should the size of the two legs in the overall picture be balanced? On what grounds and by whom should the two annual programs be decided? The Director’s memorandum of 27 May 2004 has nothing to say on this question. However, in the introduction he says that his proposal has been developed in close cooperation with the group of evaluators. The proposal has been drawn up by the Foundation’s secretariat, it says, “ in accordance with the viewpoints that have been put forward during this process”. (p. 254) A thought-provoking evaluation report on university policies 65

Considering that the evaluators and those who were to be evaluated have walked hand in hand, our eyes turn to the evaluators’ rather more detailed viewpoints. Why should the overall concept be divided into two at all? Is not this merely a way to imitate the conditions in the parts of the universities where large instruments mean that the number of headlines should be reduced? Is it really justiﬁed to do this in our areas? The evaluators say that they want to respect (p. 158) the founders of the Foundation, Tage Erlander and Per Åsbrink, by promoting the program system. I do not believe that these two honourable men would turn in their graves if the Board of the Foundation today were to come to the conclusion that it is now a question of taking responsibility on an even larger scale for a whole generation of young researchers. For the present subjects the argument about the large instruments is no longer applicable. Why, then, voluntarily put on the straitjacket of utilising more than half the scope available for major programs? Why, in the situation as it is today, should we believe that a few major concentrated programs do more good for the development of the universities that a rather larger number of small and medium-sized investments?

Summary

To sum up, I have two criticisms. One is procedural. The evaluators ought to have distinguished between their function as auditors and their function as consultants. As it is, the decision about the new, divided policy was made on the basis of the evaluators’ own proposal. It is in only natural that the reporters do not criticise what they themselves have proposed. In addition, the Board of the Foundation was so quick in reaching a decision based on what the evaluators have proposed that it has missed the opportunity to discuss in a wider circle – like here today, for example – whether it really is so wise to act in the way proposed. My second criticism has to do with content. Formally and literally it makes no great difference whether 235 researchers are set to work according to the model three and three in three-year projects or eight and eight in eight-year projects. All applications are assumed to be examined and assessed according to all the recognised rules, as both the evaluation and the Foundation’s instructions repeatedly state. But there is also something more important to pay attention to here. Scientiﬁc assessments and research-political assessments are not the same thing. This idea is based on the proposition that the difference can also be maintained in practice. But how realistic is that proposition? The major programs will – for the bodies that get them – be of a size and relative per- manence corresponding to small faculty grants. It is not difﬁcult to imagine 66 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

that an element of social and regional-political judgment will creep into the picture. If two or three such programs are financed each year, the evaluators imply (p. 165), a waiting list will arise, and arguments about fairness will result. If there are to be 15 to 16 such major programs in the whole of Sweden, should they not be spread out according to criteria that are in part not strictly scientific? It is easy to write and say that this, of course, should not be the case. But the room here today is full of people with their own experience of thinking and arguing within the framework of such reasoning. Is it not more realistic, after all is said and done, that the programs be placed where they are best needed in view of the fact that all organisations on the starting line are not equally under-funded? In short, there is an imminent risk that other research-political considerations will in practice override the scientific criteria for assessment. The Board of the Foundation and the evaluators are very proud of themselves when they describe how badly managed university policies are. A theme that runs throughout the report is how important it is that the Foundation does not take upon itself the task of compensating for the fact that research and researcher education have been expanded far too much without being sufficiently funded. It is considered that the Foundation should retain the right to steer developments in “its” subject areas only marginally and with respect to high quality. The Foundation should not act, the report says, as a “trouble-shooter” in matters concerning “normal” university funding. In addition, the evaluators are indecisive when discussing the wish that the Foundation should live up to the principle established by the Riksdag that specially funded activities should also contribute to the actual costs of libraries, premises, computer systems and administration. Their indecision on this point does not take into account the other side of the coin. The extent to which regular university grants have to “subsidise” specially funded activities further reduces the universities’ ability to govern themselves. The thesis of the mismanagement of university policy can be expressed in general declarations by completely independent bodies without responsibility for the policies that are being pursued. It might just be possible to imagine that a foundation connected to the Stenbeck or Wallenberg spheres might argue in this way. But is it possible to have this way of thinking when making decisions about large research-supporting concentrations in this particular Foundation? What makes me doubt this is how the Foundation is run and who are its trustees. The parliamentary parties that dominate the Foundation’s Board are also responsible for the present university policies, which are characterised by systematic under-funding. The number of units, it is thought, ought to be far greater than the ability to fund them. The trouble is that the decisions have been taken by the same people but in different meetings. A thought-provoking evaluation report on university policies 67

The greater each and every one of the Foundation’s investments in projects is, the more difﬁcult it will be, in my estimation, for the Foundation’s Board to turn a blind eye to the fact that in the end it is the same political parties – whether we have a left-wing or a right-wing majority – that are responsible for university policies. That is why I am doubtful about the realism of the proposed strategy. If the parties, and the researchers co-opted by them, want only scientiﬁc considerations to be taken into account when deciding how to allocate the Foundation’s special funding, I think they will be wise to pursue a grant policy in which each individual decision has a moderate size. Otherwise the decisions will gradually begin to be questioned by the very people who have made them.

Sverker Gustavsson is Professor of Political Science at Uppsala University with a special interest in constitutional and European politics. Music and politics in Sweden during the 1970s: 102 The politicization of a field Great in both large and small – the Foundation evaluated anders mellbourn

he most striking feature of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation is that, at one and the same time, it stands for the largest and the smallest, the most established and the most uncon- T ventional. I remember from my ﬁrst years as a university assistant and in my researcher training that my supervisor emphasised that what was important in the future was to formulate or come up with a broad, comprehensive research project. Thanks to the creation of the Foundation, there were now resources that would fund large empirical projects that it had previously not been possible to carry out in Sweden. When I was on leave of absence from journalism in the mid-1980s, because I wanted to get back to the university to develop a series of articles into book with mixed political science and journalistic ambitions, the Foundation was there again. Six months’ salary was granted for a project that would not last any longer either. And when, in the late 1990s as a rather new Director of the Institute of International Affairs, I wanted a few thousand kronor to pay the authors of a thematic issue of our journal International Studies on what diplomacy, journalism and research thought about the fall of the Wall ten years earlier, it was in the end the Foundation that came to my rescue. Not even the Council for the Planning and Coordination of Research, which was still one of the state councils and which we had turned to in the belief that they had funds for informing about and popularising research, could help us. So much for the personal involvement that has become so important to report in the debate that has taken place since the evaluation of the Foundation for the years 1989–2004 was completed at the end of the year

69 70 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

this report comprises. Let me also point out that these three personal experiences of the Foundation in large and small cover three decades with three different Directors and Chairpersons. (My direct contributions for and within the Foundation belong to the 21st century and are mentioned and not uncritically assessed in the evaluation, which I also point to as possible background reading for the continuation of this text). The way in which the large and the established lived alongside the small, the unconventional and the forward-looking is also a theme that runs through the whole evaluation. In the main the writers use a historical, descriptive approach for their report. On the way through the evaluation there are at times diversions and even quite abrupt slalom turns that make the committee dwell now and then surprisingly long on aspects that are not so obviously central. But a clear picture emerges of a research grantmaker that continuously has played the role of a main supporter of large, decisive research projects in the humanities and the social sciences, at the same time dared to contribute to it has openness and the lust for experiment and the less conventional which, without the Foundation, would often have been left without funds. The decisions that the Board of the Foundation – evidently in close contact with the evaluators – took in 2004 about future research funding will further emphasise the role of the Foundation for large, highly advanced cultural and social science research projects. But not inconsiderable sums will apparently also be available for smaller, untested and not self-evident projects in the future. Parallel with its grant allocation the Foundation has committed itself more and more over the years to awarding grants for the formulation and development of Swedish research policies, a development that the evaluators both highlight and praise. With the form that the Foundation’s reseach funding will now have, it will, for example, be obvious that it, and other foundations, will have a decisive responsibility for more advanced research by groups of recently qualiﬁed postdocs and assistant professors, whereas researcher education and postgraduate students will be the responsibility of the state research councils and the universities. One of the growing contributions to research policies is the plan that the Foundation will, to an increasing extent, devote resources, not least in the form of time for the Managing Director, to creating and promoting Swedish international contacts and networks that, in many cases, have given Swedish research completely new opportunities and possibilities in international contexts. The Foundation is all the time developing its role in Swedish and European research politics, thereby making Sweden even more visible in this ﬁeld. Great in both large and small – the Foundation evaluated 71

Steering

The question of power over research and research grants has been discussed in recent years more and more heatedly – in part alongside a similar criticism of the general politicisation of public administration and government activities. In particular the large, traditional research universities have made increasingly impatient demands for increased or at least undiminished state faculty grants that would make it possible for researchers to control their work and themselves formulate and develop their disciplines and research. Every sign of steering from bodies in which other people than researchers are in the majority is considered bad. Not only purely sector research bodies but in particular the large foundations with their growing importance for supplying resources to research have been questioned because they allow other than strictly scientific criteria to determine how grants are allocated. On the other hand, various representatives of society accuse researchers – in the present debate climate less openly – of being conservative, introvert and incapable of seeing the need for renewal. In this tense situation, the Foundation and the composition of its Board has a very special position: the Foundation is a public body with a political majority on the Board. But the Foundation is not a government body. The Managing Director is appointed by the Board and the Board is appointed by the Riksdag, not the government. Here the difference between the first and the second estate is evidently also a reality. The representatives of the Swedish Riksdag are not the representatives of the government as parliamentarians are on the boards of government authorities. The political representatives in the Foundation do not decide about tax revenue. It would have been interesting if the evaluation committee had made or commissioned a study of the procedure for nomination to the parliamentary seats on the Board of the Foundation, because we do not really know how that works in practice. However, it is a reasonable assumption that the Foundation is one of the rare matters that neither the Prime Minister nor the Ministers of Education are involved in. Since the Riksdag is becoming more and more separated from the government, not least because leading parliamentarians are increasingly seldom appointed ministers, it is perhaps not entirely unreasonable to believe that a seat on the Board of the Foundation can provide a “backbencher’s revenge”. In other words, competent members of the Riksdag get an opportunity to make an independent contribution on the basis of their own interests, experience and involvement. Consequently, the evaluators conclude that the politicians on the Board are for the most part discussion partners and in rare cases a channel to politics for the Foundation’s interests. No instances of attempts to exert political control on grant decisions have been found. The scientific representatives on the Board are also strikingly indepen- 72 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

dent. They are appointed, according to the evaluators, by “an informal co-opting procedure”. While the steering of research by the government research councils is formalised by an intra-university election process, the Foundation is more like an academy. Scientific freedom is probably not a problem for the Foundation. However, the question remains about the freedom of the researchers and scientists whom the Foundation represents. The university researchers who want to have all the resources for their own departments and who claim that their subject experts can best take care of scientific thought development may, of course, argue that the Foundation’s autonomy is not representative of the research community. The Foundation’s resources and independence, they might claim, are exploited by a small group round the Director and the Chair and their special interests. That there is tension here is evident. It is not only inevitable but also useful. Even a small academic system like that in Sweden needs competition. When all is said and done, it will turn out that most leading researchers who are interested will have sat on boards or preparatory committees at various times in their research careers in both university research councils and foundations. Nor from a strictly scientific viewpoint would it be entirely favourable if all decisions about individual research grants were made in committees of subject representatives with a mandate from their colleagues. The margins for renewal and the unusual would be small. And even though the individual preparatory and decision processes, as the evaluators claim, need to be more open, the results are there to see in the form of research projects and their findings that anyone interested can evaluate.

Grant allocation, subjects and departments

The biggest of all the Foundation’s activities is the allocation of grants for research projects. The evaluation committee provides a good statistical overview of the distribution of new grants within subject areas and in universities and institutes. However, even after the evaluation committee’s presentation, it is not altogether easy to get the complete picture. The enforced division between the original Bank of Sweden Donation and the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation created from the wage earners funds in the 1990s does not make understanding any easier. Wisely and consistently enough, the evaluators propose that this division between the two donations should be discontinued in the future. The picture we are given is that the large, scientiﬁcally tested projects continue to dominate the Foundation’s grants and that the four big universities (Isn’t Umeå one of the core group yet?) are also in the majority as recipients. Thus the implicit criticism that has been heard – or at least is presumed to be heard – that the Foundation is abandoning “real research” Great in both large and small – the Foundation evaluated 73

can be rejected. Nevertheless, it is perhaps remarkable that the evaluators feel obliged to deal with this issue. A survey of the distribution among social science subjects over the past 15 years does not reveal any consistent trend. But it is interesting that Economics evidently no longer plays the role in Swedish research and public affairs at all, as it used to do. The evaluation’s first, historical chapter shows that, in the beginning, economists were in the majority among the scientific members of the Board. This can, of course, partly be explained by Bank of Sweden being the Foundation’s original donor. But the Foundation’s first decades were also the great years for Economics as the foremost actor in the art of Swedish social engineering. Economists wrote their dissertations within the framework of the long-term planning report and other such influential committees and were the leading authorities in public debate. They were not over-demanding, however, in their applications for grants from the Foundation. The major programs that characterised the Foundation were originally in the behavioural sciences, history and political science. It is possible that the economists’ generosity towards their softer and poorer social science cousins can be explained by the fact that they had and still have economic sector sources for their research that others lack and which economists could depend on when they generously allowed others to help themselves. Since the early 1990s and the major socio-economic crisis, economists have found themselves in the backwaters of public debate. Nor do they have the same position in the Foundation. One of the sector committees that work within the Foundation alongside the grant-awarding preparatory committees has, however, dealt with the capital market. Yet the modest position of Economics is remarkable in our era of globalisation when market economy has emerged victorious in practical politics. Swedish Economics also continues to enjoy high esteem and, according to studies made of quotations by Swedish scientific articles, rates higher in international competition than other disciplines favoured by the Foundation. There may be an explanation in the theorisation and move towards pure mathematics of Economics, which has resulted in Economics no longer keeping in touch with and playing the big-brother role in the family of social sciences. If there is interest among those concerned, this could be a subject for a future Foundation symposium. The relative winner in the 1990s among recipients of new grants is economic history and its department in Lund. The loser in relative terms is pedagogics, although the departments in Göteborg and Linköping have managed better. To be really interesting, these analyses need to be placed in relation to the development and quality levels of subjects and departments in other contexts. The most difficult task of all is to decide whether the subjects and departments that have been favoured have been awarded grants 74 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

because of the quality of their renewal strategies or because of their general given quality. For the established faculty representatives it should feel comforting, at least in the subject I know best, political science, to know that the departments that were ranked highest in the evaluation of Swedish political science by the Swedish Research Council were also those who got most money from the Foundation. The relationship between the Foundation and political science is, one may hope, also an example of what the evaluators have paid little attention to but that ought to be central: subject development and departmental collaboration. Research grants at the right moment can give a subject a push in its development and renewal. Grants can also encourage and create permanent departmental collaboration among universities. I would like to claim that support from the Foundation has been quite decisive for the development of political science over the past 40 years, for the subject’s close association between universities and for its internationalisation. There is a clear line from Westerståhl to Wittrock via other subject representatives with a different ﬁrst letter in their surnames. Jörgen Westerståhl was the coordinator of the municipal research project that was granted large sums of money by the Foundation from the very start. Enormous resources came to this program for a radical development of methods towards quantitative empirics. A whole discipline that was previously mostly connected with law, philosophy and history became to a large extent in the space of a few years a behavioural science subject. Universities were also brought together when all the political science departments were involved in the research program. Similar joint research groups resulted from research into political parties and public administration. From this there arose very quickly the Association of Political Science and almost at the same time a combined Swedish participation in a recently established European political science cooperation, ECPR. All this was made possible by grants from the Foundation. Support for European cooperation reached a peak last year when the ECPR held its annual conference in Uppsala, also funded by the Foundation. The strengthening of the development of political science theory that took place in the 1990s is also connected to the Foundation. The Center for Advanced Social Science Studies in Uppsala, SCASSS, led by Björn Wittrock, has also depended on support from the Foundation. And even though SCASSS is based at one university it is a meeting place for researchers from several universities, several disciplines and several countries. I hope and believe that political science and its development is just one example. It would have been interesting if the evaluators had helped us see others. Great in both large and small – the Foundation evaluated 75

Special grants

Not least thanks to the creation of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation the Foundation has been closely associated over the past ten years with its special grants. These are provided by the sector committees that are to list research needs and research opportunities in new or neglected areas. The special graduate schools and the temporary provision of doctoral scholarships in the late 1990s, both projects that will probably not be repeated in the future, are examples of these special grants, as are various initiatives to promote internationalisation. The work of the sector committees lies close to the core activities, of course. The evaluation committee even points out that a working committee about the Riksdag and its work methods developed in practice into a normal research project (in political science, yet another example of collaboration among several departments), which is perhaps not quite compa- tible with the rules. It is also considered that certain special grants lie too close to ordinary investigatory work, for which the Foundation, according to its statutes, should not provide grants. The special grants quickly arouse interest and the evaluation devotes considerable attention to them, quantitatively many more pages in the report than the core activities. This is understandable, but even so is not really reasonable in view of the fact that they do not at all involve as much money as the project grants. They are worth discussing perhaps mainly because they often operate in the borderland between research and cultural affairs or information activities. The evaluators are basically positively inclined towards almost all of the special grants. The critical comments they make are more about the management of a special grant than its justification. I also believe that most of the non- or half-scientific grants are justified. It would probably even be possible to claim that the special grants also enrich the core activities. A research foundation that gives grants for popular-science book production and pure cultural support (half a million kronor to the production of the Finland-Swedish film In Front of the Front Line, for example) gains contacts, perspectives and a broad outlook that makes it a better supporter of scientific research, even though it means that a few million kronor less are available yearly for ordinary project applications. However, one would wish that the evaluation had discussed this issue more systematically and more energetically. One example, which I unfor- tunately was rather unheroically involved in as Chair of the Board and for which I therefore carry a heavy responsibility, is the publication of Dagens Forskning (Research Today) and its liquidation. Five pages of the report are devoted to this, of a main text of about 160 pages, which, still with reser- 76 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

vations about my disqualified position in this matter, seems somewhat out of proportion. Most of it is an attempt to clarify the decision processes connected with this magazine and to what extent the Foundation acted in a sufficiently financially responsible way. This is a matter that was in fact elucidated by the official receiver. But the broader question of whether and why it was justifiable for the Foundation to get involved in the publication of an ordinary magazine is not actually discussed. What was good and what was bad about the contents in relation to the Foundation’s and the research community’s expectations? And if so, why? I think I have my own answer, just as if someone were to ask me about the film about the Second Finnish War. But I would like to know how the evaluation committee argued and on the basis of what criteria.

A strong Foundation for whom?

The underlying question in all evaluations of research and of grant makers is: What is the particular benefit the evaluated organisation is contributing? What significance has the Foundation had for research on the humanities and the social sciences and what it is in Sweden today? Has the Foundation done any good? And for whom? The evaluators note that the Foundation enjoys remarkably strong support in the Swedish research community. They even imply that this almost uncritical support may be worrying. More debate is needed. In the discussion of the evaluators’ report the critics have pointed out what they consider to be the obvious: In a small system like Sweden’s people don’t rub their patrons the wrong way. That seems rather petty. It may rather be the case that if sufficiently inquisitive questions are asked, there won’t be any very controversial replies. This evaluation has a healthy lack of strategic consultancy jargon so often found in such reports. It is a relief not to have to read the words “target group analysis”. Yet I miss what the term hopefully stands for. A systematically organised discussion about what the Foundation has meant for both the state and Swedish public life in general still remains to be held. The clearly expressed interest of the Foundation has been to promote research of national interest, especially the kind that otherwise has difficulty in attracting attention. During the Foundation’s 40 years this has, as far as I know, never meant that the government authorities have wanted more policy-oriented research or clear support to unestablished, alternative fields of research. Why not? I believe I can again guess the answer, but in any case. In recent years the leadership of the Foundation have interpreted the statutes to mean that Sweden should be given a place in an international, Great in both large and small – the Foundation evaluated 77

research-policy context. The Foundation has chosen to see the European Union as an opportunity and a platform for Swedish activity in fairly clear contrast to the public debate in Sweden in general. It is not likely that a foundation more obviously controlled by the government would have been able to do that. An overall scientific evaluation of the quality of the research that has been awarded a grant and been carried out – not least in comparison with the activities funded by faculty grants or grants from other research councils – would also be desirable. But this would in general require work that is beyond the evaluation committee’s mandate and resources. However, to some extent the material already exists in the report. The purely financial support from the Foundation is obvious. The introductory history reminds us of the unbelievable sums of money that suddenly, in the mid-1960s, were available for areas that had never before been given priority in Sweden. A similar injection came with the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation in the mid-1990s. Further strengthened by an incomparable boom in the stock market in 1999, the Foundation was suddenly able to give the impression of having money for everything. Only a couple of years later we were talking once again of a crisis in Swedish research resources. But if the donation to the Foundation from the Bank of Sweden in the 1960s and the money from the closed employee funds 30 years later had only been transferred to the national budget, the long-term gearing of money would have been very modest. It is also worth pointing out that the Foundation’s contribution to the total Swedish support to research is quite small, 7 per cent. For the humanities and the social sciences alone, the contribution is between a third and a quarter. Considering the Foundation’s status in the public debate and attention, these are low figures. In recent years the Foundation has increasingly emphasised the need to support Swedish cutting edge research with large, concentrated grants to create a few Swedish environments that are internationally competitive - this in combination with continuing special grants to the borderlands of the scientific community. This means that Swedish standard research ought to be worried. The question should be asked and the answer reported. Personally, I believe, as I said earlier, that my own memories of the development of Swedish political science over 40 years show the best sides of the Foundation, with regard to that discipline's development both within and outside science. History is another example, but not in my opinion such a radical one, that the evaluation report mentions. A concluding question is: What role will the Foundation be expected to play in a Swedish and international research-policy context with research councils, public and private grants for sector research and private and public 78 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

foundations? As we have noted, the evaluation and the Foundation’s own leadership paint a scenario in which government research funding is greatly reduced and handed over to foundations, sector bodies and European Union programs. Government money will be concentrated on graduate level. Both more cooperation and more competition between grant givers are needed to contribute to quality over the long term. A preconceived division of work is not necessarily only beneficial. Yet the foundation sector is not self-evident. The boards of the wage earners fund foundations began to believe in eternal life for their activities during the late 1990s, when the stock market boomed, although in fact this was against the intentions of the original founders. Now the situation is different and several of the smaller foundations will have to cut back their life to 10-15 years if they are to continue to pay out funds of the size considered necessary to be meaningful. Some of them will probably quite soon be approaching the Foundation to discuss the possibility of merging. This will seem natural. Several of the foundations operate in a way that largely agrees with that of the Foundation. But it would increase the pressure on the Foundation to raise the annual payments quite a lot above the 300 million kronor or so that they now make, and to create an organisation that can manage the new situation. The Wallenberg Foundations, which account today for an impressive contribution (larger than the Foundation’s) on the private side also need to be complemented by wealthy companies. The private foundations in Sweden are surprisingly small and have narrowly defined aims. In egalita- rian Sweden we have realised in recent years and with striking enthusiasm – and even a kind of national pride – that some of the world’s richest men like Ruben Rausing and Ingvar Kamprad are Swedes. The fact that they live abroad and pay little tax in Sweden seems to be something that we also accept and take for granted. Our poor possibility to make tax deductions is the recurrent explanation of the reluctance of private companies to set money aside for scientific and idealistic purposes. But when Swedish ambitions to finance all public expenditure by taxation have come to the end of the road, it should be time to consider alternatives. If an American billionaire wants to be a good citizen, she or he is expected to put aside annually considerable sums of money to finance universities, art museums and symphony orchestras. And this money does not go only to private institutions but also to the local city’s public state university, usually without any restrictions. Shouldn’t Kamprad be able to stand for a considerable part of the funding of Växjö University, Fredrik Lundberg for Linköping University and Björn Borg for Södertörn University College? This may not have much to do with the evaluation of the Bank of Sweden Great in both large and small – the Foundation evaluated 79

Tercentenary Foundation. But anyone who reads the fascinating description in the opening chapter of the energy and enthusiasm in the Riksdag, the Bank of Sweden and the government in those days when the Foundation was created would be glad to see the same kind of imaginative foresight in today’s political and private wielders of power.

Anders Mellbourn is an Assistant Professor in Political Science. He was formerly Chief Editor of Dagens Nyheter and Director of the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. Stable cultures: A study 107of young women’s identities New Research Projects in 2004

summary of the new research projects that have been awarded grants during the year is published in the Annual Report. The texts of the projects have been written, and the titles chosen by the researchers themselves. The A Foundation awards an overall grant, which means that local overhead costs of various kinds, and where applicable value added tax (VAT), are included in the amounts specified. For each project, the following details are given: the registration number of the project, the name of the project leader, the university or college responsible (administrator), the amount of the grant, the title of the project and a summary. For further information about the project, reference should be made to the project leader.

81 82 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The Bank of Sweden Donation 84 Ph.D. Pär Nordquist, 90 Asst. Professor Kirsti Niskanen the meeting of different worlds: a recurring dilemma: labour a study of cultural interaction and marriage contracts in three between hunter-gatherers and generations of women in sweden farmers in prehistory 90 Professor Magnus Dahlquist 85 Ph.D. Claes Ellehag portfolio choice and investor mathias spihler: his work as an behavior architect, 1670–1690 91 Professor Fabrizio Zilibotti 85 Asst. Professor Miriam Salzer-Mörling institutions, economic policy and dreams for sale: marketing in a growth branded world 91 Asst. Professor Karl Wärneryd 86 Asst. Professor Alexander Styhre group selection and social norms creativity and innovations in re- 92 Professor Mårten Palme bureaucratized organizations how does the swedish social 86 Ph.D. Jonny Holmström insurance program affect labor from value creation to value supply, savings and income destruction: a study of internet distribution? technologies and their impact on 92 Ph.D. Christina Cliffordson digital business effects of age and schooling on 87 Professor Lars Lindkvist the development of intellectual problem-solving in multi- performance disciplinary project teams 93 Asst. Professor Lynn Åkesson 87 Ph.D. Petra Adolfsson the universe of waste: an when water rules: an ethnological study of culture and organizational study of the decomposition implementation of water districts 93 Ph.D. Charlotte Tornbjer in sweden travel into the future: swedish 88 Asst. Professor Claes Gejrot travelers in search of a better northern sinners: sweden society during the interwar period and finland in the medieval 94 Ph.D. Maja Larsson penitentiary records the boundaries of the normal 88 Ph.D. Vania Ceccato body: on hermaphrodites, medical states in transition and their classification and control, 1750–1850 geographies of crime 94 Ph.D. Karin Sarja 89 Fil. Lic. Ingvar Svanberg socialism, feminism, and a post- traditional botanical knowledge colonial experiment: barbro and the use of wild plants in north- johansson, missionary and west estonia politician 89 Ph.D. Christian Isendahl 95 Ph.D. Jonas Holmstrand the next dance is ours: ecology, new language for a new faith: a power, and religion in yucatec maya study of the expression “pisteuein cognitive landscape eis” in early christian literature New Research Projects 83

95 Professor Catharina Raudvere 102 Ph.D. Åsa Carlson exile and tradition emotions: a felt thought 97 Asst. Professor Lars Nord 103 Professor Sten Lindström power play and media policy the ontology and epistemology of mathematics 97 Professor Said Mahmoudi the impact of eu membership on the 103 Asst. Professor Bo Burström swedish practice of international governance and health: moral law suasion, coercion and trust in authorities in the improvement of 98 Professor Robert Påhlsson child health equality in taxation 104 Asst. Professor Stig Montin 98 Doctor of Laws Anna Singer public management policies and custody disputes and the best democracy policies at local interest of the child: a study of government level in the eu alternative methods for conflict resolution in the field of family 104 Ph.D. Per Jansson law concepts of the state and the evolution of international norms: 99 Professor Ulrika Nettelbladt arbitration in the modern state linguistic and cultural factors system affecting intervention for bilingual children with language 105 Professor Claes von Hofsten impairment infants’ ability to perceive actions and intentions 99 Ph.D. Marta Ronne the making of a female critic: 105 Asst. Professor Mats J. Olsson margit abenius as a researcher and a psychological investigation of an arbiter of taste within swedish human pheromones literary criticism, 1930–1970 106 Ph.D. Åsa Lundqvist 100 Ph.D. Kerstin Bergman women and men in the swedish the depiction of sense perceptions model: elite and biography in post- in contemporary literature and war sweden film 106 Professor Elizabeth Thomson 100 Asst. Professor Paul Lichtenstein comparative studies of education individual differences in behavior, and family life personality and adjustment 107 Ph.D. Susanne Alm 101 Professor Ingmar Skoog downward social mobility in a a study of elderly people’s mental longitudinal perspective health and cognitive function 107 Ph.D. Nina Nikku 101 Ph.D. Alexander Künzli stable cultures: a study of young revising translations: a combined women’s identities product and process study 102 Professor Alf Arvidsson music and politics in sweden during the 1970s: the politicization of a field 84 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Archaeology Reg. no. J2004-0464

The meeting of different Ph.D. worlds: A study of Pär Nordquist cultural interaction Stockholm University between hunter- SEK 1,200,000 gatherers and farmers in prehistory

The Bank of Sweden • This research project aims to study cultural interaction between hunter-gatherers and farmers Donation in prehistory. The study is intended to shed light on some general sociological questions regarding cultural interaction by means of archaeological examples from the Stone and Bronze Age periods in the northern and southern parts of Scandinavia. Examples of major issues in this forthcoming study are: How is the cultural interaction expressed in the material culture of these prehistoric communities? How are objects, symbols and techniques from a foreign culture incorporated in a different cultural context? What categories of objects and behavioral patterns are adopted and what can this observation tell us about the nature of cultural interaction? How can we interpret the frequency of interaction between these communities and what are the long term consequences of these cultural interactions for the internal social processes of these different cultural traditions. Through the application of sociological and anthropological theory on archaeological remains it is possible to understand the more long term social consequences of these phenomena. Archaeology can thus give us a unique contribution to the more general sociological study of cultural interaction and the construction of regional and cultural identities. The Bank of Sweden Donation 85

Art Reg. no. J2004-0192 Business economy Reg. no. J2004-0187

Mathias Spihler: His Ph.D. Dreams for sale: Asst. Professor work as an architect, Claes Ellehag Marketing in a branded Miriam Salzer-Mörling 1670–1690 Stockholm University world Stockholm University SEK 1,100,000 SEK 1,300,000

• The aim of this study is to investigate the work • In the branded world production and consump- of the Swedish architect Mathias Spihler during tion revolve around symbols. When material needs the latter half of the 17th century. He was a disciple are satisfied, and when there is an abundance of the royal architect Jean de la Vallée and became of generic goods on the market, the immaterial an architect in great demand. Mathias Spihler only experiences and dreams to be found in the achieved a post as a foreman and engineer. His best- brand become increasingly important. Hence, known constructions are Kungsholms church in competitiveness becomes more and more an issue of Stockholm and the country-seats of Salsta and Sjöö. the corporation’s ability to communicate and design One problem connected with the research is that its immaterial values. At the same time we witness Spihler’s constructions have often been attributed the emergence of a new professional cadre: the to the famous architect Nicodemus Tessin the Elder. expressive expertise whose main purpose is to create Mathias Spihler has been thought of as an assistant and materialize the immaterial values on the market. architect and organiser rather than an architect in The expressive expertise is thus involved in the Swedish architectural history. As a result he has strategic production of commercial symbols. This a position in the shadow of the main architects, implies that corporate expressions become more Jean de la Vallée and Nicodemus Tessin the Elder. professionalised and that images and narratives The aim of the project is to show that Mathias are used as strategic tools in expressing corporate Spihler soon became an independent architect values. The overall purpose of this research project who designed and constructed a large number of is to contribute to the understanding of how buildings. He is also important as a pioneer for symbolic values are constructed and the role of architects not connected with a royal appointment. expressive expertise in the construction of symbols and signs. The project consists of two sub-studies: a study of the process of the creation of sign-value in images and stories and a study of expressive expertise as actors and as a professional field. The project will thereby contribute to a further understanding of how brands are created and how the branded world is constituted. 86 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Business economy Reg. no. J2004-0270 Business economy Reg. no. J2004-0742

Creativity and Asst. Professor From value creation Ph.D. innovations in re- Alexander Styhre to value destruction: Jonny Holmström bureaucratized Chalmers University of A study of Internet Umeå University organizations Technology technologies and SEK 900,000 SEK 1,500,000 their impact on digital business

• Today, researchers and industry representatives • This project aims at creating a better under- discuss a number of new organizational forms standing of the role Internet technologies play for deviating from bureaucratic organization. Some businesses offering digital products or services to a researchers speak of “the post-bureaucratic market. A new form of digital business, enabled by organization” as an umbrella terms capturing Internet technologies, is discussed more and more various “projectified” and virtual organization frequently. This is typically depicted as a “bottom- forms. In public speech, the notion of bureaucracy up” movement driven by consumers rather than has a negative tone. As opposed to this negative corporate managers. view of bureaucracy, suggesting it is largely an Decentralized technologies such as peer-to- outmoded organization model, the research project peer technology are often described as a threat to postulates that bureaucratic organization forms established firms, and they are said to have had are becoming relevant anew. The research project – and will continue to have – a disruptive impact on will study Swedish companies with foreign owners commercial actors. Rather than serving as a part of (e.g. American or British) which are becoming a value-creating process Internet technologies can re-bureaucratized and how they deal with issues be said to have destructive effects on established of creativity and innovation in the face of more firms. All products that can be represented in digital detailed monitoring of activities. The study is form – film, music and software – can also be focused on the pharmaceutical industry and distributed in channels outside the reach of these the automotive industry. In the pharmaceutical firms. It should be noted, however, that what is industry, increasingly larger investments are destructive to an established firm may very well be dedicated to new drug development, yet the value adding for other actors. This project aims at number of new so-called “blockbuster-drugs” studying the destructive and value-adding processes is reduced. In the automotive industry, product that emerge in relation to new Internet technology. development is becoming determined by platforms and tighter R&D budgets. In methodological terms, the research project will be based on a qualitative method and include interviews and participant observations. Individuals working with new drug development and new product development will be interviewed by the research team. The Bank of Sweden Donation 87

Business economy Reg. no. J2004-0823 Business economy Reg. no. J2004-0839

Problem-solving in Professor When water rules: An Ph.D. multi-disciplinary Lars Lindkvist organizational study Petra Adolfsson project teams Linköping University of the implementation Göteborg School of SEK 800,000 of water districts in Economics Sweden SEK 1,000,000

• Project-based product development often • This research project concerns reorganizing necessitates cross-functional cooperation, involving according to a new principle of management. the simultaneous development of various local According to the EU Directive on water, natural knowledge bases and ways of integrating these in water flows will form the basis for how Swedish bringing about a product or a service, mirroring authorities and organizations are supposed to a coherent conception of a new product idea, work with and co-operate around water-related a new technological solution, etc. However, as issues. Five water authorities will be established reported in the literature, it is not uncommon and be responsible for a few water districts in the that such endeavours result in malfunctioning country. The constructionist perspective of the products, products finished at too high a cost, study gives attention to the connections between too late, etc. One recurrent explanation is that nature, technology, and humans. These connections cooperative efforts fail due to the fact that the are vital to study when the reorganization in focus participants have different background knowledge, is supposed to be based on natural water flows. do not speak the same “language” and the like. How principles of management and organizing In the light of the above description, the general change and are influenced by the actors involved aim in this research project is to contribute to – both collective and individuals – are in focus. our knowledge of what kind of problem-solving The aim is to study the organizational changes is going on in product development projects. In that occur when a new water district is established particular, the aim is to investigate how boundary and earlier actors in the field, like the county conditions between different specialties involved administration and municipalities, can have other in cross-functional works may be handled. What roles than before. The methodology will focus on obstacles, tools and solutions may we identify? the micro-perspective, which means that the daily Theoretically, this project will try to connect the work of acting on issues related to water is central, literature on sociology of science with that of that is, the action nets that constitute the water project organization. Empirically, it will include management of a water district. Observations and case studies relying on qualitative methodology. interviews will be conducted over a period of three years in order to study the process of a changing water organization in Sweden. 88 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Classical languages Reg. no. J2004-0228 Cultural geography Reg. no. J2004-0142

Northern sinners: Asst. Professor States in transition and Ph.D. Sweden and Finland Claes Gejrot their geographies of Vania Ceccato in the Medieval The National Swedish crime KTH, Royal Institute of Penitentiary records Archives Technology SEK 1,100,000 SEK 1,200,000

• This project aims to present and analyse the texts • The aim of this project is to study patterns of concerning the Church Province of Uppsala from offence rates over time and space in the three Baltic the late medieval period that can be found in the States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This will archives of the Penitentiary. This is the authority involve the display and analysis of the changing within the papal curia responsible for questions levels and composition of a selected group of regarding absolution. In various handwritten offences covering the transition period during volumes there are approximately 430 relevant texts, the 1990s from planed to market economy and which give us new insights into medieval Sweden including the years of preparation for integration and Finland. The material has not previously been into the European Union. The study will deal available for scholars, and it is of great interest to with three different spatial scales. The first is the law and church historians as well as to philologists. macro-scale, involving comparisons at the level of The Latinist Dr. Sara Risberg and the historian the nation state in the 1990s whilst the second is Dr. Kirsi Salonen are employed in the project. The the meso-scale, involving the analysis of regional work is administrated by the Swedish National patterns of crime within the three countries. Archives and Diplomatarium Suecanum through Finally, the micro-scale will focus on the analysis of Dr. Claes Gejrot. It is also supported by the Finnish intra-urban patterns of crime using a fine-detailed National Archives. A scholarly reference group is geographical database for a capital city of one of attached to the project. the three countries. The novelty of this project is The final volume (in English) is planned to the inclusion of the spatial dimension of crime in contain the following parts: (1) An introductory different spatial scales, which is often neglected part on the medieval office of the Penitentiary. in recent literature. Until recently, spatial crime The texts will here also be presented in their analysis in these nations in transition was rare philological, historical and theological context. (2) simply because data was not systematically available A complete critical edition of the Latin texts with or data quality was still a major limiting factor. the necessary textual notes. (3) Detailed summaries of the contents. (4) A commentary on the contents. (5) Indices of persons, places and things. The Bank of Sweden Donation 89

Cultural geography Reg. no. J2004-0548 Cultural geography Reg. no. J2004-0612

Traditional botanical Fil. Lic. The next dance is ours: Ph.D. knowledge and the use Ingvar Svanberg Ecology, power, and Christian Isendahl of wild plants in North- Uppsala University religion in Yucatec Malmö University College West Estonia SEK 1,400,000 Maya cognitive SEK 1,400,000 landscape

• It has been claimed that Europe is the most • The aim of the project is to gain a more complete understudied region of the world concerning understanding of the dynamic socio-ecological indigenous knowledge. It is true that our time relations and processes that have shaped landscape is characterized by a far-reaching devastation of and people on the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. In traditional ecological knowledge. However, thanks particular, we will investigate the relationships to a long tradition of collecting information about between natural resources, economic system, socio- traditional folk knowledge and lore in the Nordic political structures, and cosmology. Collectively, countries, a rich source of material exists in our the members of the research group have a broad archives. With existing source material about the research experience of Lowland Maya archaeology, Swedish-speaking coast and island population religion, and ethno-history, and the present project of Estonia before 1940 as its point of departure, marks an attempt to provide an interdisciplinary this project aims to develop methods and to perspective on landscape. Research within the formulate models to study ethnobiological theories, project focuses on three separate but interrelated traditional ecological knowledge as well as the case-studies in order to investigate how ecology, utilization of biological resources in low technology power, and religion have interacted to foster societies. The project will also describe the collected different landscape perceptions within populations knowledge the Swedish-speaking island and coast through time and across space. The first case study dwellers had about folk botany, i.e. trees, herbs, focuses on the Late Classic and Early Post classic grass, ferns, mosses, lichens and algae and how they periods (c. AD 600–1100) and is based on previous were used for construction, fodder, food, dyes, archaeological investigations carried out by one hygienic purposes, spices, medicine and tanning, of the project members at the Maya urban center including plant names, as well as the role the plants Xuch. The second case study uses ethno historical played in customs, beliefs and rituals. The study sources dated to c. AD 1400–1600 to reconstruct also wants to elucidate how the Swedish-speaking cosmology, sacred landscapes, and socio-political Estonians were managing and exploiting the plant organization at that time. The last case study aims resources in their environment. Besides analysing, to document current views of landscape, power, evaluating and developing ethnobiological and religion at Chichén Itzá, an important urban methods for the interpretation of historical source center during the 11th to 13th century AD that material, the project also wants to contribute to presently is a place for pilgrimage both among a an increased understanding of the environmental local traditionalist movement as well as for Western history and biocultural heritage of the situation spiritual seekers. in the Baltic region in bygone times. It will also imply opportunities for comparative analysis about the utilization of biological resources in fragile island and coastal societies. This project will also be a crucial step for developing ethnobiology as a separate discipline, especially in a European context. 90 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Economic history Reg. no. J2004-0274 Economics Reg. no. J2004-0146

A recurring dilemma: Asst. Professor Portfolio choice and Professor Labour and marriage Kirsti Niskanen investor behavior Magnus Dahlquist contracts in three Linköping University Stockholm Institute for generations of women SEK 1,500,000 Financial Research in Sweden SEK 1,100,000

• The aim of the project is to capture and analyse • This project deals with individual and institutional the various ways in which married/cohabiting investors’ portfolio choices of portfolios and women have combined paid work, unpaid behavior, in particular with regards to information work and family life during the post WW II asymmetries and incentive constraints. The project period. Three generations of women in Sweden, consists of four distinct, but related sub-projects. with various class and ethnic backgrounds, are The first sub-project studies how domestic and interviewed about how they have managed this foreign analysts process and value information dilemma. The gradual movement of women into differently. The second sub-project investigates paid work and the accompanying changes in whether there is empirical support for a dividend the organisation of production, family life and tax clientele effect by considering detailed and reproduction are fundamental features in the comprehensive ownership data for Sweden. process whereby gender relations have changed These two sub-projects illustrate mainly the during the last fifty years. The change can also be effects of asymmetric information and incentives described as a transfer from patriarchal capitalism on institutional investors. The third sub-project – where women’s unpaid work at home was a quantifies the value for investors to dynamically prerequisite for the reproduction of waged labour – manage a portfolio given the information available to a post-industrial economy where the dual earner to the investor and her investment horizon. The family is the normative ideal for the organisation of fourth sub-project studies the behavior of investors gender relations. In the Swedish welfare state, the who invest on-line. With unique transaction expansion of the public sector has enabled women data from an Internet broker combined with to carry the Swedish equality project into effect. background variables (such as income, wealth, and However, the conflict between paid work and care, education), purchases and sales of securities can be production and reproduction is not erased. On the studied in great detail. The last two sub-projects contrary, the character of the conflict is changing, consider individual investors’ portfolio choices and its main focus being transplanted from formal rights trades, partly from the perspective of information in relation to working life to more complex cultural asymmetries, partly from the behavior observed in and symbolic domains where economic and social experiments. differences between men and women are constantly recreated. Mechanisms in this long-range change are the focal point of the research project. The Bank of Sweden Donation 91

Economics Reg. no. J2004-0387 Economics Reg. no. J2004-0468

Institutions, economic Professor Group selection and Asst. Professor policy and growth Fabrizio Zilibotti social norms Karl Wärneryd Stockholm University Stockholm School of SEK 1,200,000 Economics SEK 1,000,000

• The purpose of this research program is to • In recent years evolutionary game theory has conduct research in the area of macroeconomics become a popular tool of economic theory. It is with particular emphasis on the role of fiscal and often thought that the evolutionary approach shows monetary policy, the functioning of financial that equilibrium in economic and social interaction markets and the promotion of economic growth. depends much less on individual rationality than We plan to address, with the aid of dynamic has traditionally been believed. The standard macroeconomic models, key questions in evolutionary game theory model, however, has macroeconomics and public finance such as how a built-in group selection assumption. By group to design capital and labour income taxation over selection is meant that behaviours that always do time and how to efficiently provide public goods, worse relative to other behaviours in the same such as education and public infrastructure, or group nevertheless survive in the long run because social insurance. We also plan to study the design they make the group do better relative to other and implementability of economic reforms aimed groups. If this group selection effect is removed at improving long-term economic performance. from the evolutionary game theory model, central We emphasize the role of political incentives results, such that, for example, strictly dominated in the policy-making process: although certain strategies are weeded out in the long run, cease to types of changes in economic policy are generally hold. One part of the project aims at developing viewed as desirable, they may be difficult or even models of evolution in games without group impossible to implement in democracies because selection, and hence to deepen our understanding of “political constraints”. One of the main tenets of the role of group selection for central results of our analysis is that such constraints must be in the literature. Another part of the project deals explicitly recognized and formally investigated in with utilizing group selection effects to explain the context of macroeconomic analysis. The project the emergence of social norms that, for example, is structured into three subprojects. The first focuses prescribe that the individual contributes to the on fiscal policy and its political determination. provision of public goods even in the absence of The second focuses on behavioural aspects and direct incentives. informational asymmetry, with applications to the analysis of financial markets and monetary policy. The third focuses on innovation and growth. 92 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Economics Reg. no. J2004-0824 Education Reg. no. J2004-0117

How does the Swedish Professor Effects of age Ph.D. social insurance Mårten Palme and schooling on Christina Cliffordson program affect labor Stockholm University the development Göteborg University supply, savings and SEK 1,200,000 of intellectual SEK 1,800,000 income distribution? performance

• The purpose of this project is an empirical • A classic issue in educational research with analysis of how the various components of the considerable theoretical, methodological and Swedish social insurance system affect individuals’ practical implications concerns the relative amount behavior and incomes. The outcome is important of influence of schooling and age, respectively, for the overall economy’s allocation of resources on the development of intellectual performance. and the future possibilities of financing a generous Previous studies, which suffer from different welfare system. The area of study is relevant for the kinds of methodological limitations, indicate a political agenda because reforms of several of the considerable effect of schooling. Two problems, social insurance systems are either being discussed which both might imply an overestimation of the or have already been implemented. A major reform schooling effect, are selection effects related to age of the public pension system was implemented differences, i.e. students who are under-/over-aged in the late 1990s, and currently the future of the in relation to grade level, and the assumption of sickness insurance program is being discussed. linearity of the age effect. The main purpose of the Consequently, it is necessary to evaluate how the project is to gain further knowledge about these implemented reforms and possible redesign of other phenomena by the use of more powerful methods social insurance programs will affect participants’ than previously used and to take advantage of behavior and thereby the income distribution and unique longitudinal data. The specific purposes possibilities for financing. Another important aspect are to study: (1) the effects of selection on the of the analysis that has been discussed in the last estimated regression of achievement on age and the few years is the interaction and possible substitution linearity assumption, by the use of population data between the various social insurance programs. for successive cohorts; (2) the homogeneity of the This further underscores the importance of the regression on age, and control for selection effects, broad approach taken in this project. The project by the use of missing data modeling; and (3) the comprises five areas and we plan several studies relative amount of influence of age and schooling, within each area. The first area, social insurance and differential effects of schooling on differential and labor supply, builds on previous work by aspects of intellectual performance, by the use of a the project group. The purpose is to examine the design relying on simultaneous variation in age and extent to which economic incentives compared amount of schooling based on data from tests used to institutions affect labor supply among older for enlistment to military service. workers. The second area analyses the effects of the Swedish pension system on the income distribution while the third area looks at how the pension system has affected private savings. The fourth area of study examines how the various components in the social insurance system interact by formulating and estimating a full model of the social insurance system. The purpose of the fifth area is to analyze the implications of the pension system for participants’ welfare. The Bank of Sweden Donation 93

Ethnology Reg. no. J2004-0252 History Reg. no. J2004-0225

The universe of waste: Asst. Professor Travel into the future: Ph.D. An ethnological Lynn Åkesson Swedish travelers Charlotte Tornbjer study of culture and Lund University in search of a better Lund University decomposition SEK 1,400,000 society during the SEK 1,500,000 interwar period

• The aim of this project is to study processes • The interwar years were a period when people of cultural attrition. Its point of departure is were searching for new alternatives for the future. garbage and waste disposal in a broad sense. There had been a revolution in Russia and a new In recent cultural theory, the lack of interest in society was born. In 1929 the American economy processes of wear and tear and decay is obvious. crashed, which affected the whole Western world. Research and debate have focused on cultural During the 1930s the President Franklin D construction, formation, and creation of identity. Roosevelt succeeded in overcoming the depression This project focuses on the opposite, on cultural through the The New Deal, a program containing decomposition. The ambition is also to develop among other things state interventions. In 1933 analytical tools in understanding cultural attrition. Adolf Hitler seized power in Germany and a How do cultural forms get worn out and used National Socialistic reorganisation of society began. up? How do metaphors and models belonging to These three countries represented different paths biodegradation or material fatigue failure influence into the future. The USA had been the symbol of ideas of cultural aging? In what way are discursive the future for a long time, but during the interwar elements from material, cultural and bodily decay period Germany and the Soviet Union became entwined together? Which answers can be given on new alternatives. At the same time the welfare state questions of aestheticism, cultural- and civilization- was in its cradle in Sweden and the debate about critique, global matters, nostalgia, recycling, and which way Sweden should go into the future was regeneration? lively. In what ways could peoples’ lives be adapted Waste disposal is a growing problem in to modern society and how could modern society consumer society. In spite of campaigns and adapt to the people? technical innovations, it is often hard to persuade The purpose of this project is to investigate how people to change practices and attitudes. A Swedish travellers apprehended different attempts cultural analysis can give important contributions to create new alternatives for the future in different to understanding individual as well as societal countries. The study will emphasize how these perspectives when decisions on implementation Swedish travellers apprehended how the problems are linked to discursive conceptions on clean and of everyday life were solved in these countries and unclean, life-quality and a healthy environment. how these solutions pointed out new alternatives for the future. 94 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

History of ideas Reg. no. J2004-0299 History of Religion Reg. no. J2004-0031

The boundaries of Ph.D. Socialism, feminism, Ph.D. the normal body: Maja Larsson and a post-colonial Karin Sarja On hermaphrodites, Uppsala University experiment: Barbro Uppsala University medical classification SEK 1,400,000 Johansson, missionary SEK 1,250,000 and control, 1750– and politician 1850

• The aim of this study is to analyze how normative • The aim of this project is to study the Swedish knowledge about gender and sexuality is established missionary Barbro Johansson’s work in Tanzania and changed in the context of culture, history from 1946 until the 1990s. The focus will be on her and science. The specific question to answer is work for Tanzanian women, her political opinions how the medical discussion about normality and and attitudes in the struggle for independence and deviance according to sex, gender and sexuality in the building of a socialist Tanzania. Of great can be described in the period 1750 to 1850. How interest is also her influence on the Church of were people whose sexual identity seemed dubious Sweden’s, Church of Sweden Mission’s and the treated by the medical community? To what extent Swedish Social Democratic Party’s views on Julius did medical men take biology and lifestyle into Nyerere’s nation building as well as her importance consideration in their definitions of sexuality? In for Swedish development aid to Tanzania. what way were judgments of health and illness part New research will be carried out on archival of the medical classifications of hermaphrodites material, for instance Barbro Johansson’s and the cultural construction of the increasingly collections and source material in Tanzania and important ideal of clearly heterosexual individuals? new knowledge will be generated concerning Focusing on medical reports, forensic handbooks, Swedish and Tanzanian history. The project will medical journals and popular medicine the notions clarify the attitudes of both the Church of Sweden of deviant bodies and sexualities are analyzed in a and the Swedish Social Democratic Party towards period when the scientific interpretations of human the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) sexuality became more important than references and the one-party political system that developed to the Bible. Theoretical inspirations are drawn in Tanzania. Barbro Johansson (1912–1999) was a from the history of science and gender studies, Christian missionary, a socialist and a feminist. She with a special focus on the importance of medical was a member of the Tanzanian parliament and a language. Analyzing medical classifications of Tanzanian citizen from the 1960s. She belonged to deviant bodies and sexualities in the shift from the the inner circle around Nyerere and she had well eighteenth to the nineteenth century can hopefully established contacts with leading politicians in the contribute to the lively international discussion Swedish Social Democratic Party. about when and in what context the notions of a normative, heterosexual body were establish in Western culture. The Bank of Sweden Donation 95

History of Religion Reg. no. J2004-0464 History of Religion Reg. no. J2004-0496

New language for a new Ph.D. Exile and tradition Professor faith: A study of the Jonas Holmstrand Catharina Raudvere expression “pisteuein Uppsala University Copenhagen University eis” in early Christian SEK 1,400,000 SEK 1,200,000 literature

• In New Testament times the Greek verb pisteuein, • The project “Exile and tradition” aims at to believe, normally takes the dative. In the New documenting and analysing how Sufi associations Testament the verb sometimes appears with the in Sweden (and to some extent Denmark) develop preposition eis (into, to) instead. Without a proper and change in diaspora as at the same time they analysis this construction has generally been taken maintain contacts with formal Sufi orders in to bear the same meaning as the construction with Muslim countries. Sufism comprises long-term the dative. But there are good reasons to question intellectual traditions, rituals, interpretations and that. The construction with eis does not occur movements with vast extension and influence; before the New Testament, and up to about 200 sufism has always been transnational in its character. CE, at least, it appears only in Christian texts. The two parts of the project are named “Between Furthermore, it is used almost exclusively when Home and Home. Women’s informal Sufi networks the preposition is followed by Christ or the name in Sweden and Bosnia” and “Authority on Distance. of Christ or the like. That indicates that this is a Transnational Sufism from Syria and Lebanon to linguistic innovation, consciously made to express a Sweden” respectively. specific Christian conception or experience of faith. Both parts of the project are founded on Possibly it should be associated with the idea, found fieldwork in the Swedish diaspora as well as in in for example Paul, of Christian life being led “in Muslim countries. The aim is to accumulate a Christ” and with early Christian notions of baptism. thorough documentation of some Sufi groups’ The aim of the project is to study the meaning activities and thereby point at some more concealed of this linguistic innovation and its origin and parts of Muslim life in Western Europe. Rather development in the early church up to about 200 than studying the theological ideas of leading CE. The study includes analyses of the separate characters, the projects aims at looking into Sufism occurrences of the expression in early Christian as an everyday practice among immigrants in literature, analyses of tendencies and lines of Sweden. The activities of women and young people development in the use of it and reflections on its will be especially emphasised. origin. Mutual themes in the parts of the projects will The outcome of the analyses can entail a partly focus on actual piety: informal groupings and the new understanding of the conception of faith in mobility between them, social and theological early Christianity, of its distinctive character, origin hierarchies, prayer assemblies, the legendary history and development. It can also throw new light on a of the groups as well as the presence of texts in number of texts from this period. rituals in order to illustrate how discourse and ritual are interwoven in a local context. One hypothesis is that these currently informal, and sometimes marginalised, networks will have an undeniable impact on the development of Islam in Europe. The making of a female critic: Margit Abenius as a researcher and an arbiter of taste within Swedish 99 literary criticism, 1930–1970 The Bank of Sweden Donation 97

Information technology Reg. no. J2004-0144 Law Reg. no. J2004-0004

Power play and media Asst. Professor The impact of EU Professor policy Lars Nord membership on the Said Mahmoudi Mid Sweden University Swedish practice of Stockholm University SEK 1,010,000 international law SEK 1,000,000

• This project focuses on the interplay between • During the whole period after World War II until media policy and media development in Sweden. the end of the 1980s, Sweden as a non-NATO, The standpoints of the political parties in central small, industrialized country close to the Soviet media policy decisions during the period 1970– Union had a strong national interest to formally 2000 are analysed and discussed. The objective is carry out a policy of neutrality, have a credible to analyse the conditions of media policy at a time defence, and work for an efficient UN. The New where there were substantial changes in different World Order after the collapse of the Soviet Union media markets, and to discuss factors influencing and Swedish membership in the EU in 1995 have media policy; such as ideology, party strategies and created new conditions for the way Sweden may media development. The main research questions practice international law. This is particularly true are: Which political actors have influenced decision- of the Swedish view on the international use of making in the field of media policy? How can force. Sweden has been a faithful supporter of recent media policy decisions be explained? Has the the UN and has rejected any form of use outside media development process affected party strategies the framework of the UN Charter. The reaction regarding media policy? of Sweden to events such as the US bombing of Four important media policy decisions in Sweden a factory in Sudan in 1988, the NATO bombings are analysed in the study: the implementation of of Kosovo in 1999, the US attack in Afghanistan press subsidies in 1971, the introduction of local in 2001 and the Iraq War in 2003 gives rise to public service radio in 1977, the deregulation questions about a possible change in the Swedish of terrestrial television 1991 and finally, the perception of the international use of force. The deregulation of local radio in 1993. A comparison purpose of this study is to establish to what extent of these media policy decisions is conducted, and a possible change is the result of the conditions that the factors influencing the decisions are discussed. external factors such as EU membership or the New The political belief in regulation or deregulation of World Order, with one Super Power, have created. the media market is highlighted and the strategies The results of the research will constitute a basis for Social Democratic, Liberal or Conservative for the assessment of Sweden’s current possibility governments are compared. to maintain an independent and consistent practice with respect to the international use of force. 98 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Law Reg. no. J2004-0127 Law Reg.no J2004-0731

Equality in taxation Professor Custody disputes and Doctor of Laws Robert Påhlsson the best interest of Anna Singer Göteborg University the child: A study of Uppsala University SEK 1,120,000 alternative methods for SEK 1,850,000 conflict resolution in the field of family law

• The purpose of this project is to investigate the • Every year almost 50 000 children in Sweden construction of equal treatment in a legal field that experience their parents’ separation. Of these, concerns most people, i.e. in tax law. Is it possible approximately every tenth child experiences how to formulate general criteria for comparability, the parents fight in court for custody – disputes that and can it be done in a way that is consistent and are associated with high costs, both humanly and controlled? The project is to be completed over financially. The current system for handling custody a two-year period and will be accounted for in disputes in court dates back to the beginning of the a monograph written in Swedish as well as in 20th century, and the prevalent view of children, articles in Swedish and in English. The monograph parenthood and the meaning of legal custody at will have two parts. The general part will contain that time. There are factors in the legal system an analysis of the concept of equal treatment in as well as in the reality the decree refers to that taxation, including a demarcation between the motivate an investigation of the current order for principle of equality in tax matters from other solving custody disputes. There is a need for a tax law principles. In addition constitutional thorough discussion of the role of the legal process prerequisites for such equality will be investigated. in solving today’s conflicts in the field of family Subsequently, the second and more specialized part law. In other fields of law than family law, there has of the monograph will analyse the implications been a rapid development of alternative methods and importance of administrative practice, with for conflict resolution. The aim of this project is to regard to equal treatment. Furthermore, the second generate new knowledge and to suggest alternative part will hold an inventory and analysis of criteria methods that can create the necessary conditions to that may be relevant to the social construction of develop and improve society’s dealing with custody comparable cases. Some tentative examples of such disputes. The prevailing methods for solving criteria are the relations between taxation on the custody disputes in court will be examined and one hand and different lines of trade or business, analyzed. The alternative methods currently in use location, time and standard assessments on the for solving custody disputes out of court will also other hand. be mapped out. Custody disputes are a complex question whose solution cannot solely be achieved through the judicial system. Knowledge from other fields than law is necessary. The project is interdisciplinary with both a traditional judicial method as well as a socio-legal method. The Bank of Sweden Donation 99

Linguistics Reg. no. J2004-0527 Literature Reg. no. J2004-0459

Linguistic and cultural Professor The making of a female Ph.D. factors affecting Ulrika Nettelbladt critic: Margit Abenius Marta Ronne intervention for Lund University as a researcher and Uppsala University bilingual children with SEK 1,400,000 an arbiter of taste SEK 825,000 language impairment within Swedish literary criticism, 1930–1970

• Earlier research results have shown that parents • The aim of the project is to study the case of of bilingual children with language impairment Margit Abenius (1899–1970), a critic, a writer significantly more often interrupt logopedic and an influential debater within Swedish literary intervention compared to monolingual parents, criticism between 1930 and 1970. As very little and that the risk correlates with increasing severity research has been done on women writing literary of the child’s language impairment. The prognosis criticism in Sweden during the second half of the for a child with severe language impairment 20th century, the study is in many ways a pioneer deteriorates if intervention is interrupted. The project. Abenius’ own career is an interesting case aim of this project is to investigate possible as she was one of the very few women critics of her linguistic and cultural factors behind the parental time who was established and very influential. She decision to interrupt intervention. The ultimate also succeeded in reaching a broad audience, both goal is to provide a culture-sensitive logopedic as a radio critic and as an essayist. Her influence as a intervention that bilingual parents are willing to female arbiter of taste who also renewed the literary accept and participate in. 45 bilingual families canon will also be studied from a gender perspective will be interviewed; families who interrupted and by using the theories of Pierre Bourdieu and and completed intervention respectively, and Iris Marion Young. The aim of the project is also bilingual families with children without language to examine the career of Abenius as a case of a impairment for a comparison. 10 monolingual female academic, who after gaining her doctor’s families who completed intervention will also be degree became influential and made a career outside interviewed. All families will be interviewed on Academy. issues regarding language socialization, attitudes to language impairment and their notion of an optimal intervention. The speech-language clinicians involved will be interviewed on their views on intervention for bilingual children. In an earlier project on bilingual children with language impairment a database was established. This will be supplemented with intervention data for the 759 participating bilingual and monolingual children as a point of reference in the analysis of parental non- compliance and compliance. 100 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Literature Reg. no. J2004-0205 Medicine Reg. no. J2004-0036

The depiction of Ph.D. Individual differences Docent sense perceptions in Kerstin Bergman in behavior, personality Paul Lichtenstein contemporary literature Lund University and adjustment Karolinska Institutet and film SEK 1,400,000 SEK 1,200,000

• In this project, the depiction of sense perceptions • The purpose of this study is to analyze genetic in contemporary literature and film is analyzed and data from a large sample of twins and their families. discussed. What characterizes this depiction? How Environments within and outside the families, as does it relate to scientific, philosophical and cultural well as the individual’s adjustment have already knowledge and theories about the senses and their been investigated. We will study how genes and functions? The ultimate aim of the study is to environments interplay in adjustment. We will shed light on the question of whether any specific investigate (1) whether there is an association knowledge about human sense perceptions is between specific genes and adjustment, (2) generated in literature and film. Can these aesthetic whether the associations are mediated by specific and fictional expressions, due to their unique environments (gene-environment correlation), abilities of depiction, teach us anything about and (3) whether the associations are different sense perceptions that is inaccessible to the natural in different environments (gene-environment sciences? interaction). The project consists of four different studies. Medical, genetic, social, and humanistic In general terms, the first study is of pain and research today tries to understand how genes and deals with the experience of maximal sense environments interplay in the development of perception, while the second study is of the idea of behaviour, personality, and adjustment. The only compensatory senses and deals with what happens way to clarify these complex nexuses is to use in the absence of sense perceptions. The third study family studies and at the same time investigate is of what is specifically human about our senses, both genes and important environments (above all and it expands the perspective beyond the human family environments). This study will give unique horizon. Finally, the forth study is of amnesiac possibilities for such analyses. flashbacks and it directs the focus inwards, towards We have collected biological samples of processes in the human consciousness/brain. 3,606 individuals (twins, their spouses and their Common to all the four studies is that they adolescent children), and will now extract DNA deal with border territories of human sensory and genotype these individuals. We already experience. The reason for this is that in these areas have extensive data on their environments the senses and their possibilities and limitations are (socioeconomic status, social support, life events), put to the test. This makes these areas especially family processes (marital, sibling and parent- productive to study in order to gain new knowledge child relationships), and adjustment (personality, about the senses and their functions. behaviour, drug use, mental health). The Bank of Sweden Donation 101

Medicine Reg. no. J2004-0597 Modern languages Reg. no. J2004-0368

A study of elderly Professor Revising translations: A Ph.D. people’s mental health Ingmar Skoog combined product and Alexander Künzli and cognitive function Sahlgrenska University process study Stockholm University Hospital SEK 600,000 SEK 1,500,000

• The project is going to compare two birth cohorts • This project is an empirical study. Its aim is to (born 1901–02 and 1930), followed from age 70 to investigate how professional translators revise 75 years, regarding cognitive function, frequency other translators’ draft translations. What kinds of dementia, other mental disorders and somatic of changes do they make and how many? What disorders, and to study how the impact of different procedures do they follow to identify errors? What risk factors for these disorders have changed during principles guide their thoughts and actions? Are a 30-year period. certain features of how translations are revised text-, The H70-studies are multidisciplinary language- and/or culture-specific? The project is prospective studies on the elderly in Göteborg. 70 carried out as a study of 20 translators: 10 native year-olds born 1901–02 and 1930 were examined Swedish and 10 native German speakers. They with identical methods in 1971–72 (N=392) and are each asked to revise 3 Swedish and 3 German 2000–2001 (N=615). Follow-up examinations of draft translations of 3 French source texts, while those born 1901–02 were done at ages 75 (n=302), thinking aloud. The draft translations belong to 79, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90, 92, 95, 97, 99 and 100 years. the following categories: (1) legal, (2) technical, This application concerns a follow-up at age 75 (3) direct mail advertising. The revised translations years of 70 year-olds examined 2000–2001. The are then evaluated by one subject-matter expert per examination will include identical instruments to text category. The changes made are related to the those used 1971–72 and 1976–77 for individuals born source texts and draft translations and to the think- 1901–02. The study includes psychiatric and physical aloud protocols to study how different revision examinations, psychometric testing, key informant procedures and principles influence the final quality interviews, psychosocial and dietary inventories, of the translations. This study sheds light on an evaluation of ADL and social networks, extensive important and hitherto often neglected aspect of the laboratory examinations including genetic analyses overall process of producing translations and thus and examination of case records and register data. contributes to translation theory. The combined use The study is unique regarding the use of identical of methods is of methodological interest. Finally, and comprehensive examinations conducted 30 a better understanding of how translations are years apart. It will yield new knowledge regarding being revised is also relevant for the training of changes in disease patterns and cognitive function, translators, as many translators-to-be will also work and regarding whether the influence of different as revisers. risk factors for psychiatric and somatic disorders changes with time. 102 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Musicology Reg. no. J2004-0372 Philosophy Reg. no. J2004-0247

Music and politics Professor Emotions: A felt thought Ph.D. in Sweden during Alf Arvidsson Åsa Carlson the 1970s: The Umeå University Stockholm University politicization of a field SEK 950,000 SEK 1,300,000

• During the 1970s there was a particular • The aim of this project is to understand how politicization of music in Sweden. Genres and emotion (such as joy, grief, fear, anger or disgust) performances were discussed in political terms, may be affective (be felt) as well as cognitive record companies started from and were classified (have a content). Most philosophers writing on according to political ideas, the support of music emotion agree that emotions are experienced as by the state, municipalities and the Swedish affective as well as cognitive, but disagree about the Broadcasting Corporation was scrutinized and definition or description of the emotion proper. changes were demanded on political grounds, pop To unite these two aspects of the emotion in one artists were interrogated by mass media on their phenomenological description has proven to be political standings. There was a lot of music made difficult. Philosophical theories of emotion tend of a supposed (left-wing) political nature, which to overemphasise the one and neglect the other. could be seen directly in song lyrics or through the This difficulty will be, at least, clearly spelled out presentation of the music. and the merits of the alternative views compared The aim is to study this politicization, partly with each other. At the very best the problem will from a broad perspective of contemporary ideas and be solved by this project. The results of it will be culture, partly as a close analysis of how musical related to action theory, in which desire, sometimes works were politicized in conception, performance considered as an emotion, commonly plays an and reception. Politicization is seen as both an important role. esthetic standpoint and as a strategy in a social field. Working plan: First, arguments that emotions What questions were considered political, how really are intentional, phenomenologically speaking, were they transformed into actions and standpoints i.e. that they have intentional objects, will be concerning music, how were musical questions scrutinised. Secondly, conceptions of intentionality raised to a political level? What were the musical figuring in recent theories of emotion will be results? described and examined. (Hence this project is The politicization of music will be studied within comparative; such approaches to emotion are three overlapping contexts. As a course of events missing today.) In the literature at least seven ideas within public musical life; as part of a politicization about intentionality, with their theoretical roots in of cultural life; and as a form of political practice different philosophical areas, have been ascribed for left-wing organisations. In all areas a discourse- to emotion. These ideas about intentionality in analytical perspective will be used. emotion will be scrutinized. Finally, the conclusions from the first two phases of the project will be used in formulating what emotional intentionality may look like and in testing the heuristic hypothesis that the affective aspect somehow is the intentionality of the emotion, or part of it. The Bank of Sweden Donation 103

Philosophy Reg. no. J2004-0071 Political science Reg. no. J2004-0444

The ontology and Professor Governance and health: Asst. Professor epistemology of Sten Lindström Moral suasion, coercion Bo Burström mathematics Umeå University and trust in authorities Stockholm University SEK 1,000,000 in the improvement of SEK 1,850,000 child health

• Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) tried to explain our • In spite of existing knowledge of effective knowledge of the natural numbers by reducing interventions to improve child survival, 10 million arithmetic to logic. This program, however, could children die each year, primarily due to diarrhoea not be carried out. The main reason was that the and pneumonia. During 25 years around 1900 child theory of classes that Frege used in defining the mortality due to these causes declined rapidly in natural numbers turned out to be inconsistent. Stockholm, and social differentials in child mortality For a long time, therefore, Frege’s philosophy of have continued to decline throughout the 20th mathematics came to be regarded as hopelessly century. The political prioritisation of reduced passé. Recently, however, the situation has changed, child mortality and the implementation of general mainly due to the revision of Frege’s program interventions, partly based on coercion and trust by Crispin Wright and Bob Hale and logical in authorities, seem to have benefited lower social investigations carried out by the late George classes more than higher classes in Sweden. In Boolos, Richard Heck and others. Mozambique similar improvements of sanitation The aim of the project is to subject the neo- implemented from independence in 1975 to the civil Fregean program in the philosophy of mathematics war in 1982 contributed to improved child survival. to a critical examination. Many of the assumptions The project will study the importance of political and presuppositions of this program can be leadership for child survival in different historical questioned. What is the epistemic status of the and geographic contexts, with the examples of higher-order logic that is assumed? Can all the Stockholm around 1900 and Mozambique 100 years principles and rules of inference of this logic be later. How do moral suasion, coercion and trust in justified on the basis of conceptual connections? authorities affect children’s survival chances? Which Or is it rather, as critics have claimed, that the Neo- social classes are benefited by general and selective Fregeans have provided substantial mathematical interventions to improve health? What concept of assumptions with an innocent-looking logical risk construction in the population is required for disguise? What is the status of Hume’s principle the success of sanitary reform? and similar so-called abstraction principles? The Methods will include document analysis and focus will be on questions concerning the limits of analysis of individual data on child survival 0–9 logic, the interpretation of higher order logic, and years in both countries – in Stockholm based on the status of abstraction principles. The importance Rotemansarkivet 1878–1925 (110,000 children); in of the project lies in the clarity that it can provide Mozambique based on health interview surveys in concerning philosophically important concepts and 1997 (24,000 children) and 2003. problems. 104 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Political science Reg. no. J2004-0474 Political science Reg. no. J2004-0758

Public Management Asst. Professor Concepts of the state Ph.D. policies and democracy Stig Montin and the evolution of Per Jansson policies at local Örebro University international norms: Linköping University government level in SEK 1,050,000 Arbitration in the SEK 1,050,000 the EU modern state system

• The aim of the project is to analyse ideas, • The purpose of the project is to enhance implementation, impacts and learning concerning understanding of the problem of international the relation between public management policies norm formation: How can ideas about appropriate and democracy polices in a selected number of and legitimate international behavior evolve into countries within the EU (Great Britain, Germany, institutional and perhaps even legal arrangements? The Netherlands and Sweden). This contribution to This is accomplished by analyzing the evolution comparative research on developments in European of the practice of arbitration in the modern state local governments will focus on how public system, from the end of the 16th century up to management reforms and democracy initiatives are the interwar period. In particular during the 19th related to one another, how they change over time century, up until the Hague conferences, the idea and what kind of policy learning is taking place. of arbitration developed into a principal norm of The aim is to develop theoretical understanding interstate conflict resolution. This development and to make empirical comparisons. The study corresponds to a progressive institutionalization, will be based empirically on findings in ongoing which culminated at the Hague conferences and and finished relevant research, and on our own the inauguration of the Permanent Court of empirical studies in a selected number of local Arbitration. A central contention of the project is governments in the four countries. At least four that the development of international norms and local governments will be selected for case studies. institutions is significantly linked to prevailing ideas The selected local governments are both parts of about the moral purpose of the state. Therefore, a national central-local government system and theories of international relations can only provide within the EU system, which means that ideas by an imperfect account for the problem at hand; which institutional relations between politicians, we need also to consider the interchange between professionals and citizens are formed will be related notions of righteousness in international politics, to national and supra-national policies concerning and ideas about the sources of political legitimacy Public Management and local democracy. The and authority in general, which is the province project will be reported in a book in Swedish and of political theory. The objective of the project is two articles for international publication. thus to develop theoretical knowledge of the as yet not very well cultivated border land between international relations, international law and political theory. The Bank of Sweden Donation 105

Psychology Reg. no. J2004-0511 Psychology Reg. no. J2004-0828

Infants’ ability to Professor A psychological Asst. Professor perceive actions and Claes von Hofsten investigation of human Mats J. Olsson intentions Uppsala University pheromones Uppsala University SEK 1,350,000 SEK 1,880,000

• We perceive our own and other people’s • Many animals, insects as well as mammals, movements as actions, that is in terms of intentions communicate through body “odors” that release and goal directedness. When we watch another specific internal reactions or behaviours. Although person who reaches for and manipulates an object, the existence of these so-called pheromones is well it is not the movement itself that is the focus of established in many species, research on human attention, but rather the object reached for and pheromones is in an unusual state. The lay public the goal and sub-goals of the manipulation. This and industry presume that human pheromones focusing on the goal is of critical importance for exist, and the media frequently state this our ability to predict actions. It relies on mental assumption as a fact. Thus, science has for a while models of the rules and regularities that determine found itself in the unusual position of presenting our behaviours (theory-of-mind). The purpose of definitive evidence for the existence of human the present project is to learn how infants develop pheromones to a lay audience that already believed an understanding of their own and other people’s in their existence, but to a scientific audience that actions. Recent research indicates that infants was quite sceptical. Although human research develop interests in other people’s action after they has just begun, current data point to a hitherto themselves have begun to master them. Thus we unstudied sensory mechanism, with potential effects expect infants to understand external actions like on human psychological state and social behaviour reaching and locomotion before they understand ranging from sexuality to aggression and fear pointing and looking and finally social interaction (McClintock, 2001). This proposal describes a series and communication between other individuals. of studies of how men and women react to putative Another important purpose of the planned human pheromones with regard to psychological studies is to compare the development of normal aspects, such as perceptual sensitivity, mood, children’s understanding of actions and intentions attention and approach behaviours. with children whose development of such skills is impaired. Studies like this do not need to involve infants, but can be carried out on older children with documented social problems, like children with infantile autism. 106 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Sociology Reg. no. J2004-0231 Sociology Reg. no. J2004-0262

Women and men in the Ph.D. Comparative studies of Professor Swedish model: Elite Åsa Lundqvist education and family Elizabeth Thomson and biography in post- Lund University life Stockholm University war Sweden SEK 1,300,000 SEK 1,650,000

• This study will analyse a group of leading civil • This is a comparative study of the significance servants in post-war Sweden. The underlying of education for attaining a stable partnership assumption is that this group was important in the with children, an important life goal for most development of a modern “reform bureaucracy”, individuals. Comparisons are made between where state agencies and civil servants took an Sweden, France and the USA, three countries active part in establishing the “Swedish model” with very different levels of societal support for by connecting political goals with administrative families with children. A stable family life increases practices. A biographical survey of this group will individual well-being, which in turn contributes be conducted, highlighting their social background, to society’s productivity and welfare. To achieve a recruitment process and career patterns, and the stable family life requires resources, and education is connections between individual experience and the first step in acquiring such resources. Research historical processes. An important element in the on effects of education on a stable family life is analysis will be an attempt to conceptualise the fragmented, as is research on the points in life at group as a sociological generation. which educational effects are most pronounced. Theoretically, the study is based on concepts like Almost no comparative research has been generation, gender relations, biography, generations conducted on these effects. The project investigates (biological and sociological) and the “Swedish the significance of education for five key family model”. The aim is to connect studies of intellectual events: first union, first and second birth, marriage and sociological generations with institutionalised of cohabiting couples and separation or divorce. It studies of political and administrative change. The uses life history data from the 2000 Swedish Level project is based on qualitative methodology and of Living Survey, the 1999 French Family Survey will utilise collections of life historical material and and the 2002 U.S. National Survey of Family archive studies.s Growth, along with analytic methods as a control for unobserved heterogeneity. We pay particular attention to the way in which support for families with children and the importance of family life in Sweden may reduce the effects of education on the attainment of a stable partnership with children. The Bank of Sweden Donation 107

Sociology Reg. no. J2004-0346 Sociology Reg. no. J2004-0868

Downward social Ph.D. Stable cultures: A study Ph.D. mobility in a Susanne Alm of young women’s Nina Nikku longitudinal perspective Stockholm University identities Linköping University SEK 1,500,000 SEK 1,325,000

• While intergenerational upward mobility is often • Horses and riding is a sport and recreation regarded as both a “natural” and a desirable element activity which in Sweden engages about half a of democratic and open societies, downward million equestrians, 85 % of whom are women. mobility has often been considered “unnatural” Many of them are found at various riding schools. and a result of individual failure. Nevertheless, A teenager in the “stable-gang” spends many hours considerably less research has been done on every week in the environment of the horse, which explanations of downward mobility than of upward. means the stable. The purpose of this project is to A central research question in this project is to what study the construction of identity and gender in extent factors affecting upward mobility can also young women in the setting of equestrian culture. contribute to explaining downward mobility. Even The focus is on how values, norms and ethical though downward mobility, of course, cannot be positions are developed in the specific milieu of perceived as inverted upward mobility, the thesis equestrian culture. is that new knowledge can be generated through A starting point for the study is the modern a closer integration of the phenomena than has theory of gender and gender identity. In addition, usually been the case. It can be argued that research a microethical analysis for the purpose of studying into explanations of upward mobility is of special young women’s construction of identity in a importance with reference to social justice. The dominant female setting is introduced. The point of departure for this project is, however, that theoretical point of departure is to examine the a thorough understanding of intergenerational relation between gender theory and applied ethics mobility requires the study of processes in both as an instrument of understanding construction directions. In addition to the fact that knowledge of of identity. The empirical material consists of causes of downward mobility is of interest in itself, observations at two equestrian centres and it can also uncover yet unknown explanations of interviews with teenagers in the stable. In the main the still significant differences in life chances related study young girls are interviewed, but since it is to class of origin. Access to unique longitudinal obvious that there is a broader context than the interview data in combination with information young girls’ experiences, another two studies are from registers implies very good possibilities of planned. The first is of boys in the dominant female empirical analyses. equestrian culture. The other study is of women who return to horse riding at a mature age. King Oscar II summons an extraordinary session of the Riksdag in connection with the crisis in the union between Sweden and Norway. Norwegian versus Swedish identity francis sejersted

n 1814 Norway was forced into a union with Sweden. What was the alternative? Independence? The so-called “Independence Party” had tried to get the Danish Crown Prince elected King of Norway. It is I naïve to believe that they did not see the implications of this, namely a possible reunification with Denmark. But that was not to be discussed. Later, at any rate, no one has wanted to talk about it. That one of the national heroes from 1814 should want to return to the Danish fold does not agree with the national picture. The year 1814 is nevertheless a milestone year in Norwegian history – the year the modern history of our nation began. Without crediting the union itself, the Norwegians brought the most democratic constitution in Europe with them into the union with Sweden. The 90 years during which Norway was united with Sweden was a period of incredible growth for Norway, economically, culturally and democrati- cally. In the 1870s Norway was richer and more urbanised than Sweden. Culturally this was a golden era with Björnson, Ibsen, Kielland and Grieg as the most notable figures. In the 1880s Norway got parliamentarianism (albeit not fully developed in the beginning) and universal suffrage (though only for men). It took 20 years and the dissolution of the union before Sweden established universal suffrage for men, and another 15 years before they introduced parliamentarianism. In 1895 the Swedes terminated the Norway-Sweden union. That is to say, they revoked the law between the two countries that created a common Swedish-Norwegian market, and which had been the most substantial content of the union. What happened in 1905 may be seen as a natural consequence of the unilateral action by Sweden in 1895. There is also a story about

109 110 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

celebrations in 1905 in Norrköping when it was finally possible to fly the purely Swedish flag – without the union sign. There was great enthusiasm – at last they had got rid of the Norwegians. The fact is that there were many people in Swedish society who believed that the union should be dissolved. The Swedes did not insist so strongly on the union as the Norwegian national story would have it. The Norwegian prime ministers, Francis Hagerup and Sigured Ibsen, knew this and had prepared a strategy for obtaining a peaceful dissolution of the union, that is, a peaceful end to the process the Swedes had initiated in 1895. They had reasonable hopes of success, but the process was disrupted to begin with when the Prime Minister, Erik Gustav Boström (unknowingly?) made a provocative proposal, which was eagerly seized on by Norwegian nationalists led by Christian Michelsen. Hagerup and Ibsen were set aside. Michelsen unilaterally declared the union dissolved, which created a situation that brought the two nations to the brink of war. When this situation had arisen, but not before, more than 99 per cent of Norwegians supported Michelsen’s nationalistic line. Similar figures in referendums are known only from the so-called people’s democracies. The Swedes felt provoked, not so much because the union was dissolved but because of the manner in which it had been done. Thirty-five years later Norway was attacked by the Germans. The Swedish politician and journalist Ivar Österström commented on the war “History can hardly find any examples that correspond to that in Norway of general disintegration, disorganisation, bewilderment, lack of composure and leadership and a hopeless feeling of resignation. It may well be asked how it is possible that a democratic nation can fall apart to such an extent in its hour of need”. The year before Sweden’s old kindred nation, Finland, had been attacked by the Soviet Union. The Finns fought like heroes, there is no doubt about that, and thousands of Swedish volunteers fought alongside them. In 1940 there was a mere handful of Swedes who went to Norway to fight the Germans. Has this story been told before? Elements of it have formed part of the Norwegian national story, like its early democratisation. But the fact that Norway had been richer than Sweden has definitely not been part of this story. On the contrary, the story has been that it was in fact very poor, while Sweden was rich. In the EU campaign we were told that the union period was a sorrowful time for Norway. Neither has the fact that it was actually the Swedes who revoked the union been part of the story, nor that it was the Norwegians who whipped up belligerent feelings. And what about 1940? Not until very recent times has it emerged that the Norwegians’ fight was not very heroic. History can be told in many ways. Our national story has been that we have been a small, poor nation which, by heroic efforts, has managed to fight its way to independence, democracy and prosperity from a pitiful starting point as a poor and repressed people and against strong forces from Norwegian versus Swedish identity 111

all directions that have wanted to prevent this development. We have been taught to see 1814, 1905 and 1940 as the high points of this heroic struggle. But we should put a question mark after this picture. We build up our national identity by the ways in which we form our national story. Who are we? Are the Norwegians a small, heroic people or a people with unusual luck who were given more than they even prayed for? This sketch of the alternative story that I have presented is perhaps no more correct that the traditional story. But it is any rate as correct. The Norwegians are in fact not as they thought or believed themselves to be. The history of Sweden is strikingly different from that of Norway. The dates 1814, 1905 and 1940 also play a role in Swedish history – a contrasting role in comparison with their role in Norwegian history. 1814 was hardly a victory. It was a consolation prize for the painful loss of Finland in 1809. Norway could never be a replacement for Finland in Swedish minds. Bernadotte seized the idea of the union with Norway as a consolation prize. He knew very little about Swedish history but, with a field marshal’s eye on the map, he thought he saw that the Scandinavian peninsula was a natural unit. It is also characteristic that the “loss” of Norway in 1905 was not by any means as painful as the loss of Finland. As already mentioned, it was rather a relief to be rid of the Norwegians. And what about 1940? There has been a national consensus in Sweden that it was sensible to keep to a policy of neutrality, not heroic, but sensible. Not until recently has criticism of a moral nature emerged: Should not Sweden also have taken part in the battle against Nazism? Did not Sweden, by its exports of iron ore and ball-bearings to Germany, help to prolong the war? And does that not mean that Sweden is an accomplice to the Holocaust? Myths collapse on both sides of the border. The heroic was not so heroic and the sensible was not so moral. But what actually is the Swedish national story? The old dream of being a great power was given its coup de grace at Poltava, and even if there were remains of it after that, they disappeared with the loss of Finland. Sweden and Norway both have their turning-points in history, points in time when the modern part of their national story begins. In Norway it is 1814. That was when the “real” Norway could flourish and start its march towards a promising future. In Sweden there is no such clear start. It has been claimed that Sweden’s recent history began with the new constitution in 1809. This has been characterised as the midpoint between despotism and democracy, where the nobility played a key role. In other words a constitution for the nobility which in no way was as democratic as the Norwegian constitution. But it was a first step towards modern, parliamentary democracy. Sweden did not achieve this until 1921 – another milestone year in Swedish history. It is just as natural to see the beginning of the 20th century as a new start. There was a need to cut the connection to the dominant historical heritage and formulate a new national story. But what was actually the Sweden 112 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

that the future could build on? The foundation was the radical industria- lisation Sweden had experienced after the second industrial revolution in the 1880s. In 1905 Sweden had surpassed Norway in wealth. This was the future promise and it was at this time that “a new, forward-looking and peaceful dream was born: the vision of Sweden as a coming industrial and economic world power”, as the Swedish historian Conny Mithander says. Sweden was to be America in Europe. And moreover – the dream came true. At the famous Stockholm Exhibition in 1930, in itself an apotheosis of modernism, the writer Ludvig Nordström said that industry had given Swedes “the highest level of spiritual freedom that people can achieve”. It is unthinkable that the same could have been said in Norway. Sweden became the model of the successful modern industrial and welfare state, the avant- garde among nations. At the beginning of the 20th century both countries had come halfway in the national modernisation process, but with the characteristic difference that, while economic institutions were established in Sweden, but not in Norway (international industrial companies, modern banking systems, shareholding laws, institutes of technology and the like) the democratic institutions were established in Norway, but not in Sweden. And this is not merely an accidental difference that would be evened out, it is the basis for the concept of modernisation and for what national identity is linked to. In the Norwegian power and democratisation report there is an investigation to discover what institutions function today as national symbols. National teams in various sports and nature and the countryside rank high in both countries. The first difference is in the fact that, while the Storting tops the list in Norway, the Riksdag comes a bit lower on the list in Sweden. On the other hand, Great industrial and technological achievements rank fairly high in Sweden but they are completely absent in Norway. If Norway was the democratic state, Sweden was the industrial state. In 1994 Sweden experienced its second Poltava. That was when the second dream of being a great power collapsed. After having struggled against bad economic trends for 20 years, people thought the worst was over, but then came the last collapse that gave rise to an acute crisis. As the rich industrial nation, Sweden was rich enough and proud enough to stand outside both NATO and the European Union. There had been no question of applying for membership in the EU as Norway had done ten times before. But in 1994 Sweden makes a U-turn and enters the EU at the same time as it (as good as) terminates what had been the jewel in the Social-Democrat crown – ATP or the old-age pension. It cut deep into the Swedish national soul when Volvo and SAAB were sold to the Americans. Sweden had become an ordinary European country, while Norway floated on oil and could take over the position that Sweden had held – as the rich nation that could afford to stand outside the European Union. Rich Norway and (comparatively) poorer Sweden, that corresponds badly with Norwegian versus Swedish identity 113

the myth of the poor and the heroic versus the rich and the sensible. The most powerful metaphor for national unity in Sweden is “folkhemmet”, the welfare state. Per Albin Hansson hardly understood the stroke of genius he had when, in 1923, he stole this concept from the conservatives. As a metaphor it functions (just like the little red Swedish cottage) in the same way as the national day rhetoric on May 17 in Norway. It expresses a national fellowship but the connotations are as different as they can be. The “welfare state” is certainly nice and safe and lacks the heroic overtones that the 17 May rhetoric has. The dates (1809)1814, 1905 and 1940 also give quite different associations in Sweden from in Norway. As we have not got a similar metaphor in Norway it may, on the other hand, be connected with our not having such a concept. “Hjem” (home) is “heim” in New Norwegian. However, we should note that “heim” is used as a sign of fellowship in contexts like “fjellheimen” (mountain home). In their speeches on 17 May people who speak standard Norwegian can talk about “the mountain home” without batting an eyelid. And it is certainly something very different from “folkhemmet”, the welfare state. Do Norwegians live closer to nature? Thus there is a striking difference between the Swedish and Norwegian stories that have created their national identities. Both stories are strongly criticised today. What happens to us when these national identity stories crumble? There are, of course, other identities attached to other collective communities, the Nordic countries/Scandinavia, the local community, social classes. But there can hardly be any doubt that national identity is the strongest one. In a situation of immigration and internationalisation it can undoubtedly be a healthy sign that the old myths collapse, that we must relate to the national story in a new way, or tell a new story. It is the task of historians to reveal myths, to deconstruct, but it is also their task, in the tradition of the old nation builders among historians, to create new myths or stories – to be constructive. A weighty task lies ahead. Where shall we begin?

Francis Sejersted is a senior researcher at the Institute for Social Research in Oslo. He was Professor in Economic and Social History at University of Oslo 1973–1998. This essay is extracted from Francis Sejersted’s Sosialdemokratiets tidsalder. Sverige og Norge i det 20. århundre. Pax forlag 2005. 600 sidor. Ill. Swedish edition Nya Doxa 2005 (The Socialdemocratic Age. Sweden and Norway in the 20th Century). For references please consult this publication. From value creation to value destruction: A study of Internet technologies and their impact on 86 digital business Union and Democracy – Viewpoints on the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, 1814–1905 bo stråth

n 2005 it is the centenary of the dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway. The United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway – in the plural, in contrast to the British singular the United Kingdom I – was the result of conquest by war and was dissolved in 1905 by a peaceful settlement. The Union was created in the conflict between two principles for foreign policy. An old principle saw foreign policy as the expression of the wielding of royal power. State interests were dynastic interests. A new principle, which developed with great strength after the French Revolution, connected the drawing of territorial boundaries to the concept of the sovereignty of the people. It was important in this context how and by whom the people were defined and how the sovereignty of the people should be balanced against royal power, unless one wanted to be as extreme as in France, and abolish it In this new principle there was from the start built-in tension. This tension arose from questions as to how the balance of power would be designed more precisely and who would control whom. It was the tension between royal power and people’s power. A common view was that they should balance and control each other so that neither became too powerful. In the 19th century an even newer, third principle developed. This stated that power should lie exclusively with the people. This principle had been clearly expressed at the time of the French Revolution but due to the exces- ses after 1789 it had lost importance compared to the concept of the balance From value creation to value of power. “Power to the people” may have functioned as a political slogan, destruction: A study of Internet technologies and their impact on 86 digital business 115 116 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

but this power concept was theoretically fuzzy and frightened people by being associated with anarchy and mob rule. When Napoleon and the Tsar of Russia, Alexander, divided up Europe at Tilsit in 1807, Finland was included in the Russian sphere of influence. The Russian attack on Sweden and the conquest of Finland in 1809 came as a consequence. In Sweden Gustaf IV Adolf was deposed in a military coup. He was made the scapegoat for the bad outcome of the war. The new king, Carl XIII, had no children. After several complications, Napoleon’s Field Marshal, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, was made Crown Prince in 1810, with the Swedish name Carl Johan. The expectations in Sweden were that he would reconquer Finland with the help of Napoleon when the Franco- Russian pact began to break down. In 1812 he did the opposite. He made a deal with Alexander before Napoleon’s expected attack on Russia. The loss of Finland was accepted in return for Russian support for getting Norway from Denmark. England, which was also one of Napoleon’s opponents, also promised its support. Denmark-Norway had backed Napoleon and now reaped the consequences. That was the way autocratic politics worked in those days. The 1812 policy was based on the condition that neither Sweden nor Russia wanted territorial expansion at the other’s expense. Sweden abando- ned its plans to reconquer Finland, and Russia its plans to conquer parts of Sweden. Carl Johan’s solution to the conflict in the world round Sweden was an alliance with Russia and Great Britain against France from 1812. This policy became problematic when, after about 1830, the tensions between the liberal-parliamentary Britain and the increasingly autocratic Russia became obvious. Alexander I, with whom Carl Johan had come to an agreement, scared Europe with the Russian shadow he cast over the continent, but at the same time he was the mainstay of conservative constitutionalism and the international order established at Vienna in 1815. During his reign, international cooperation with Great Britain was not a problem. He died in 1825. His successor, Nicholas I, frightened by the growing pressure for reform and by an officers’ revolt, went in for tough measures against the advocates of reform and used international diversionary tactics in the form of military power talk against the increasingly weakened Ottoman Empire (“the sick man of Europe”). His policy reached a climax in the Crimean War. The result of these internal Russian developments was increasing tension towards Great Britain. Carl XIV Johan replied by cautiously mano- euvring away from the agreement with Russia towards neutrality. That is how the 1834 declaration of neutrality arose. Geopolitically, the union between Norway and Sweden from 1830 to 1870 was at the intersection of that era’s east-west conflict between the European and Asiatic empires, Russia and Great Britain, called the Great Game. Their Union and Democracy – Viewpoints on the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway 117

geopolitical strategies met head-on in their colonialistic and expansionistic imperial policies in Asia, but the tension between them was also evident in the Baltic region. The United Kingdoms were more directly involved here. Together with the outlet from the Black Sea, the Balkans, the Middle East, and Afghanistan the Baltic Sea was a focal area. A conflict that broke out in the Black Sea region could easily spread to the Baltic region. This situation had prompted Carl Johan to be cautious, but Oscar I was bolder, in accordance with the growing strength of liberal opinion. The liberals in Europe equated Russia with reactionary politics and developed considerable anti- Russian feelings, while England stood for liberal freedoms. Great things were expected of Oscar I by the liberals in Sweden. On his accession to the throne in 1844 he was expected to carry out the political reforms that his conservative father had neglected. But Oscar, who had been born in Paris after the Revolution, was frightened by these radical demands and the violence in Europe in the revolutionary year of 1848 and backed away from reform. The domestic expectations of reform were channelled into foreign policy activities. The United Kingdoms supported Denmark in the war against Prussia in the wake of the conflict between Danish and German nationalism in the border conflict over Schleswig. During the Crimean war Oscar I dared to break with Russia and place Sweden on England’s side. Even if the policy was still officially neutrality, the question was really how he could manoeuvre Sweden into a war on the side of the expected victor with the reconquest of Finland as the objective. Carl XV continued his father’s activist policies in an equally reckless way, hoping to be able to change the Sweden-Norway union into a Scandinavian union embracing Denmark and even Finland under the Bernadotte crown. “I don’t give a damn about neutrality”, he had said even during the Crimean War and in 1863 he unilaterally declared Swedish-Norwegian support to Denmark against Prussia. This arbitrary royal foreign policy led to tension within the union, where considerable opinion, especially in Norway, was against such adventurous- ness. But the policy also led to cooperation between the governments and the politicians in the midfield in both countries, who wanted to rein the royal power in and prevent foreign policy activism. The dramatic displacement of power in Europe that resulted from the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871 forced the last Union King, Oscar II, to adopt a more cautious policy. However, quite soon after his accession to the throne in 1872, a long-lasting economic depression hit not only the United Kingdoms but also the whole of Europe. In the 1880s, as a result of the influence of German reactions to this depression, a wave of Swedish populist and nationalistic protectionism spread throughout the country. This Swedish nationalism provoked a Norwegian counterrhetoric 118 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

which created a negative spiral that the king found increasingly difficult to control. The Great Swedish ultraconservative nationalists were evidently inspired by Germany which scared the Norwegian nationalists, who wanted an increased share of control over foreign policy. In the 1890s protectionism was complemented by rearmament as a reaction to the crisis. The economic wheels started turning again within the framework of increasing military power play. This was the great turbulence that the governments of the Swedish-Norwegian union found more and more difficult to ignore. Owing to a series of recurrent crises there was a gradual transition from a royal foreign policy to a democratic, constitutional one. The Union’s problem was that popular power was formulated via Norwegian and Swedish nationalism rather than as a demand for a democratic union. From the 1840s the two nationalisms, together with Scandinavianism, created the idea of a Scandinavian union, a complex, ideological pattern that was nourished by the king’s foreign policy. In the 1890s the public media in which these ideologies were formulated were more widespread and united, and nationalism was an increasingly difficult force to tame. The kings had whipped it up and ridden on it in Finnish and Danish activism and the dynastic Scandinaviasm of the 1850s and 1860s. A certain degree of stability came in the wake of the establishment of German power after 1870, but the crisis of liberalism with the breakdown of free trade and the markets and protectionist policies after the middle of the 1880s reawakened the nationalistic language. In the 1890s the king lost his grasp on this rhetoric. He found it increasingly difficult to keep apart the distinction between being the Norwegian and the Swedish king. The union between Sweden and Norway was a matter of combining union with nation, constitution and, towards the end of the 19th century, the demands for democracy. This was primarily the king’s problem, since he was the unifying link in the union. The theme that ran through the history of the union is the question to what extent he succeeded in this task. This question is complicated by the fact that the king, as a unifying force, was not one but two kings. He was not formally the king of the union, even though he was often called that, but the King of Sweden and the King of Norway. The definition of the royal power that lay in this subtle distinction led to equilibristic operations and acrobatic exercises that easily resulted in a kind of royal schizophrenia. To help him bridge the gap between the two crowns, the king had the combined ministerial council, a common government for common matters. This was the embryo of a union government in the real meaning of the term, an embryo that was never realised, however. In the transition from royal power to people’s power in the 19th century the governments and the combined ministerial council were torn between two principles and two Union and Democracy – Viewpoints on the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway 119

centres of power: the king’s constitutional power and the parliamentary people’s power. Here the exact definition of both royal power and people’s power was highly controversial. In this struggle the combined ministerial council was eventually torn apart and the individual governments and the people’s representations were strengthened. Initially, the king looked upon the governments as “his” governments, a group of ministers who would assist the monarch. On this issue enormous tension built up in the last 25 years of the union when the parliaments claimed that the governments were their representatives. The question of what the union could and should do and how far its authority stretched was the question of what the king could and should do and how far his authority stretched – a question fraught with conflict. The beginnings of economic integration had existed since 1825 by means of the free trade laws between the two countries. The problem, which became more and more evident after the 1880s as a result of the workers’ class language and the demand for universal suffrage, was the question of political integration. The conflict between constitutional royal power and parliamentary popular power developed mainly into a question of power over foreign policy in the last decade of the union. This was an area in which the king had had greater constitutional power than in other matters ever since the establishment of the union. And he had used this power in a way that frightened many people, especially in Norway. Thus it was only logical that the struggle for democracy and parliamentarianism was extra bitter on this particular point. The struggle was about the real power over questions of war and peace and foreign policy in general. The power over foreign policy was for a long time a matter of the political control over the king, within the institutions that were dominated by Sweden, that had existed right from the start of the union. In fact, there had been a union foreign policy since 1835, in the sense that Norwegian ministers were involved in making decisions, but neither formally nor in reality was Norwegian influence on a par with Swedish influence, even though it gradually increased. In the Swedish constitution of 1809 questions concerning foreign policy, the ministerial questions, as they were called, had a special status. They were not presented in the government council in their entirety, but by the Foreign Minister (with another minister present) directly to the king, who then made his decision after having heard his Foreign Minister’s opinion. In the Norwegian constitution of 1814, foreign policy was expressly included among the king’s prerogatives. Even though foreign policy questions were gradually discussed more and more in the combined ministerial council, they had a special status throughout the union period. From the 1890s the Norwegian demands were linked more and more to 120 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

the idea of Norway having its own consulate system. Swedish protectionism aroused doubts about whether the consuls looked after more free- trade oriented Norwegian interests. The step from the idea of a consular system of their own to the idea of a Norwegian foreign minister of their own was not a big one The limits of the union were reached with the demands for democracy. Neither parties were able to develop any national institutions to meet what, in modern terms, was increasingly thought of as a democratic deficit. The king stood almost alone as a unifying institution and the powers that demanded political reform were too much for him. The demands for democracy were channelled towards national centres of power and broke up the union. That, in brief, is the history of the union. It is important not to see this history as a teleology on its way to a prede- stined goal. 1905 was by no means programmed in advance in 1814. A strong political midfield with people like Louis de Geer, J.A. Gripenstedt, Fredrik Stang, Georg Sibbern and, towards the end, Alfred Lagerheim, Sigurd Ibsen, the writer’s son, and Francis Hagerup did what they could to hold the union together. Several reports sketched institutional reforms involving a union parliament with equal representation for both countries instead of according to population. That all these attempts in the end proved to be too weak in the face of the centrifugal forces does not mean that they lacked potency when they were made. If there had been a consistently pursued union foreign policy, the conditions for coordinating domestic conflicts over the issue of democracy would have been different, because the domestic conflict was not per se only about two nations but also about vertical and political differences within the union across the national frontiers. The question was how the social conflict would be expressed and channelled. Would it strengthen or weaken the national differences? After all, a Norwegian-Swedish left-wing collaboration for social and political reforms was not unconceivable; this would have forced collaboration on the conservative forces as well, with a consequent strengthening of the union. But this did not happen. Without political institutions the social conflict was brought via the question of foreign policy representation into the national conflict, reinforcing the difference between the two nations. Domestic policy and foreign policy were interwoven, not through the union but nationally. This scenario is basically the problem that faces the European Union today. Like the two national states, the union was based on a construction in which meaning was created by communication, language and symbols. The union and its parts, like the European Union and its member states, may be seen as imagined communities (Benedict Anderson) in which it is important to specify the form and content in imago, the fiction, and provide Union and Democracy – Viewpoints on the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway 121

a normative foundation for exercising power and for self-understanding and division into “us” and “them”. It is from such processes of community building that laws and institutions develop. The question of why union institutions developed to such a small extent is to be seen against the background of the origin of the union, which in a way placed it in the same pattern as empires like the Hapsburg or the Russian ones. Different peoples in these empires had considerable degrees of autonomy in religion, politics, culture and social matters as long as they accepted the emperor’s sovereignty. His sphere included foreign policy as a relic of the era of monarchical despotism and war, which required quick and often secret decisions. The centrifugal forces that the king’s activist foreign policy released after 1848 could be controlled by governments as late as 1864, but the economic crisis of the 1870s onwards and the success of the Swedish protectionists led to a negative spiral that the union was unable to control.

Bo Stråth has been Professor of Modern History at the European University in Florence since 1997. From 1990 to 1996 he was Professor of History at Göteborg University. This essay is based on his Union och demokrati. Sverige och Norge, 1814–1905 (Nya Doxa, Stockholm 2005. 700 pages. Illustrated. Union and Democracy. Sweden and Norway, 1814–1905) For references, please see this book. 94 Socialism, feminism, and a post-colonial experiment: Barbro Johansson, missionary and politician 94 Statistical information on research grants

his section presents an overview in the form of tables showing the grants approved. The presentation starts with three summary tables (Tables 1–3). Tables 4–8 and 11-12 give statistics of project grants approved from the Bank of Sweden Donation, Twhile Tables 9–10 give corresponding information about grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. All amounts are stated inclusive of overhead charges. The distribution of grants between the (various scientific) subject areas can be seen in Tables 4 and 9. Information about the ratio between continuation grants and new grants in the Bank of Sweden Donation is reported in Table 7. New and continuation grants respectively, broken down by subject area, are shown in Tables 5 and 6 for the Bank of Sweden Donation and in Table 9 for the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. The distribution of grants between different educational institutions is reported in Tables 8 and 10, while Tables 11 and 12 report grants for infrastructure support. Several of the projects receiving grants, especially the larger ones within the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, are of an interdisciplinary character. For this reason it is not possible to give an exact breakdown by subject or faculty area. As to the gender-based apportionment of project leaders, it can be noted that we have reached the 40–60 percent mark. A preliminary count of all those taking part in the Foundation’s new projects shows that approximately 55 percent are men and 45 percent women.

123 124 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 1

Research grants approved in 2004 by donation (amounts in SEK ‘000) The Bank of Sweden Donation 133 631 The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 118 640 Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 540 Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 170

Total 252 981

Table 2

Research grants approved in 2004 from the Bank of Sweden Donation (amounts in SEK ‘000) Project grants (further details are given in tables 4–8) 97 648 Infrastructure support (further details are given in tables 11–12) 18 931 Travel grants 307 International collaboration 5 016 Co-operation with the Riksdag 365 Nils-Eric Svensson fund 300 Fees to experts 918 Payment to co-opted members 1 417 Conferences, information 1 799 Sector committee for research on the civil society 2 966 Sector committee for research on culture, security and sustainable development 2 965 Sector committee for research on public economy 999

Total 133 631

Table 3

Research grants approved in 2004 from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation (amounts in SEK ‘000) Project grants (further details are given in Tables 9–10) 100 925 Grants for symposia, research planning and research information 14 910 Sector committee for research on the knowledge society 2 805

Total 118 640 Fees to experts 515 Conferences, information 675 Sector committee for research on the knowledge society 3 446

Total 169 920 Statistics 125 the bank of sweden donation

Table 4

Total number of applications approved (continuation and new applications) in relation to total number of applications, 2004 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN Anthropology 1 1 700 25 12 13 Archaeology 2 1 1 1 975 17 12 5 Architecture 10 5 5 Art/aesthetic subjects 1 1 1 100 14 3 11 Business economics 11 8 3 9 393 70 46 24 Cinema and theatre studies 5 1 4 Classical languages 1 1 1 100 14 8 6 Cultural geaography 5 2 3 4 870 26 14 12 Economics 5 5 5 500 40 36 4 Economic history 3 1 2 3 610 32 25 7 Education 2 2 2 484 32 15 17 Ethnology 2 2 2 020 14 7 7 History 9 5 4 7 755 39 20 19 History of ideas 2 1 1 1 960 20 11 9 History of religion 4 1 3 3 700 25 16 9 Information technology 3 2 1 1 880 22 14 8 Law 6 4 2 6 507 22 9 13 Linguistics 2 1 1 2 100 14 9 5 Literature 5 2 3 4 365 33 19 14 Medicine 4 2 2 4 114 22 14 8 Modern languages 4 4 2 320 23 16 7 Musicology 2 2 1 750 11 8 3 Peace and conflict research 9 6 3 Philosophy 5 3 2 3 930 29 23 6 Political science 7 6 1 6 520 42 33 9 Psychology 10 8 2 8 815 60 44 16 Sociology 5 1 4 6 821 85 45 40 Statistics 1 1 830 5 4 1

Total 102 61 41 96 119 760 475 285 Northern sinners: Sweden and Finland in the Medieval 88 Penitentiary records Statistics 127

Table 5

New applications approved, by subject area, in relation to total number of applications, 2004 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Anthropology 24 12 12 Archaeology 1 1 1 200 16 12 4 Architecture 10 5 5 Art/aestehetic subjects 1 1 1 100 14 3 11 Business economics 5 3 2 5 500 64 41 23 Cinema and theatre studies 5 1 4 Classical languages 1 1 1 100 14 8 6 Cultural geography 3 2 1 4 000 24 14 10 Economics 4 4 4 500 39 35 4 Economic history 1 1 1 500 30 24 6 Education 1 1 1 800 31 15 16 Ethnology 1 1 1 400 13 7 6 History 2 2 2 750 32 15 17 History of ideas 1 1 1 400 19 10 9 History of religion 2 1 1 2 600 23 16 7 Information technology 1 1 1 010 20 13 7 Law 3 2 1 3 970 19 7 12 Linguistics 1 1 1 400 13 8 5 Literature 2 2 2 225 30 17 13 Medicine 2 2 2 700 20 12 8 Modern languages 1 1 600 17 10 7 Musicology 1 1 950 10 7 3 Peace and conflict research 9 6 3 Philosophy 2 1 1 2 300 29 23 6 Political science 3 2 1 3 950 38 29 9 Psychology 2 2 3 230 52 38 14 Sociology 4 4 5 775 84 44 40 Statistics 3 3

TOTAL 45 23 22 56 960 702 435 267

Northern sinners: Sweden and Finland in the Medieval 88 Penitentiary records 128 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 6

Continuation applications approved, by subject area in 2004 (amounts in SEK ’000)

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED

Anthropology 1 1 700 Archaeology 1 1 775 Business economics 6 5 1 3 893 Cultural geography 2 2 870 Economics 1 1 1 000 Economic history 2 1 1 2 110 Education 1 1 684 Ethnology 1 1 620 History 7 5 2 5 005 History of ideas 1 1 560 History of religion 2 2 1 100 Information technology 2 1 1 870 Law 3 2 1 2 537 Linguistics 1 1 700 Literature 3 2 1 2 140 Medicine 2 2 1 414 Modern languages 3 3 1 720 Musicology 1 1 800 Philosophy 3 2 1 1 630 Political science 4 4 2 570 Psychology 8 6 2 5 585 Sociology 1 1 1 046 Statistics 1 1 830

Total 57 38 19 39 159 Statistics 129

Table 7

Summary table: continuation grants and new grants in 2004 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANTS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Continuation grants 57 38 19 39 159 000 58 40 18 New grants 45 23 22 56 960 000 702 435 267

Total 102 61 41 96 119 000 760 475 285

Printing grants 12 842 075 Conference grants 2 335 000 Special grants 3 351 500

Total 131 97 647 575 130 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 8

New grants and continuation grants approved, by administering institution 2004 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 470 1 Dalarna University College 390 1 Forskning & Framsteg 315 1 Gothenburg Research Institute 1 000 1 Göteborg University 12 653 14 Gotland University College 350 1 Institute for Futures Studies 1 500 1 Institute for Management of Innovation and Technology 1 500 1 Institute of Psycho-social Medicine 177 1 Jönköping International Business School 850 1 Karolinska Institutet 2 614 3 Karolinska University Hospital 887 1 Kristianstad University College 780 1 KTH, Royal Institute of Technology 1 700 2 Linköping University 4 675 4 Lund University 14 240 14 Mid Sweden University 1 010 1 Museum of World Culture 620 1 The National Archives 1 100 1 Nordic Institute for Asia Studies 700 1 Örebro University 1 230 2 Stockholm Institute for Financial Research 1 100 1 Stockholm School of Economics 1 885 3 Stockholm University 17 581 17 The Swedish Research Council 1 000 1 Umeå University 4 225 5 University of Copenhagen 1 200 1 Uppsala University 18 552 17 Växjö University 1 215 2 Voxenåsen 600 1

Total 96 119 102 Statistics 131 the humanities and social sciences donation

Table 9

Continuation applications approved, by subject area, in relation to the total number of applications for continuation grants in 2004

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Humanities 21 15 6 43 650 000 21 15 6 Humanities/Social Sciences 8 6 2 22 800 000 8 6 2 Social Sciences 13 10 3 27 400 000 13 10 3

Total 42 31 11 93 850 000 42 31 11

Printing grants 12 1 136 700 Conference grants 4 938 300 Graduate School for Museum Officials 1 5 000 000

Total 59 100 925 000 132 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 10

Continuation grants approved, by administering institution, 2004 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER

Conserts Sweden 1 600 Dalarna University College 1 2 300 Diakonistiftelsen Samariterhemmet 1 2 300 Göteborg University 6 13 450 KTH, Royal Institute of Technology 2 5 300 Lund University 4 10 100 The Royal Library 1 1 700 The Silver Museum 1 2 500 Södertörn University College 2 5 500 Stockholm School of Economics 2 6 500 The Swedish Institute at Athens 1 2 600 Swedish Linnaeus Society 1 1 500 The Swedish National Maritime museums 1 500 Stockholm University 7 17 100 Umeå University 4 9 300 Uppsala University 5 9 200 Uppsala University Library 1 1 000 Örebro University 1 2 400

Total 42 93 850 Statistics 133 infrastructure support

Table 10

Continuation grants approved, by administering institution, 2004 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER

Total 42 93 850 95 Exile and tradition annual report

The aims of the The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation is an independent foun- Foundation dation whose aim is to promote and support scientific research. The Foundation was created in 1962 through an endowment from the Bank of Sweden to mark its three-hundredth anniversary in 1968 and at the same time to promote “an important national cause”. The annual return on the Bank of Sweden Donation was to be used to promote scientific research linked to Sweden. On 1 January 1988 the Foundation was given new statutes, which meant that it became an independent financial actor. Operations in this new form started with a capital of SEK 1.5 billion. During subsequent years further donations were received. Regarding the way in which the aims are to be promoted, the statutes that apply today state: • that priority shall be given to fields of research whose funding requirements are not adequately met in other ways; • that the Foundation’s funds shall be used in particular to support major, long-term research work; • that special attention shall be paid to new research projects requiring prompt and vigorous action; • that the Foundation shall seek to promote contacts with international research. In 1993 the Riksdag approved a further donation to the Foundation of SEK 1.5 billion, the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. Appended to this decision was a memorandum that laid down guidelines for the use of this donation in the following areas: • the establishment of research centres or research fields of international importance; • support for projects and programs involving a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary approach; • the establishment of networks or more permanent forms of cooperation, both nationally and internationally, including the establishment of an international exchange program for researchers; • the promotion of postgraduate education and researcher recruitment; • the encouragement of mobility among researchers internationally and between universities/university colleges and other organisations.

135 136 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The year’s activities The primary work of the Board of Trustees of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation is to decide on questions concerning the allocation of grants to research projects, the budget, guidelines for financial activities and rules for delegation. The Board met four times during the year. Its members take part in the preparatory committees together with representatives of universities and university colleges. These committees assess the research applications at two full-day meetings a year and present proposals to the Board. On 1 November the Board appointed seven new members and the preparatory committees 14 new members. During the past year grants were made to 64 new projects; 107 continuation projects received grants or continued work on the basis of funds allocated previously. The executive committee of the Board met six times during the year. The Board has delegated to this committee decisions concerning grants for research planning, conferences, seminars, workshops, the development of scientific networks and the like. During the year 98 applications for grants of this kind were approved. Owing to a reorganisation of the grants, the Board decided in 2003 that funds for new research projects from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation would not be advertised in 2004. During the year the Board decided on a new system for advertising calls for research projects. From 2005 there will be four forms of support for research projects: research initiation, infrastructural support, projects and programs. The greatest changes involved are the transition to approving grants only on a one-time basis and the allocation of funds for programs, that is, when a large group of expert researchers work for a long period (6–8 years). With these programs, which cost around SEK 5 million, the Foundation will be able to negotiate about overhead costs at the universities. The Foundation arranges symposiums and seminars, sometimes in collaboration with other research-supporting bodies in Sweden or abroad. It regularly cooperates with the Riksdag in such arrangements. This year was notable for the conference entitled “The Status of Parliament in the Constitution”. The Foundation has also issued a number of publications during the year. The Foundation evaluates and follows up continually the projects that have been allocated grants. At the end of the project period, a financial report has to be submitted to the Foundation together with a summary of its scientific activities and the publications the project has generated. In addition, more comprehensive project visits are made every year by the preparatory committees concerned. Twenty-two projects were visited during the year. A number of scholarships were awarded during the year from the Erik Rönnberg Donations for Medical Research and from the Nils-Eric Ericsson Fund for Promoting the Exchange of Researchers in Europe. At present the Foundation funds four research schools: one in modern Annual Report 137

languages, one in mathematics with the emphasis on teaching methods, one in Asian-Pacific studies and a research school aimed at reinforcing scientific competence among museum staff. For some years now the Foundation has set up sector committees within research fields that ate judged to be important but as yet poorly developed or not given sufficient attention. Their aim is to initiate and encourage new research. At present four such groups are active: the Sector Committee for Research on the Knowledge Society, the Sector Committee for Research on Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development, the Sector Committee for Research on the Civil Society and the Sector Committee for Research on the Public Economy, Steering and Leadership. Ten or so researchers are involved in each committee. Through its commitment to the European Foundation Centre (EFC), the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Corporations (NEF) and the Hague Club and other such organisations, the Foundation is an active player in European cooperation, especially in the fields of social and cultural affairs. During the past few years cooperation with Germany has increased in particular, above all through the Foundation’s continuous collaboration with Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. Thanks to the Foundation’s Managing Director, Dan Brändström, the Foundation plays an active part within CNERP (the Swedish Committee for a New European Research Policy).

Evaluation The Board of the Foundation decided on 21 March 2002 to evaluate its work. This decision has three parts: 1) a broad analysis and assessment of the Foundation’s research support, 2) the Foundation’s financial activities and 3) the part-funding of Foundation Project 2004, which focuses on the role of the wage earners fund foundations in the national system of research and higher education. The evaluation of the Foundation’s activities in the periods 1989–1996 and 1997–2002 was presented in March 2003. The evaluation of research support was completed in 2004. The foundation project reported its preliminary results at a full-day conference in the Riksdag on 5 May. The final report will be presented at a seminar in spring 2005 arranged by SISTER. The final report of the major evaluation of the Foundation’s research support was published on 20 November 2004 under the title Hinc Robur et Securitas? The dealings of a research foundation. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, 1989–2003. This was presented at a conference in the Riksdag on 2 December, the 40th anniversary of the Riksdag´s decision to establish the Foundation. The evaluation is presented in greater detail elsewhere in the annual report. See the section on research-supporting activities (p. 00) and the articles by Sverker Gustavsson and Anders Mellbourn. 138 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Result and For the full year 2004 the Foundation reports a profit of SEK 514 million financial status (exclusive unrealised profits). The market value of the Foundation’s investments has developed well. The result, including unrealised profits, amounts to SEK 758 million (2003: 939 million). In addition, the Foundation allocated SEK 253 million for research grants and set aside SEK 16 million to maintain the real value of the donations. The Foundation’s direct return in the form of interest income, dividends and an operational surplus from real estate amounted in the year to SEK 245 million (231). The Foundation’s administrative costs for the year amounted were SEK 25 million (23), corresponding to 0.3 per cent of the average market value of its assets. From 2003 the Board of the Foundation has established an investment policy to achieve a future average real return of at least 4 per cent. This is judged to provide a basis for securing the real value of the Foundation’s capital and an active distribution policy aimed at promoting and supporting scientific research. The total return for 2004 amounted to 11 per cent, while the rate of inflation was only 0.4 per cent. This means that the Foundation’s real return for the year amounted to 10.6 per cent, which exceeds the long- term goal by 6.6 per cent. (See also Diagrams 1–4 for past performance). During the year the proportion of equity in the investments increased from 45 per cent to 51 per cent with the aim of improving the Foundation’s long-term return. In order to finance the increase in share holdings, the proportion of short-term, interest-bearing investments was reduced. During this period funds from Swedish and American shares were reinvested in European shares. Nevertheless, the portfolio has had a greater weighting of Swedish shares throughout the year thanks to their rise in value. The proportion of bonds in the total portfolio at year end was approximately at the same level as at the beginning of the year, about 25 per cent of total investments. However, the Foundation increased its holding of nominal bonds and reduced its holding of index-linked bonds when differences in valuations arose that made part of the real-interest market less interesting. In the long-term it is judged that index-linked bonds will be attractive investments that suit the Foundation’s investment policy. Thus the Foundation has chosen to retain some investment of this type. The Foundation’s share portfolios produced a total return of 17.3 per cent. The total return on Swedish shares was 22.4 per cent and on foreign shares 9 per cent, of which 9.7 per cent in Europe exclusive currency protection. During the full year 2004 the share index (including dividends) in Sweden rose by 21.3 per cent, while the Europe index (MSCI Europe) produced a return of 11.1 per cent. The investment strategy of having a large proportion of Swedish shares and of investing in foreign shares mostly in Europe resulted in a return that was considerably greater than the world Annual Report 139

index (MSCI World), which gave a return of 6.1 per cent in Swedish kronor during the year. The Foundation’s interest-bearing portfolio produced a return of 5.7 per cent during the period. During the year bond interest rates have fallen, partly owing to the low rate of inflation despite rising raw material prices. This means that the Foundation’s bond investments gave a good absolute return. At the end of 2004 the interest rate for five-year government bonds was 3.3 per cent, compared with 4.1 per cent at the beginning of the year. The interest rate for one-year treasury bills fell during the same period to 2.2 per cent from 2.8 per cent. At the present low interest levels the expected return on both short-term interest-bearing investments and Swedish bonds is considerably lower than the Foundation’s long-term goal. The Foundation’s properties gave a total return of 3.2 per cent for the year. The market value of the residential properties has continued to increase, while the value of commercial properties in Stockholm has fallen. The Foundation’s office premises in central Malmö have an unchanged value compared with last year. No purchases or sales of property took place during the year. Since 2003 hedge funds are reported as separate assets in the balance sheet. The total return during the year on this class of investment, which comprises about 4 per cent of the total assets, was 4.4 per cent. The average return on the Foundation’s investments in hedge funds from the starting point in October 2001 is about 8.6 per cent per annum. In order to give further information on the Foundation’s financial status, the report, as previously, is complemented by a balance sheet in which assets and liabilities are given at market value. In addition, the balance sheet is complemented by the item “Changes in unrealised profits”, which, in combination with the results of disposals and the depreciation of financial instruments net, gives a positive result of SEK 537 million. At year end the market value of the Foundation’s assets amounted to a value that exceeded the book value by SEK 1,042 million (798). The Foundation’s equity capital increased during the year from SEK 6,166 million to 6,426 million. The Foundation’s total capital (equity capital at market value) increased from SEK 6,964 to 7,469 million. Of the Foundation’s total assets at market value at the end of 2004 the proportion of equity was 51 per cent (45), property 8 per cent (9), interest- bearing investments 37 per cent (42) and hedge funds 4 per cent (4). Of these assets 19 per cent were denominated in foreign currency but the exposure to these currencies only amounted to 10 per cent after deductions for outstanding term contracts, whose nominal sum on 31 December 2004 was SEK 746 million. The Foundation utilises term contracts as a means of reducing the Foundation’s vulnerability to future currency changes. During the year the net result of term contracts was SEK 11 million, which mainly 140 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

refers to proﬁts in the currency protection of American share holdings that were sold during the year. For the year as a whole the Swedish krona remai- ned relatively stable against both the euro and the British pound.

Financial result On the basis of the profit-and-loss account (and its various notes) a summary can be made consisting solely of financial items at market value. These items are collected in a Table (see Table 1) according to the type of asset. The Financial Result Table shows that the Foundation’s share portfolios gave a profit of SEK 578 million. The Foundation’s properties showed a profit of SEK 20 million. The interest-bearing investments gave a profit of SEK 164 million exclu- ding currency gains. The Foundation’s investments in hedge funds showed a profit of SEK 13 million. The financial result has to be reduced for interest costs on loans and financial costs. The overall financial result for 2004 amounts to SEK 782 million, which corresponds to a return of 11.2 per cent (15.2) calculated on equity capital at the start of the year. After setting aside a sum to maintain the real value of the Foundation’s capital, the financial result should cover research grants of SEK 253 million and administration costs of SEK 25 million. The surplus is SEK 488 million. Annual Report 141

FIGURE 1–4

Financial operations Figure 2. Real return in percentage – ten-year summary of equity capital at year start

On 1 January 1988 the Bank of Sweden 50% Tercentenary Foundation acquired new statutes, 40% making it an independent financial player. In 30% order to maintain a stable level of research grants 20% the Board set up in 2003 a long-term goal that 10% the real (adjusted for inflation) annual return should exceed 4 per cent over time. Between 0% 1995 and 2004 this goal was attained with a good -10% margin. During this ten-year period research -20% grants corresponding to SEK 2,921 million were 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 approved. Shown below in the form of bar charts are the developments over the past ten years of four fundamental financial indicators: total return, Figure 3. Equity capital (SEK m) real return (adjusted for inflation), equity capi- at market value tal at market value and annual research grants 10 000 approved. 8 000

6 000

4 000

2 000

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Figure 1. Total return in percentage of equity capital at year start

50%

40% Figure 4. Approved grants for research (SEK m)

30% 500

20% 400

10% 300

0% 200

-10% 100

-20% 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 142 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

TABLE 1

Financial result SEK ’000

ASSETS INCOME/EXPENSE 2004 2003

Properties Income 37 897 40 663 Depreciation −6 114 −6 083 Reversed write-downs − 47 000 Tax refund −90 408 Other expenses −18 564 −36 465 Change in unrealized gains 6 614 −50 216

Total properties 19 743 −4 693

Shares Dividends 102 819 89 077 Realized gains/losses 39 356 −346 287 Reversed write-downs 345 955 1 078 944 Write-downs −165 115 −345 955 Change in unrealized gains 254 823 329 345

Total shares 577 838 805 124

Hedge funds Dividends 12 925 21 377 Realized gains/losses 4 658 2 745 Reversed write-downs − 75 Change in unrealized gains −4 320 −11 065

Total hedge funds 13 263 13 132

Interest-bearing Bank funds Interest income 3 602 12 576 Foreign exchange gains/losses −761 −5 986 Currency futures Interest income 68 1 644 Foreign exchange gains/losses 11 242 11 534 Reversed write-downs 60 – Write-downs − –60 Commercial papers Interest income 24 722 29 104 Bonds Interest income 80 917 74 861 Realized gains/losses 68 221 56 313 Change in unrealized gains −13 063 −29 640

Total interest-bearing assets 175 008 150 346 Interest expenses −1 485 −2 708 Financial expenses −2 084 −1 938

Financial result 782 283 959 263 Annual Report 143

Income statement SEK ’000

NOTE 2004 2003

FOUNDATION INCOME Dividends (shares, hedge funds) 1 115 744 110 454 Interest income 2 109 309 118 185 Result properties 3 13 219 45 115 Result from disposal and write-downs of financial instruments 4 293 075 445 835 Foreign exchange result etc. 5 11 446 8 774

FOUNDATION EXPENSES Financial expenses 6 −2 084 −1 938 Personnel expenses 7,8,9 −18 497 −16 114 External expenses 10 −6 616 −6 491 Depreciation of equipment 15 −333 −364 Interest expenses 3 −1 485 −2 708

Profit/loss for the year 21 513 778 700 748

Change in unrealized gains 11 244 054 238 424

Real change in equity capital before award of research grants 22 757 832 939 172 144 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Balance sheet SEK ’000

NOTE 31 DEC. 2004 31 DEC. 2003 BOOK MARKET BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE

ASSETS FIXED ASSETS Tangible assets Properties 13,14 331 525 629 000 337 639 628 500 Equipment 15 557 557 372 372

Total tangible assets 332 082 629 557 338 011 628 872

Financial assets Bonds 16 1 824 531 1 909 124 1 612 321 1 709 976 Shares 17 3 308 769 3 932 927 2 912 373 3 281 709 Hedge funds 18 275 788 311 927 255 659 296 118

Total financial assets 5 409 088 6 153 978 4 780 353 5 287 803 Total fixed assets 5 741 170 6 783 535 5 118 364 5 916 675

CURRENT ASSETS Other current receivables 19 249 990 249 990 65 715 65 715 Deferred expenses and accrued income 20 45 643 45 643 41 747 41 747 Commercial papers 843 724 843 724 1 029 176 1 029 176 Cash and bank 136 574 136 574 261 122 261 122

Total current assets 1 275 931 1 275 931 1 397 760 1 397 760 Total assets 7 017 101 8 059 466 6 516 124 7 314 435 Annual Report 145

NOTE 31 DEC. 2004 31 DEC. 2002 BOOK MARKET BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE

EQUITY CAPITAL AND LIABILITIES

RESTRICTED CAPITAL 21,22 Donation capital 2 381 836 2 381 836 2 372 346 2 372 346 NON-RESTRICTED CAPITAL 21,22 Humanities and Social Sciencies Donation 1 722 401 1 722 401 1 715 539 1 715 539 Retained earnings 27 2 322 124 3 364 489 2 077 679 2 875 990

Total equity capital 6 426 361 7 468 726 6 165 564 6 963 875

PROVISIONS Provisions for pensions 2 205 2 205 2 286 2 286

Total provisions 2 205 2 205 2 286 2 286

LONG-TERM LIABILITIES Mortgage loans 85 100 85 100 65 100 65 100

Total long-term liabilities 85 100 85 100 65 100 65 100

CURRENT LIABILITIES Grants approved but not yet disbursed 224 230 224 230 253 529 253 529 Accounts payable 3 256 3 256 2 064 2 064 Currency futures 23 − − 60 60 Other current liabilities 24 267 944 267 944 19 745 19 745 Accrued expenses and deferred income 25 8 005 8 005 7 776 7 776

Total current liabilities 503 435 503 435 283 174 283 174 Total liabilities 590 740 590 740 350 560 350 560 Total equity capital and liabilities 7 017 101 8 059 466 6 516 124 7 314 435

PLEDGED ASSETS 26 Property mortgages 90 611 67 914 Bonds pledged for derivatives − 18 861

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Grants approved to be disbursed from return in the year ahead 49 830 95 344

146 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Cash ﬂow statement SEK ’000

2004 2003

Cash flow from the operating activities Profit/loss for the year 513 778 700 748 Adjustment for non-cash items: Depreciation of tangible fixed assets 6 447 6 448 Reversed write-downs of tangible fixed assets − –47 000 Reversed write-downs of financial fixed assets –345 955 –1 079 019 Write-downs of financial fixed assets 165 115 345 955 Capital result –112 004 287 229 Change in provisions for pensions –81 –56 Change in accrued income interest –4 315 –6 335 Change in accrued expense interest 462 –102

Cash flow from the operating activities before changes in short-term operating receivables and liabilities 223 447 207 868

Cash flow from changes in short-term operating receivables and liabilities Change in short-term receivables 1 596 –105 445 Change in short-term liabilities 249 099 4 827

Cash flow from the operating activities 474 142 107 250

Cash flow from investment activities Investments in tangible fixed assets −605 −1 417 Disposals of tangible fixed assets 87 − Investments in financial fixed assets −4 560 513 −1 945 789 Disposals of financial fixed assets 4 224 622 1 940 665

Cash flow from investment activities −336 409 −6 541

Cash flow from financing activities Change in long-term liabilities 20 000 −

Cash flow from financing activities 20 000 0

Cash flow from grants approved Change in grants approved but not yet disbursed −29 300 −73 725 Grants approved for the year −252 981 −279 779

Cash flow from grants approved −282 281 −353 504 Net cash flow for the year −124 548 −252 795

Cash and bank at start of year 261 122 513 917 Cash and bank at end of year 136 574 261 122 Annual Report 147

Accounting and valuation principles

The Annual Report and the accounting and valuation principles utilized are in conformity with the Swedish Annual Accounts Act. Accounting and valuation principles are unchanged.

valuation of tangible assets Valuation book Tangible assets are valued at acquisition value with deductions for values write-downs and linear depreciation. Here, the following percentages are adopted for annual depreciation: Buildings 2% Equipment 20% Computers 33.33% Land is valued at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Investments in software, both developed in-house and acquired, are expensed as incurred.

Valuation The market values of properties are based on external valuations made market values by reputable valuation ﬁrms. Equipment and computers are valued at book value.

valuation of financial assets Valuation book values Share-related securities are valued individually at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Hedge funds are valued collectively at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Interest-bearing securities are valued collectively at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Accrued interest on coupon bonds is shown as accrued income in the balance sheet. Zero coupon bonds are valued at accrued acquisition value. Foreign securities are valued on the basis of the exchange rate at the time of acquisition.

Valuation Interest-bearing and share-related securities are valued at real value. market values Real value is normally the last paid rate on the balance sheet date or, if such is missing, the last buy rate. Hedge funds are valued at real value. Real value is normally the value that is reported from each fund manager. Foreign securities are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. 148 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

valuation of current assets Valuation book value Receivables are posted at the amount that, after individual assessment is estimated to be paid. Receivables in foreign currency are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Non-matured currency futures are valued on the principle of the lowest value. Thus, if the asset class “currency futures” has a negative marked value, it is entered as a liability and the corresponding write- down is made. The difference between forward and spot rates is perio- dized over the term of the futures and is entered as accrued interest income. Accrued interest on commercial papers is entered as accrued income in the balance sheet. Bank deposits in foreign currency are valued at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date.

Valuation Market values correspond to book values except for currency futures, market values which are valued at real value.

valuation liabilities Liabilities in foreign currency are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date.

approved research grants Approved research grants are reported directly against non-restricted equity capital. Approved grants are debited at the time the decision is taken.

equity capital At book value Booked equity capital comprises restricted and non-restricted equity capital. The restricted equity capital (donation capital) consists of the Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg’s Donations. According to the terms of the donation, the real value of these donations is to be maintained over time. That will be done through an annual allocation to restricted capital, which is calculated on the basis of the development of the Swedish consumer price index between the years. The restricted equity capital is not accessible for distribution. Non-restricted equity capital consists of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation and the retained earnings. In the case of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, the terms of the donation Annual Report 149

state that its capital may be used for research grants. Within the scope of the non-restricted equity capital, an allocation is however made in order to maintain the real value of the Donation. The retained earnings consists of proﬁts less allocation for maintaining the real value of the Donations and less approved research grants. According to a decision taken by the Board in 1992, the lowest amount for the retained earnings shall be equal to a normal three-year distribution of research funds.

At market value The equity capital at market value corresponds to the Foundation’s net assets, i.e. assets less liabilities at market values. 89 Traditional botanical knowledge and the use of wild plants in North- West Estonia

152 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Notes AMOUNTS IN SEK ’000

Note 1. Dividends 2004 2003

Shares 102 819 89 077 Hedge funds 12 925 21 377

Total 115 744 110 454

Note 2. Interest income 2004 2003

Bonds 80 917 74 861 Commerial papers 24 722 29 104 Currency futures 68 1 644 Bank 3 602 12 576

Total 109 309 118 185

Note 3. Result properties 2004 2003

Income from rents 37 897 40 663 Depreciation −6 114 −6 083 Reversed write-downs − 47 000 Other expenses −18 564 −36 465

Total 13 219 45 115

Of the property income, 2 013 (2 276), constitutes an estimated internal rent for the Foundation’s own premises. The interest expense, 1 485 (2 708), reported in the income statement relates to loans secured against the Foundation’s properties. See also notes 13 and 14.

Note 4. Result from disposal and write-downs of financial instruments 2004 2003

Capital result bonds 68 221 56 313 Capital result shares 39 356 −346 287 Reversed write-downs shares 345 955 1 078 944 Write-downs shares −165 115 −345 955 Capital result hedge funds 4 658 2 745 Reversed write-downs hedge funds − 75

Total 293 075 445 835 Annual Report 153

Note 5. Foreign exchange result etc. 2004 2003

Unutilized grants 995 2 877 Exchange result unrealized −761 −5 986 Exchange result currency futures 11 242 11 534 Reversed write-downs currency futures 60 − Write-downs currency futures − −60 Tax refund –90 408 Miscellaneous − 1

Total 11 446 8 774

Note 6. Financial expenses 2004 2003

Safe-custody charge 552 355 Management fees − 328 Other financial expenses 1 532 1 255

Total 2 084 1 938

Note 7. Salaries, other remuneration and social security costs 2004 2003

Salaries and other remuneration: Board and Managing Director 2 269 2 512 Other staff 7 994 6 024 Accrued salaries 4 10

Total 10 267 8 546 Social security costs 7 743 6 872 – of which pension costs 3 572 3 323

Of pension costs 654 (658) relates to the Board and Managing Director.

Note 8. Average number of employees 2004 2003

Women 6 6 Men 8 7

Total 14 13 154 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 9. Information of absence due to sickness 2004 SHORT TERM ABSENCE LONG TERM ABSENCE

Women 0.65% 0.00% Men 0.00% 0.00%

Total 0.29% 0.00% According to the Swedish Annual Accounts Act a breakdown by age group should not be done if those groups consist of fewer than 10 employees. Therefore no breakdown by age group has been done. The absence is stated in per cent of the total working hours of the group.

Note 10. Remuneration to auditors 2004 2003

Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers (internal audit and consulting) 185 215 The Swedish National Audit Office (external audit) 321 –

Total 506 215

Note 11. Change in unrealized gains 2004 2003 CHANGE

Properties 297 475 290 861 6 614 Bonds 84 593 97 656 –13 063 Shares 624 158 369 335 254 823 Hedge funds 36 139 40 459 –4 320

Total 1 042 365 798 311 244 054

Note 12. Allocation for maintenance of real value

The average consumer price index in 2004 was 279.2. The corresponding index for 2003 was 278.1, giving an increase between 2003 and 2004 of 0.4%. The indexed real value of the donation capital (restricted capital) will therefore increase by 2 372 346 x 0.004 = 9 490 while the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation (non-restricted capital) is increased by 1 715 539 x 0.004 = 6 862. See also notes 21 and 22. Annual Report 155

Note 13. Properties BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Styrpinnen 23, Stockholm 77 473 79 000 Claus Mortensen 24, Malmö 75 226 94 000 Brännaren 7, Stockholm 15 517 47 000 Kampsången 4, Stockholm 10 611 37 000 Sländan 2, Stockholm 7 732 36 000 Trädlärkan 2, Stockholm 14 435 25 000 Rekryten 6, Stockholm 24 767 81 000 Snöklockan 1, Stockholm 21 424 59 000 Jasminen 4, Stockholm 14 525 37 000 Apelträdet 5, Stockholm 13 949 31 000 Hjorten 17, Stockholm 16 698 58 000 Sånglärkan 12, Stockholm 39 168 45 000

Total 331 525 629 000

The properties are owned by 100%. 156 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 14. Properties 2004 2003

Buildings Acquisition values, brought forward 305 718 302 618 Investments for the year − 3 100

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 305 718 305 718

Depreciation, brought forward −59 307 −53 224 Depreciation for the year −6 114 −6 083

Accumulated depreciation, carried forward −65 421 −59 307

Write-downs, brought forward −29 800 −62 700 Reversed write-downs Styrpinnen 23 − 32 900

Accumulated write-downs, carried forward −29 800 −29 800

Land Acquisition values, brought forward 135 128 135 128

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 135 128 135 128

Write-downs, brought forward −14 100 −28 200 Reversed write-downs Styrpinnen 23 − 14 100

Accumulated write-downs, carried forward −14 100 −14 100

Residual value according to plan, carried forward 331 525 337 639 Tax-assessment values, buildings 224 379 312 520 Tax-assessment values, land 235 755 174 775

The market values of properties are specified in note 13. See also note 3. Annual Report 157

Note 15. Equipment 2004 2003

Acquisition values, brought forward 3 539 3 482 Purchases 605 57 Sales and rejects –644 –

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 3 500 3 539 Depreciation, brought forward –3 167 –2 803 Sales and rejects 557 – Depreciation of the year –333 –364

Accumulated depreciation, carried forward –2 943 –3 167 Residual value according to plan, carried forward 557 372

Note 16. Bonds MATURITY YEAR NOMINAL BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE VALUE

Swedish nominal-interest bonds 2005 100 000 98 812 101 844 2006 464 000 477 962 481 147 2007 240 000 251 273 256 932 2008 191 000 206 584 208 632 2009 232 000 245 171 252 716 2011 50 000 52 477 54 670 2015 122 000 122 543 126 902 2020 40 000 40 310 43 731

Total 1 495 132 1 526 573

Swedish index-linked bonds 2008 152 000 176 233 189 453 2015 75 000 77 519 93 813 2020 35 000 32 840 50 254 2028 36 000 42 807 49 031

Total 329 399 382 551 Total bonds 1 824 531 1 909 124 158 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 17. Shares SWEDISH SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Ainax 29 032 6 619 7 722 Alfa Laval 150 000 16 125 16 125 Assa Abloy B 450 000 51 075 51 075 AstraZeneca SDB 350 000 84 525 84 525 Atlas Copco A 210 000 36 983 63 000 Autoliv SDB 50 000 12 838 15 900 Axfood 120 000 18 762 27 000 Axis 415 000 5 387 7 470 Ballingslöv 80 000 5 120 7 840 Bergman & Beving B 640 000 24 959 48 640 Biotage A 207 800 2 026 2 026 Boliden 375 000 10 650 10 650 Capio 140 000 10 077 11 060 Cardo 50 000 9 139 9 525 Electrolux B 350 000 49 065 53 200 Elekta B 52 000 5 206 9 958 Eniro 94 445 5 794 6 422 Ericsson B 12 100 000 242 242 256 520 FöreningsSparbanken A 550 000 64 441 91 025 G&L Beijer 200 000 13 420 26 600 Gambro B 400 000 25 798 37 300 Getinge Industrier B 500 000 33 117 41 375 Hennes & Mauritz B 775 000 143 801 179 412 Holmen B 70 000 15 838 16 100 Hufvudstaden A 400 000 11 268 19 040 Industrivärden C 200 000 17 595 30 700 Investor B 1 100 000 92 950 92 950 Kinnevik B 210 000 11 082 14 858 Lagercrantz Group B 650 000 14 170 14 170 Medivir B 70 000 6 405 6 405 Mekonomen B 60 000 3 328 11 820 MTG B 75 200 12 123 13 611 Nobia 175 000 10 493 19 250 Nokia SDB 70 000 7 315 7 315 Nordea 2 800 000 119 947 187 600 Observer 361 520 12 653 12 653 Sandvik 175 000 37 342 46 900 SCA B 330 000 82 950 93 555 Scania B 300 000 56 547 78 900 SEB A 650 000 55 904 83 525 Annual Report 159

SWEDISH SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Securitas B 350 000 34 156 39 900 Skandia 1 100 000 36 410 36 410 Skanska B 400 000 27 887 31 900 SKF B 150 000 38 882 44 400 SSAB B 100 000 10 075 15 650 Svedbergs 70 000 6 352 10 290 Svenska Handelsbanken A 725 000 96 419 125 425 Tele 2 B 190 000 49 590 49 590 Telelogic 600 000 9 420 9 420 TeliaSonera 4 000 000 136 274 159 200 Teligent 146 800 3 499 4 228 Teligent BTA 20050120 29 360 323 846 Transcom Worldwide SDB B 447 000 13 967 15 958 Trelleborg B 100 000 10 074 11 300 WM-Data B 850 000 12 240 12 240 Volvo B 400 000 59 548 105 400

Total Swedish shares 1 990 195 2 485 879

FOREIGN SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Belgium Dexia 200 000 28 364 30 538 Fortis 155 000 27 923 28 465 KBC 40 383 20 491 20 590 Denmark DSV 35 000 9 287 15 727 Group 4 Securicor 1 200 000 21 433 21 511 Finland Nokia 200 000 20 395 20 972 Nokian Renkaat 30 000 17 244 30 267 Sponda 210 200 12 915 13 620 Tecnomen 323 238 3 880 3 880 Uponor 100 000 9 594 12 417 France Alcatel 450 000 45 588 46 497 Axa 90 000 14 765 14 765 Cap Gemini 50 000 9 412 10 630 Danone 60 000 36 792 36 792 160 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

FOREIGN SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

France Telecom 75 000 14 832 16 487 Sanofi Aventis 75 000 39 797 39 797 Société Générale 20 000 9 827 13 437 Suez 175 000 28 573 30 985 Technip 22 850 18 276 28 044 Total 30 000 38 444 43 506 Veolia Environnement 125 000 27 798 30 039 Germany Depfa Bank 125 000 13 160 13 931 E.ON 50 000 22 877 30 258 Fresenius Medical Care 25 000 12 803 13 358 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen 46 000 10 378 10 378 Lufthansa 75 000 6 808 7 140 Munich Re 17 500 14 284 14 284 Rational 10 000 4 464 6 178 RWE 50 000 16 477 18 364 SAP 15 000 17 787 17 787 Stada 84 000 11 474 15 077 Greece Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling 90 000 14 603 14 603 OPAP 50 000 6 553 9 187 Great Britain AstraZeneca 80 000 19 280 19 280 Boots 150 000 12 545 12 545 Compass Group 750 000 23 563 23 563 Dignity 200 000 6 749 8 255 Hilton 625 000 22 161 22 686 Lloyds TSB 500 000 27 763 30 173 LogicaCMG 300 000 7 377 7 377 Morrison Supermarkets 550 000 14 525 14 525 Punch Taverns 200 000 13 223 17 619 Reckitt Benckiser 75 000 14 368 15 061 Rexam 361 758 20 251 21 208 Rio Tinto 50 000 9 625 9 779 Sage 200 000 5 161 5 161 Serco 400 000 12 248 12 248 Shire Pharmaceuticals 140 790 9 825 9 825 Smith & Nephew 400 000 25 676 27 201 Standard Chartered 125 000 15 446 15 446 Vodafone 500 000 8 261 9 011 Italy Bulgari 200 000 14 438 16 406 Enel 275 000 16 267 17 945 ENI 180 000 23 690 29 921 Annual Report 161

FOREIGN SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Saipem 300 000 19 137 23 954 Unicredito Italiano 625 000 23 803 23 858 Netherlands Equant 190 844 6 544 6 544 ING Groep 150 000 22 305 30 132 Royal Dutch 50 000 19 000 19 109 V N U 75 000 14 707 14 707 Norway Norsk Hydro 50 000 23 004 26 092 Prosafe 90 150 15 075 16 174 Yara International 170 000 14 104 14 832 Portugal Portugal Telecom 250 000 20 530 20 530 Spain Acerinox 140 000 11 740 14 921 BBVA 250 000 21 527 29 441 Inditex 61 355 11 227 12 015 Telefonica 112 000 13 309 14 008 Telefonica Moviles 275 000 22 515 22 980 Switzerland Adecco 59 000 19 709 19 709 CS Group 90 000 24 437 25 102 Novartis 90 000 29 638 30 091 Richemont 70 000 13 880 15 460 Roche 37 000 28 261 28 261 Zurich Financial 13 000 14 382 14 382

Total foreign shares 1 318 574 1 447 048 Grand total shares 3 308 769 3 932 927

Note 18. Hedge funds NUMBER OF UNITS BOOK VALUE MARKET VALUE

Eikos 382 52 471 68 107 Helios 41 416 50 000 53 474 Nektar 57 222 94 731 105 557 Tanglin 38 312 50 000 55 009 Zenit 797 28 586 29 780

Total 275 788 311 927 denna bild ska retuscheras och tryckanpassas

Governance and health: Moral suasion, coercion and trust in authorities in the 103 improvement of child health denna bild ska retuscheras och tryckanpassas 164 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 19. Other receivables 2004 2003

Rental receivables etc. 78 243 Tax 531 250 Value Added Tax (VAT) − 368 Securities sold but not paid for 248 981 64 424 Miscellaneous 400 430

Total 249 990 65 715

Note 20. Deferred expenses and accrued income 2004 2003

Accrued interest 44 881 40 566 Deferred expenses 762 773 Accrued income − 408

Total 45 643 41 747

Not 21. Equity capital, book value RESTRICTED CAPITAL* NON-RESTRICTED CAPITAL EQUITY CAPITAL

HUMANITIES AND RETAINED SOCIAL SCIENCES DON. EARNINGS

Equity capital, 31 Dec. 2003 2 372 346 1 715 539 2 077 679 6 165 564 Allocation for maintenance of real value of donation capital 9 490 6 862 –16 352 Profit/loss for the year 513 778 513 778 Research grants approved –252 981 –252 981

Equity capital 31 Dec. 2004 2 381 836 1 722 401 2 322 124 6 426 361

* Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg's Donations. Annual Report 165

Not 22. Equity capital, market value RESTRICTED CAPITAL* NON-RESTRICTED CAPITAL EQUITY CAPITAL

HUMANITIES AND RETAINED SOCIAL SCIENCES DON. EARNINGS

Equity capital, 31 Dec. 2003 2 372 346 1 715 539 2 875 990 6 963 875 Allocation for maintenance of real value of donation capital 9 490 6 862 –16 352 Change in equity capital at market value 757 832 757 832 Research grants approved –252 981 –252 981

Equity capital 31 Dec. 2004 2 381 836 1 722 401 3 364 489 7 468 726

* Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg's Donations.

Not 23. Currency futures PURCHASED/SOLD CURRENCY NOMINAL AMOUNT MARKET VALUE

MATURITY MONTH 01-2005 SEK/CHF 17 832 313 SEK/EUR 100 126 864 SEK/GBP 43 106 1 066 SEK/NOK 13 281 151

MATURITY MONTH 02-2005 SEK/CHF 41 516 582 SEK/EUR 188 064 –1 409 SEK/GBP 88 621 –319 SEK/NOK 5 491 19

MATURITY MONTH 03-2005 SEK/CHF 32 358 167 SEK/EUR 188 637 –822 SEK/GBP 11 634 219 SEK/NOK 14 248 17

Total 744 913 847

Book value according to the principle of the lowest value is 0. 166 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 24. Other current liabilities 2004 2003

Employees’ tax at source 658 942 Securities purchased but not paid for 267 056 16 896 Rent deposits − 24 Value Added Tax (VAT) 6 − Management of funds from the Swedish Research Council 25 448 Management of funds from the Riksdag 28 135 Management of funds from SIDA 106 − Management of funds from the Foundation Culture of the Future 65 − Management of funds for project Foundation 2004 − 1 300

Total 267 944 19 745

Note 25. Accrued expenses and deferred income 2004 2003

Social costs 552 878 Holidays earned in advance, but not utilized 756 500 Special (salary) tax on pension insurance premiums 833 778 Accrued salaries 588 1 457 Accrued interest 707 246 Deferred rental income 3 480 3 143 Miscellaneous, properties 889 711 Other accrued expenses 200 63

Total 8 005 7 776 Annual Report 167

Note 26. Pledged securities 2004 2003

For own allocations and debts In respect of liabilities for secured loans and derivatives Property mortgage 90 611 67 914 Bonds pledged for derivatives – 18 861

Total 90 611 86 775

Note 27. Approved grants for research 2004 2003

Grants from the Bank of Sweden Donation, incl. the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund 133 631 109 149 Grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 118 640 169 920 Grants from Erik Rönnberg's Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 540 540 Grants from Erik Rönnberg's Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 170 170

Total 252 981 279 779

For more detailed information, see the sections "New research projects in 2004" (page 81) and "Statistical information on research grants" (page 123). 168 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

stockholm 9 february 2004

Eva Österberg Majléne Westerlund Panke Per Bill Chair Vice Chair

Johan Bygge Christina Garsten Hans Hoff

Lennart Kollmats Mats Larsson Lars Lilja

Rutger Lindahl Kajsa Lindståhl Siw Wittgren-Ahl

Dan Brändström Managing Director

the auditors' report was signed by riksrevisionen (the swedish national audit office) on 15 february, 2005.

Lennart Grufberg Kerstin Jönsson Annual Report 169

Auditor’s report for the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The Swedish National Audit Office has examined the Annual Report of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation for the year 2004, which was approved by the Board of Trustees on February 7, 2005. The Board of Trustees and the Managing Director are responsible for the accounting records and the administration of the Foundation. It is the responsibility of the Swedish National Audit Office to examine the Foundation’s Annual Report in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards with the aim of reaching an assessment of whether the Annual Report and the underlying documentation are reliable and that the accounts are true and fair, and whether the management’s administration of the Foundation has observed applicable regulations and any special decisions. The audit has been conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This means that the audit has been planned and performed with the aim of obtaining reasonable grounds for making an assessment of whether the annual report is true and fair. The examination has accordingly included a selection of significant transactions and decisions made by the Foundation. The audit gives reasonable grounds for the statements below. The Annual Report has been prepared in accordance with the low governing the preparation of the Annual Report and thus gives a true and fair picture of the performance and position of the Foundation in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The members of the Board of Trustees have not contravened the Trust Law or the Regulations governing the Foundation. The decision in this matter was made by Lennart Grufberg, Auditor General. The audit was presented by Kerstin Jönsson, Audit Director.

Lennart Grufberg Kerstin Jönsson 170 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Audit opinion

We have, in our capacity as internal auditors, examined the Annual Report, the accounting records and the administration by the Board of Trustees of Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond for the year 2004. The Board of Trustees is responsible for the accounts and the administration of the Foundation. Our responsibility is to express our opinion concerning the Annual Report and the administration on the basis of our audit. This audit has been conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards in Sweden. These standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance that the Annual Report is free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the accounts. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and their application by the Board of Trustees and significant estimates made by the Board of Trustees when preparing the Annual Report as well as evaluating the overall presentation of information in the Annual Report. We have examined significant decisions, actions taken and circumstances of the Foundation in order to be able to assess whether any member of the Board of Trustees is liable to pay damages to the Foundation, whether there are grounds for dismissal or whether any member of the Board of Trustees has, in any other way, acted in contravention of the Foundation Act or the Deed of Foundation. We are of the opinion that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion set out below. The Annual Report has been prepared in accordance with Annual Accounts Act and, thereby, gives a true and fair view of the Foundation’s financial position and results of operations in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in Sweden. The administration report is consistent with the other parts of the Annual Report. The members of the Board of Trustees have not acted in contravention the Foundation Act or the Deed of Foundation.

stockholm, 15 february, 2005

Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers AB

Ulrika Granholm Dahl authorized public accountant Individual differences in behavior, personality 100 and adjustment 172 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

donations at

market value AMOUNTS IN SEK ’000

The funds administered by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are derived from ﬁve different donations. • The donation from the Bank of Sweden to promote and support scien- tiﬁc research (the Bank of Sweden Donation) • The Nils-Eric Svensson Fund • The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation • Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses • Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years (For a more detailed description of the purposes of the various donations, please refer to the section “Activities in support of research”.) All funds donated to the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are managed jointly. The yields of the various donations are, however, ear- marked for different purposes. The Foundation’s total yield on managed funds must therefore be split between these donations.

At the beginning of 2004 the market values of the various donations were as follows:

1. The Bank of Sweden Donation, including the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund 4 722 410 (67.8130%) 2. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 2 221 034 (31.8937%) 3. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 15 611 (0.2241%) 4. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 4 820 (0.0692%) total capital at market value on 31 dec. 2003 6 963 875 Donations at Market Value 173

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation’s total return in 2004 (reported proﬁt for the year + change in unrealized gains = 513 778 + 244 054 = 757 832) is to be allocated proportionately to the various donations.

1. The Bank of Sweden Donation, including the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund

Value, brought forward 4 722 410 Share of total return for the year 513 909 Grants for the year –133 631 market value on 31 dec. 2004 5 102 688

The grants from the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund have no direct link to the return on managed funds. The Board of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has undertaken to ensure that the grants made each year can amount to a particular sum – which for 2004 is 300. The donation is to be regarded as used up by the end of 2015. In this summary the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund has therefore been combined with the Bank of Sweden Donation.

2. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation

Value, brought forward 2 221 034 Share of total return for the year 241 701 Grants for the year –118 640 market value on 31 dec. 2004 2 344 095

3. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses

Value, brought forward 15 611 Share of total return for the year 1 698 Grants for the year –540 market value on 31 dec. 2004 16 769

4. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years

Value, brought forward 4 820 Share of total return for the year 524 Grants for the year –170

market value on 31 dec. 2004 5 174

total capital at market value on 31 dec. 2004 7 468 726 Mathias Spihler: His work 85 as an architect, 1670–1690 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 175

Publications by the Foundation

Research reviews and documentation from countries. A distinctive model?). Editor: Nils symposia, conferences etc. arranged by the Bank Stjernquist, Gidlunds Bokförlag (1995) of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are published Liv. Verk. Tid. Till biograﬁskrivandets renässans either in series form or as independent publications. (Life, Works, Times. For the Renaissance of The staff of the Foundation’s secretariat will gladly Biography). Book issued in cooperation with the supply information about the contents of the Royal Academy of Music (Publications Series publications as well as the addresses to which orders No. 82). Tabergs tryckeri AB (1995) should be sent. Thirty-six volumes in the series In the Eye of the Beholder: Opinions on Welfare and have appeared between 1977 and 1989. The books Justice in a Comparative Perspective. Editor: Stefan published since 1990 are as follows: Svallfors. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation in association with Impello, Umeå Forskning i ett föränderligt samhälle, Stiftelsen (1995) Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 1965–1990. Editors: Riksdagsutskotten inifrån. Tretton ledamöters Editors: Kjell Härnqvist and Nils-Eric Svensson, hågkomster (The Parliamentary Standing Gidlunds Bokförlag (1990) Committees from the inside. Recollections of Swedish Research in a Changing Society, The Bank of thirteen members). Editor: Lars Gustafsson, Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 1965–1990. Edited Gidlunds Bokförlag (1996) by Kjell Härnqvist and Nils-Eric Svensson, Björn von Sydow: Parlamentarismen i Gidlunds Bokförlag (1990) Sverige. Utveckling och utformning till 1945 Riksdagen inifrån. Tolv riksdagsledamöters hågkomster, (Parliamentarianism in Sweden. Evolution and erfarenheter och lärdomar. (The Riksdag from shaping until 1945). Gidlunds Förlag (1997) within. Twelve Members of Parliament recollect War Experience, Self-Image and National Identity: their experiences and lessons learned). Editor: The Second World War as Myth and History, Nils Stjernquist, Gidlunds Bokförlag (1991) Editors: Stig Ekman and Nils Edling, Gidlunds Att åldras. Rapport från ett symposium om forskning Förlag (1997) kring åldrande och åldrandets sjukdomar (Growing Trying to Make Democracy Work. The Nordic Old. Report from a symposium on ageing and Parliaments and the European Union. Editor: age-related diseases). Editor: Bengt Pernow, Matti Wiberg, Gidlunds Förlag (1997) Gidlunds Bokförlag (1992) Forskningens roll i offensiv kulturarvsvård (The role Riksdagen genom tiderna (The Riksdag: a history of of research in assertive care of cultural heritage). the Swedish Parliament). H. Schück, G. Rystad, Report from a seminar on 14 November 1996, M.F. Metcalf, S. Carlsson & N. Stjernquist, Gidlunds Förlag (1997) (1992, second edition) Promoting Cultural Research for Human Development. Europa – historiens återkomst (Europe – the return of Report on seminars held by the Bank of Sweden history). Editor: Sven Tägil, Gidlunds Bokförlag Tercentenary Foundation within the framework (1992) of the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Research Funding and Quality Assurance. Policies for Development (“The Power of Culture”) A symposium in honorem Nils-Eric Svensson. in Stockholm, 30 March–2 April, 1998. Editor: Carl- Gidlunds Bokförlag (1993) Johan Kleberg, Gidlunds Förlag (1998) Bengt Wieslander: The Parliamentary Ombudsman Arkitekturforskning med betydelse för konst och in Sweden. Gidlunds Bokförlag (1994) gestaltning – inventering och kommentarer. Bengt Wieslander: JO-ämbetet i Sverige. Gidlunds (Architectural research of signiﬁcance for art Bokförlag (1995) and interpretation – a catalogue and comments). Parlamentarismen i de nordiska länderna: En egen Björn Linn, Jan Ahlin och Gunilla Enhörning. modell? (Parliamentarianism in the Scandinavian Published by Chalmers University of Technology 176 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary of control). Editors: Leif Appelgren & Hans Foundation, Teknolog Tryck (1998) Sjögren, Gidlunds Förlag (2001) Kulturarvet, museerna och forskningen (Cultural Förståelse och inlevelse i lärandet. Rapport från ett heritage, museums and research). Report from seminarium om konstens och kulturens roll i skola a conference on 13–14 November, 1997. Editors: och lärarutbildning. (Understanding and insight Annika Alzén & Magdalena Hillström, Gidlunds in learning: Report from a seminar on the role Förlag (1999) of art and culture in school and teacher training). Konkursinstitutets betydelse i svensk ekonomi (The Editor: Egon Hemlin, Gidlunds Förlag (2001) importance of bankruptcy in the Swedish Björn Hettne: Kultur – Säkerhet – Hållbar samhälls- economy). Editors: Karl Gratzer & Hans utveckling (Culture – Security – Sustainable deve- Sjögren. Gidlunds Förlag (1999) lopment). Gidlunds Förlag (2001) Globalisering, ideologi och nationell politik Staden, husen och tiden: Rapport från seminarieserien (Globalization, Ideology and National Policy). Staden – allas rum, samt reflektioner om stadens Editor: Håkan Holmberg, Gidlunds Förlag egenart (The City, Dwellings and Times: Report (1999) from a series of seminars on: “The City – a Kultur och kreativitet i lärarutbildningen. Rapport room for all, and reflections on its distinctive från två seminarier (Culture and Creativity in character”). Björn Linn, Gunilla Enhörning & Teacher Training. Report from two seminars). Hans Fog (2001) Editor: Egon Hemlin, Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Europe. The Return of History. Editor: Sven Tägil, Den vackra nyttan. Om hemslöjd i Sverige (Attractive Academic Press (2001) and Useful. About handicraft in Sweden). Editor: Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1945–1949 (Tage Erlander: Gunilla Lundahl. Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Diaries, 1945–1949). Edited by Sven Erlander, Vetenskapsbärarna. Naturvetenskapen i det svenska Gidlunds Förlag (2001) samhället, 1880–1950 (The Bearers of Science. Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1950–1951 (Tage Erlander: Natural science in Swedish society 1880–1950). Diaries, 1950–1951). Edited by Sven Erlander, Editor: Sven Widmalm. Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Gidlunds Förlag (2001) Magnus Isberg: Riksdagsledamoten i sin partigrupp. Rösträtten 80 år. Forskarantologi (Eighty Years of 52 riksdagsveteraners erfarenheter av partigruppernas Suffrage: Research Anthology). Editor: Christer arbetssätt och inflytande (Members of Parliament Jönsson, Swedish Information Service (2001) in their party faction. The experiences of 52 parlia- När Tage Erlander styrde landet. Rapport från ett mentary veterans of the modus operandi and influ- seminarium i Riksdagshuset 19 september 2001. ence of party factions). Gidlunds Förlag (1999) (When Tage Erlander governed the country. Jan Johansson: Hur blir man riksdagsledamot? En Report from a seminar in the Riksdag on undersökning av makt och inflytande i partiernas 19 September 2001). Editor: Leif Andersson. nomineringsprocesser (How does one become a Gidlunds Förlag (2002) member of the Riksdag? An investigation of Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1952. (Tage Erlander: power and influence in the party nomination Diaries, 1952). Edited by Sven Erlander. Gidlunds processes). Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Förlag (2002) Den representativa demokratins framtid. Seminarium Colin Mercer: Towards Cultural Citizenship: Tools for vid Umeå universitet (The future of the represen- Cultural Policy and Development. Gidlunds Förlag tative democracy. Seminar at the University of (2002) Umeå), 18 October, 1999. Gidlunds Förlag (2000) Creative Europe: On Governance and Management of Musik, Medier, Mångkultur – förändringar i svenska Artistic Creativity in Europe. An ERICarts Report musiklandskap (Music, Media, Multi-culture presented to the Network of European Foundations – changes in Swedish musical landscapes). Dan for Innovative Co-operation (NEF). Danielle Lundberg, Krister Malm & Owe Ronström. Cliche, Ritva Mitchell, Andreas Wiesand (Eds.). Gidlunds Förlag (2000) European Research Institute for Comparative Ekonomisk brottslighet och nationalstatens kontrollmakt Cultural Policy and the Arts (ERICarts) (2002) (Economic crime and the nation-state’s power Björn Hettne: Culture, security and sustainable The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 177

social development. Sector Committee for Research on Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development. Gidlunds förlag (2003) Tage Erlander. Dagböcker 1953. (Tage Erlander: Diaries, 1952). Edited by Sven Erlander. Gidlunds förlag (2003) Kultur, säkerhet och hållbar samhällsutveckling efter 11 september. (Culture, security and sustainable social development after September 11). Editor: Fredrik Lundmark, Gidlunds förlag (2003) Bertil Fiskesjö: Talmannen i den svenska riksdagen (The Speaker in the Swedish Riksdag [Parliament]). Gidlunds förlag (2003) Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development after September 11. Editor: Fredrik Lundmark, Gidlunds förlag (2004) Forskning Reflektion Utveckling. Högskolans konstnärliga institutioner och vägvalet inför framtiden (Research Reflection Development. Choosing Future Directions for Art Departments at University Colleges). Report from a seminar in Sigtuna 13–14 maj 2004. Editor: Henrik Karlsson, Vetenskapsrådet (2004) Anna Lindh Programme on Conflict Prevention. Developing a Culture of Conflict Prevention. Editor: Anders Mellbourn, Gidlunds förlag (2004) Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1954. (Tage Erlander: Diaries, 1954). Edited by Sven Erlander, Gidlunds förlag (2004) Hinc robur et securitas? En forskningsstiftelses handel och vandel. Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 1989–2003 (Hinc robur et securitas? The Dealings of a Research Foundation. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 1989–2003). Editors: Margareta Bertilsson, Thorsten Nybom, Francis Sejersted, Bengt Stenlund, Gidlunds förlag (2004) Talmannens roll och förändring: Från Henry Allard till Birgitta Dahl (The Role of the Speaker in the Swedish Riksdag: From Henry Allard to Birgitta Dahl). Editor: Kerstin Stigmark, Gidlunds förlag (2004) 178 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

board of trustees finance committee 1 November 2004–31 October 2005 Director Johan Bygge (Chair) Director Kajsa Lindståhl Members Director Hans Ola Meyer Professor Eva Österberg, Chair Majléne Westerlund Panke MP (s) , Vice Chair Ass. Professor Christina Garsten auditors Professor Mats Larsson Riksrevisionen is the Foundation’s external auditors Professor Rutger Lindahl according to the Act (2003-07-01) when The Director Johan Bygge Auditors to the Riksdag was replaced by the new Director Kajsa Lindståhl State Audit Institution ‘Riksrevisionen’. Per Bill MP (m) The auditors appointed by the Board of Trustees Hans Hoff MP (s) in accordance with the statutes of the Foundation Lennart Kollmats MP (fp) are Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers. Principal Lars Lilja MP (s) Auditor: Ulrika Granholm Dahl (Authorized Public Siw Wittgren-Ahl MP (s) Accountant). Deputies Professor Eva Haettner Aurelius preparatory committees Ronny Olander MP (s) Professor Erland Hjelmquist 2004–2005 Professor Margareta Ihse Assistant Professor Kristina Ståhl Preparatory committee 1 Anne-Marie Pålsson MP (m) Professor Mats Larsson, Economic History, Agneta Gille MP (s) Uppsala University (Chair) Yvonne Ångström MP (fp) Professor, Claes Göran Alvstam, Culture Christina Nenes MP (s) Geography, Göteborg University Börje Vestlund MP (s) Professor Anders Björklund, National Economy, Stockholm School of Economics (s) Social Democratic Party Professor Riitta Hjerppe, Economic History, (m) Moderate (conservative) Party University of Helsinki (fp) Liberal Party Professor Margareta Ihse, Natural Resource Management, Stockholm University Professor Bengt Jacobsson, Business Economics, advisory committee Södertörn University College Professor Anne Loft, Business Economics, Lund Professor Eva Österberg (Chair) University Majléne Westerlund Panke MP Professor Juni Palmgren, Mathematical Statistics, Director Johan Bygge Stockholm University MPs Hans Hoff, Anne-Marie Pålsson and Yvonne Ångström The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 179

Preparatory committee 2 Preparatory committee 5 Assistant Professor Christina Garsten, Social Professor Eva Österberg, History, Lund University Anthropology, Stockholm University (Chair) (Chair) Professor Mats Ekholm, Pedagogics, Karlstad Professor Anders Andrén, Archaeology, Stockholm University University Professor Erland Hjelmquist, Psychology, Göteborg Professor Ella Johansson, Ethnology, Humboldt- University Universität zu Berlin Professor Olli Kangas, Social Policy, University of Professor Sven-Eric Liedman, History of Ideas, Turku Göteborg University Professor Michael Tåhlin, Sociology, Stockholm Professor Wlodek Rabinowicz, Philosophy, Lund University University Professor Stig Wall, Epidemiology and Clinical Professor Turid Karlsen Seim, New Testament Medicine, Umeå University Exegetics, University of Oslo MPs Per Bill, Christina Nenes and Siw Wittgren- Professor David Westerlund, History of Religion, Ahl Södertörn University College MPs Lennart Kollmats and Majléne Westerlund Preparatory committee 3 Panke Professor Rutger Lindahl, Political Science, Göteborg University (Chair) Preparatory committee 6 (Programmes and Professor Björn Hettne, Peace and Development Infrastructure support) Research, Göteborg University Professor Eva Österberg, History, Lund University Professor Stig Arne Nohrstedt, Media- and (Chair) Communication Science, Örebro University Assistant Professor Christina Garsten, Social Professor Eivind Smith, Law, University of Oslo Anthropology, Stockholm University Assistant Professor Kristina Ståhl, Law, Uppsala Professor Eva Hættner Aurelius, History of University Literature, Lund University MPs Lars Lilja and Börje Vestlund Professor Annegret Heitmann, Scandinavian Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Preparatory committee 4 München Professor Eva Hættner Aurelius, History of Professor Mats Larsson, Economic History, Literature, Lund University (Chair) Uppsala University Professor Östen Dahl, Linguistics, Stockholm Professor Rutger Lindahl, Political Science, University Göteborg University Professor Lars-Erik Edlund, Scandinavian Professor Turid Karlsen Seim, New Testament languages, Umeå University Exegetics, University of Oslo Professor Thomas Hall, History of Art, Stockholm Professor Eivind Smith, Law, University of Oslo University MPs Lennart Kollmats and Majléne Westerlund Professor Annegret Heitmann, Scandinavian Panke Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München Professor Brynja Svane, French Literature, Uppsala University Professor Gunnar Ternhag, Musicology, Dalarna University College MPs Agneta Gille and Ronny Olander 180 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

sector committees

Sector committee for research on the knowledge society Sector committee for research on the civil society Managing Director, Professor Dan Brändström Research Director, Assistant Professor Mats Rolén (Chair) (Chair) Beatrice Ask, MP Assistant Professor Erik Amnå Professor Boel Berner Assistant Professor Christina Garsten Professor Lars Engwall Former Minister for Culture Bengt Göransson Professor Peter Gärdenfors Former Secretary General Marianne af Malmborg Professor Thorsten Nybom Birgitta Ohlsson, MP Vice Chancellor, Professor Ingegerd Palmér Deputy Governor Kristina Persson Professor Ulla Riis Professor Lars Svedberg Professor Bo Rothstein Assistant Professor Håkan Thörn Director Roger Svensson Assistant Professor Hans Westlund Professor Sverker Sörlin Assistant Professor Filip Wijkström Majléne Westerlund Panke, MP Malin Gawell, BSc (Secretary) Dr. Kjell Blückert (Secretary) Sector committee for research on The Sector Committee Sector committee for research into Culture-Security- for Research on the Public Economy, Steering and Sustainable (social) Development Leadership Managing Director, Professor Dan Brändström Managing Director, Professor Dan Brändström (Chair) (Chair) Vice Chancellor, Professor Göran Bexell Assistant Professor Shirin Ahlbäck Öberg Berndt Ekholm, MP Local Government Commissioner Acko Ankarberg Professor Björn Hettne Johansson Professor Alf Hornborg Professor Gunnel Gustafsson Professor Magnus Jerneck Assistant Professor Ingalill Holmberg Director Lena Johansson Professor Bengt Jacobsson Göran Lennmarker, MP Sonia Karlsson, MP Director Anders Mellbourn Professor Inga Persson Professor Thorleif Pettersson Professor Lennart Schön Professor Birgitta Skarin Frykman County Governor Mats Svegfors Professor Peter Wallensteen Professor Daniel Tarschys Professor Mats Widgren Director Gunnar Wetterberg Professor Lars-Olof Åhlberg Research Secretary Kerstin Stigmark (Secretary) Dr. Fredrik Lundmark (Secretary) The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 181 graduate schools

Languages The Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Studies Professor Inge Jonsson (Chair) (SSAAPS) Professor Lars Gunnar Andersson Professor Olof Ruin (Chair) Professor Lennart Elmevik Professor Hans Blomqvist Professor Gunnel Engwall Dr. Ida Nicolaisen Professor Moira Linnarud Professor Thommy Svensson (Co-ordinator) Professor Inger Rosengren Professor Stein Tønnesson Professor Astrid Stedje Professor Peter Wallensteen Research Director Mats Rolén (Secretary) Dr. Kjell Blückert (Co-opted member) Director Roger Svensson (Co-opted member) Mathematics Malin Flobrink, STINT (Secretary) Professor Hans Wallin (Chair) Professor Mats Andersson The Nordic Museum Graduate School for Museum Assistant Lecturer Maria Bjerneby Häll Officials Assistant Lecturer Ulla Dellien Assistant Professor Sten Rentzhog (Chair) Lecturer Gerd Brandell Director Christina Mattsson Lecturer Barbro Grevholm Professor Janken Myrdal Lecturer Bengt Johansson Professor Eva Österberg Professor Mikael Passare Assistant Professor Mats Rolén Secondary school teacher Karin Wallby Professor Birgitta Svensson Research Secretary Anna-Lena Winberg (Secretary) Dr. Ulrich Lange (Secretary and Co-ordinator) 182 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

secretariat Telephone International: +46 8-50 62 64 00 Research Department Fax International: +46 8-50 62 64 35 Ass. Professor Mats Rolén Management: +46 8-50 62 64 31 Research Director Finance Dept.: +46 8-50 62 64 32 08-50 62 64 17 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Management Board Dr. Kjell Blückert Professor Dan Brändström Research Secretary Managing Director Preparatory committee 5, 08-50 62 64 02 Infrastructure support [email protected] 08-50 62 64 22 [email protected] Christina Alm Controller Dr. Fredrik Lundmark 08-50 62 64 14 Research Secretary [email protected] Preparatory committee 3 Initiating Research Margareta Bulér 08-50 62 64 21 Secretary to the Managing Director [email protected] 08-50 62 64 01 [email protected] Kerstin Stigmark Research Secretary Elisabeth Hong Preparatory committee 1 Accounts and Personnel Webmaster 08-50 62 64 05 08-50 62 64 07 [email protected] [email protected]

Annsofi Lövgren Dr. Maria Wikse Office Assistant Research Secretary 08-50 62 64 09 Preparatory committee 4 annsofi[email protected] Secretary of the Board 08-50 62 64 10 Finance Department [email protected] Björn Olsson Anna-Lena Winberg Finance Director Research Secretary 08-50 62 64 04 Preparatory committee 2 [email protected] Secretary of the Board Fredrik Ahlin 08-50 62 64 08 Financial Analyst [email protected] 08-50 62 64 06 [email protected]

Patrik Hellgren Portfolio Manager 08-50 62 64 16 [email protected]

Håkan Lundmark Head of European Equities 08-50 62 64 18 [email protected] 1965 2oo5

XIn Roman ﬁ guresL 40 was written xl. Nowa- days this give us quite different associations. With its roots in the past the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation is looking forward and will arrange a seminar on the future at the House of Culture in Stockholm on 7 October. Picture captions

page 6 Photo: Getty Images. page 114 Photo: Marco Cristofori, Corbis. page 10 Experimental Kitchen, Home page 112 Julius Nyerere and Barbro Johansson Research Institute. Photo: Nordic Museum. Archive of the Swedish Church Mission. page 23 Photo: Jens Lucking/Getty Images. Photo: Lars Johansson (1962?). page 35 Katun ceremony from a mural at Santa page 126 Original letter on parchment Rita, Belize. (National Swedish Archive), promulgated page 47 Not Island Photo: Sven-Gunnar in Rome on 5 August 1449 by the Pope’s Broström. (assistant)penitentiary Johannes Colp, page 56 From the offices of the Bank of granting absolution to Nanne Torbjörnsson Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. Photo: Kärling, a monk in Skara Diocese. Photo: Jonas Berggren. Swedish Diplomatarium. page 61 The bearded lady feeding her child, page 134 Dervish dance at the Stockholm City 1631 (oil on canvas) Jusepe de Ribera (lo Hall. Photo:Martin Skoog. Spagnoletto) 1590–1652, Hospital de Tavera, page 150 Estonian-Swedes dancing in Toledo, Spain, Bridgeman Art Library. traditional folk costumes. Lithography by page 68 A music festival at Gärdet in Schlichting. Photo: Nordic Museum. Stockholm in the 1970s. Photo: Peter page 162 The dining hall at Maria Elementary Gullers/Nordic Museum. School, 1897. Photo: Stockholm City page 80 Photo: Alan Thornton/Getty Images. Museum. page 96 Margit Abenius. Photo:Berndt page 171 Photo: L. Clarke, Corbis. Klyvare/Bonniers Archive. page 174 Building plan in the Royal Library’s page 108 King Oscar II summons an Suecia collection, probably made by the extraordinary session of the Riksdag in architect Mathias Sphiler in the 1670s. connection with the crisis in the union Ericsberg in the parish of Stora Malm, between Sweden and Norway. Photo: Axel Södermanland. Malmström, Press Photos.

Graphics & layout, illustrations editorial dept. Sandler Mergel, www.sandler.se English Translation Michael Knight Printed and reproduced by I & N Graﬁsk kommunikation