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Citizens, Courtrooms, Crossingscitizens, Courtrooms, Citizens, Courtrooms, Crossings Conference Proceedings Report 10 2008 Citizens, Courtrooms, Citizens, Crossings Citizens, Courtrooms, Crossings Conference Proceedings In April 2008 scholars from Australia, New Zealand, United States, Spain, Citizens, Courtrooms, Crossings Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark and Norway gathered for the sixth Bergen workshop on the history of health and medicine, made possible through funding from the Bergen Research Foundation. This volume contains a selection of the papers presented at the workshop under three different subheadings: Health and citizenship, Medicine in court Conference Proceedings and Travelling knowledge and science. A number of papers discuss the dynamic relationships between states and their citizens, in a variety of geographical and historical settings, from New Zealand to Norway, in relationship to a broad range of health concerns and health care policies. Astri Andresen A second set of papers discusses the multifaceted relationship between medicine and the law, with a particular attention towards forensic Tore Grønlie psychiatry, related to cases from Norway, UK, and Spain. And a third set William Hubbard of papers discusses the role of organisations, state representatives and individuals in transfer processes, from creolization of medicine in the Teemu Ryymin Danish West Indies in the 18th century to western welfare regimes in the latter half of the 20th century. Svein Atle Skålevåg (eds) The contributors are Teemu Ryymin, Steven King, Ida Blom, Linda Bryder, Judith Raftery, Astri Andresen, Anne Hardy, Runar Jordåen, Àlvar Martínez Vidal, Antoni Adam Donat, Ivan Crozier, Svein Atle Skålevåg, Øyvind Larsen, Arvid Heiberg, Niklas Thode Jensen, Mari K. Webel, Christoph Gradmann and John Stewart. ISBN 978-82-8095-062-8 ISSN 1503-4844 Report Rokkansenteret · Nygårdsgaten 5 · N-5015 Bergen · Norway Tel. +47-55 58 97 10 / Fax +47-55 58 97 11 · E-mail: [email protected] · www.rokkansenteret.uib.no 10 Report 10 2008 www.mastertrykk.nowww.mastertrykk.no 2008 Citizens, Courtrooms, Crossings Conference Proceedings Astri Andresen Tore Grønlie William Hubbard Teemu Ryymin Svein Atle Skålevåg (eds) December 2008 STEIN ROKKAN CENTRE FOR SOCIAL STUDIES UNIFOB AS 1 © Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies (Rokkan Centre) 2008 Design and production: Master Trykk og Kopi A/S Layout: Rokkansenteret ISBN 978-82-8095-062-8 ISSN 1503-4844 The Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies (the Rokkan Centre) runs a publication series consisting of two parts, Reports and Working Papers, in addition to a Reprint series. The Director of the Rokkan Centre together with the Research Directors form the editorial board of the publication series. The editorial board is responsible for classification of publications as Reports or Working Papers. The Report series includes scientific papers, such as final reports on research projects. Manuscripts are assessed by the editorial board or a senior researcher appointed by the board. The Working Paper series includes working papers, lecture transcripts and seminar papers. The manuscripts published as Working Papers are approved by project managers. The Reprint series includes papers that have previously appeared in academic journals or books. 2 CITIZENS , COURTROOMS , CROSSINGS INNHOLD Contents Introduction ............................................. 5 ASTRI ANDRESEN , TORE GRØNLIE , WILLI A M HUBB A RD , TEEMU RYYMIN A ND SVEIN ATLE SKÅLEVÅ G: Citizens, Courtrooms, Crossings. 7 HEalth AND CITIZENSHIP ................................... 13 TEEMU RYYMI N ‘Health Citizenship’ – a short introduction . 15 STEVEN KIN G “The particular claim of a woman and a mother”: gender, belonging, and rights to medical relief in England 1800–1840s. 21 ID A BLO M Citizenship and venereal disease: legislation on STD in five northern European countries 1940s–1990s. 39 LIND A BRYDE R Health citizenship and “Closing the Gaps”: Maori and health policy. 51 JUDIT H RA FTER Y Citizenship and health – a dubious connection: the case of Australian Aboriginals. 63 ASTRI ANDRESE N Health citizenship and/as Sámi citizenship: Norway 1985–2007. 71 MEDICINE IN Court. 85 ANNE HA RD Y Lord Gifford’s Oysters: State, trade and the courts in England 1895–1905 . 87 3 INNHOLD CITIZENS , COURTROOMS , CROSSINGS RUN A R JORDÅE N Concepts of same sex-sexuality in Norwegian forensic psychiatry 1930–1945 . 95 ÀLV A R MA RTÍNEZ VID A L A ND ANTONI AD A M DON A T Homosexuality, psychiatry and legal medicine in Franco’s regime and Democratic Transition in Spain (1936–1979) . 107 IV A N CROZIE R The trial of Ronald True (1922) and medical and psychiatric reactions to the M’Naghten rules. 119 SVEIN ATLE SKÅLEVÅ G Between rule of law and the living life. The irresponsible criminal in Norwegian medico–legal discourse 1840–1929. 135 TRAVELLING KnowlEDGDE AND SCIENCE. 149 ØIVIND LA RSEN A ND ARVID HEIBER G Chasing knowledge: The Norwegian physicians Christen Heiberg and Christian Wisbech touring Europe 1823–1824 . 151 NIKL A S TH ODE JENSE N The creolization of medicine: Perceptions and policies of health and medicine in the Danish–Norwegian West Indies, 1750–1850∗. 161 MA RI K. WEBE L Medical auxiliaries, colonial fieldwork, and sleeping sickness research in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika basins before 1914: preliminary findings. 169 CH RISTOP H GR A DM A N N Man and cattle in a laboratory. Robert Koch and tropical veterinary medicine . 189 JO H N STE wa R T Health policy and welfare regimes in Western Europe, 1945–1973 . 203 Contributors. 213 4 Introduction CITIZENS , COURTROOMS , CROSSINGS INTRODU C TION Citizens, Courtrooms, Crossings Astri Andresen, Tore Grønlie, William Hubbard, Teemu Ryymin and Svein Atle Skålevåg In April 2008 scholars from Australia, New Zealand, United States, Spain, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark and Norway gathered for the sixth Bergen workshop on the history of health and medicine. The workshop was made possible by funding from the Bergen Research Foundation, for which the organizers are very grateful. This volume contains a selection of the papers presented at the workshop; its publication was realised through the support of the Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies and the Faculty of Humanities, University of Bergen, and the editors wish to thank both institutions. The themes discussed at the 2008 workshop – reflected in the volume’s titleCitizens, Courtrooms, Crossings – represent both change and continuity in relation to previous Bergen workshops. The first two themes are newcomers.Health and Citizenship focuses on the dynamic relationships between states and their citizens in a broad range of health concerns and health care policies, discussing to what extent and how extended rights as citizens have influenced health promotion, health services and citizens’ rights, and how citizenship has regulated access to health and welfare services. Special attention was given to the role of ethnicity, race and gender; specifically, how have such variables influenced the relationship between the state and its citizens in health-related issues? Medicine in Court contains examples of the multifaceted relationship between medicine and the law. Throughout history courts of law have provided medical practitioners with an arena for obtaining professional recognition, a market place for services, and concrete medical problems to be solved. In turn, medicine has provided the law with scientific legitimacy, facilitating complex legal decision-making by anchoring it in the alleged, objective truthfulness of medical science. The issues of homosexuality and criminal responsibility, dealt with in three of the section’s papers, constitute prime examples of how law and medicine have interacted in very complex ways to reach understandings that both professions and society could accept at least for a time. The third theme, Travelling Knowledge and Science, has appeared at several previous workshops, and in a different formulation it was the focus of the 2007 workshop. But it is by no means an exhausted subject. Public health policies and medical knowledge/science have crossed between countries in many ways, but the actual transfer processes, e.g. the agents and their circumstances, have often been paid relatively little attention. The papers included here, however, explicitly focus on the role of organisations, state representatives and individuals in transfer processes; furthermore, some investigate these processes in the conflictual contexts of colonialism and imperialism. 7 INTRODU C TION CITIZENS , COURTROOMS , CROSSINGS The section Health and Citizenship is introduced by Teemu Ryymin, who discusses ways of conceptualizing ‘citizenship’ and its relation to questions in the history of health and medicine. ‘Citizenship’ has two dimensions: (1) a formal juridical status that defines reciprocal rights and duties of citizens and states; and (2) an informal, substantive dimension related to membership in society or community, consisting of such notions as identity, belonging, participation and civic virtues. These different aspects of citizenship generate various questions: What has it meant to be a (healthy) citizen? Which ideals of citizenship have existed at different times and places, and who have defined them? How does one act as a citizen, in fact and ideally, and which circumstances hinder or promote such enactment of citizenship? How have rights and duties related to health been created; how has the balance of rights and duties evolved historically and geographically; how has regulation of access to health services changed; and how has the universalistic
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