ZX2 ................... Zx1 Table of Contents VIEW PER PAGE:102050ALL12 SHOWING 1-50 of 52 ZABĀN-E ZANĀN NASSEREDDIN PARVIN a newspaper and a magazine published in Isfahan and Tehran, respectively, by Ṣeddiqa Dawlatābādi (1883-1961), a pioneer advocate of women’s rights in Iran (18 July, 1919 to 1 January, 1921, a total of 57 issues). ZĀDSPRAM PHILIPPE GIGNOUX a 9th-century Zoroastrian scholar and author. He was one of the four sons of Gušn-Jam (or Juwānjam, according to Boyce and Cereti). ZĀDUYA TOURAJ DARYAEE a Persian noble in the 7th century CE who was instrumental in the crowning of Farroḵzād Ḵosrow as Sasanian king. ZAEHER, ROBERT CHARLES CARLO CERETI (1913-1974), a scholar of Iranian and Indian studies, historian of religions, Professor at Oxford University, British Intelligence officer stationed at the British Embassy in Tehran, and the major planner of the plot leading to the overthrow of Moḥammad Mosaddeq’s government. ẒAHIR-AL-DAWLA, EBRĀHIM KHAN MEHRNOUSH SOROUSH (d. Tehran, 1240/1824), military leader and governor of Kermān under Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah Qajar. ZĀL A. SHAPUR SHAHBAZI AND SIMONE CRISTOFORETTI legendary prince of Sistān, father of Rostam, and a leading figure in Iranian traditional history. His story is given in the Šāh- nāma. ZAMYĀD YAŠT PALLAN ICHAPORIA Yašt 19, the last in sequence of the great pieces of the Yašt hymn collection of the Younger Avesta. ZAND CROSS-REFERENCE Zoroastrian term for the literature written in Middle Persian to translate and explicate the Avestan scriptures. The supplementary explanations, which developed into the exegetical literature that we know from the Sasanian period and which are preserved in the Middle Persian/Pahlavi texts are known as the Zand, hence the expression “Avesta and Zand” or “Zand-Avesta.” See EXEGESIS i. In Zoroastrianism. ZAND DYNASTY JOHN PERRY a dynasty that ruled in Persia (excluding Khorasan) from Shiraz, from the time when Nāder Shah’s (r. 1736-47) successors, the Afsharids, failed to recover western Persia until the founding of the Qajar dynasty by Āḡā Moḥammad Khan Qajar (r. 1779-97). This Article Has Images/Tables. ZAND Ī FRAGARD Ī JUD-DĒW-DĀD YAAKOV ELMAN AND MAHNAZ MOAZAMI “A Commentary on Chapters of the Vidēvdād”, a sixth-century Zoroastrian text. It has been preserved more or less intact as 240 pages and made up of about 540 sections. ZĀR MARIA SABAYE MOGHADDAM harmful wind (bād) associated with spirit possession beliefs in southern coastal regions of Iran. People believe in the existence of winds that can be either vicious or peaceful, believer (Muslim) or non-believer (infidel). ZARANGIANA CROSS-REFERENCE territory around Lake Hāmun and the Helmand river in modern Sistān. See DRANGIANA. ZARATHUSTRA CROSS-REFERENCE the name generally known in the West for the prophet of ancient Iran, whose transformation of his inherited religion inaugurated a movement that eventually became the dominant religion in Iran up until the triumph of Islam. See ZOROASTER. ZARINAIA RÜDIGER SCHMITT legendary Saka queen during the reign of the likewise legendary Median king Astibaras. ZARIRI, ʿABBĀS JALIL DOOSTKHAH (b. Isfahan 1909; d. Isfahan 1971) noted story-teller (naqqāl). Zariri like most other eulogists of his era, was functionally illiterate. He memorized and recited whatever he heard from other storytellers and scroll-writers. However, he became literate towards the end of his life. ŻARRĀBI, MOLUK ERIK NAḴJAVĀNI the stage name of Moluk Faršforuš Kāšāni (b. Kāšān, ca 1289 Š./1910; d. Tehran, 1378 Š./1999), Persian singer and actress. Moluk was born into a musically inclined family. ZARUDNIĬ, NIKOLAĬ ALEKSEEVICH NATALIA ANANJEVA (1859-1919), prominent zoologist and explorer of fauna in Iran. Between 1884 and 1904, he conducted field trips in the Caspian region, the plains of Bukhara, the Khiva (Ḵiva) oasis, and northern and eastern Persia. More than 130 species of mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, arthropods, and mollusks were named after him. This Article Has Images/Tables. ZĀYANDARUD NEWSPAPER NASSEREDDIN PARVIN weekly newspaper published in Isfahan by ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Mo ʿin-al-Eslām Ḵᵛānsāri from 1 RabiʿI 1327 to 22 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1333 (23 March 1909 to 31 October 1915). ZĀYČA ENRICO G. RAFFAELLI Middle Persian term meaning "birth chart, horoscope." ZAYN AL-AḴBĀR CROSS-REFERENCE a history written in 11th century by Gardizi. See GARDIZI. ZEFRA MULTIPLE AUTHORS mountainous district and village northeast of Isfahan, best known for its dialect. This article is divided into two sections: i. The district ii. The dialect ZEFRA I. THE DISTRICT MOHAMMAD-HASAN RAJA’I ZEFRA’I AND HABIB BORJIAN mountainous district and village northeast of Isfahan. Historical documents have little mention of Zefra. Nevertheless the village is embellished with a fine congregational mosque from the Saljuq era with subsequent renovations; the mosque’s antique gate and pulpit are dated 790/1388 and 791/1389, respectively. This Article Has Images/Tables. ZEǏMAL’, EVEGENIǏ VLADISLAVOVICH ALEXANDER NIKITIN (1932-1998), Russian numismatist and historian of ancient Iran and Central Asia. ZEKRAWAYH B. MEHRAWAYH HEINZ HALM 10th-century Ismaʿili missionary in Iraq. ẒELLI, REZĀQOLI MIRZĀ MORTEŻĀ ḤOSEYNI DEHKORDI (1906-1945), singer. He had a clear voice with wide range, which his distinct, beautiful yodeling (taḥrir) made especially enchanting. His singing is an example of the Tehran singing school. He died of tuberculosis. ZEMESTĀN-E 62 ʿALI FERDOWSI (Winter of 62, 1987), a novel published by the well-known and prolific Persian novelist Esmāʿil Fasih. ZENDA BE GUR SOHILA SAREMI “Zenda be gur” is a first-person narrative featuring the notes of a young writer in his sickbed in Paris; his unfortunate existence; his disgust and despondency; his horrible nightmares; his desire to end his life; his plots for a “successful suicide,” and how he tortures himself throughout in his failure to attain his goal. This Article Has Images/Tables. ZHUKOVSKIĬ, VALENTIN ALEKSEEVICH FIRUZA ABDULLAEVA (1858-1918), one of the most prominent representatives of Russian, namely St. Petersburg, Oriental studies. The scholarly interests of Zhukovskiĭ were extremely wide, covering the whole range of subjects from dialectology and folklore to archeology. His archives contain papers on many different subjects; some of them still await publication. This Article Has Images/Tables. ŻIĀʾ-AL-SALṬANA DOMINIC PARVIZ BROOKSHAW , Šāh Begom (1799-1873), seventh daughter of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah Qajar (r. 1797-1834), private secretary to him, calligrapher and poet. ZIGGURAT MICHAEL HERLES In Iran, buildings considered ziggurats or high temples can be distinguished from Mesopotamian ziggurats by their means of access. External flights of steps are always missing from monumental buildings in Iran, yet they are at all times present in Mesopotamia. In Iran, monumental buildings were accessible by ramps. This Article Has Images/Tables. ZIYARIDS C. EDMUND BOSWORTH (Āl-e Ziār), a minor Islamic dynasty of the Caspian coastlands (931-ca. 1090). They ruled first in northern Iran, and then in Ṭabarestān and Gorgān. ZODIAC ANTONIO PANAINO The origin and development of the idea of a zodiacal circle have been much debated, but now there is a general consensus that a kind of zodiacal belt must have been defined by Babylonian astronomers as early as 700 BCE. In this period the “path” followed by the planets, sun, and moon was divided into 15 constellations. This Article Has Images/Tables. ẒOHUR-AL-ḤAQQ MOOJAN MOMEN (also called Tāriḵ-e Ẓohur-al-Ḥaqq and Ketāb-e Ẓohur-al-Ḥaqq) the most comprehensive history of the first century of the Bahai faith yet written, compiled in nine volumes by Mirzā Asad-Allāh, ZOROASTER MULTIPLE AUTHORS the name generally known in the West for the prophet of ancient Iran, whose transformation of his inherited religion inaugurated a movement that eventually became the dominant religion in Iran up until the triumph of Islam. ZOROASTER I. THE NAME RÜDIGER SCHMITT The authentic form of Zoroaster’s name is that attested in his own songs, the Gathas: Old Av. Zaraθuštra-, on which are based regular derivatives like zaraθuštri- “descending from Zoroaster." ZOROASTER II. GENERAL SURVEY W. W. MALANDRA “Zoroaster” is the name generally known in the West for the prophet of ancient Iran, whose transformation of his inherited religion inaugurated a movement that eventually became the dominant religion in Iran up until the triumph of Islam. ZOROASTER III. ZOROASTER IN THE AVESTA MANFRED HUTTER Zaraθuštra is considered the founder of the Mazdayasnian religion who lived in Eastern Iran during the end of the second millenium BCE. ZOROASTER IV. IN THE PAHLAVI BOOKS A. V. WILLIAMS Although Pahlavi was spoken as long ago as the 3rd century BCE, most of the written works that survive were compiled from older Zoroastrian material in the period after the Muslim conquest up to the 10th century CE. ZOROASTER V. AS PERCEIVED BY THE GREEKS ROGER BECK The Greek constructions of Zoroaster relate to the historical Zoroaster and to the Zoroaster of the Zoroastrian faith in one respect only. The Greeks knew that Zoroaster was the “prophet,” in the sense of the human founder, of the national Persian religion of their times. ZOROASTER VI. AS PERCEIVED IN WESTERN EUROPE MICHAEL STAUSBERG There is a continuous tradition of reports about Zoroaster among early and later medieval Christian historians, chroniclers, and annalists. In slightly modified form, this tradition continues through the early modern periods stretching from Humanism to Enlightenment. ZOROASTER VII. AS PERCEIVED BY LATER ZOROASTRIANS JENNY ROSE This entry treats the development of the concept and image of Zoroaster among the Zoroastrians of Persia and India after the Islamic conquest (10th century onwards). This Article Has Images/Tables. ZOROASTRIAN RITUALS MICHAEL STAUSBERG Ritual has been variously theorized in recent decades. While the category remains elusive, the formative social importance of ritual is by now generally acknowledged even in Zoroastrian studies. ZOROASTRIANISM MULTIPLE AUTHORS Historical reviews ZOROASTRIANISM I.