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One Million Signatures Campaign for Equality the Inside Story Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani Iranian Women’s One Million Signatures Campaign for Equality The Inside Story Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani Women's Learning Partnership Translation Series Iranian Women’s One Million Signatures Campaign for Equality The Inside Story Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani Foreword by Mahnaz Afkhami Women's Learning Partnership Translation Series Copyright © 2009 by Women’s Learning Partnership (WLP) ISBN Number: 978-0-9814652-0-3 Design: Xanthusdesign.com OTHER PUBLICATIONS BY NOUSHIN AHMADI KHORASANI Women Without a Past, 1998 Women’s Historical Calendar, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2008 Senator: Biography of Senator Mehrangiz Manouchehrian, co-authored with Parvin Ardalan, 2003 Under the Shadow of the Godfathers, 2003 Diaries: Sixteen Iranian Women Reflect on Their Daily Lives, 2008 CONTENTS FOREWORD .....................................................................1 PREFACE ..........................................................................5 CHAPTER ONE Why the One Million Signatures Campaign? .........................11 The Perils of Polygamy ..........................................................16 Women and Men Under Polygamy ........................................19 Answering the Critics ............................................................30 CHAPTER TWO The One Million Signatures Movement: Toward a New Era in Iran .....................................................35 Without a Place: The Female Experience in Iran ...................40 Democracy from the Bottom Up ............................................42 Face-to-Face Dialogue and Social Change .............................46 Feminism and Islam ..............................................................49 Another New Generation: Men in the Campaign ...................51 CHAPTER THREE Internal Challenges of the One Million Signatures Campaign ............................................................53 The Goal or the Journey? Means versus Ends ........................55 Lobbying versus Informing ...................................................58 Individualism versus Conformism .........................................61 A Perfect but Limited Opportunity ........................................65 Organization: Tight but Not Too Tight ..................................69 CHAPTER FOUR The One Million Signatures Campaign and Other Movements ..........................................................73 Interaction with Political Parties ............................................75 Relations with Other Women’s Movements............................77 The Problem of the Transnationals ........................................80 EPILOGUE .....................................................................83 POSTSCRIPT Ten Days that Shook Iran: The Women’s Rights Movement and the 2009 Presidential Election .......................87 APPENDICES I. One Million Signatures Campaign Petition Demanding Changes to Laws That Discriminate Against Women .....101 II. The Campaign Plan: About “One Million Signatures Demanding Changes to Discriminatory Laws” ..............105 III. The Effect of Laws on Women’s Lives ............................113 IV. Which Laws Are We Seeking to Change? ......................129 V. The Family Protection Act (1975) .................................141 VI. One Million Signatures Campaign Timeline ..................155 VII. Statement on the Occasion of the June 2009 Presidential Elections in Iran .........................................171 ENDNOTES ..................................................................177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................183 CAMPAIGN FOR EQUALITY 1 FOREWORD A The volume you hold in your hands is the second in a series of translations launched by the Women’s Learning Partnership (WLP). The goal of the series is to make available to the widest possible audience works of importance to women that are produced in the developing world. We focus especially on those that define women’s issues, identify fields of opportunity, and chart strategies to improve women’s lives. The present volume bears a close connection to the first, Guide to Equality in the Family in the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). Both books offer well-researched arguments that bring together thinking on religion, human rights, and constitutional and national law with insights from the social sciences in ways that will aid the cause of reform. The Maghreb case drives home the value of raising awareness about women’s issues at both the popular and elite levels, the need for NGOs to work together, and the importance of maintaining a disciplined focus on issues of immediate concern to women. In the pages that follow, Iranian activist Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani ably shows that campaigners for women’s rights in Iran have moved beyond the basic 2 NOUSHIN AHMADI KHORASANI tenets of the Maghreb campaign to advance new understandings and new methods of activism. Iran’s One Million Signatures Campaign for the Reform of Discriminatory Laws is an extraordinary phenomenon. It is democratic, nonhierarchical, open, and evolving in a polity that is none of those things. The campaign brings to mind the image of raindrops falling, forming rivulets, and then converging on an ever-larger scale until they become a river. First there is a murmur, a trickle, and then, gradually, a torrent of voices sounding together and reaching far and wide. The genius of the movement lies in its capacity to connect its members’ thoughts and deeds in ways that adapt and change as condi- tions require. The context is on the one hand the clash between an Iranian civil society with a century-old record of growing sophistica- tion and important roles for women, and on the other an archaic legal system that cannot be reconciled with the exigencies of modern life. With each passing day, the tension between these two contradictory realities ratchets up a bit, fueling a sense of urgency that may help to explain why so many in the campaign are so lucid and selfless about their struggle. It is almost as if they simply cannot afford to be any other way, given what is at stake and the gravity of the circumstances. Noushin’s account provides a valuable case study of how to build a movement in the 21st century, not only to bring change in societies ruled by autocratic governments or influenced by radical fundamen- talism, but also in the more open and tolerant societies that have yet to achieve full equality for women. As a chief reason for the campaign’s astounding success in mobilizing a powerful network, she cites the deliberate practice of constant, searching discussion among a core group of experienced activists who are also open to the views of the thousands of younger women who have thronged to become campaign activists themselves, often at considerable personal risk. This is not to say that all the lessons Noushin cites are positive ones. She describes the ways that thirty years of revolutionary tumult, preceded CAMPAIGN FOR EQUALITY 3 by more than a decade of ideological infighting, smashed oppositional politics into often-useless shards. She then shows, however, how the founders of the One Million Signatures Campaign learned from this and managed to set aside ideological differences, avoid distractions and emphasize specific, concrete demands to attract the support of women from a variety of backgrounds and belief systems. Agreement need not be total. It can be centered on incremental changes and reforms that are thoroughly within the realm of the plausible. This “circumstantial” or issue-based approach to feminism has not only won the campaign legions of supporters, but also helped it to form a nimble coalition of women’s groups. Together they were able to push back parliamentary passage of a nefarious Family Protection Act first proposed by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The same strategy led six organizations and seven hundred individual activists to prepare a list of women’s demands for presentation to the 2009 presidential candidates. That effort mobilized many women who were unhappy with the regime’s pre-selection of candidates and the conse- quent lack of choice. They took advantage of the election campaign to connect with other networks and expand their own. Their demands led the two preapproved reform candidates, Mir Hussein Moussavi and Mehdi Karroubi, to shift their public positions toward gender equality, moving away from the complementarity model for male-female relations favored by the Islamic Republic. The campaigns of both men also then vowed to support ratification of the UN’s Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)—a document that Iran’s Guardian Council has condemned as anti-Islamic. The diversity of women and their massive participation made their power explicit. It created a dynamic relationship between their visibility and their power—each strengthened and augmented the other. The massive demonstrations that broke out across Iran after the contested presidential election of 12 June 2009 further demonstrated 4 NOUSHIN AHMADI KHORASANI the strength of the women’s network, which now seemed to work as one with the labor and student movements. Observers noted the display of ways and means for linking seasoned activists with one another and with everyday citizens through face-to- face contacts and door-to-door campaigning. Attentive Iran-watchers also marveled at other achievements: the campaign’s robust understand- ing that its aim is not merely to get a million autographs but to recruit a million
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