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A Binding Sisterhood of Transnational Feminism: a Close Look at Iran and Argentina

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A Binding Sisterhood of Transnational Feminism: a Close Look at Iran and Argentina UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 12-15-2019 A Binding Sisterhood of Transnational Feminism: A Close Look at Iran and Argentina Bernadette Mary Lazar Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Lazar, Bernadette Mary, "A Binding Sisterhood of Transnational Feminism: A Close Look at Iran and Argentina" (2019). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 3818. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/18608701 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A BINDING SISTERHOOD OF TRANSNATIONAL FEMINISM: A CLOSE LOOK AT IRAN AND ARGENTINA By Bernadette M. Lazar Bachelor of Arts – Political Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2010 Master of Arts – Political Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2015 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy – Political Science Department of Political Science College of Liberal Arts The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2019 Dissertation Approval The Graduate College The University of Nevada, Las Vegas October 14, 2019 This dissertation prepared by Bernadette Lazar entitled A Binding Sisterhood of Transnational Feminism: A Close Look at Iran and Argentina is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy – Political Science Department of Political Science John Tuman, Ph.D. Kathryn Hausbeck Korgan, Ph.D. Examination Committee Chair Graduate College Dean Michele Kuenzi, Ph.D. Examination Committee Member Elizabeth Maltby, Ph.D. Examination Committee Member Danielle Roth-Johnson, Ph.D. Graduate College Faculty Representative ii Abstract This dissertation examines the impact of transnational feminism in Iran and Argentina. Specifically, it focuses on the role of the diaspora and international communities and their interactions with social movements in these two countries. Although the study of transnational feminism is not a new phenomenon, very little research has been dedicated towards distinguishing the effects and differences in outcomes when either the diaspora or the broader international network is involved. By filling this gap in the literature, this dissertation will shed light on whether the diaspora community, NGOs, or the international community is necessary for success or favorable outcomes in the area of women’s rights. To analyze both cases, I draw on the theoretical literature on social movements, with a focus on modes of contention, access to resources, and the degree of cohesiveness between movements in each country and their respective diaspora communities. After discussing the development and heritage of feminism in Iran and Argentina, I use process-tracing to compare movements in the period of 1976-2018. This research uncovers that there are key factors to a social movement’s success including: regime stability, elite divisiveness, domestic awareness, and international awareness; having all four of these factors present is crucial for the success of a transnational feminism movement. Moreover, I find that in instances where the diaspora community is involved, there is less cohesion and more contention, which often bears unfavorable outcomes or results in the dissolution of a movement. In contrast, this research lends support to the notion that the integration of the international community is crucial for more favorable outcomes. While the diaspora community has ties and knowledge of the home country, the NGOs are able to work cohesively and lend resources to organizations within the home country in an effort to raise public awareness, gain international support, and place pressure on governments to ensure change. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my dissertation chair, Dr. John Tuman. He has not only mentored me during the process of this dissertation, but has mentored me throughout my academic career. Since my undergraduate years and throughout the entirety of my graduate career under the Masters and Doctoral program, he has provided me with unwavering support and words of encouragement. It has been an honor to be his student and a privilege to have had him as a professor and mentor. I can never thank him enough. I would also like to thank Dr. Michele Kuenzi, Dr. Elizabeth Maltby, and Dr. Danielle Roth-Johnson for serving on my committee and providing me with an abundance of support and guidance. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the countless activists that continue to dedicate their lives towards making the world a more equal place for everyone. I thank you tremendously for your undying endeavors in ensuring that women like myself have an equal platform within society. Your bravery and strength will never be forgotten. I would also like to thank Donald Utchel for his support during this entire process. Your constant words of encouragement is beyond appreciated. Thank you for also showing so much interest and passion towards my topic. Your kindness, love, and devotion means so much to me and I will never forget it. Last but not least I would like to thank my amazing parents for their never ending support during my thirty years on this earth. You both have been there every step of the way and if it wasn’t for your abundance of love, constant encouragement, and belief in me, I wouldn’t be where I am today. You two made me the proud feminist I am today, but above all I have you to thank for making me the person I am today. I said it in my thesis and I will say it again, I hope to inspire others as much as you’ve inspired me. Thank you for your love and always supporting my dreams. iv This dissertation is dedicated to the strong, powerful women in my life and to the countless women that continue to fight for our rights and freedoms each and every day. Your struggle is never forgotten and I will continue to stand with you in this fight. v Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................iv List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................viii List of Abbreviations………………………….………………………………………………..ix Chapter 1: Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature, Theory, and Methods..................................................10 Chapter 3: Iran, the Pahlavi Regime, and Women’s Rights, 1925-1979…………………...59 Chapter 4: The Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Islamic Republic, and Women’s Movements…………………………………………………....................................................114 Chapter 5: Argentina: A Historical Overview, 1890s to 1970s……………………............169 Chapter 6: Argentina: Transnational Feminism from the 1970s to Present…………......205 Chapter 7: Conclusion.............................................................................................................259 References….............................................................................................................................269 Curriculum Vitae ....................................................................................................................306 vi List of Tables Table 4.1: Timeline of Compulsory Veiling by Islamic Republic …………….....................121 Table 4.2: Majlis e-Shuray-e Islami or the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1980 – 2016).132 Table 6.1: Annual Reported Call Logs by Linea 144: 2015-2018…………………………..253 Table 7.1: Historical Context and Heritage of Prior Periods in Iran……………………...260 Table 7.2: Historical Context and Heritage of Prior Periods in Argentina…………….…261 Table 7.3: Additional Factors Influencing the Outcome………………………….…….….262 vii List of Figures Figure 2.1: Three different uses of process-tracing methods…………………..50 Figure 3.1: Surat-I-Nisaa (Women)…………………………………………….104 Figure 6.1: Femicides Documented in La Case del Encuentro……………….248 Figure 6.2: Linea 144 Annual Report of calls received………………………..252 viii List of Abbreviations AAA Argentine Anticommunist Alliance AAFT Argentina Association of Free Thought CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women CIA Central Intelligence Agency CONADEP National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons DAWN Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era DTAM Division of Work and Assistance for Women ERP People’s Revolutionary Army
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