DOCSLIB.ORG

Women in the Iranian Election Campaign And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women in the Iranian Election Campaign And MIDDLE EAST PROGRAM OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES FALL 2009 MIDDLE EAST PROGRAM FALL OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES 2009 Introduction 1 Iran’s Presidential Elections: Women’s Role in the Pre- and Post-Election Politics 4 Quiet Leadership and Pressure from Below: Women’s Participation in Iranian Public Life 10 Women in the Iranian Election Campaign Women in Iran’s Green and Protest Movement: Their Role in the 2009 Presidential Introduction and called attention to the lack of progress on Election Protests 15 Kendra Heideman, Intern, Middle East Program regressive policies regarding women’s rights in Women played a prominent role throughout each Iran since Ahmadinejad was elected in 2005. The June Elections and the phase of Iran’s disputed June 2009 presidential Women were also active in the campaign, Change in Political election, including its aftermath. They were voted in large numbers, and later joined the Culture 18 actively courted by the candidates. Two candi- post-election protests despite the risk of arrest dates in particular, Mir-Hossein Mousavi and and in defiance of the batons, clubs, and guns of Mehdi Karroubi, promised to address women’s government security forces. The picture of Neda Reporting Chaos 20 rights issues and grant women cabinet seats if they Agha-Soltan, shot and bleeding to death on June were elected. In addition, Mousavi was joined 20, 2009 on a Tehran street, became the iconic by his wife, Zahra Rahnavard, on the campaign image of the protest movement. Another lasting trail in an act that underscored his commitment symbol was the use of the color green by mem- to a broad program for improving women’s bers of the Green Movement, a movement that rights, including his previous vow to review had started before the election and turned into laws that discriminate against women. In these a protest movement in response to the disputed largely unprecedented campaign moves directed election and government crackdown on post-elec- at women, the reformist candidates displayed tion protests, with significant participation from their recognition of women’s power to influence women and pro-women reformist candidates politics in Iran and specifically the June election. Mousavi and Karroubi. Leading women activists Such changes in campaigning on the reformist and journalists have been among the thousands side contrasted the traditional campaigning style arrested by the Iranian government in opposition 1 of incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad protests since the election. Months after the June MIDDLE EAST PROGRAM OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES FALL 2009 About the Middle East Program Director The Middle East Program was launched in February 1998 in light Dr. Haleh Esfandiari of increased U.S. engagement in the region and the profound changes sweeping across many Middle Eastern states. In addition to spotlighting Assistant day-to-day issues, the Program concentrates on long-term economic, social, Mona Youssef and political developments, as well as relations with the United States. The Middle East Program draws on domestic and foreign regional Special thanks experts for its meetings, conferences, and occasional papers. Conferences Special thanks to Mona and meetings assess the policy implications of all aspects of developments Youssef for coordinating within the region and individual states; the Middle East’s role in the inter- this publication; Kendra national arena; American interests in the region; the threat of terrorism; Heideman, Anna Van Hollen, arms proliferation; and strategic threats to and from the regional states. and Nader Mehran for their The Program pays special attention to the role of women, youth, extensive editing assistance; civil society institutions, Islam, and democratic and autocratic tenden- Lianne Hepler and her staff cies. In addition, the Middle East Program hosts meetings on cul- for designing the Occasional tural issues, including contemporary art and literature in the region. Paper Series; and David Hawxhurst for taking the • Gender Issues: The Middle East Program devotes considerable atten- photographs. tion to the role of women in advancing civil society and to the attitudes of governments and the clerical community toward women’s rights in the family and society at large. The Program examines employment pat- terns, education, legal rights, and political participation of women in the region. The Program also has a keen interest in exploring women’s increas- ing roles in conflict prevention and post-conflict reconstruction activities.. • Current Affairs: The Middle East Program emphasizes analysis of cur- rent issues and their implications for long-term developments in the region, including: Palestinian-Israeli diplomacy, Iran’s political and nuclear ambi- tions, the presence of American troops in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Persian Gulf and their effect on the region, human rights violations, globalization, economic and political partnerships, and U.S. foreign policy in the region. • Islam, Democracy and Civil Society: The Middle East Program monitors the growing demand of people in the region for democratization, political participation, accountable government, the rule of law, and adher- ence by their governments to international conventions, human rights and women’s rights. It continues to examine the role of Islamic movements in shaping political and social developments and the variety of factors that favor or obstruct the expansion of civil society. The following papers are based on the authors’ presen- tations at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars on July 13, 2009. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect those of the 2 Woodrow Wilson Center. presidential election, the Green Movement has In “Women in Iran’s Green Movement: Their remained a resilient voice of opposition to the Role in the 2009 Presidential Election Protest,” Ahmadinejad government because of the consid- Fatemeh Haghighatjoo features Iranian women erable and continued involvement of women. as agents of change and points to their involve- To address the role of women in the 2009 presidential election in Iran, the Middle East Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars hosted a panel discussion on July 13, 2009 on “Women in the Iranian Election Campaign and Protest.” The speak- ers examined the roots and implications of the unusual role women played in the politics of the June election. In “Iran’s Presidential Elections: Women’s Role in the Pre- and Post-Election Politics,” Nayereh Tohidi contends that while women played a visible, active and seemingly unprec- edented role in the June 2009 elections and post- election demonstrations, the women’s political movement in Iran has been evolving for more ment on the front lines of post-election pro- than a century. After reviewing the significant tests. She provides a background of women’s political and social developments since the 1979 extraordinary influence on the election cam- Revolution, she discusses the current women’s paign, emphasizing the candidates’ promises to movement as diverse, non-ideological, pro-dem- improve women’s rights and increase gender ocratic and dedicated to collective activism. equality. Observing how Iranian women have Through analysis of women’s participation in become increasingly aware of the absence of their the Green Movement, Tohidi highlights how social, political, and legal rights through shared the Iranian regime is suffering from a legitimacy experiences and hardships, Haghighatjoo under- crisis and extended distrust while calls for democ- scores the women’s collective spirit of resistance racy are becoming connected to advancements in that continues to empower women and drive the gender politics. reformist Green Movement. She concludes that Norma Claire Moruzzi presents a historical these united and determined women, through a and social foundation of Iranian women’s role non-violent approach, are struggling to transform in politics, providing context to their role in their society. the recent election in “Quiet Leadership and Pari Esfandiari highlights the role of the media Pressure from Below: Women’s Participation in covering women’s participation in the elections in Iranian Public Life.” She details the pro- and post-election protests in “Reporting Chaos,” gression of women’s rights and conditions in focusing specifically on the online media platform Iran since the Revolution. Identifying sev- IranDokht. Her paper spans IranDokht’s web eral unprecedented changes in women’s role in coverage of the election, from women registering the 2009 presidential campaign and election, as presidential candidates to interviews with can- Moruzzi highlights the cooperation of secular didates’ advisors and to women’s participation in and reformist women’s groups and the pres- post-election demonstrations. Emphasizing the ence of Zahra Rahnavard as two significant campaign’s unprecedented openness and use of advancements. Additionally, she argues that technology, Esfandiari discusses how candidates women’s involvement in the post-election dem- catered to Iran’s tech-savvy youth by posting onstrations further signifies an increasingly campaign information on blogs, Facebook, and integrated and bottom-up movement within YouTube. Despite the difficulty of reporting after Iranian society. the election dispute, she stresses how IranDokht, 3 MIDDLE EAST PROGRAM OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES FALL 2009 in particular, was able to provide up-to-date model of exchange and dialogue” highlights the information
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Freedom of Assembly and Association
    JANUARY 2012 COUNTRY SUMMARY Iran In 2011 Iranian authorities refused to allow government critics to engage in peaceful demonstrations. In February, March, April, and September security forces broke up large- scale protests in several major cities. In mid-April security forces reportedly shot and killed dozens of protesters in Iran’s Arab-majority Khuzestan province. There was a sharp increase in the use of the death penalty. The government continued targeting civil society activists, especially lawyers, rights activists, students, and journalists. In July 2011 the government announced it would not cooperate with, or allow access to, the United Nations special rapporteur on Iran, appointed in March 2011 in response to the worsening rights situation. Freedom of Assembly and Association In February and March thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Tehran, the capital, and several other major cities to support pro-democracy protests in neighboring Arab countries and protest the detention of Iranian opposition leaders. The authorities’ violent response led to at least three deaths and hundreds of arrests. In response to calls by former presidential candidates and opposition leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi for mass protests in February, security forces arbitrarily arrested dozens of political opposition members in Tehran and several other cities beginning on February 8. Several days later they placed both Mousavi and Karroubi under house arrest, where they remained at this writing. In April Iran’s parliament passed several articles of a draft bill which severely limits the independence of civil society organizations, and creates a Supreme Committee Supervising NGO Activities chaired by ministry officials and members of the security forces.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caucasus Globalization
    Volume 6 Issue 2 2012 1 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies Conflicts in the Caucasus: History, Present, and Prospects for Resolution Special Issue Volume 6 Issue 2 2012 CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 2 Volume 6 Issue 2 2012 FOUNDEDTHE CAUCASUS AND& GLOBALIZATION PUBLISHED BY INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS Registration number: M-770 Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press® Sweden Registration number: 556699-5964 Registration number of the journal: 1218 Editorial Council Eldar Chairman of the Editorial Council (Baku) ISMAILOV Tel/fax: (994 12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Kenan Executive Secretary (Baku) ALLAHVERDIEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Azer represents the journal in Russia (Moscow) SAFAROV Tel: (7 495) 937 77 27 E-mail: [email protected] Nodar represents the journal in Georgia (Tbilisi) KHADURI Tel: (995 32) 99 59 67 E-mail: [email protected] Ayca represents the journal in Turkey (Ankara) ERGUN Tel: (+90 312) 210 59 96 E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Nazim Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) MUZAFFARLI Tel: (994 – 12) 510 32 52 E-mail: [email protected] (IMANOV) Vladimer Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Georgia) PAPAVA Tel: (995 – 32) 24 35 55 E-mail: [email protected] Akif Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) ABDULLAEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Volume 6 IssueMembers 2 2012 of Editorial Board: 3 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Zaza D.Sc.
    [Show full text]
  • IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the Islamic Republic of Iran
    IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Islamic Republic of Iran is a constitutional, theocratic republic in which Shia Muslim clergy and political leaders vetted by the clergy dominate the key power structures. Government legitimacy is based on the twin pillars of popular sovereignty--albeit restricted--and the rule of the supreme leader of the Islamic Revolution. The current supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was chosen by a directly elected body of religious leaders, the Assembly of Experts, in 1989. Khamenei’s writ dominates the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. He directly controls the armed forces and indirectly controls internal security forces, the judiciary, and other key institutions. The legislative branch is the popularly elected 290-seat Islamic Consultative Assembly, or Majlis. The unelected 12-member Guardian Council reviews all legislation the Majlis passes to ensure adherence to Islamic and constitutional principles; it also screens presidential and Majlis candidates for eligibility. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was reelected president in June 2009 in a multiparty election that was generally considered neither free nor fair. There were numerous instances in which elements of the security forces acted independently of civilian control. Demonstrations by opposition groups, university students, and others increased during the first few months of the year, inspired in part by events of the Arab Spring. In February hundreds of protesters throughout the country staged rallies to show solidarity with protesters in Tunisia and Egypt. The government responded harshly to protesters and critics, arresting, torturing, and prosecuting them for their dissent. As part of its crackdown, the government increased its oppression of media and the arts, arresting and imprisoning dozens of journalists, bloggers, poets, actors, filmmakers, and artists throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranian National Commission for Unesco Internationa
    UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION FOR EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND CULTURE (U N E S C O) IRANIAN NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR UNESCO INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON WOMEN’S ROLE IN TRANSMISSION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE Tehran, Iran, 27 - 30 September 1999 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS _____________ Bahrain Ms Aisha Matar Director Modern Craft Industries Co. 263 Isa Al-Kabeer Road Manama 309 Bahrain Tel: 973 25 46 88 / 530 106 Fax: 973 24 66 15 Paper: Modern Craft Industries Project in Bahrain Finland Prof. Pirkko Moisala Department of Musicology Sibelius Museum Abo Akademi University Biskopsgatan 17, FIN-20500 Abo Finland Tel: + 358 2358 2 215 43 38 Fax: + 358 2 251 8528 Email: [email protected] Paper: The Role of Women in the Oral Transmission of Music - Examples from Nepal and Finland 2 Ghana Mama Adokuwa-Asigble IV c/o 31st Dec. Women’s Movement P.O. Box O.65, Osu Accra, Ghana Tel: + 233 21 221 470 Fax: + 233 21 220 303 Paper: Puberty Rights and Adulthood: The Rôle of Women in Transmitting Cutlural Values Ms Rejoice Abla Dugbazah Linguist C/o 31st Dec. Women’s Movement P.O. Box O.65, Osu Accra, Ghana Tel: + 233 21 221 470 Fax: + 233 21 220 303 Hungary Professor M Hoppal European Folklore Institute HUNGARY - 1011 Budapest Szilagi D, ter 6 Tel/Fax: + 36 1 212 20 39 Home: + 36 1 201 62 37 Email: [email protected] Paper: The Role of Women in the Transmission of Folklore - Local Cultures in a Global World India Ms Maya Rao A-30 Friends Colony East New Delhi 110065 India Tel/Fax: 91 1169 27 691 E.mail: [email protected] Paper: no paper, oraldescribing the Indian traditional performance art of Kathakali, and her experiences as a mother Indonesia Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County, Maryland
    E-FILED; Anne Arundel Circuit Court Docket: 4/26/2021 4:33 PM; Submission: 4/26/2021 4:33 PM IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY, MARYLAND Anne Arundel County, Maryland Civil Action No.: C-02-CV-21-000565 2660 Riva Road 4th Floor Annapolis, MD 21401, Complaint Plaintiff, vs. BP P.L.C. 1 St James’s Square London, SW1Y 4PD BP AMERICA, INC. 501 Westlake Park Blvd. Houston, TX 77079 BP PRODUCTS NORTH AMERICA INC. 7 St. Paul Street, Suite 820 Baltimore, MD 21202 CROWN CENTRAL LLC 100 Light Street, Suite 2500 Baltimore, MD 21202 CROWN CENTRAL NEW HOLDINGS LLC 100 Light Street, Suite 2500 Baltimore, MD 21202 ROSEMORE, INC. 100 Light Street, Suite 2500 Baltimore, MD 21202 CHEVRON CORP. 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road San Ramon, CA 94583 CHEVRON U.S.A. INC. 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road San Ramon, CA 94583 EXXON MOBIL CORP. 1251 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 EXXONMOBIL OIL CORPORATION 5959 Las Colinas Boulevard Irving, TX 75039 ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC Carel van Bylandtlaan 16, 2596 HR The Hague, The Netherlands SHELL OIL COMPANY P.O. Box 2463 Houston, TX 77252 CITGO PETROLEUM CORP. 1293 Eldridge Parkway Houston, TX 77077 CONOCOPHILLIPS 600 North Dairy Ashford Houston, TX 77079 CONOCOPHILLIPS COMPANY 600 North Dairy Ashford Houston, TX 77079 PHILLIPS 66 2331 CityWest Blvd Houston, TX 77042 PHILLIPS 66 COMPANY 2331 CityWest Blvd Houston, TX 77042 MARATHON OIL COMPANY 5555 San Felipe Street Houston, TX 77056-2723 MARATHON OIL CORPORATION 5555 San Felipe Street Houston, TX 77056-2723 MARATHON PETROLEUM CORPORATION 539 South Main Street Findlay, OH 45840 SPEEDWAY LLC 500 Speedway Dr Enon, OH 45323-1056 HESS CORP.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Nuclear Ambitions From
    IDENTITY AND LEGITIMACY: IRAN’S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS FROM NON- TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES Pupak Mohebali Doctor of Philosophy University of York Politics June 2017 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of Iranian elites’ conceptions of national identity on decisions affecting Iran's nuclear programme and the P5+1 nuclear negotiations. “Why has the development of an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle been portrayed as a unifying symbol of national identity in Iran, especially since 2002 following the revelation of clandestine nuclear activities”? This is the key research question that explores the Iranian political elites’ perspectives on nuclear policy actions. My main empirical data is elite interviews. Another valuable source of empirical data is a discourse analysis of Iranian leaders’ statements on various aspects of the nuclear programme. The major focus of the thesis is how the discourses of Iranian national identity have been influential in nuclear decision-making among the national elites. In this thesis, I examine Iranian national identity components, including Persian nationalism, Shia Islamic identity, Islamic Revolutionary ideology, and modernity and technological advancement. Traditional rationalist IR approaches, such as realism fail to explain how effective national identity is in the context of foreign policy decision-making. I thus discuss the connection between national identity, prestige and bargaining leverage using a social constructivist approach. According to constructivism, states’ cultures and identities are not established realities, but the outcomes of historical and social processes. The Iranian nuclear programme has a symbolic nature that mingles with socially constructed values. There is the need to look at Iran’s nuclear intentions not necessarily through the lens of a nuclear weapons programme, but rather through the regime’s overall nuclear aspirations.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the BROOKINGS INSTITUTION IS AMERICA the NEW FRANCE? HOW PRESIDENT OBAMA's POLICIES ARE TRANSFORMING the UNITED STATES Washin
    TURKEY-2009/04/27 1 THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION IS AMERICA THE NEW FRANCE? HOW PRESIDENT OBAMA'S POLICIES ARE TRANSFORMING THE UNITED STATES Washington, D.C. Tuesday, April 28, 2009 PARTICIPANTS: Moderator: JUSTIN VAISSE Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution Panelists: WILLIAM GALSTON Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution CLIVE CROOK Chief Washington Columnist, The Financial Times Senior Editor, The Atlantic Monthly Columnist, National Journal PIETRO NIVOLA Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution JONATHAN RAUCH Senior Writer and Columnist, National Journal Guest Scholar, The Brookings Institution * * * * * ANDERSON COURT REPORTING 706 Duke Street, Suite 100 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone (703) 519-7180 Fax (703) 519-7190 OBAMA-2009/04/28 1 P R O C E E D I N G S MR. VAISSE: Hello everybody. My name is Justin Vaisse, I am a Senior Fellow at the Center on the US and Europe. I would like to welcome you here at Brookings for a debate on the new direction America is taking, a debate on the scope and the interpretation of the changes we have witnessed in the last 100 days, or 99 days I should say. We have picked a catchy title to encapsulate these changes, a title that some will find slightly scary: "Is America the New France?" But really, they should think again. If America was the new France, - You would get from here to New York City in an hour and a half in a high-speed train like the TGV; - 80% of your electricity would be carbon-free because it's nuclear; - Everybody would have robust health insurance and you would live longer; - Of course, the food and wine would be much better.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Issue File
    Biannual of Research Institute for Strategic Strategic for Institute Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs 31 Vol. 11. No.1. Winter&Spring2020 Advisory Board Mohsen Rezaee Mirghaed, Kamal Kharazi, Ali Akbar Velayati, Ahmad Vahidi, Saeed Jalili, Publisher Ali Shamkhanim, Hosein Amirabdolahian, Ali Bagheri Institute for Strategic Research Editorial Board Expediency Council Seyed Mohammad Kazem Sajjadpour Director Professor, School of International Relations Mohsen Rezaee Mirghaed Gulshan Dietl Associate Professor, Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University Imam Hossein University Mohammad Marandi Professor, University of Tehran Jamshid Momtaz Editor-in-Chief Professor, University of Tehran Seyed Mohammad Kazem Mohammad Javad Zarif Sajjadpour Associate Professor, School of World Studies Professor of School of Mohiaddin Mesbahi International Relations Professor, Florida International University Hosein Salimi Professor, Allameh Tabatabii University Secretary of advisory board Seyed Jalal Dehghani Mohammad Nazari Professor, Allameh Tabatabii University Naser Hadian Director of Executive Affairs Assistant professor, University of Tehran Hadi Gholamnia Vitaly Naumkin Professor, Moscow State University Copyediting Hassan Hoseini Zeinab Ghasemi Tari Assistant Professor, University of Tehran Mohammad Ali Shirkhani Layout and Graphics Najmeh Ghaderi Professor, University of Tehran Foad Izadi Assistant Professor, University of Tehran Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs (IRFA) achieved the highest scientific ISSN: 2008-8221 grade from the Ministry of Science,
    [Show full text]
  • New York Timescorrespondent Roger Cohen to Speak At
    Washtenaw Jewish News Presort Standard In this issue… c/o Jewish Federation of Greater Ann Arbor U.S. Postage PAID 2939 Birch Hollow Drive Ann Arbor, MI Oh Jewish New Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Permit No. 85 Chanukah! Book Fair Cookbook Photo Album by Aviva and son Aric Page 12 Page 24 Page 31 December 2011/January 2012 Kislev/Tevet/Shevat 5772 Volume XXXVI: Number 4 FREE New York Times correspondent Roger Cohen to speak at U-M Hillel to honor incoming Kimberly Kunoff, special to the WJN director Tilly Shames n the evening of Sunday, February 5, your history, 2001, and foreign editor six months later. and outgoing director at 7 p.m., Roger Cohen, columnist end Jew ish Since 2004, he has written a column for The Michael Brooks O for the International Herald Tri- meekness and Times-owned International Herald Tribune, bune and New York Times, will speak at the humiliation, first for the news pages and then, since 2007, Michael Spitulnik, special to the WJN University of Michigan. His talk—“Israeli the acquies- for the Op-Ed page. In 2009 he was named The Ann Arbor Jewish Spring? The Enduring Jewish Question”— cence that took a columnist of The New York Times. community is invited to will ask how close, 63 years after the found- your forbears Cohen has written Hearts Grown Bru- a Chanukah celebration ing of the Jewish state, has Israel conformed to the ditches tal: Sagas of Sarajevo (Random House, to welcome Tilly Shames to its founding ideals. and the gas: 1998), an account of the wars of Yugosla- into her new role as ex- “Israel,” explains Cohen, “by giving Jews that was Israel’s via’s destruction, and Soldiers and Slaves: ecutive director of the at last a small piece of earth, was supposed message.” American POWs Trapped by the Nazis’ Final University of Michigan to create what Ben Gurion called ‘a self-suf- The lesson Gamble (Alfred A.
    [Show full text]
  • Feminisms in the Middle East: Making Strides from the Margins
    Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2017 Feminisms in the Middle East: Making strides from the margins Alyx Olney Hastings College Nebraska Alpha Chapter Vol. 2(2), 2017 Article Title: Feminisms in the Middle East: Making strides from the margins DOI: 10.21081/AX0108 ISSN: 2381-800X Key Words: feminism(s), Islam, Middle East, social movement This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Author contact information is available from the Editor at [email protected]. Aletheia—The Alpha Chi Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship • This publication is an online, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary undergraduate journal, whose mission is to promote high quality research and scholarship among undergraduates by showcasing exemplary work. • Submissions can be in any basic or applied field of study, including the physical and life sciences, the social sciences, the humanities, education, engineering, and the arts. • Publication in Aletheia will recognize students who excel academically and foster mentor/mentee relationships between faculty and students. • In keeping with the strong tradition of student involvement in all levels of Alpha Chi, the journal will also provide a forum for students to become actively involved in the writing, peer review, and publication process. • More information and instructions for authors is available under the publications tab at www.AlphaChiHonor.org. Questions to the editor may be directed to [email protected]. Alpha Chi is a national college honor society that admits students from all academic disciplines, with membership limited to the top 10 percent of an institution’s juniors, seniors, and graduate students. Invitation to membership comes only through an institutional chapter.
    [Show full text]
  • Trump's Foreign Policy and NATO: Exit and Voice
    Review of International Studies (2019), 45: 3, 511–526 doi:10.1017/S0260210519000123 FORUM ARTICLE . Trump’s foreign policy and NATO: Exit and voice James Sperling1 and Mark Webber2* 1Department of Political Science, University of Akron, Ohio and 2School of Government and Society, University of Birmingham, UK *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] (Received 24 January 2018; revised 20 January 2019; accepted 18 February 2019) https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms Abstract Donald Trump assumed office in January 2017, committed to revamping US foreign policy and putting ‘America First’. The clear implication was that long-held international commitments would be sidelined where, in Trump’s view, the American interest was not being served. NATO, in the crosshairs of this approach, has managed to ride out much of the criticism Trump has levelled against it. Written off as ‘obsolete’ by the American president, it has fared better in the Trump era than many commentators had predicted. NATO exemplifies a tendency in US foreign policy, which pre-dates Trump, where open criticism stops short of abandonment. This pattern has continued since 2017 and indicates a preference for voice over exit. As such, it suggests that Trump’s foreign policy is not always as illogical as many have assumed. Logic is borne of institutional context: Trump has chosen to articulate voice where institutionalisation makes exit unviable. Institutional resilience in general and NATO’s case specifically has a wider relevance, both for transatlantic relations and international order. Keywords: Trump; NATO; Voice; Exit , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Introduction The Trump presidency has been widely regarded as presaging the end of liberal international order even if this is an order from which the US has long benefited.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Twitter-Revolution Im Iran – Die Kommunikationsfunktion Von Twitter Als Protest [-] Und Nachrichtenmedium Im Hinblick
    Fakultät Medien Montazeri, Nazanin Die Twitter-Revolution im Iran – Die Kommunikationsfunktion von Twitter als Protest [-] und Nachrichtenmedium im Hinblick auf die Internetzensur im Iran nach der iranischen Präsidentenwahl [im Jahr 2009] – Bachelorarbeit – Hochschule Mittweida - University of Applied Sciences (FH) Fakultät Medien Montazeri, Nazanin Die Twitter-Revolution im Iran – Die Kommunikationsfunktion von Twitter als Protest [-] und Nachrichtenmedium im Hinblick auf die Internetzensur im Iran nach der iranischen Präsidentenwahl [im Jahr 2009] – Eingereicht als Bachelorarbeit – Hochschule Mittweida - University of Applied Sciences (FH) Erstprüfer Zweitprüfer Prof. Horst Müller Dr. phil. Helmut Stubbe da Luz Mittweida – 2010 - I - Bibliographische Beschreibung Montazeri, Nazanin: Die Twitter-Revolution im Iran – Die Kommunikationsfunktion von Twitter als Protest [-] und Nachrichtenmedium im Hinblick auf die Internetzensur im Iran nach der iranischen Präsidentenwahl [im Jahr 2009]. - 2010 - 81 S. Mittweida, Hochschule Mittweida (FH), Fakultät Medien, Bachelorarbeit Referat Die Bachelorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Umgang und der Nutzung des sozialen Netzwerkes Twitter nach der iranischen Präsidentenwahl 2009. Die Dissidenten im Land benutzten Twitter als Protest - und Organisationsmedium. Im Laufe der Arbeit wird deutlich gemacht, welche Bedeutung das Kommunikationsinstrument für die Protestierenden im Iran erreicht hat und wie die Berichterstattung trotz der Internet- und Pressezensur funktionierte. - II - Vorwort Es ist eine lange und beschwerliche Reise zur Demokratie, die man nicht einfach jemandemaufzwingen kann, sondern die aus einer Kulturbewegung und ihrem Volk heraus wachsen muss. Die jüngere Geschichte des Irans zeigt, dass die Anstren- gungen jeder neuen Generation, die Freiheit zu gewinnen, vergebens waren. Die politische Relevanz von Online- Medien trägt einen entscheidenden Aspekt zur Demokratisierung bei. Diese Bachelorarbeit widme ich iranischen Dissidenten, die den langen Kampf gegen das Regime nicht aufgegeben haben.
    [Show full text]