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Thesis Does Not Exceed 80,000 Words (Without Bibliography, Footnotes, and References) Contesting Austerity: A Comparative Approach to the Cycles of Protest in Portugal and Spain under the Great Recession (2008-2015) Tiago Miguel Lopes Carvalho This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Sociology Wolfson College University of Cambridge December 2018 Preface Declarations This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. In accordance with the Department of Sociology guidelines, this thesis does not exceed 80,000 words (without bibliography, footnotes, and references). Date: December 2018 Tiago Miguel Lopes Carvalho PhD Candidate in Sociology Wolfson College 1 Contesting Austerity: A Comparative Approach to the Cycles of Protest in Portugal and Spain under the Great Recession (2008-2015) This dissertation compares the contentious responses to austerity in Portugal and Spain in the context of the Eurozone crisis and the Great Recession between 2008 and 2015. Despite many similarities in the origins and socio-economic effects of the crisis, the dynamics of contention in each country differed in terms of number, rhythm and actors. While Portugal and Spain experienced parallel protest dynamics until 2011, after that point the former falls into a pattern of “stop-and-go” with sporadic large events by social movements. In contrast, in Spain mobilisation and confrontation levels rose into a sustained wave that lasted until late 2013 and leading to the emergence of new political parties. The dissertation aims at explaining these different trajectories and outcomes arguing that they are connected to the nature and configurations of the actors in the process, which come to shape the kinds and forms of claim-making involved. Rather than focusing solely on social movements, the dissertation looks at a plurality of actors and claims. Following a cycle- based approach, the focus of the analysis falls on the relations between institutional and non- institutional actors in reshaping the political sphere in each country. The research design is based on process tracing and paired comparison, combining a protest event analysis with interviews. Analytically, I consider the following dimensions: time and space, actors, networks and alliances; organization, repertoires and strategies; claims and frameworks. The empirical chapters reveal contrasting dynamics at work in each country. In Portugal, even if social movements emerged, austerity was mainly challenged within the borders of the existing institutional framework, both through the control of protest movements by parties and trade unions and through an internal recomposition of the left leading to a new system of alliances. Rather than a disruptive discourse, the dominant actors wanted to conserve the status-quo of the welfare state in Portugal against austerity. In Spain, social movements developed as a disruptive force that questioned both austerity and political institutions. Relatively stronger and autonomous than in Portugal, the Spanish movements were able to collaborate on a more equal footing with institutional actors, constituting overlapping protest dynamics that sustained mobilisation. In contrast to Portugal, this resulted in a variety of discourses and conceptions of citizenship expressing the different interests in the field. This dissertation shows that cycles of contention are shaped by the way the contentious field is organized and that the types of relations between institutional and non-institutional actors play a fundamental role in the way such cycles unfold. Tiago Miguel Lopes Carvalho 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.1. Great Recession, European Crisis, and Democratic Capitalism ................................................ 13 1.2. Austerity in Southern European ................................................................................................. 19 1.3. Contesting Austerity in Southern Europe .................................................................................. 22 1.4. Structure of the Dissertation ...................................................................................................... 27 2. Crisis and Contentious Politics: An Analytical Framework ................................................ 30 2.1. Mapping the Field ...................................................................................................................... 30 2.1.1. Actors and Claims ............................................................................................................... 30 2.1.2. Between National and Globalised Contestation. ................................................................. 32 2.1.3. Between Idealist and Materialist Explanations. .................................................................. 34 2.1.4. Summary ............................................................................................................................. 38 2.2. Contentious Politics ................................................................................................................... 38 2.2.1. A Cycle-Based Approach .................................................................................................... 39 2.2.2. Institutional and Non-institutional Actors: a Multi-Actor Perspective ............................... 43 2.2.3. Repertoires, Discourses and Claim-Making ....................................................................... 48 2.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 53 3. Methods................................................................................................................................ 55 3.1. Spain and Portugal, 2008-2015: Paired Comparison and Process Tracing ................................ 55 3.2. From Conceptualisation to Data Collection ............................................................................... 60 3.2.1. Protest Event Analysis: Actors and Protest in the Public Sphere ....................................... 61 3.2.2. Interviews and Fieldwork Strategy: Underlying Structure of Mobilisation ........................ 67 3.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 69 4. Preludes to Mobilisation: from Transitions to Democracy to Anti-Austerity Protests ........ 71 4.1. Dynamics of Contention in the 1980s and 1990s in Portugal and Spain ................................... 72 4.2. The Global Justice Movement in the Iberian Peninsula ............................................................. 80 4.3. Precursor Mobilisations (2005-2011) ........................................................................................ 86 4.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 92 5. Turning Points: between a Stuttering Start and a “Trigger of Energy Spilling” ................. 94 5.1. Networks and Actors: Going Beyond the Core.......................................................................... 95 5.1.1. Turning Points in Portugal .................................................................................................. 97 5.1.2. Turning Points in Spain..................................................................................................... 101 5.1.3. Going Beyond the Core: a Summary ................................................................................ 103 5.2. Between Democracy, Precarity and Austerity: Movement Culture and Frames ..................... 106 5.3. Networks of Resistance: Building a Connective Structure ...................................................... 112 3 5.4. External Intervention and Institutional Reactions .................................................................... 116 5.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 119 6. From Representation to Redistribution: between Social Movements and Trade Unions .. 120 6.1. A New Political Context? Right-Wing Turn and Enduring Austerity ..................................... 122 6.2. Actors and Claim-Making between 2009-2015 ....................................................................... 123 6.3. Spain: in Between Overlapping Dynamics of Contention ....................................................... 129 6.3.1. Mareas as a Hybrid: between Social Movements and Trade Unions ................................ 129 6.3.2. Housing, Civil Disobedience and Relation with Institutions ............................................ 135 6.3.3. Recentralization, Platforms and Protest Events: Post-2012 Dynamics ............................. 138 6.3.4. Labour from Below ..........................................................................................................
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